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Utilizing of the Statistical Analysis for Evaluation of the Properties of Green Sand Mould

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 67-73 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146664

Keywords Green sand mixing time Compactability compressive strength ANOVA

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Abstract

A statistical approach was conducted to investigate effect of independent factors of the mixing time compactability and bentonite percentage on dependent variables of permeability, compression and tensile strength of sand mould properties. Using statistical method save time in estimating the dependent variables that affect the moulding properties of green sand and the optimal levels of each factor that produce the desired results.
The results yielded indicate that there are variations in the effects of these factors and their interactions on different properties of green sand. The outcomes obtained a range of permeability values, with the highest and lowest numbers being 125 and 84. The sand exhibited high values of tensile and compressive strength measuring at 0.33N/cm2 and 17.67N/cm2. Conversely it demonstrated low levels of tensile and compressive strength reaching 0.14N/cm2 and 9.32N/cm2.
These results suggest that the moulding factors and their interactions have an important role in determining properties of the green sand. ANOVA was used to assess effect of various factors on different properties of the green sand. The results obtained suggest that compactability factor play a significant effect on permeability, the mixing time or bentonite factor has a significant effect on the compressive strength and mixing time or compactability factor has a significant impact on the tensile strength with a significance level lower than 5%. It is found that neither the mixing time nor the amount of bentonite used in the green sand mix has a significant impact on its permeability. Compactability of the green sand does not has a significant effect on the compressive strength. Bentonite used in green sand mix does not have a significant impact on its tensile strength.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Technology, Iraq

Distortion Analysis of Thin-Walled Investment Castings

R. Mandal S. Roy S. Sarkar T. Mandal A.K. Pramanick G. Majumdar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 59-66 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146663

Keywords Dokra casting Thin-walled investment casting Distortion dimensional accuracy SEM

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Abstract

Dokra casting is famous for its Artistic value to the world but it is also sophisticated engineering. The technique is almost 4500 years old. It is practiced by the tribal artisans of India. It is a clay moulded wax-based thin-walled investment casting technique where liquid metal was poured into the red hot mould. Dimensional accuracy is always preferable for consumers of any product. Distortion is one of the barriers to achieving the accurate dimension for this type of casting especially for the bending parts. The cause and nature of the distortion for this type of casting must be analyzed to design a product with nominal tolerance and dimensional accuracy.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Mandal

1

S. Roy

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Sarkar

1

T. Mandal

3

A.K. Pramanick

2

G. Majumdar

1

Mechanical Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, India
Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, India
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, IIEST Shibpur, India

Morphology and Distribution of α-Al and Mn-rich Phases in Al-Si-Mn Alloys under an Electromagnetic Stirring

P. Mikolajczak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 74-87 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146665

Keywords Casting microstructure aluminum alloys Electromagnetic stirring Solidification Manganese phases

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Abstract

Convection caused by gravity and forced flow are present during casting. The effect of forced convection generated by a rotating magnetic field on the microstructure and precipitating phases in eutectic and hypoeutectic AlSiMn alloys was studied in solidification by a low cooling rate and low temperature gradient. The chemical composition of alloys was selected to allow joint growth or independent growth of occurring α-Al, α-Al15Si2Mn4 phases and Al-Si eutectics. Electromagnetic stirring caused instead of equiaxed dendrites mainly rosettes, changed the AlSi eutectic spacing, decreased the specific surface Sv and increased secondary dendrite arm spacing λ2 of α-Al, and modified the solidification time. Forced flow caused complex modification of pre-eutectic and inter-eutectic Mn-phases (Al15Si2Mn4) depending on the alloy composition. By high Mn content, in eutectic and hypoeutectic alloys, stirring caused reduction in the number density and a decrease in the overall dimension of pre-eutectic Mn-phases. Also across cylindrical sample, specific location of occurring phases by stirring was observed. No separation effect of Mn-phases by melt flow was observed. The study provided an understanding of the forced convection effect on individual precipitates and gave insight of what modifications can occur in the microstructure of castings made of technical alloys with complex composition.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Mikolajczak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Poland

Synthesis of Ti-Nb-Zr Alloys Combined Powder Metallurgy and Arc Melting Methods

I. Matuła G. Dercz K. Prusik M. Szklarska A. Kazek-Kęsik W. Simka E. Sudoł

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1115-1120 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145482

Keywords Titanium-based alloys biomaterials arc-melting structure corrosion

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Abstract

Scientists and medics are still searching for new metallic materials that can be used in medicine, e.g., as material for implants. The following article proposes materials based on titanium with vital elements prepared by combined powder metallurgy and arc melting methods. Four compositions of Ti-28Ta-9Nb, Ti-28Ta-19Nb, Ti-28Ta-9Zr and Ti-28Ta-19Zr (wt.%) have been prepared. The tested material was thoroughly analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative phase analysis using X-ray diffraction showed the presence of two phases, α' and β titanium. In addition, a microhardness test was conducted, and the material was characterized in terms of corrosion properties. It was found that the corrosion resistance decreases with an increase of the β phase presence.

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Authors and Affiliations

I. Matuła

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Dercz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Prusik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Szklarska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Kazek-Kęsik

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

W. Simka

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Sudoł

3

University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Engineering, 75 Pułku Piechoty Str., 1 A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 B. Krzywoustego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Graduate, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty Street 1 A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland

PAN-Based Carbon Fibers Deposition on NiTi Surface

T. Goryczka B. Szaraniec E. Stodolak-Zych S. Kluska

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1109-1114 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145481

Keywords electrospinning Carbon fibers PAN fibers nitinol

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Abstract

The main objective of the work was to create a layer of carbon nanofibre on the surface of the NiTi shape memory alloy. The coating process was carried out in three stages. First, polyacrylonitrile was deposited by electrospinning. Then it was stabilized at temperatures up to 250°C. The last stage was the carbonization performed below 1000°C. The microstructure of the obtained coatings was observed using a scanning electron microscope. The X-ray diffraction techniques were applied to analyze the coating structure. After the polyacrylonitrile deposition, the fibers had an average diameter of about 280 nm, and the final fibers were almost twice as tiny. The applied steps also changed the phase and crystalline state of the fibers, finally leading to the formation of amorphous-nanocrystalline graphite.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Goryczka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Szaraniec

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Stodolak-Zych

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Kluska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Science, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Lorentz TEM and LM-STEM DPC Analysis of Magnetic Domains in Soft Ferromagnets

P. Czaja

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1121-1126 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145483

Keywords Lorentz-TEM STEM-DPC magnetization magnetic domains soft ferromagnets

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Abstract

Magnetic microstructure in the as suction cast Fe ₆₉B ₂₀Nb ₂Hf ₂Si ₂Y ₅ alloy was revealed by combined Lorentz-TEM and LM-STEM DPC analysis. The thin foil of the alloy was found to be composed primarily of the amorphous phase with few dendritic structures. Magnetic domains were found large in the µm range with an average domain wall width of 52 nm. The magnetic domain boundaries are easily mobile, what was confirmed by in situ applied magnetic field. The LM-STEM DPC complements the Lorentz-TEM analysis by providing details on the intensity and spatial distribution of the magnetization vector within the domains.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Czaja

1

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ORCID:

The Aleksander Krupkowski Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Comparison of Microstructure, Ageing Effect and Shape Memory Properties of Additively Manufactured NiTi Alloy using LENS and EBAM Methods

J. Dutkiewicz Ł. Rogal M. Węglowski T. Czujko T. Durejko E. Cesari

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1103-1108 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145480

Keywords Additive Manufacturing Shape Memory Alloys NiTi TEM studies

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Abstract

Samples prepared using various additive manufacturing methods were compared in terms of structure, texture, transformation temperature and superelastic properties. Samples manufactured using laser engineered net shaping (LENS) method showed texture several degrees deviated from the <001> build direction, however with composition near to the initial powder composition, enabling superelastic effect. The electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) samples showed martensitic structure at room temperature due to a shift of transformation temperatures to the higher range. This shift occurs due to a lower Ni content resulting from different processing conditions. However, EBAM method produced sharper <001> texture in the build direction and made it possible to obtain a good superelastic effect above room temperature. Intermetallic particles of size 0.5-2 mm were identified as Ti2Ni phase using EDS and electron diffraction analyses. This phase was often formed at the grain boundaries. Contrary to the LENS method, the EBAM prepared samples showed Ni-rich primary particles resulted from different processing conditions that reduce the Ni content in the solid solution thus increase the martensitic transformation temperature. Ageing at 500°C allowed for shifting the martensitic transformation temperatures to the higher range in both, LENS and EBAM, samples. It resulted from the formation of Ni rich coherent precipitates. In samples prepared by both methods and aged at 500°C, the presence of martensite B19’ twins was observed mainly on {011} B19’ planes.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Dutkiewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ł. Rogal

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Węglowski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Czujko

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Durejko

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Cesari

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, PAS, 25, Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Łukasiewicz – Institute of Welding, Błogosławionego Czesława 16-18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Military University of Technology, 2, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
University of Balearic Islands, Department of Physics, E07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Similarity Solution for Phase Change of Dilute Binary Isomorphous Alloy with Density Variation during Phase Change

A. Jakhar L. Sharma P. Rath S. Kumar Mahapatra

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1087-1102 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145479

Keywords Binary alloy Variable density similarity variable Conduction dominated Mushy zone

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Abstract

A similarity solution for conduction dominated solidification of a dilute binary isomorphous alloy has been developed. The effect solidification due to density change during phase transformation has been highlighted and investigated in detail. The governing equations for solid, liquid and mushy phase has been proposed, taking into account the effect of shrinkage or expansion due to density change during phase change. The thermo-physical properties (thermal conductivity and specific heat), equilibrium temperature and phase fraction are evaluated within the mushy zone using averaging technique. The effect of equilibrium and non-equilibrium solidification is investigated using Lever and Scheil’s rule models respectively. In addition, the effect of boundary and initial temperature on solidification behavior of the alloy is also addressed. It has been observed that the interface (liquidus and solidus) moves faster with increase in density ratio and decrease in boundary and initial temperature. No major changes in temperature distribution and interface position has been observed with variation partition coefficient and microscale behavior model (Lever rule and Scheil’s rule).

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Jakhar

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

L. Sharma

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Rath

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Kumar Mahapatra

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 751012, India
Chandigarh University, University Centre of Research & Development, Mohali-140413, Punjab

Tests of Mechanical and Thermal Deformation of Moulding Sands Produced in Various Technologies

A. Grabarczyk K. Major-Gabryś J. Jakubski St.M. Dobosz D. Bolibruchová R. Pastirčák

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 933-937 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145456

Keywords moulding sands mechanical deformation thermal deformation binders

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Abstract

Casting industry has been enriched with the processes of mechanization and automation in production. They offer both better working standards, faster and more accurate production, but also have begun to generate new opportunities for new foundry defects. This work discusses the disadvantages of processes that can occur, to a limited extend, in the technologies associated with mould assembly and during the initial stages of pouring. These defects will be described in detail in the further part of the paper and are mainly related to the quality of foundry cores, therefore the discussion of these issues will mainly concern core moulding sands. Four different types of moulding mixtures were used in the research, representing the most popular chemically bonded moulding sands used in foundry practise. The main focus of this article is the analysis of the influence of the binder type on mechanical and thermal deformation in moulding sands.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Grabarczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Major-Gabryś

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Jakubski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

St.M. Dobosz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Pastirčák

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Foundry of Non-ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
University of Zilina, Žilinská Univerzita v Žiline, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Žilina, Slovak Republic

Influence the Composition of the Core Mixture to the Occurrence of Veinings on Castings of Cores Produced by Cold-Box-Amine Technology

P. Delimanová I. Vasková M. Bartošová M. Hrubovčáková

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 947-953 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145458

Keywords core mixture quality of casting veinings cold-box silica sand

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Abstract

The main problem in the cores production by cold-box method is the occurence of surface defects due to the tension generated by thermal expansion of the silica sand. One of the possibilities of eliminination is exchange of silica sand from another location. Another interesting factor is the type of used binder and its amount. However, even these measures donʹt guarantee sufficient quality. Foundries most often solve this problem by adding expensive additives to the core mixture. Foundries may have a dilemma in choosing the right additive. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of silica sand from two different locations, the effect of dosing the amount of binder and the addition of several types of commonly available additives on the quality of casting cavities. For this purpose, a total of 11 differently composed core sand mixtures were prepared, but only one of these mixtures was successful.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Delimanová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

I. Vasková

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Bartošová

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Hrubovčáková

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, 9 Letná Str., 042 00 Košice, Slovakia

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel/Aluminum Multilayer Composites by One-Step Explosive Welding

Xiaoyan Hu Yingbin Liu Li Yang Xiaochen Huang

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 939-946 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145457

Keywords multilayer composites one-step explosive welding bonding interface micro-hardness mechanical properties

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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.

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Authors and Affiliations

Xiaoyan Hu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yingbin Liu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Li Yang

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xiaochen Huang

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China

Verification of the Random Nature of the Experimental Data in the End-Milling Process of Aluminum Alloys

A.B. Pop Mihail Aurel Țîțu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 967-971 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145461

Keywords Al7136 end-milling process surface roughness Young’s test experiment

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Abstract

From a theoretical point of view, the research carried out in this manuscript was carried out starting from the study of the links between surface roughness and cutting speed, cutting depth and feed per tooth in the end milling process. From an experimental point of view, it started from the organization and development of the physical cutting process, the cutting regimes to be analyzed were established, after which the surface roughness was determined and measured. In this way, the connections between the factors and parameters pursued in the research resulted. The main purpose of this research is to check the random nature of the measured data related to the quality of the end milled surface of the Al7136 aluminum alloy. The main types of statistical processing performed on the sample values from the experimental measurements, the algorithms and the corresponding work modes are according to the method of research that is based on the use of the Young test. The conclusions highlighted the importance of adopting this research method and opened new directions of study.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.B. Pop

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mihail Aurel Țîțu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Northern University Centre of Baia Mare, Faculty of Engineering – Department of Engineering and Technology Management, 62A, Victor Babes Street, 430083, Baia Mare, Maramures, Romania

Combined 3-Components Phosphate and Organic Coatings on Zinc Surfaces

D. Fachikova T. Liubenova G. Ilieva

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 973-980 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145462

Keywords Zinc surfaces Phosphatizing zinc Nickel and Calcium Phosphates organic coatings protective coatings

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Abstract

In recent years, the production of galvanized sheet steels with organic coatings applied to its surfaces has considerably expanded. Phosphating of the zinc surfaces raises its roughness and surface tension, providing high adhesion of subsequent organic coatings and respectively, significant increasing of their protective properties. The paper presents the results obtained in the investigation of combined anti-corrosion coatings, including formation of phosphate films on galvanized steel surfaces followed by the application of three types of paint and varnish coatings. The indicators characterizing the phosphating preparation (density, pH, conductivity, acid capacity) as well as the thickness of the coatings were measured. The chemical composition of the phosphate films, their morphology and topography were determined by means of EDX and SEM, respectively. The adhesion, elasticity and impact toughness of the organic coatings, with and without phosphating treatment of the zinc surfaces were measured. The corrosion resistance of the combined coatings in a model sodium chloride solution was also determined.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Fachikova

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Liubenova

1

G. Ilieva

1

University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemical Technology, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria

Modelling the Natural Gas Transportation Process using the Factorial Experiment Method

Mihail Aurel Țîțu A.B. Pop M. Nabiałek

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 961-966 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145460

Keywords Design of experiment natural gas experimental research active experiment quality and quality management

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Abstract

The research presented in detail in this scientific paper refers to the modelling of process parameters for natural gas transmission in a centralized system. The method of the factorial experiment was used to model some parameters considered to be vital, namely the gas temperature, the air temperature as well as a certain correction factor on the flow delivered to the population. The study was conducted by accessing information provided by a regulation-measurement station that delivers gas to an important locality in a locality in central Romania. Experimental data collected over 24 hours on a summer day but also on a winter day were used. After a previous study with classical experimental research methods, the factorial experiment was used, which allows the delivery of much more detailed information and the graphical representations are much more precise and detailed, in other words, relevant and useful conclusions can be obtained on objective studied in the research approached.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mihail Aurel Țîțu

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.B. Pop

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Nabiałek

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Northern University Centre of Baia Mare, Faculty of Engineering – Department of Engineering and Technology Management, 62A, Victor Babes Street, 430083, Baia Mare, Maramures, Romania
Częstochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, Armii Krajowej 19 Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland

Investigation on Structural, Electronic, Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Al0.25B0.75As Alloy Under Pressure, Based on Density Functional Theory (DFT)

A. Fazeli Kisomi S.J. Mousavi B. Nedaee-Shakarab

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 875-880 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145450

Keywords Al0.25B0.75As Thermoelectric Properties electronic properties under pressure and Wien2k

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Abstract

In this paper, structural, electronic, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of Al _0.25B _0.75As alloy, under pressures 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa, have been calculated. The value of band gap at present work under 0 GPa, with GGA(PBE) exchange-correlation potential, is very close to other works with TB-mBJ method. This is a result of equal selection of muffin-tin radius spheres that are bigger than usual size for Al and B atoms. The values of band gap decrease by increasing pressure. In thermal properties, phonon contribution of heat capacity at constant volume and Debye temperature have been calculated in the range of 0K to 1000K temperatures and under 0 GPa, 4 GPa and 8 GPa pressures. Thermoelectric properties, under the same pressures and in the range of 100K to 1000K temperatures have been investigated.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Fazeli Kisomi

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S.J. Mousavi

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Nedaee-Shakarab

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Physics, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
Department of Physics, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

Acidic Corrosion Behaviour of Niobium-Added Welding Overlays Fabricated by Self-Shielded Metal-Cored Wires

Dashuang Liu Yucheng Wu Weimin Long Ping Wei Rui Wang Wei Zhou

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 887-894 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145452

Keywords acidic corrosion behavior niobium addition self-shielded metal-cored wire

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Abstract

Both corrosion and abrasion remove materials from some engineering components such as impact coal crusher hammers, pulverizer rings, chute liner, and rolls or molds. Intensive research has been done on improving the wear resistance of high chromium alloys, however, studies into corrosion resistance of high chromium alloys are insufficient. In order to determine the amount of ferroniobium addition in the wire to achieve the best corrosion resistance, and find out the mechanism of ferroniobium enhancing the corrosion resistance of the welding overlays, the high-Cr iron-based welding overlays with different niobium addition were fabricated by using self-made self-shielded metal-cored wires and their acidic corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution + 0.01 mol/L HCl solution were investigated by electrochemical corrosion test. The microstructure and corrosion morphology were characterized by OM, SEM, XRD and EDS. The polarization curves and values of I _corr, E _corr and Rc indicate the corrosion resistance is at the highest with 3.6 wt.% niobium addition, and at the lowest when the niobium addition is 10.8 wt.%. The corrosion of welding overlay occurs in the matrix of microstructure. With the increase of niobium addition from 3.6 wt.% to 10.8 wt.%, the proportion of network eutectic structure in the welding overlay is increased. Up to 10.8 wt.%, the microstructure is transformed from hypereutectic structure into eutectic one, leading to a higher acceleration of corrosion rate. When niobium addition reaches 14.4 wt.%, the welding overlay is transformed into a hypoeutectic structure. The addition of niobium element consumes carbon element in the alloy, which makes the increase of chromium content in the final solidified matrix, leading to an improvement in corrosion resistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dashuang Liu

1 2 3

Yucheng Wu

1

Weimin Long

2 4

Ping Wei

3

Rui Wang

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wei Zhou

1 5

Hefei University of Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Hefei 230009, China
Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450001, China
Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang 212003, China
China Innovation Academy of Intelligent Equipment (Ningbo) Co., Ltd, Ningbo 315700, China
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore

Microstructure Evolution, Phase Composition, Tensile and Hardness Properties Investigation of CrCuFeNi2Tix-Based High-Entropy Alloys

Long Chen

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 881-886 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145451

Keywords high entropy alloys phase composition microstructure tensile tests hardness test

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Abstract

CrCuFeNi2Tix high-entropy alloys (HEAs) (x = 0.1 ~ 0.7) are prepared and studied in this paper to investigate the effect of titanium on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system. Microstructural studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the addition of titanium could induce the formation of a body-centered cubic lattice (BCC) and intermetallic compounds (Ni3Ti) of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system. The practical formation of the phases meet the theory of the atomic size difference δ, mixing enthalpy ΔHmix, mixing entropy ΔSmix, valence electron concentration (VEC), and electronegativity difference Δχ. Additionally, the tensile and hardness properties of the CrCuFeNi2Tix-based system are investigated in this study. Generally, CrCuFeNi2Tix HEAs show low stiffness and good flexibility in mechanical properties. When the x value is relatively small, the HEAs show good ductility in the tensile test, which is the result of a face-centered cubic lattice (FCC) in the phase composition at this stage; when the x value becomes larger, due to the formation of the intermetallic compounds Ni3Ti, the HEAs show high hardness

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Authors and Affiliations

Long Chen

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Northwestern Polytechnical University, The School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an, China
Shenzhen University, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen, China

Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welding Joints of In-Situ Al3Zr/AA6082 Particle-Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites

Hui Li Caizhi Sun Feng Wang Yuanpeng Qiao Chuying Li Pinyi Xu Andrii Zatulovskiy Volodymyr Shcheretskyi

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 907-919 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145454

Keywords aluminum matrix composite in-situ FSW microstructure mechanical properties

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Abstract

In this paper, the Al-K2ZrF6 reaction system was used to prepare in-situ Al3Zr/AA6082 particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites by electromagnetic stirring melt reaction method, and the friction stir welding technology was used to weld the plate. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied when the rotating speed was 14000 rpm and the welding speed was 30, 50 and 70 mm/min respectively. The results show that the weld forming quality and tensile properties of the FSW joints with welding parameters of 14000 rpm and 50 mm/min are the best, the tensile strength is 142(±0.5) MPa and the elongation is 8.2%. SEM analysis shows that the particle size of the reinforcing phase in the base metal is refined to about 5-10 μm, while that in the NZ is about 1-5 μm. The grain size in the HAZ is about 20-30 μm and in the NZ is about 5-10 μm. EBSD analysis shows that the proportion of low-angle grain boundary in the NZ is 59.7% and of recrystallized grain structure is 23.65%, while the proportion of small-angle grain boundary in the HAZ is 24.35% and of recrystallized grain structure is 37.18%. It provides theoretical and experimental basis for the forming and application of friction stir welding of the composite.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hui Li

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Caizhi Sun

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Feng Wang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yuanpeng Qiao

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Chuying Li

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Pinyi Xu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrii Zatulovskiy

2

Volodymyr Shcheretskyi

2

Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhenjiang 212000, China
Phisico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciens of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Investigation of Hardfacing Deposits Obtained by Using Submerged Arc Welding Fluxes Containing High-Carbon Ferrochromium and Ferroboron

M. Kaptanoglu M. Eroglu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 895-905 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145453

Keywords Submerged arc welding Hardfacing deposit Carbide Boro-carbide Welding flux

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Abstract

Hardfacing deposition processes were carried out using unalloyed S1-EL12 welding wire and submerged arc welding fluxes produced by agglomerated method containing 4-16 wt.% ferrochromium and 2 wt.% ferroboron to achieve wear-resistant of hardfacing deposits on common steel substrates via submerged arc welding. Typical parameters such as slag detachment behaviour, measurements of weld seam widths and heights, microstructural examinations, and hardness and wear tests of hardfacing deposits were characterized. End of the characterization processes, with the increase of chromium, carbon, and boron transition from welding fluxes to hardfacing deposits, the welding seam widths, and heights were determined to increase from 14.12 mm to 15.65 mm and 6.14 mm to 6.50 mm, respectively. Besides; carbide and boro-carbide ratios in the microstructures increased, the hardness values increased from 43 HRC to 61 HRC and the wear losses decreased from 5.79 to 4.43. (10 ^–7 mm ³ (N m) ^–1).

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kaptanoglu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Eroglu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Firat, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Elazig, 23000, Turkey

Research on Reducing Residual Stress in Milling of Aluminum Alloy

Yao Huang Xianguo Yan Ruize Yuan Zhi Chen Liang Tang Ao Shen Xuemei Niu

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 921-932 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145455

Keywords Taguchi-grey relational approach Aluminum alloy milling process cryogenic treatment machining residual stress

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Abstract

The machining residual stress produced in the cutting process of aluminum alloy parts can easily lead to a scrap of the processed parts. In order to reduce the residual stress of aluminum alloy in the milling process, based on the Taguchi-Grey relational approach, the effects of different milling parameters on the residual stress and surface roughness of 2A12 aluminum alloy were studied. To reduce the residual stress and surface roughness of 2A12 aluminum alloy, optimized milling parameters were obtained. To further reduce the milling residual stress of 2A12 aluminum alloy, the samples processed by the optimized milling parameters were treated by cryogenic treatment and artificial aging. The residual stress of the sample was measured by the blind hole drilling method, and the evolution mechanism of the microstructure to reduce the machining residual stress was revealed. The results show that the combination of deep cooling treatment and oil bath aging can effectively reduce the residual stress on the machined surface of the aluminum alloy and facilitate a more uniform distribution of the residual stress inside the specimen. The effect of the coarse second phase on the residual stress in the microstructure is not significant, and the fine and diffusely distributed precipitation phase is beneficial to the reduction of the residual stress in the aluminum alloy.

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Yao Huang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xianguo Yan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ruize Yuan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zhi Chen

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Liang Tang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ao Shen

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xuemei Niu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, China

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel/Aluminum Multilayer Composites by One-Step Explosive Welding

Xiaoyan Hu Yingbin Liu Li Yang Xiaochen Huang

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1211-1217 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145495

Keywords multilayer composites one-step explosive welding bonding interface micro-hardness mechanical properties

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Abstract

The stainless steel/aluminum multilayer composites were prepared by one-step explosive welding using ammonium nitrate explosive with two different thicknesses. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the multilayer composites were examined. There is a thin metallurgical melting zone at each bonding interface, consisting mostly of iron and aluminum elements. However, the micro-crack appears in the second metallurgical bonding zone obtained using the explosive of 24 mm thickness. The micro-hardness values at the four bonding interfaces are higher than those of bulk 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. The yield strength of the multilayer composites obtained in the two cases is higher than that of the original 304 stainless steel while the tensile strength is between those of the original 1060 aluminum and 304 stainless steel. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and yield strength of multilayer composites obtained by explosive welding with explosive of 20 mm thickness are relatively higher.

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Xiaoyan Hu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yingbin Liu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Li Yang

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xiaochen Huang

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

North University of China, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan 030051, China
Military Products Research Institute, Shanxi Jiangyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030051, China
Capital Aerospace Machinery Corporation Limited, Beijing 100076, China

Influence of Dissolved Oxygen Content on the Properties of Aqueous Milled WC-Co Powders

H.-F. Chicinas L.-E. Marton C.-O. Popa

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1205-1210 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145494

Keywords Cemented carbides hard metal milling drying sintering agglomerate

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Abstract

The research aims to develop a novel and safer milling route to produce Hard Metals. Considering the risks associated with milling fine particles under organic solvents, especially the increased fire and explosion risks, we propose milling under aqueous milling media to diminish the risks associated with fire hazards, while maintaining the oxidation level at a minimum. The samples were sintered in an industrial sintering oven under vacuum at 1380°C subsequent to milling and drying. The characterisation of the materials has been done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, optical microscopy, and a magnetometer. The obtained results indicate that appropriate properties of the powders after milling and drying as well as the desired biphasic (Co-WC) phases were obtained after sintering, thus proving the feasibility of such a route and diminishing specific fire hazards.

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Authors and Affiliations

H.-F. Chicinas

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

L.-E. Marton

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

C.-O. Popa

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Materials Science and Engineering Department, 103-105 Muncii Avenue, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
SC Gühring SRL, 32 Constructorilor Street, 407035 Apahida, Romania

Nonwoven Carbon Fibers with Nanometric Metallic Layers as a Tool to Monitor Regenerative Processes

E. Stodolak-Zych M. Kudzin K. Kornaus M. Gubernat E. Kaniuk M. Bogun

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1151-1156 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145487

Keywords Activated carbon fibers nanometric layers magnetron sputtering cells-materials interaction

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Abstract

Still unsolved is the problem of monitoring the tissue regeneration with the use of implants (substrates) in in vivo conditions. The multitude of implant materials combined with their specific immanent often limit standard diagnostic methods, i.e. X-rey or computer tomography (CT). This is particularly difficult in therapies using polymeric high-resistance substrates for tissue engineering. The aim of this study was to fabricate a non-woven carbon fiber composed of carbon fibers (CF) which were then subjected to a surface modification by magnetron sputtering. A layer of iron (Fe) was applied under inert conditions (argon) for different time periods (2-10 min). It was shown that already after 2-4 minutes of iron sputtering, the voxel surface (CF_Fe2’, CF_Fe4’) was covered with a heterogeneous iron layer observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The longer the modification time, the more uniform the layer on the fiber surface becomes. This can be seen by the change in the wettability of the nonwoven surface which decreases from 131° for CF_Fe2 to 120° for CF_Fe10. The fibers do not change their geometry or dimensions (~11.5 um). The determination of pore size distribution by adsorption and desorption techniques (BJH) and specific surface area by nitrogen adsorption method (BET) have shown that the high specific surface area for the CF_Fe2’ fibers decreases by 10% with the increasing iron sputtering time. All the studied CF_Fe fibers show good biocompatibility with osteoblast-like cells MG-63 cells after both 3 and 7 days of culture. Osteoblasts adhere to the fiber surface and show correct morphology.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Stodolak-Zych

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kudzin

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Kornaus

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Gubernat

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Kaniuk

1

M. Bogun

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Departament Biomaterials and Composites, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Łukasiewicz – Lodz Institute of Technology, Łodz, Poland

ZnO Nanowires Grown on Al2O3-ZnAl2O4 Nanostructure Using Solid-Vapor Mechanism

W. Zajkowska-Pietrzak J. Turczyński B. Kurowska H. Teisseyre K. Fronc J. Dąbrowski S. Kret

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 1177-1182 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145491

Keywords Solid-vapor growth ZnO nanowires ZnAl2O4 spinel

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Abstract

We present Al2O3-ZnAl2O4-ZnO nanostructure, which could be a prominent candidate for optoelectronics, mechanical and sensing applications. While ZnO and ZnAl2O4 composites are mostly synthesized by sol-gel technique, we propose a solid-vapor growth mechanism. To produce Al2O3-ZnAl2O4-ZnO nanostructure, we conduct ZnO:C powder heating resulting in ZnO nanowires (NWs) growth on sapphire substrate and ZnAl2O4 spinel layer at the interface. The nanostructure was examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) method. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technique enabled us to prepare a lamella for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging. TEM examination revealed high crystallographic quality of both spinel and NW structure. Epitaxial relationships of Al2O3-ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4-ZnO are given.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Zajkowska-Pietrzak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Turczyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Kurowska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Teisseyre

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Fronc

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Dąbrowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Kret

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 32/46 Lotników Av., 02-668 Warszawa, Poland

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