Formation of modern landscapes of Zaporizhzhya region occurred in the Holocene period. During the Holocene wet phase changing climate fairly arid, warm - rather cold, but the average climatic indicators were close to modern. These conditions contributed to the formation of steppe zonal type of landscape. However, due to prolonged exposure to diverse steppe landscapes economic impacts associated with mismanagement of their natural potential and increasing human pressure on the natural environment has been transformed natural landscapes and change their properties. The result of this action was that the area landscapes drastically reduced. Zaporizhzhya region was the most economically mastered in all regions of Ukraine.
To further study the issues to optimize environmental management of the region, the article reproduced a modern structure of landscapes area. The area characterized Zaporizhzhya region lowland class and type steppe landscapes. Three subtypes of landscapes: the north, middle and dry steppe. Each subtype is divided into land. Within North steppe subtype isolated Dniester-Dnieper and the Left-Bank Dnepr-Azov province. Medium steppe subtype is represented by the Black Sea margin, and dry steppe - Black sea-Azov. The most popular items on the optimization of environmental management are landscaped areas and areas of morphological units within them. That level reflects the nature of the landscape area inside the area landscape differentiation. Within the Zaporizhzhya region allocated 7 landscaped areas: highland Azov, highland-Dnieper south slope, Kinsko-Yalinska low-lying, low-lying Azov, the Dnieper-Molochansk low-lying, Western Azov-slope highland and lowland Prisivasko-Priazov.
Osier (salix viminalis) is a promising energy crop for the growing bioenergy purposes in Ukraine. It is unpretentious to the conditions of growth, marked with simplicity of cultivation technology, well-withdrawn for fertilization. Sewage sludge, due to its chemical composition and high content of organic matter, can be successfully used to fertilize the willow.
The calculations of bioenergetic and economic efficiency showed that application of sewage sludge and compost with sawdust and straw in a ratio of 3: 1 at osier is marked with a high effect. In the studies performed in conditions of Ukraine’s Precarpathians on sod-podzolic soils we found that the highest biomass output and, therefore, gross energy per unit of area in agrocenoses of osier provided the application of fresh sewage sludge at a rate of 80 t / ha. In this option the dry biomass output made 39.4 t / ha, gross energy with the yield - 1,580 GJ / ha, the costs of energy generation - 6.2 UAH / GJ, the costs of gross output - 17.8 thousand UAH / ha, the rate of energy efficiency - 1.69.
However, the highest rates of economic and bioenergetic efficiency after the fourth year of the willow vegetation we observed when the sewage sludge compost with straw of grain crops at a doze 40 and 60 t / ha was applied. In these variants the lowest cost of the biomass production was obtained (at the level 109 - 111 UAH / ton), the cost of the received energy from the biomass (5.6 - 5.7 UAH / GJ), the highest profitability value (97 - 101%) and the best performing of energy efficiency coefficient - 1.85 - 1.89.
Sapropel deposits are widely distributed
around the globe. In the Americas area they are adjacent
to the Great Lakes region, in Europe sapropel deposits can
be spotted in the territory of Scandinavia, France,
Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Russia and in the
northern regions of Ukraine.
Use of sapropel as a fertilizer can enhance high and
stable yields of crops. However, despite the proven
effectiveness of long-term practical researches in this
area, nowadays sapropel is almost not used. One of the
reasons - lack of developed processing methods of
extraction and processing, including dehydration.
Material properties as an object of interaction with
the working bodies, change of their settings in the
processing are crucial in the choice of technologies,
development, bringing up to the necessary parameters and
subsequent use.
Sapropel high humidity (95-98%) is one of the main
factor that determines the quality of its properties after the
interaction with working bodies. However, in the process
of decreasing, in interaction with oxygen, there are
significant changes in physical and mechanical properties
of sapropel.
Decisive in the direction selection process of lake
sapropels’ use in the economic sector is their moisture
exchange and thermodynamic parameters. The
complexity of setting the water apart, if freshly extracted
sapropels possess only 15-20% of it, shows their strong
water-retaining capacity. The above mentioned
phenomenon proves the need for their use as an organic
fertilizer during the crops growing, as superficial loss of
moisture in the soil creates a new global problem.
On the basis of deep analysis of the sapropels’
properties, the authors suggest three areas of freshly
extracted lake sapropel application in mixtures with leafy
part of the crops: in biogas production with its further use
as an organic fertilizer; making a compost mixture of
organic origin which physical and mechanical properties
are approximate as that of the soil; alternative solid fuels
in the form of briquettes.
The paper presents the analysis of results of
the investigations concerning a vertical pipe submersion
coefficient h/L with an air-water mixer of the described
type. The investigations were performed on an air lift
pump testing stand, constructed in a laboratory on a scale
of 1:1. At first, the paper presents the possibilities of
application of air lift pumps. The investigations to date
have been briefly characterized and a research problem
formulated. Then the paper describes the construction and
working principle of the air lift pump testing stand,
constructed in a laboratory. It presents the methodology
of derivation of empirical formulas for calculation of
vertical pipe submersion coefficients h/L. The
comparative analysis of the values of h/L determined in
the measurements with the values of h/L calculated using
the derived empirical formulas was carried out. The
research scope encompassed the derivation of the
aforementioned empirical formulas for five fixed values
of air lift pump delivery head H, comparison of the
obtained values h/L determined in the measurements with
the values of h/L calculated using the derived empirical
formulas and the improved analytical Stenning-Martin
model. To derive the empirical formulas for calculation of
the vertical pipe submersion coefficient h/L, the
dimensional analysis and multiple regression was applied.
The investigations of the vertical pipe submersion
coefficient h/L were carried out for the vertical pipe
internal diameter d = 0.04 m and for the fixed delivery
heads H: 0.45, 0.90, 1.35, 1.80, 2.25 m. The values
calculated using the derived empirical formulas (23), (24),
(25), (26), (27) coincide with the values of h/L determined
in the measurements for the whole range of the
investigated delivery heads H. On the other hand, the
values of h/L calculated using the improved analytical
Stenning-Martin model do not coincide with the values of
h/L determined in the measurements for the delivery
heads H equal 0.45 and 0.90 m, whereas they are
comparable for H equal 1.35, 1.80, 2.25 m. For the tested
air lift pump with the air-water mixer of the described
type (Fig. 2), the maximum air pressure should not exceed
pp = 145 kPa, because for higher pressures the water flow
rate diminishes. In the air lift pump being tested, the water
flow rate Qw grows along with the rise in the air flow rate
and in the vertical pipe submersion coefficient h/L
whereas falls along with the rise in the delivery head H.
The aim of this study was to analyze diesel
fuel consumption in Poland and identification of the
causes of changes in the needs of individual sectors of the
economy for this type of fuel. Time range of the
researches covered from 2004 to 2014. Data from the
Central Statistical Office (CSO) were the source material.
In the years 2004-2014 diesel consumption in Poland
was 111 553 thousand tons. In 2014 domestic
consumption of diesel fuel was 11 203 thousand tons and
it was more than 2 times higher than the level of
consumption of this fuel in 2004. The highest
consumption of diesel in Poland in the period took place
in 2012. The increase in the consumption of diesel fuel
in Poland had benefited from increased demand for diesel
in transport, which became a result of an increased
amount of transport services. The share of transport in the
consumption of diesel fuel in Poland for the period 2004-
2014 was about 75%. Another area, which consumes the
largest quantity of DF in Poland is agriculture.
Consumption of this fuel in agriculture in the years 2004-
2014 increased by 7%. DF consumption in industry and
the manufacturing sector it was variable. DF biggest
consumption in these sectors of the economy in the period
was recorded in 2004. The analyzes did not allow to
identify the specific causes of changes in the use of DF in
the industry and manufacturing. In transport it showed a
relationship between the consumption of diesel fuel and
the amount of transport work and the transported cargo.
The article describes the work of the seaport
transport-technological system (TTS). Spend controlling
analysis of the basic processes and port operations. It was
found that the construction of an optimal system of
controlling processes, leading to increased efficiency of
the port. We consider a variety of factors that affect the
efficiency of the port of reloading works and the
importance of quality of work at every stage of the
process. In order to determine the level of the expected
impact of controlling the use of the analysis of the
construction of the port of the quality management
system, which is taken as a basis for the organization of
transport and technological system of the port as a whole.
It determined that the efficiency depends on the
turnover of the port and thus the quality and quantity of
treated vessels. At the same time your system needs to
build their own port, to meet the requirements of
customers, and dependence of the amount processed by
the courts from time to time is the reciprocal of. The
authors propose a model of controlling the transport and
port system technology, taking into account factors that
affect the process efficiency. The scheme of internal
communication processes, transport and port systems
technology, as well as take into account the external
communication with customers.
Use of risk systems in the port processes allows us to
consider its bottlenecks, and provide impact of pointing it
to a particular element of the system, when it is needed,
that is applicable to many processes, owls, and is a
universal method to increase the efficiency of the
enterprise.
On the basis of mathematical modeling of
fluid flow in vortex devices verification of use of
detached-eddy simulation method in the swirling flows in
vortex chamber superchargers is made. Research of a
flow with use of different turbulence models was made
for vortex chamber supercharger in two working points of
the characteristic: with the open exit channel and closed.
Verification has been spent on integrated parameters, and
also on kinematic, by comparison of static pressure value
of on the top end cover of the device. It is received that
the hybrid turbulence model DES does not allow, as well
as model SST precisely to predict value of vacuum on an
axis of the vortex chamber. The error makes an order of
20 %. However, DES predicts almost correct, on 20 %
big, than model SST, values of vacuum on an axis in a
throat axial diffuser on an input in the vortex chamber.
Besides, by means of DES it is possible to describe more
adequately unsteady structures near to an axis of the
vortex chamber, and also vortex core precession that does
not allow to make SST turbulence model. By optimization
of vortex devices, and vortex chamber superchargers in
particular, simulation time essentially is better to use SST
turbulence model with rotation-curvature correction.
The support for the stable functioning of business entities with focus on their further development is impossible without an effective system of financial security, because any time there is a danger of implementing a variety of risks that can lead to the onset of the crisis. It should be noted that the implementation of measures to ensure financial security is most effective when they are applied long before the crisis - it makes business entities able to recognize early trends of crises and have time for preparedness. In the case when it comes to the global economic crisis, which cannot be prevented, timely measures to ensure financial security can minimize its negative effects, and if the crisis is expected at the level of the enterprise, it will be able to avoid it altogether.
The study clarified the theoretical basis of ensuring the business entity financial security - namely, the definition of "financial security" and a list of its tasks, functions and principles. The existing problem of providing financial security are researched. A qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing the financial condition of a business entity are showed.
The research has established that the main problems of ensuring the financial security of business entity need to be addressed at the state level, but the early assessment of external and internal environment of economic units significantly reduces the risk of certain threats and thus increases financial security of business entities.
The showed methods of assessing the financial situation can be used in practice of national business entities.
In the article we address matters related to the
stability of motion of the car subjected to the external
lateral force. We show the possibility to compensate the
effect of the external forces my means of the steering
wheel angle. We have carried out the analysis for bicycle
scheme vehicle and four-wheel model according to linear
and nonlinear drift hypothesis. We have considered
influence of speed of the car and size of external side
force for the period of transition processes of stabilization
of the movement.
An alternative approach of the determining of
conditions of safe stability loss of rectilinear motion of a
wheeled vehicle model with controlled wheel module in
the sense of N.N. Bautin is considered. The slipping
forces are presented accurate within cubic expansion
terms in the skid angles. Terms and conditions of safe
stability loss depend on the ratio between the coefficients
of resistance to the skid, the adhesion coefficients in the
transverse direction of the axes and the parameter of
torsional stiffness of the controlled wheel module.
The presented approach to the analysis of real
bifurcations related to the divergent loss of rectilinear
motion mode stability has a clear geometric pattern: if in
the vicinity of rectilinear motion at subcritical speed,
there are additionally two unstable circular stationary
states, then the stability limit is of dangerous nature in the
sense of N.N. Bautin; if two circular stationary modes
exist at supercritical speed, the limit of the stability loss
in the parameter space of the longitudinal velocity is safe
in the sense of N.N. Bautin. Analysis of the number of
stationary modes in the vicinity of the critical velocity of
rectilinear motion is performed for the obtained
determining equation - cubic binomial.
The analytical method of calculation of a
withstand motion of fine-grained mixture is worked out in
the vertical cylindrical sieve of vibrocentrifuge.
Integration of differential equalization of motion is show
out the reserved formulas for the calculation of kinematics
descriptions of grain flow. The two-parameter continual
model of the state of separation mixture is used in
researches, as a heterogeneous continuous environment
with variable specific mass (by porosity) on the thickness
of movable layer of friable material. Change of specific
mass on a radial coordinate in the cylindrical layer of
mixture approximated by the function of degree, the
coefficients of that are certain by the Aitken's method.
Due to such approximation, the analytical decision of
differential equalization of the grain flow, shown out with
the use of two-parameter rheological dependence, in that
the constituent of linear viscid resistance is complemented
by the constituent of remaining internal dry friction,
proportional overpressure in mixture, is built. An
analytical decision is expressed as squaring that is not
expressed through elementary functions in closed form,
the close method of calculation of integral offers that is
why, with the use of partial sum of row of degree. The
results got close formulas result in that well comport with
the results of numerical computer integration of squaring.
Such method the continual models of grain flow on
vibrosieves, it is assumed in that friable material is fully
confined internal dry friction, are generalized known for,
as a result of vibrodilution. The examples of calculations
are considered, where influence of different factors is
investigational, in particular values of rheological
coefficients and change of porosity, on kinematics
descriptions.
It is set that calculation kinematics descriptions of
grain flow substantially depend not only on the thickness
of movable layer and rheological constants, and also from
the concentration of grains near free surface of the
mixture. Thus, worked out here a method of research of
vertical grain flow in the cylindrical sieve of
vibrocentrifuge can be an alternative to other methods in
that for the calculation of motion of grain mixture of
variable porosity conducted numerical computer
integration of nonlinear differential equalizations.
It is shown that heat energy transfer from the
source to the medium is accompanied by rheological
transitions. Physical parameters of the medium change in
the rheological transition zone due to heat energy flow
transfer at a certain speed. It is shown that use of linear
gradient laws during description of heat energy transfer
processes leads to great differences between theoretical
and experimental results, as well as the paradox of
infinite spreading speed of disturbances of temperature
fields. For mathematical description of heat energy
transfer processes in mediums, it is proposed to use the
method of irreversible rheological transitions and zero
gradient, thus providing solutions of nonlinear
differential equations in analytical form.
Developed a method of a complex estimation
of efficiency of the diesel particulate filter according to
three criteria: the counting, the surface and the mass
concentration of particulate matter considering their
dispersion composition. The results of efficiency
evaluation of a diesel particulate filter of freight car are
presented using the proposed technique.
The article covers the systematic basis for the
creation of new technological processes of corn harvesting
machines. Modern corn-harvesting machines have
reached certain thresholds according to their technological
properties that most significantly affect the final production
and economic indicators of planting corn for grain
efficiency, still they do not meet modern requirements.
The technological properties mentioned above are hardly
adjusted for wide range of physical and mechanical properties
of the plants and crop parameters.
This situation is caused by new machine´s working
parts being viewed by researchers and developers as complex
technical systems not from the standpoint of general
systems theory but in terms of the use of traditional
knowledge of the laws of agricultural mechanics, thus not
getting proper attention to their systematic coordination
with working conditions.
Based on this, the paper presents a structural scheme
for the system “mechanized corn for grain harvesting”,
key elements of which are: agricultural (А), engineering
(В) and selectional (С) supply. Interconnection of the
subsystem´s elements and their consistency determine the
effectiveness of the whole process. Inconsistency of the
links АВ and ВC is observed. The conceptual system
“mechanized corn for grain harvesting” design relates
to the field with clear NO-factors: incompleteness, uncertainty,
inconsistency and lack of information for decision
making, thus it is important to review tasks of conceptual
design from the most general constructual standpoint. The
method of describing systems at the conceptual level is
suggested.
This systematic representation of corn-harvesting
machines allows to approach the task of their workflows
modeling from the most general standpoint.
The results of bearing capacity, deformability
and fracture toughness of reinforced concrete beams with
the external reinforcement in the form of steel cut and
stretchy sheet, obtained due to the conducting of the
experiment and mathematical simulation which were
made of concrete of C40/50 class are given in the article.
Mathematical simulation of beam structures is done on
the basis of the deformation model which allows to
conduct calculations of the unified methodological
positions of different elements with diverse configuration
of cross section and reinforcement as well as take into
consideration elastic and plastic properties of concrete
and reinforcement, assessing the actual stress-strain state
of sections of reinforced concrete elements at different
loading levels, including ultimate one. The deformation
model is based on the actual diagrams use of concrete and
reinforcement materials deformation and conditions of
efforts balance in the normal section and hypothesis of
flat sections. The theoretical value of bearing capacity and
deformability, obtained as a result of the mathematical
simulation was compared to the experimental data. The
satisfactory coincidence of the mathematical calculation
of bearing capacity, deformability, fracture toughness and
experimental data gives an opportunity to use the
algorithm not only for beam structures with bar
reinforcement but also for beam structures with the
external reinforcement in the form of steel cut and
stretchy sheet.