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Abstract

Small boats, possessing outboard engines, are widely used in tourism and mammal watching within marine protected areas. Noise generated by this type of vessels has the capacity to negatively affect marine fauna, especially marine mammals, which use sound throughout all the phases of their lives. These tourism boats used in mammal watching may use different propulsion systems, such as gas, diesel or electric engines. To characterize underwater noise emitted by this type of vessels becomes relevant not only when assessing the acoustic impact produced by these different propulsion systems over the marine fauna living inside these protected marine areas, but also when determining which one produces the least impact. A comparative study of underwater noise emissions coming from small touristic boats was made in this study. Boats were similar in capacity and functions, although possessing different propulsion systems. Measurements were made on two boats with a 50 Hp internal combustion engine and one 5 Hp electric boat. These boats were selected to be studied because they have practically the same size, possess the same passenger-capacity and are used to make similar jobs and routes inside the protected area where they are operated. The electric boat showed a considerable decrease in underwater noise emissions, especially in low frequencies. This boat will produce a lower accumulated exposition of the fauna to the noise or will allow a closer approach to the observed species. Measurements were made between September 2018 and January 2020.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alfio Yori
1

  1. Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Instituto de Acústica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Abstract

Stairways are one of the built elements of landscape architecture that shape the character of a space. Our research takes a closer look at the stairways of historical value in the environment of Buda Castle World Heritage Site. Firstly, through the production of sketches, the dominant spatial effects, views, focal points and motifs perceived during the use of the chosen stairways, were analysed. Secondly, an assessment matrix was formulated from criteria such as scale, materials, size, quality of adjacent green spaces, etc. Our aim is to underline and give evidence of the potential of stairways in influencing the open spaces and the views in historical urban environments.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Máté Sárospataki
1
Brigitta Christian-Oláh
1
Patrícia Szabó
1

  1. Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science— MATE, Institute of Landscape Architecture, Urban Planning and Garden Art, Department of Garden Art and Landscape Design

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