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Number of results: 1770
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Abstract

Extensive use of computer networks is associated with the development of various effective methods that are suitable for hiding information in the contents transferred over the network. These methods are described as network steganography. Since web applications use HTTP protocol to transmit the requests to the server and send the answers to the final recipient, specifically HTTP protocol is ideal for hiding information. For example, there are several methods that can be used to transmit the additional content in the HTTP header. In this paper, we present authors’ evaluation method for network steganography using HTTP specific properties and evaluate the effectiveness of some techniques, providing experimental results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Buchwald
Maciej Rostański
Krystian Mączka
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Abstract

The techniques of photogrammetric reconstruction were compared to the laser scanning in the article. The different conditions and constraints were introduced for reconstructed images, e.g. different materials, lighting condition, camera resolution, number of images in the sequence or using a-pripori calibration. The authors compare the results of surface reconstruction using software tools avaliable for photogrammetric reconstruction. The analysis is preformed for the selected objects with regard to laserscanned models or mathematical models.

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Krzysztof Skabek
Agnieszka Tomaka
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Abstract

In this work we provide a method for approximating the separable numerical range of a matrix. We also recall the connection between restricted numerical range and entanglement of a quantum state. We show the possibility to establish state separability using computed restricted numerical range. In particular we present a method to obtain separability criteria for arbitrary system partition with use of the separable numerical range.

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Piotr Gawron
Przemysław Sadowski
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Abstract

The article presents experiments in realistic modelling of facial expressions using volume morphing. The experiments use a variable number of points and face features. As the results are shown meshes deviations (between goal mesh and morphed shape). Experiments have shown that it is impossible to carry out a fully realistic morphing based on existing software. At the same time, even imperfect morphing allows you to show the expected emotional facial expression.

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Przemysław Kowalski
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Abstract

The chapter deals with the issue of the risk and security management process in public administration, according to the internal audit standards and their requirements. Main legal acts and standards were specified and shortly described. Specially the risk analysis process and security measures selection were emphasized. The possibility to use the software tools for the risk analysis and security measures selection support in public administration was presented. The experiment of OSCAD usage in public administration was shortly described and its results were presented. This experiment shows that the software primarily intended for IT Security Management can be used for risk management in different area as well, for example – in public administration. Some possibilities of further development of risk management supporting tools were proposed.

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Jacek Bagiński
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Abstract

This paper presents integration of ultrasonic and inertial approaches in indoor navigation system. Ultrasonic navigation systems allow to obtain good results whilst there are at least three beacon transmitters in the range of mobile receiver, but in many situations placement of large number of transmitters is not economically justified. In such situations navigation must be aided by other technique. This paper describes research on supporting ultrasonic system by inertial system based on Magnetic, Angular Rate and Gravity sensor. This can measure current orientation of the receiver and allows to estimate the length of the path by pedometer functionality.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Tokarz
Piotr Czekalski
Wojciech Sieczkowski
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Abstract

Evaluating the image quality is a very important problem in image and video processing. Numerous methods have been proposed over the past years to automatically evaluate the quality of images in agreement with human quality judgments. The purpose of this work is to present subjective and objective quality assessment methods and their classification. Eleven widely used and recommended by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) subjective methods are compared and described. Thirteen objective method is briefly presented (including MSE, MD, PCC, EPSNR, SSIM, MS-SSIM, FSIM, MAD, VSNR, VQM, NQM, DM, and 3D-GSM). Furthermore the list of widely used subjective quality data set is provided.

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Sebastian Opozda
Arkadiusz Sochan
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Abstract

This paper presents novel approach to the Huffman’s asynchronous sequential circuit two valued Boolean switching system design. The algorithm is implemented as software using distributed, service oriented application model with means of the web service component design. It considers method implementation challenges, both towards Moore and Mealy structures with particular respect to the estimation of the Huffman’s minimization algorithm computational complexity. The paper provides implementation details, theoretical model estimation and experimental results that acknowledge the theoretical approach in practice. This paper also examine the multistep design process implementation and its problems inherent in web service based environment both for development and educational purposes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Czekalski
Krzysztof Tokarz
Bolesław Pochopień
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Abstract

The paper features a comprehensive approach to risk management worked out during the ValueSec project (EU 7th Framework Programme). The motivation for research was presented, along with the course of the research, achieved project results and validation results. The methodology of risk management and a supporting tool were developed as a result of the project. They help decision makers to make complex strategic decisions about security measures. These complex decision-related problems were the reason to launch the research. The elaborated methodology is based on three pillars: assessment of the considered security measure ability to reduce risk, costs and benefits analysis with respect to the security measure application, and analysis of legal, social, cultural, and other restrictions that might impair or even destroy the efficiency of the functioning measures. In the project these restrictions are called qualitative criteria. The main added value of the ValueSec project is the elaboration of a special software module to analyse impacts of qualitative criteria on the considered measure. Based on the methodology, a ValueSec Toolset prototype was developed. The prototype was then validated in the following application domains: mass event, railway transport security, airport and air transport security, protection against flood, and protection of smart grids against cyber-attacks.

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Andrzej Białas
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Abstract

The present paper descriptively analyzes how the diminutive meaning of the adjectives belonging to the semantic field of SIZE in Polish and Russian, specifically mały and маленький respectively, has changed differently in each language, although both words come from the PS word *malъ. The aim of this article is to show, through dictionary entries and translation equivalents, that because the Russian standard adjective is effectively a diminutive with an -еньк- diminutive suffix (< малый), it typically conveys a stronger sense of ‘littleness’ than the Polish adjective mały, which typically conveys the meaning of ‘smallness’ than emotive meaning. Because of this, the semantic-pragmatic meanings of the derived/underived diminutive forms diverge. The differences between these adjectives plays an important role in the process of understanding the relationship between diminutive constructions in East and West Slavic languages, which is especially relevant to translators.

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Dorota Lockyer
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Abstract

Research on automatic translation has recently become a very popular field of study for linguists. The process of adjusting data collected from language to meet the machine’s potential and efficiency requires the knowledge and use of an accurate and effective methodology. The linguist’s task is not only to feed data collected from traditional language dictionaries into the computer’s memory, but it is also necessary to take into consideration all the relations that hold among the elements being described, as the aim of automatic translation is to enable the system to carry out an accurate and effective translation of texts. The paper is also an attempt to show how the object oriented approach proposed by W. Banyś resolves the problem of polysemy of words in a natural language which is one of the major problems in computer assisted translation. For the computer assisted translation to be exhaustive and effective, a process of disambiguation of a polysemous word should be carried out thus enabling a correct generation of its equivalents in a target language, which is presented on the basis of the English causative verb open.

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Anna Drzazga
Aleksandra Żłobińska-Nowak
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Abstract

There seems to be considerable confusion and conceptual ambiguity in the discourse on English in the global context caused by a plethora of various names referring to English and its role and functioning in the present day world. The emergence of nomenclatural richness may be indicative not only of the maturity of a given field and the development of comprehensive conceptual frameworks, but it may also point to inconsiderate (often causing disarray) search for style variants or a lack of uniformity among scholars as to a given subject matter. In the discourse on the English language, further ambiguity, especially for students, may be caused by disparate understandings of the same concepts on the part of various language scholars. What follows is a brief overview and discussion of the most popular terms used in the literature on the subject of English in the world.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Przygoński
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Abstract

Grounded in the cognitive approach to speech act theory, whereby the boundaries between speech act categories are perceived as fuzzy, resulting in their directness/ indirectness being viewed as a matter of degree, the paper investigates the ambiguity of indirect speech acts found in the discourse of customer testimonials. The analysis is based on a corpus of 150 customer testimonials published on the home pages of 7 retailing companies offering their products online. The study reveals some interesting patterns in the persuasive/promotional use of (often ambiguous) micro speech acts contributing to the realisation of the macro-act of praising. It then attempts to rationalise customer testimonials as acts of boasting performed by organisations using customer quotes as word-of-mouth tools.

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Jolanta Łącka-Badura
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Abstract

Today’s discussions concerning metonymy abound in distinctions that may be far from obvious for those who would like to get acquainted with the major achievements and directions of research in this field. That is why the article aims to trace the path that metonymy has covered within Cognitive Linguistics from its initial characterisation in the publication by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) to the present day. The article attempts to provide a general historical perspective on the phenomenon trying to indicate and discuss both the major trends as well as the consecutive stages in the development of the cognitive thought on metonymy. The author identifies different directions of expansion of the phenomenon, enumerates different types of metonymy, and its most frequently discussed dimensions. The article is concluded with an attempt to summarize the key elements of progress that has been made in understanding metonymy since 1980.

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Grzegorz Drożdż
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Abstract

The paper challenges the analysis of proverbs as particular cases of Genericis Specific metaphor suggested by Lakof and Turner (1989). I argue that their metaphoric account of proverbs should be considerably revised and extended. Proverbs are usually not used in order to make “generic statements”, but, rather, in order to comment on specific construals of current situations. Therefore, I suggest that proverbs should be analyzed in terms of the theory of conceptual integration networks (Turner & Fauconnier 1995). Accordingly, the specific content of the proverbs and the construal of the current “target” situation should be considered as input spaces, the generic level schema as the generic space and the particular emergent meaning of the proverb in the current situation as the blend. Whether the mapping between the two spaces is more metonymic or metaphoric depends on the relation between the two input spaces.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusław Bierwiaczonek
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is to compare and contrast the metonymic mappings which motivate the construction of meaning behind denominal verbs in English and Polish. The word-formation processes that create denominal verbs involve affixation, conversion and back-formation in English and paradigmatic derivation in Polish. The conceptual metonymies underlying the meaning of denominal verbs are treated as instances of the EVENT-schema metonymies in which concepts that belong to a particular EVENT schema are used to access other concepts within the same EVENT schema. The analysis has shown that the same set of metonymies can motivate meanings of denominal verbs in various ways, giving rise to different kinds of verbs that express the same meaning in English and Polish.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kuczok
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Abstract

Cognitive Linguistics provides theoretical and methodological framework for a description of conceptual structure of signed languages. Articulation parameters of individual signs, such as hand-shape, location, motion, and orientation, all contribute to the creation of complex non-literal meanings. Being based on metaphors, metonymies, or metonymies-in-metaphor, the signs reflect various degrees of visual motivation or iconicity. American Sign Language (henceforth ASL) and British Sign Language (henceforth BSL), two unrelated languages, employ diverse strategies of conceptualisation to express the same concepts. These strategies range from identical, e.g. metaphor vs. metaphor, to different, e.g. metaphor vs. metonymy, with many intermediate configurations possible. The paper compares selected ASL and BSL signs related to various areas of experience. Some of the signs are also contrasted with their counterparts in other signed languages.

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Krzysztof Kosecki
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Abstract

This article discusses the research of the linguistic landscape in the first decade of the 21. century. The author concentrates on research of written texts in the public space. He pays attention to the complexity of the discussed problems. This complexity results from the processes of globalization and migration that contribute to create social structures with great variety of languages used and with a heterogeneous ethnic composition. These dynamic social and national groups will be an interesting object of research also in the next years. This claim refers as well to the German speaking countries where speakers of many mother tongues live.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lesław Tobiasz
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Abstract

The paper offers a critical scrutiny of Leonard Talmy’s comparison of linguistically coded Force Dynamics and modern physics (Talmy 2000 : 456-459). It is argued that six out of seven ‘differences’ mentioned by Talmy are in fact similarities between the naive (linguistic) and the scientific conceptualization of forceful interaction. We have also found that one of the notions of Talmy’s Force Dynamics- the intrinsic force tendency- has no counterpart in either pre-Newtonian theories of force (Aristotle, Philoponus) or intuitive (folk) physics, richly accounted for in numerous empirical studies (e.g., Champagne et al. (1980), Larkin et al. (1980), McCloskey (1983), Halloun et al. (1985), Hammer (1995), diSessa (1988, 1993, 1996).

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Woźny
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Abstract

The academic language has certain features that do not occur in typical informal interaction about everyday things. The texts studied and produced in academic disciplines have different functions, and are structured in different ways. The linguistic features play an important role in the realization of different types of meanings. Some are important for their role in the expression of content (e.g. types of lexis, prepositional phrases or markers of logical relations between clauses). Others are involved in the role of the writer (e.g. informing, questioning or evaluating) or the organization of the content in the text.

The following paper provides an outline of the research on Academic Key Words studied in the texts of university students taken from the written corpora: the International Corpus of Learner English (the Polish and Turkish component of ICLE). Starting with a brief insight into the features of academic language, the article focuses on the analysis of chosen academic nouns, nouns, adjectives and adverbs as well as some basic clauses used by the Turkish and Polish university students of English as a Foreign language.

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Authors and Affiliations

Cem Can
Katarzyna Papaja
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Abstract

Developing learners’ speaking skills in the language classroom is one of the most demanding tasks that foreign language teachers are confronted with. The difficulty results mainly from the fact that the target language functions here as both the medium and the goal of teaching. Research shows that active involvement in communication in the learning process helps in improving language skills. The article discusses the role of classroom communication in learning both the first and the foreign language in the light of selected literature and offers a number of teaching guidelines for effective classroom practice.

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Luiza Ciepielewska-Kaczmarek
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Abstract

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the great power of film translation. This aim is accomplished by presenting the major modes of film translation, mainly in Italy and in Poland – as an example of completely different traditions in movie translation – which are then followed by an analysis of dubbing, voice over and subtitling from the perspective of domestication and foreignisation.

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Claudio Salmeri
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Abstract

The article examines the different ways in which various types of shortened forms are employed in Polish-English translation of a corpus of medical articles found in the Case Report section of Acta Angiologica, a bilingual quarterly for vascular specialists. A comparative analysis of the source and target texts is conducted to determine the reasons for the use and non-use of abridged forms in medical translation. On the one hand, attention is devoted to how the source text abbreviations are handled in translation. On the other hand, the focus is on those cases in which an abbreviated form is used in the target text regardless of its absence in the source language version.

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Tatiana Szczygłowska
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Abstract

This paper refers to face and face-work to account for the ways in which academic authors strive to satisfy the need to establish their credibility as experts in the field, to present their research as a valuable addition to the existing knowledge, and to confirm their status as insiders – experienced members of the academic discourse community – in introductions to English-language linguistics articles. It relates the concern for face to the revised Create-a-Research-Space (CARS) model [John Swales, Genre Analysis, Cambridge: CUP, 1990] of rhetorical moves to better understand the choices the authors make in order to indicate a gap in the existing knowledge, to announce how their research intends to fill it in, and, in effect, to produce a publishable text. In particular, it examines references to other scholars and their research and explicit comments on the author’s own work and experience in 50 journal article introductions. The presented strategies are evidence of a dialogue the writing scholar undertakes with the discourse community by laying emphasis on contextualization of the research among other texts, by placing his/ her findings in relation to other fi ndings, by seeking acceptance for his/ her claims, and by attending to the social needs of others.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krystyna Warchał

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