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Abstract

The paper presents a description of selected models dedicated to steam condensing flow modelling. The models are implemented into an in-house computational fluid dynamics code that has been successfully applied to wet steam flow calculation for many years now. All models use the same condensation model that has been validated against the majority of available experimental data. The state equations for vapour and liquid water, the physical model as well as the numerical techniques of solution to flow governing equations have been presented. For the single-fluid model, the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for vapour/liquid mixture are solved, whereas the two-fluid model solves separate flow governing equations for the compressible, viscous and turbulent vapour phase and for the compressible and inviscid liquid phase. All described models have been compared with relation to the flow through the Laval nozzle.
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Authors and Affiliations

Włodzimierz Wróblewski
Tadeusz Chmielniak
Sławomir Dykas
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Abstract

To figure out the reason causing ladle nozzle clogging during CC (continuous casting) of a non-oriented electrical steel with high silicon (or HNO for short) and get a method to address it, this paper studied the theoretical calculation of flow rates during CC, the inclusions around the slide gate where ladle nozzle clogging happened, and Ca-treatment at the end of RH for decreasing ladle clogging of the electrical steel both theoretically and practically. The results showed that: The bigger diameter of a nozzle or less nozzle clogging can guarantee an enough flow rate for reaching the target casting speed. Ladle nozzle clogging can be predicted by comparing the percentage of slide gate opening. Al2O3 and its composite inclusions were the main reason that caused the ladle nozzle clogging of the electrical steel. Higher [Al] or TO will increase the amount of Pure Ca wires for Ca-treatment. The results of the verification tests fit the thermodynamic calculation, and Ca-treatment using pure Ca wires could prevent ladle nozzles from clogging without affecting the magnetic properties of the electrical steel.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Kong
Da-Qiang Cang
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Abstract

The subject of the performed experiments comprised standard RSMM 110-02, RSMM 110-02 nozzles, AI 110-02, AI 110-02 air induction nozzles as well as AZMM 110-02, AZMM 110-03 low drift nozzles. The working speed during spraying was vp = 7 km/h. Each sprayer was tested at the following three levels of working pressures: p1 = 0.2 MPa, p2 = 0.4 MPa and p3 = 0.6 MPa. The spray liquid was pure water at the temperature of 20°C. The plant coverage was determined: sk – spray coverage, nk – number of droplets per 1 cm2 of the leaf.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Gajtkowski
Witold Bzdęga
Paulina Migdalska
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Abstract

Nozzle clogging seriously affects the continuity of spraying powder in vacuum induction melting gas atomization (VIGA) process and increases the consumption of gas and raw materials. However, there are few systematic studies on nozzle clogging. This paper reports the physics of nozzle clogging in gas atomization production. The influence of coupling-length of different melt delivery-tubes on nozzle clogging is studied numerically and experimentally. The interface tracking method of Volume of Fluid (VOF) and the large eddy simulation (LES) model are performed for visualizing the melt droplets flow traces in primary atomization and the associated simulation cloud images compared with experimental results. Four delivery-tube coupling-lengths (0 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm) relative to nozzle position and two gas pressures (3 MPa and 4.5 MPa) are chosen for this study. The results indicated that the coupling-lengths of 0 mm and 3 mm increases the strength of the recirculation zone, the melt droplets backflow is obvious, and the nozzle is blocked. However, this phenomenon eliminated with increasing coupling-lengths, the atomization process is continuous, but the final fine powder yield decreases. This research is of guiding significance and reference for understanding the nozzle clogging of vacuum induction melting gas atomization (VIGA) technology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Junfeng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Min Xia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jialun Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Changchun Ge
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Science & Technology Beijing Institute of Special Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing,100083, China
  2. University of Science & Technology Academician of CAS, Institute of Special Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy, Beijing, China
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Abstract

The Airjet bi-fluid nozzle mixes air with the spray solution inside the nozzle to atomize the spray. The AirJet can produce droplets of consistent size at a wide range of flow rates. Unlike conventional nozzles, the Airjet will not change droplet size as rates and pressures change. The quality of wheat spraying obtained while applying AirJet TK-VSlO nozzles was tested. The coverage was estimated on water sensitive papers. Nozzles were used at the liquid pressure: 0.22; 0.28; 0.35 MPa and air pressure: 0.07; O.OS; 0.09; 0.1 MPa. Relatively low spray volumes 90 I/ha, 11 O I/ha and 150 I/ha were obtained at constant working speed of 6 km/h.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Gajtkowski
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Abstract

The influence of different nozzle types and adjuvants on the biological efficacy of fungicides in potato was investigated in four growing seasons in the years 1997-2000. The studied foliar plant disease was late blight (Phytophthora infestans). The biological efficacy of fungicides (alone or with adjuvants) applied with coarse air induction nozzles was comparable to fine standard flat fan nozzle. The differences between the nozzle types tested were small in control oflate blight in potato with systemic and contact fungicides. Coverage of upper side of leaf blades was from three to four times higher than lower side of leaf blades. In general, the highest coverage of upper and lower side of leaf was achieved when the full dosage rate of fungicide (copper oxychloride) was used with both the flat fan XR 110-03 and air induction DB 120-03 nozzle. Adding Atpolan 80 EC and Zero Piany 62 SL to 50% dosage rate of copper oxychloride decreased the spray coverage on lower side ofleaf as well as with both the XR 110-03 and DB 120-03 nozzles. However, addition of adjuvants to spray solution did not decrease the deposition on upper side of leaf blade. In general, adjuvants did not considerably influence the biological efficacy of the fungicide treatments sprayed with both the flat fan and the air induction nozzles but had favourable influence on potato yield.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kierzek
Marek Wachowiak
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Abstract

In greenhouse trials in 1998-1999, the effects of using new spray techniques on the activity of two herbicides for broad-leaved weeds control were examined. Also retention of spray solution containing herbicides with and without addition of oil adjuvant on Chenopodium album and Sinapsis alba leaves was measured. Results showed that air induction and conventional flat fan nozzle gave similar control of tested plants, except Chenopodium album control where fine sprays applied with conventional flat fan nozzle improved efficacy compared with very course spray obtained with air induction nozzle. Also results showed that oil adjuvant addition enhanced biological efficacy for all nozzles, regardless of using herbicide and controlled plant species. Droplet size was the most important factor determining spray retention and activity of herbicides. Efficacy of spray retention depends on the wetting characteristics of the plant, spray application and solution factors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kierzek
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Abstract

Solar cell performance decreases with increasing temperature, heat can reduce output efficiency by 10–25%. The operating temperature plays a key role in the photovoltaic conversion process. Increase in electrical efficiency depends on cooling techniques, in particular photovoltaic modules installed in the high temperature regions. A cooling process using a single nozzle of photovoltaic panel operating under different configurations was simulated. The simulation contains two parts: the first is a thermodynamic investigation of fluid impingement upon the sensor front face. The second is a performance comparison between two types of glass cover. The major result that emerges from this simulation is the effect of a single nozzle arrangement to enhance the cooling process, under a low cadence of impinging droplets in the range 0.1–1.7 m/s.
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Bibliography

[1] Chokmaviroj S., Wattanapong R., Suchart Y.: Performance of a 500 kWp grid connected photovoltaic system at Mae Hong Son province Thailand. Renew. Energ. 31(2006), 1, 19–28.
[2] Omubo-Pepple V.B., Israel-Cookey C., Alaminokuma G.I.: Effects of temperature, solar flux and relative humidity on the efficient conversion of solar energy to electricity. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 35(2009), 2, 173–180.
[3] Kawamura T., Harada K., Ishihara Y., Todaka T., Oshiro T., Nakamura H., Imataki M.: Analysis of MPPT characteristics in Photovoltaic power system. Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 47(1997), 1-4, 155–165.
[4] Skoplaki E., Palyvos J.A.: On the temperature dependence of photovoltaic module electrical performance: A review of efficiency/power correlations. Sol. Energy 83(2009), 5, 614–624.
[5] Smith M.K., Selbak H., Wamser C.C., Day N.U., Krieske M., Sailor D.J., Rosenstiel T.N.: Water cooling method to improve the performance of fieldmounted, insulated, and concentrating photovoltaic modules. J. Sol. Energ. Eng. 136(2014), 3, 034503.
[6] Tonui J.K., Tripanagnostopoulos Y.: Air-cooled PV/T solar collectors with low cost performance improvements. Sol. Energy 81(2007), 4, 498–511.
[7] Kaiser A.S., Zamora B., Mazón R., García J.R., Vera F.: Experimental study of cooling BIPV modules by forced convection in the air channel. Appl. Energ. 135(2014), 88–97.
[8] Choubineh N., Jannesari H., Kasaeian A.: Experimental study of the effect of using phase change materials on the performance of an air-cooled photovoltaic system. Renew.Sust. Energ. Rev. 101(2019), 103–111.
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[10] Abdolzadeh M., Ameri M.: Improving the effectiveness of a photovoltaic water pumping system by spraying water over the front of photovoltaic cells. Renew. Energ. 34(2009), 1, 91–96.
[11] Bahaidarah H., Subhan A., Gandhidasan P., Rehman S.: Performance evaluation of a PV (photovoltaic) module by back surface water cooling for hot climatic conditions. Energy 59(2013), 445–453.
[12] Najafi H., Woodbury K.A.: Optimization of a cooling system based on Peltier effect for photovoltaic cells. Sol. Energy 91(2013), 152–160.
[13] Rahimi M., Sheyda P.V.E., Parsamoghadam M.A., Masahi M.M., Alsairafi A.A.: Design of a self-adjusted jet impingement system for cooling of photovoltaic cells. Energ. Convers. Manage. 83(2014), 48–57.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hocine Mzad
1
Abdessalam Otmani
1

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Badji Mokhtar University of Annaba, P.O. Box 12, DZ-23000, Algeria
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Abstract

The highly dynamic and unsteady characteristics of the cavitating flow cause many negative effects such as erosion, noise and vibration. Also, in the real application, it is inevitable to neglect the dissolved air in the water, although it is usually neglected in the previous works to reduce the complexity. The novelty of the present work is analysing the impact of dissolved air on the average/unsteady characteristics of Venturi flow by conducting sets of experimental tests. For this purpose, two different amounts of dissolved air at five pressure levels (i.e. five different sets of cavitation numbers) were considered in the study of cavitating flow inside a Venturi nozzle. The fast Fourier transform analysis of pressure fluctuations proved that the shedding frequency reduces almost by 50% to 66%, depending on the case, with adding the amount of dissolved air. However, the reduction of 14% to 25% is achieved by the vibration transducers. On the other hand, the cavity enlarges as well as bubbly flow is observed in the test chamber at a higher level of dissolved air. Furthermore, it is observed that the re-entrant jet, as the main reason for the cavity detachment, is more effective for the detachment process in cases with a lower level of dissolved air, where the re-entrant jet front penetrates more toward the leading edge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Emad Hasani Malekshah
1
Włodzimierz Wróblewski
1
Krzysztof Bochon
1
Mirosław Majkut
1
Krzysztof Rusin
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

There is an ongoing search for technologies that guarantee soybean productivity. Among them, the application of phytosanitary products stands out, since the sprayer is the most required implement during the agricultural production cycle and each error, in practice, represents a loss in the production process. With this in mind, the objective of this work was to evaluate the volume captured and the characteristics of the application in the different thirds of soybean plants with variations in hydraulic nozzles and spray volumes, as well as the use of electrification of the drops. To this end, a field experiment was conducted during the 2018/2019 summer harvest in an experimental area at the University of Rio Verde. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (3 × 4), with four repetitions, in which the first factor consisted of three variations of spray nozzles (simple fan, hollow cone and hollow cone with electrification of the drops). The second factor involved four application rates (50, 100, 150 and 200 l · ha–1). The variables evaluated were the number of drops per cm–2, percentage of coverage, volume median diameter (VMD) and the captured volume (μl · cm–2). According to the results, for the upper thirds, an increase in the application rate increased the volume of captured syrup. However, for the lower third, the factors evaluated did not interfere in this characteristic. The hydraulic tips influenced the density of droplets in the three thirds and the coverage only in the lower one. The increasing rates of application, increases the density of drops and percentage of coverage in the different thirds of the plants. The evaluated factors had no effect on the syrup distribution on the median abaxial surface of the leaves.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

Carlos Eduardo Leite Mello
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eduardo Lima do Carmo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Guilherme Braga Pereira Braz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gustavo André Simon
1
ORCID: ORCID
João Vitor Alves de Sousa
1
Ana Carolina Pereira dos Reis
1
Marco Túlio Moura Leite
1
Gabriel Elias Soares de Araújo
1

  1. Agronomia, Universidade de Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Brazil
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Abstract

The surface temperature of steel billets during hot rolling can reach up to 1200 °C. High temperature promotes rapid oxidation of the surface of steel billets, forming a dense oxide layer similar to fish scales. If not removed in a timely manner, it will damage the surface of the steel billets and exacerbate the wear of the rolls during the descaling process. There are many methods for descaling, but high-pressure water jet has become the main method for descaling due to its excellent descaling performance, low cost, and ease of use. The tip of the descaling nozzle serves as the main component, and its structural parameters affect the final descaling effect. This research changes the shape factor of the nozzle groove curve and the diameter of the nozzle throat, and performs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations on the simplified nozzle external flow field. The axial velocity at the center of the jet generates a velocity peak at 0.5-1 Dc. The peak velocity increases with the increase of shape factor and throat diameter, and the influence of shape factor on the peak velocity is greater. For a constant target distance, the length of the velocity stable section along the jet impact line increases with the increase of the shape factor. The maximum value of dynamic pressure increases, and the smaller the target distance, the greater the dynamic pressure difference. The trend of water volume is roughly the same as that of dynamic pressure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bowen Yang
1
Guangqiang Liu
2
Chengcheng Xu
3
Kun Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peng Han
1

  1. School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, China
  2. School of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, China
  3. Cold Rolling Mill Plant, ANGANG Steel Company Limited, China
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Abstract

The purpose of applying an additional air flux in field sprayers is limiting liquid drift. The flux also influences the quality of plant spraying. Krukowiak Bravo sprayer, produced by Krukowiak Company, was applied in the research on the influence of air flux on the quality of coverage ofwinter wheat (Sakwa variety). The plant coverage was determined using water sensitive papers. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the influence of air volume discharged by the air sleeve equipped sprayer and air induction nozzles on the coverage of the plant. The spray coverage ofwheat with ID 120-03 Lechler nozzles was satisfactory, both in case of conventional and air assisted applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Gajtkowski
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Abstract

The quality of wheat spraying obtained while applying drift guard Turbo TeeJet 11 O 02 VP nozzles was tested. A standard boom and a boom equipped with an air sleeve were applied. Krukowiak-Bravo sprayer was used to test the influence of the air flux. The coverage was estimated on water sensitive papers. The spray coverage of wheat with TT 11 O 02 VP nozzles was satisfactory, both in case of conventional and air assisted applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Gajtkowski
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Abstract

The article shows the effect of the supply pressure of fog nozzles on the process of ammonia sorption. In the tests, the nozzles flow characteristics Q=f(p) and the dependence of NH3 concentration as a function of the water stream feeding in time at different supply pressures were determined. For the TF 6 NN, TF 6 V, NF 15, CW 50 nozzles, measurements were carried out at the following supply pressures: 0.1 MPa; 0.2MPa; 0.3MPa; 0.4MPa; 0.5MPa. It was observed that the greatest effect of nozzle feed pressure on ammonia sorption efficiency may be expected at lower pressure values. At higher values, the sorption rate becomes stabilized and even starts to decrease. The decreases in the sorption rate constant observed for higher pressures may be due to a reduction contact time of the droplet and the achievement of the critical mixing rate of ammonia vapors in the air intensively saturated with water streams. This is due to diffusion rate limitations. The measurements show that the use of supply pressures for fog nozzles above 0.4 MPa is not justified. It should be noted that varying the feed pressure of nozzles of various designs can affect their ammonia sorption efficiency differently. The type of nozzle and supply pressure affects the distribution of droplets in space. The angle of dispersion and the shape of the generated jet have a critical influence on the efficiency of the sorption process. Complete filling of the space and a large spray angle assure relatively high sorption efficiency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiktor Wąsik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Węsierski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Main School of Fire Service, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Improving application efficiency is crucial for both the economic and environmental aspects of plant protection. Mathematical models can help in understanding the relationships between spray application parameters and efficiency, and reducing the negative impact on the environment. The effect of nozzle type, spray pressure, driving speed and spray angle on spray coverage on an artificial plant was studied. Artificial intelligence techniques were used for modeling and the optimization of application process efficiency. The experiments showed a significant effect of droplet size on the percent area coverage of the sprayed surfaces. A high value of the vertical transverse approach surface coverage results from coarse droplets, high driving speed, and nozzles angled forward. Increasing the vertical transverse leaving surface coverage, as well as the coverage of the sum of all sprayed surfaces, requires fine droplets, low driving speed, and nozzles angled backwards. The maximum coverage of the upper level surface is obtained with coarse droplets, low driving speed, and a spray angle perpendicular to the direction of movement. The choice of appropriate nozzle type and spray pressure is an important aspect of chemical crop protection. Higher upper level surface coverage is obtained when single flat fan nozzles are used, while twin nozzles produce better coverage of vertical surfaces. Adequate neural models and evolutionary algorithms can be used for pesticide application process efficiency optimization.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Cieniawska
K. Pentoś
D. Łuczycka
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Abstract

In four-year experiments the influence of droplet size and nozzle designs on the activity of a commercial herbicides triberenuron-rnethyl (Granstar 75 WG) and mixture of2,4 D, dicamba, and mecoprop (Aminopielik Tercet 500 SL) applied ro broadleaf weeds in spring barley was examined. The recommended and half doses were applied at 200 and 280 1 ha" and at 250-570 μm (VMD) diameter droplet sizes, using air inclusion (ID 12003), low drift (TT 11003) and conventional flat fan (11003 XR) nozzles. The results showed that smaller droplet size increased herbicide performance at constant spray volume, regardless of the droplet size range investigated. A significant interaction between the droplet size and herbicide type was observed. Generally, for triberenuron-rnethyl a performance was increased at smaller droplet size (250-270 μm), but significant increase of herbicide activity only at half dose was obtained. There were no significant interactions between droplet size and performance of mixture 2,4 D, dicamba, and mecoprop.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Kierzek

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