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Psychopharmacology is the field of knowledge concerning drugs acting specifically on distinct psychopathological symptoms such as e.g. psychosis, depression, mania, anxiety, etc. The birth of contemporary psychopharmacology was heralded by a paper by Australian psychiatrist, John Cade, in 1949, describing the therapeutic action of lithium in mania and a paper by French psychiatrists from 1952 demonstrating the therapeutic action of chlorpromazine on psychotic symptoms. Here, the development of antipsychotic, antidepressive, mood-stabilizing (preventing affective recurrences), anxiolytic and pro-cognitive drugs is outlined. Based on the chronology of their introduction into psychiatric treatment and the therapeutic spectrum, three generations of antipsychotic drugs can be distinguished, and two antidepressive and mood-stabilizing drugs. Despite a great accumulation of knowledge on brain function, the mechanism of the majority of psychotropic drugs can be interpreted by their effect on brain neurotransmitters (subtypes, receptors, transporters) such as dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate, and acetylcholine. In the paper, the directions of the development of psychopharmacology, the possibilities of using psychedelics and the like as psychotropic drugs, and the role of psychotherapy in pharmacological context are delineated. Finally, the ongoing controversies on antidepressant drugs, increasing for three decades, are presented, achieving a great media reaction, also in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Rybakowski

1

Klinika Psychiatrii Dorosłych, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu

The dark side of designer drugs

Katarzyna Gołembiowska

ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2016 | Nr 3 (47) Singularity | 46-49

Keywords designer drugs human health

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Abstract

Designer drugs cause irreversible changes in the brain and put those who take them at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. They can also affect one’s genetic material, says Prof. Krystyna Gołembiowska from the PAS Institute of Pharmacology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Gołembiowska

Presence of Pharmaceutics in Wastewater from Waste Water Treatment Plant "Zabrze - Śródmieście" in Poland

Ewa Felis Korneliusz Miksch Joanna Surmacz-Górska Thomas Ternes

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 3 | 49-58

Keywords drugs contrast media antibiotics antiphlogistic raw wastewater

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Abstract

This article describes monitoring results of raw wastewater from one Polish municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The residues of 30 pharmaceutics belonging to particular drugs classes such as contrast media. antibiotics, lipids regulators, antiphologisties, psychiatric and anticpilcptic agents, drug's metabolites and 2 musk compounds have been investigated. The investigation showed occurrence of 20 out of 32 selected compounds above their limit of detection. Iopromide, a compound belonging to contrast media, was noticed at the highest concentration. The concentration of this compound in WWTP-influent was equaled to 27.0 μg/dm3• Other drugs, such as, like iopamidol, iomeprol, diatrizoat, iohexol, sulfomethoxazole, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, ibuprofen-OH, naproxen, diclofenac, bczafibrate, ketoprofen, and musk compound - galaxolide were detected at maximum concentration between I .O μg/dm3 (bezafibratc) and 13.0 μg/dm3 (iomcprol). The acidic compounds such as gemfibrozil and indomethacin were determined above their limit of detection, with concentration up to 0.22 μg/dm3 and 0.42 ug/dm', respectively. Based on the literature data, the above-mentioned drugs arc not completely removed from sewage during treatment processes and with effluent from WWTP they are introduced to receiving waters. Due to their chemical properties, residues of pharmaceutics may persist in the environment and the present knowledge about their ccotoxicological effects is insufficient.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Felis

Korneliusz Miksch

Joanna Surmacz-Górska

Thomas Ternes

Hydrogel microspheres containing dextran-based nanoparticles as novel anticancer drug delivery system

Aleksandra Kulikowska-Darłak Agata Stefanek Iga Wasiak-Wojasińska Paulina Wiechecka-Ożdżyńska Tomasz Ciach

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2022 | vol. 43 | No 3 | 405-417 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.142282

Keywords alginate dextran nanoparticles microspheres drug delivery

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Abstract

Developing an effective and safe cancer therapy could significantly reduce the number of deaths and improve the quality of life of treated patients. Nowadays medicine has developed a wide range of anticancer chemotherapeutics but at the same time there is a lack of effective drug delivery methods. Therefore, the development of the targeted drug delivery system which will selectively release drug into the cancer cells is a key challenge of modern medicine.
The main aim of the presented research was to investigate the targeting effect of a drug delivery system based on the controlled release of dextran nanoparticles containing the anticancer drug – doxorubicin from the alginate microspheres coated with chitosan multilayers.
During the research the physicochemical properties of the alginate microspheres and its stability in the physiological environment were investigated. Moreover, the kinetics of the nanoparticles with doxorubicin release from the alginate microspheres covered with chitosan multilayers was characterized, depending on the thickness of the chitosan layer. Further, the cytotoxicity study of the alginate microspheres covered with chitosan multilayer and containing nanoparticles was performed to determine the therapeutic effect of the released nanoparticles with doxorubicin on the HeLa cells during the in vitro cell culture.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Kulikowska-Darłak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Agata Stefanek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Iga Wasiak-Wojasińska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paulina Wiechecka-Ożdżyńska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Ciach

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warynskiego 1 Street, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland

Multiple emulsions as carriers for the topical delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs

Agnieszka Markowska-Radomska Patryk Skowroński Konrad Kosicki Ewa Dluska

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 3 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy and 8th European Process Intensification Conference, 31.05–2.06.2023, Warsaw, Poland.) | e15 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2023.144701

Keywords multiple emulsions skin lesions nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs drug release controlled-prolonged delivery

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Abstract

Radiation therapy can be adopted for many cancers, and it can damage healthy tissues and often induces skin lesions (pain/skin irritation/itchiness/dryness/swelling/redness). Many factors influence the adverse effects of radiotherapy, such as radiation dosage, dose frequency and fractioning, the area of skin exposed to radiation and treatment length. In this paper, multiple emulsions with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-NSAID (diclofenac) were developed and evaluated for effective topical treatment of skin lesions following anticancer therapy. Multiple emulsions with different drop sizes were prepared in a Couette- Taylor flow contactor. High encapsulation efficiency (> 90%) of diclofenac and high volume packing fraction of the internal droplets (0.54–0.96) were obtained. In addition, due to the presence of a polymer with adhesive properties - sodium carboxymethylcellulose, high emulsion stability (> 60 days) was achieved. The emulsions displayed properties of shearthinning fluids. The release study of diclofenac from a complex emulsion structure confirmed the possibility of modifying the release rates. The effectiveness of emulsion formulations was evaluated based on the viability tests of the fibroblast cell line irradiated with UV dose (15 J/m2) and then treated with the emulsion with diclofenac. The results showed that the multiple emulsion-based formulations might be appropriate carriers for the topical delivery of NSAID drugs.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Markowska-Radomska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patryk Skowroński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Konrad Kosicki

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ewa Dluska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering,Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, AdolfaPawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland

Molecular detection, typing, and virulence potential of Salmonella Serotypes isolated from poultry feeds

G. Shahbazi J. Shayegh C. Ghazaei M.H.M. Ghazani S. Hanifian

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 2 | 239-247 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145028

Keywords Salmonella feed BOXAIR-PCR Rep- PCR drug resistance biofilm

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Abstract

Salmonella contamination in poultry feed is one of the main issues in poultry industry and public health. The aim of the present study was molecular detection and typing of Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry feeds. Moreover, we determined the antibiotic resistance pattern and the ability of biofilm formation in the serotypes. To this end, eighty feed samples were collected from aviculture depots. Salmonella serotypes were identified by culture and PCR methods. For serological identification, a slide agglutination test was used. BOXAIR and rep-PCR methods were applied to evaluate the diversity of serotypes. The disc diffusion method was performed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of serotypes to sixteen antibiotics. Biofilm formation was also assessed by the microtiter-plate test. From a total of 80 feed samples, 30 samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp., which were divided into 5 different serotypes belonging to B, C, and D serogroups. BOXAIR-PCR (D value [DI] 0.985) and rep-PCR (DI 0.991) fingerprinting of isolates revealed 23 and 19 reproducible fingerprint patterns, respectively. A higher antibiotic resistance was observed to ampicillin and doxycycline (100% each), followed by chloramphenicol (83.33%) and tetracycline (73.33%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in all Salmonella serotypes. Half of the serotypes possessed the ability of biofilm formation with varied adhesion strengths. These results revealed the high and unexpected prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in poultry feed with MDR and biofilm formation ability. BOXAIR and rep-PCR revealed a high diversity of Salmonella serotypes in feeds and subsequently indicated variation in the source of Salmonella spp. The unknown sources harboring high diversity of Salmonella serotypes indicated poor control, which could cause problems for feed manufacturing.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Shahbazi

1

J. Shayegh

1

C. Ghazaei

2

M.H.M. Ghazani

1

S. Hanifian

3

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
Department of Microbiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnology Research Center,Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Effects of an enzyme agent containing mutanase and dextranase for treatment of biofilms in bacteria- and yeast-infected canine otitis externa

M. Fujimura

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 3 | 383-389 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.142021

Keywords biofilm canine otitis externa enzyme agents drug-resistant bacteria

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in detail both the in vivo and in vitro efficacy of the enzyme agents, ZYMOX® Plus Otic (ZYMOX-P), in the treatment of canine otitis externa (OE). Eight dogs with a diagnosis of non-seasonal severe chronic OE were recruited for the study. ZYMOX-P was administered for 2-4 weeks. The Otitis Index Score (OTIS3) and bacteria or yeast colony growth were measured. Also, minimum biofilm (BF) formation inhibition concentration (MBIC) and BF bactericidal concentration (BBC) were measured in vitro. OTIS3 showed a statistically significant reduction after treatment (88.2%, p<0.001; pre-treatment = 11.0 ± 0.9; post-treatment = 1.3 ± 0.4, mean ± SEM). The individual OTIS scores, erythema, edema, erosions/ ulcerations, exudate and pruritus showed significant reduction (85.7%, 95.7%, 83.3%, 80.0%, and 89.3%, respectively). Microscopic examination revealed the presence of BF exopolysaccharide in all 8 ear samples when stained with alcian blue. Seven of the 8 dogs (87.5%) showed a reduction in colony growth. ZYMOX-P was effective at 34-fold and 16-fold dilutions on MBIC and BBC, respectively. These findings indicate that ZYMOX-P has efficacy against BF-related infection and is beneficial when used for the management of canine OE.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Fujimura

1

Fujimura Animal Allergy Hospital, Aomatanihigashi 5-10-26, Minou-city, Osaka 562-0022, Japan

Off label use of human approved drugs in treatment of dogs in the Republic of Serbia

D. Tomanic D. Stojanovic B. Belić I. Davidov N. Novakov M. Radinovic N. Kladar Z. Kovacevic

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 3 | 399-407 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2021.138731

Keywords off label use human drugs dogs cascade procedure antimicrobials

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Abstract

Since drug companies are driven by the need to produce profit they are unwilling to make large investments in the development of new drugs if there is no market large enough to justify such investment. For this reason, veterinarians face a major obstacle – the veterinary drug market is not very profitable, which sometimes leads to not having a licensed drug available for treatment in veterinary practice. In this case, the cascade procedure allows veterinarians to, under certain circumstances, prescribe human approved drugs. The aim of our study was to analyze the pattern of human approved drugs prescription for 150 medical records of dogs participating in the survey. The results show that antimicrobial agents were the most commonly prescribed drugs for animals (50%) of all human approved drugs, and beta-lactams (38.6%) were the most widely used antibiotic classes. The most common general conditions for therapeutic use of antimicrobials in this study were digestive, skin and respiratory disorders. Our study shows that the frequency of bacterial culture, susceptibility testing and cytology was very low. Even though the off-label use of human approved drugs in animal practice is regulated by law, the results of this study indicate the need for more specific strategies and guidelines for such use. This may represent a potential for improvement by raising veterinarians’ awareness toward more prudent use of human drugs.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Tomanic

1

D. Stojanovic

1

B. Belić

1

I. Davidov

1

N. Novakov

1

M. Radinovic

1

N. Kladar

2

Z. Kovacevic

1

University of Novi Sad, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
University of Novi Sad, Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control/Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia

Dynamics of aerosol generation and flow during inhalation for improved in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of pulmonary medicines

Agata Dorosz Arkadiusz Moskal Tomasz R. Sosnowski

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2023 | vol. 44 | No 4 (24th Polish Conference of Chemical and Process Engineering, 13-16 June 2023, Szczecin, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Rafał Rakoczy) | e39 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2023.147398

Keywords aerosol dynamics inhalation resuspension nebulization drug delivery systems

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Abstract

Chemical and process engineering offers scientific tools for solving problems in the biomedical field, including drug delivery systems. This paper presents examples of analyzing the dynamics of dispersed systems (aerosols) in medical inhalers to establish a better relationship between the test evaluation results of these devices and the actual delivery of drugs to the lungs. This relationship is referred to as in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). It has been shown that in dry powder inhalers (DPls), the aerosolization process and drug release times are determined by the inhalation profile produced by the patient. It has also been shown that inspiratory flow affects the size distribution of aerosols generated in other inhalation devices (vibrating mesh nebulizers, VMNs), which is due to the evaporation of droplets after the aerosol is mixed witha dditional air taken in by the patient. The effects demonstrated in this work are overlooked in standard inhaler testing methods, leading to inaccurate information about the health benefits of aerosol therapy, thus limiting the development of improved drug delivery systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Dorosz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Arkadiusz Moskal

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz R. Sosnowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland

Guilty or not guilty? — False positive results of common medicines in drug tests: review and practical guide

Kamil Możdżeń Konrad Kaleta Agnieszka Murawska Jakub Pośpiech Piotr Panek Barbara Lorkowska-Zawicka Beata Bujak-Giżycka

Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2023 | Vol. 63 | No 2 | 107-134 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2023.145917

Keywords urine drug test false positives amphetamine cross-reactivity cannabinoids benzodiazepines

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Abstract

Drug-abuse detection tests are becoming increasingly commonplace in patient care today and provide a rapid and effective method for identifying illicit substances. Occasionally, they may yield a positive result, indicating the presence of a substance, even though the individual has not consumed the suspected drug what sometimes can significantly impact both medical and legal decisions. The study outlines the substances that can lead to false-positive drug test results for amphetamines, cannabinoids, and benzodiazepines. The study’s findings have revealed pivotal insights for patients receiving chronic treatment and their primary care physicians. Notably, amphetamine assays appear to be most prone to cross-reactivity with other substances. The beta-blocker group of medications, confirmed by various studies to interfere with amphetamine assays, could pose a substantial challenge in drug screening given its widespread use. Efavirenz also warrants mention, as it frequently triggers positive results for both benzodiazepine and cannabinoid assays among its users. This research helps highlight new areas for further investigation and aims to guide clinicians in their daily practice, especially when interpreting questionable positive drug-abuse test results. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for clinicians to navigate false-positive scenarios effectively and maintain the highest standard of patient care.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kamil Możdżeń

1

Konrad Kaleta

1

Agnieszka Murawska

1

Jakub Pośpiech

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Panek

1

Barbara Lorkowska-Zawicka

2

Beata Bujak-Giżycka

2

Student Scientific Group of Clinical Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Depatment of Clinical Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

Experimental therapies in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Jakub Włodarczyk Patrycja Szałwińska Anna Waśniewska Jakub Fichna

Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2021 | Vol. 61 | No 1 | 5-17 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2021.137209

Keywords irritable bowel syndrome experimental treatment drugs novel therapeutic approach

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Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder with still not fully understood pathogenesis. At first, the treatment of IBS was mainly focused on alleviating symptoms (with the use of laxatives, anti-diarrheals, anti-spasmodics and painkillers) and then became more specific by targeting discovered pathways responsible for proper functioning of the gastrointestinal system, for in-stance: 5HT3, 5HT4, cannabinoid and opioid receptors, guanylyl cyclase C, chloride channels and sodium- hydrogen exchanger. Nowadays, there is a growing number of experimental IBS treatment strategies and in this article we discuss these novel and therapeutic options in IBS, their efficacy and future perspectives.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Włodarczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Patrycja Szałwińska

1

Anna Waśniewska

1 2

Jakub Fichna

1

Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland

Effect of the type of amino acid on the biodegradation of ibuprofen derivatives

Paula Elżbieta Ossowicz-Rupniewska Edyta Kucharska Joanna Klebeko Ewelina Kopciuch Karolina Bilska Ewa Janus

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 4 | 46-69 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.148685

Keywords biodegradability ibuprofen amino acids isopropyl ester ibuprofenates metabolites nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

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Abstract

Water pollution caused by anthropogenic activity is a huge environmental problem. Huge amounts of consumed medicinal substances cause them to get into the environment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, are one of the most popular drugs in the world. This article presents the biodegradation of ibuprofen and isopropyl ester salts of various amino acids. Twelve ibuprofen isopropyl esters of L-amino acids were used in the research. The obtained derivatives may be a safer and more effective alternative to ibuprofen. Biodegradation tests were carried out using activated sludge. Sewage sludge was obtained from the local sewage treatment plant in Szczecin "Pomorzany". Ibuprofen derivatives, ibuprofenates of isopropyl amino acid esters, were used for the tests. It was checked how the type of structural modification of ibuprofen affects the biodegradation of the drug used. In this publication, it was verified how the type of amino acid affects biodegradation. Our evaluation of the biodegradation of ibuprofen derivatives by bacterial cultures revealed that six compounds are attractive carbon and energy sources for the active material utilized. These compounds were readily biodegradable within 28 days. There were no straightforward relationships between the structure, properties, and biodegradability of the obtained derivativesWater pollution caused by anthropogenic activity is a huge environmental problem. Huge amounts of consumed medicinal substances cause them to get into the environment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, are one of the most popular drugs in the world. This article presents the biodegradation of ibuprofen and isopropyl ester salts of various amino acids. Twelve ibuprofen isopropyl esters of L-amino acids were used in the research. The obtained derivatives may be a safer and more effective alternative to ibuprofen. Biodegradation tests were carried out using activated sludge. Sewage sludge was obtained from the local sewage treatment plant in Szczecin "Pomorzany". Ibuprofen derivatives, ibuprofenates of isopropyl amino acid esters, were used for the tests. It was checked how the type of structural modification of ibuprofen affects the biodegradation of the drug used. In this publication, it was verified how the type of amino acid affects biodegradation. Our evaluation of the biodegradation of ibuprofen derivatives by bacterial cultures revealed that six compounds are attractive carbon and energy sources for the active material utilized. These compounds were readily biodegradable within 28 days. There were no straightforward relationships between the structure, properties, and biodegradability of the obtained derivatives

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Paula Elżbieta Ossowicz-Rupniewska

1

e-mail: possowicz@zut.edu.pl

ORCID:

Edyta Kucharska

1

e-mail: edyta.kucharska@zut.edu.pl

ORCID:

Joanna Klebeko

1

e-mail: joanna.klebeko@gmail.com

ORCID:

Ewelina Kopciuch

1

e-mail: ewelinaswiatek94@gmail.com

ORCID:

Karolina Bilska

1

Ewa Janus

1

e-mail: ejanus@zut.edu.pl

ORCID:

Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland

Drug resistance profile and detection of genes responsible for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from municipal waste

Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2023 | No 56 | 136-141 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2023.143754

Keywords drug resistance mecA gene methicillin resistance municipal waste Staphylococcus aureus

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Abstract

Currently, we are facing the ever-increasing phenomenon of bacteria being resistant to antibiotics. It is the consequence of excessive and incorrect use of drugs. The phenomenon is a global problem affecting bacteria both in their hospital population and in the natural environment. Municipal waste is an environment conducive to the development of microorganisms, therefore it contains various groups of bacteria, including drug-resistant staphylococci. The aim of the study was to identify species of bacteria, determine their antibiotic resistance, and assess the occurrence of genes responsible for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mixed municipal waste. Strains were isolated by Koch’s serial dilution method with the use of microbiological media. Species were identified using the MALDI TOF-MS technique, whereas the drug resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion and molecular PCR methods. 250 isolates of S. aureus were collected. The highest resistance found was to cefoxitin, erythromycin and tetracycline. Among the bacteria collected, resistance to 1, 2, 3 or 4 antibiotics at the same time was the most common, with a maximum of 10. Additionally, 45 (18%) MDR (multidrug-resistant) isolates were detected. Methicillin resistance was found by the disk diffusion test in 60 (24%) strains, while the mecA gene was detected in as many as 180 (72%) isolates.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Genetic relatedness, antibiogram and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis and related human contacts

M.O. Alekish Z. Bani Ismail M. Gharaibeh L. Abu-Qatous

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2020 | vol. 23 | No 1 | 133-141 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2020.132757

Keywords intramammary infection dairy cows multi-drug resistant S. aureus antimicrobial resistance

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Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the genetic relatedness, antibiogram and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from bovine mastitis, associated farm workers, dairy cow farm veterinarians (private veterinarians), veterinary students, and non-veterinary university students. A total of 84 S. aureus isolates (27 from mastitis, 11 from farm workers, 9 from private veterinarians, 22 from veterinary students, and 16 from non-veterinary university students) were used to determine antimicrobial sensitivity patterns using disk diffusion test, virulence factors using PCR technique and phylogenic analysis using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. All S. aureus isolates were resistant to 2 or more commonly used antibiotics. All isolates from mastitis, farm workers, and veterinary students carried the genes encoding coagulase and thermonuclease factors while isolates from non-veterinary university students carried the genes encoding coagulase, clumping, and thermonuclease factors. The mecA gene was detected in 22.2%, 81.8%, 100%, 95.5% and 100% of isolates from mastitis, farm workers, private veterinarians, veterinary students, and non-veterinary university students, respectively. In the phylogenic analysis, 10 (45.5%), 6 (66.7%) and 8 (72.7%) isolates from veterinary students, private veterinarians and farm workers, respectively were more than 80% similar to isolates from mastitis. Results of this study indicate that S. aureus isolates from mastitis milk and those from related dairy cow personnel and veterinarians share similar antimicrobial sensitivity patterns and virulence factors, therefore a common source of bacteria may exist. Furthermore, possible transmission of S. aureus between cows and cow-related personnel and vice versa could also exist.

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Authors and Affiliations

M.O. Alekish

Z. Bani Ismail

M. Gharaibeh

L. Abu-Qatous

Mass and volume balances of nebulization processes for the determination of the expected dose of liquid medicines delivered by inhalation

Tomasz R. Sosnowski Kamil Janeczek Karolina Grzywna Andrzej Emeryk

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 3 | 253-261 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.138929

Keywords jet nebulizer mesh nebulizer residual volume of drug inhaled dose delivered dose massbalance

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Abstract

The works presents the application of mass/volume balances of liquid drug converted into the aerosol during atomization in medical nebulizers. The amount of liquid that can be delivered to the respiratory system during inhalation is reduced compared to the nominal dose not only because of drug losses both in the device (the residual volume, RV) and outside the nebulizer (in the mouthpiece, mask, or tubings), but also to the limitations of the patient (periodic flow with limited capacity). The paper should help to understand the complexity of aerosol therapy widely used in asthma, COPD and other pulmonary diseases.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz R. Sosnowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kamil Janeczek

2

Karolina Grzywna

3 4

Andrzej Emeryk

2

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
Medical University of Lublin, Clinics of Lung Diseases and Pediatric Reumathology, Gebali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Student Scientific Club at the Chair and Division of Pathomorphology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
Silesian Medical University in Katowice, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Traugutta sq. 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland

A Land of Impossibility. J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI on a (Post)Modern Destabilization of Ethos

Ks. Jerzy Szymik

Studia Nauk Teologicznych PAN | 2014 | Tom 9 | 159-177 | DOI: 10.24425/snt.2014.112778

Keywords Biible faith post-modernity ethos relativism consumerism sense drug addiction anarchy creation metanoia

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Abstract

Interpreting the Gospel parable of the Prodigal Son and the Loving Father (Luke 15:11–32), J. Ratzinger/Benedict XVI shows the essence of the biggest problems of modern (particularly Western) society. The younger son’s journey to remote places, far from his father, symbolizes the fundamental gap between the present and God, which - although promising a happy and independent life – turns out to debase him. Blind questioning of the existing order (including the order of Creation!), an apotheosis of variability and a priori assumption of the new-over-the-old superiority, inevitably lead to confusion, with relativism becoming a “moral” reference and criterion for every action. Finally: bitterness and a protest generating violence, emptiness looking for satisfaction in drug-induced ecstasy, men seen as destroyers and enemies of nature. The only solution is a spiritual battle and metanoia – a return to the Father.

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Ks. Jerzy Szymik

„Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe”: synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients as a Polish brand?

Grzegorz Grynkiewicz Renata Jachowicz Krzysztof Kopeć Anna Krause Wojciech Kuźmierkiewicz Janina Lulek Beata Maciejewska Rafał Moszczyński-Petkowski Janusz Rachoń Piotr J. Rudzki

Nauka | 2021 | No 3 | 47-66 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2021.136326

Keywords pharmacy chemical synthesis technology European Union active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) drug supply chain security green chemistry

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Abstract

Correct diagnosis and appropriate selection of pharmacotherapy will not upgrade patient’s health if the drug is not available in the pharmacy. Pharmaceutical supply chain breakdown may occur due to epidemiological or political reasons. Then, the finished drug form factories located in Poland will not secure the drug supply. Thus, cooperation of the scientific community with the pharmaceutical and chemical industries is necessary to boost the domestic manufacturing of active pharmaceutical substances and substrates. Due to number of substances needed, the scale of national demand and the investments, the problem needs to be solved at European level. The Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe is an important guidance in this regard. The aim of our paper is to review the current state, indicate solutions and initiate a discussion on the development of the synthesis of active pharmaceutical substances in Poland. We focused on small-molecular compounds, the national perspective and the relationship between the synthesis of active substances and protection of the natural environment. Point actions for investments in infrastructure as well as research and development are not enough. Thus, we propose to create a system supporting synthesis of active pharmaceutical substances in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Grynkiewicz

1

Renata Jachowicz

1

Krzysztof Kopeć

1

Anna Krause

1

Wojciech Kuźmierkiewicz

1

Janina Lulek

1

Beata Maciejewska

1

Rafał Moszczyński-Petkowski

1

Janusz Rachoń

1

Piotr J. Rudzki

Komisja ds. Współpracy z Otoczeniem Gospodarczym przy Komitecie Terapii i Nauk o Leku Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Understanding Covid-19

Jerzy Duszyński Aneta Afelt Anna Ochab-Marcinek Radosław Owczuk Krzysztof Pyrć Magdalena Rosińska Andrzej Rychard Tomasz Smiatacz

ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2020 | Nr 4 (68) Understanding Covid-19 | 1-80 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2020.136172

Keywords progress in science mechanism underlying the emergence of infectious diseases seasonal cycles of infectious diseases transmission routes pathogenesis and clinical course Long-term consequences prevention contact tracing apps vaccines immunity antiviral drugs immunomodulatory drugs psychological consequences economic consequences co-infections

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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Duszyński

Aneta Afelt

Anna Ochab-Marcinek

Radosław Owczuk

Krzysztof Pyrć

Magdalena Rosińska

Andrzej Rychard

Tomasz Smiatacz

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