Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences has been published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences since the establishment of PAS in 1952. The journal is peer-reviewed and issued in electronic format. It aims to publish original, high-quality papers from multidisciplinary engineering sciences, with preferred topics including:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2024:	1.1
5 Year Impact Factor 2023:	1.0
CiteScore 2024:	2.7
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.271
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.517
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

P. Ładyżyński, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and P. Kryszkiewicz, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access

1 An Evaluation of an Artificial Immune System Based Approach to Anomaly Detection in Computer Programs

Patryk Widuliński , Krzysztof Wawryn

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157325 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157325

Keywords: intrusion detection systems malware anomaly detection negative selection

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Abstract

The growing sophistication of cyber threats and the limitations of traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) have led researchers to explore biologically inspired models. One promising approach involves the application of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), which mimic the self/nonself discrimination mechanism of biological immune systems. In this paper, we propose an IDS based on the Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA), enhanced by a novel modification involving intercellular receptors (ICRs). This dual-receptor architecture improves detection accuracy by targeting both standard and intercellular anomalies in program code. We present a mathematical model of the system, describe its implementation, and evaluate its performance across three key metrics: detection rate, memory efficiency, and processing speed. Experimental results demonstrate that the modified NSA with ICRs matches or outperforms existing methods, achieving an average detection accuracy improvement of 8.1%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Widuliński

Krzysztof Wawryn

2 A Hierarchical Process Model Discovery Algorithm for CRS Systems

Andrzej Stroiński , Dariusz Dwornikowski , Anna Kobusińska , Jerzy Brzeziński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 155043 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.155043

Keywords: process mining data discovery process modelling distributed systems CRS systems

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Abstract

An increasing number of distributed systems are currently being developed according to the REST paradigm, supporting a diverse range of services and applications. However, analyzing potential errors and deviations in their operation has become progressively more difficult due to both the scale of processed data and the proliferation of available services. In this context, process mining offers a valuable approach. By analyzing event logs collected from such systems, it is possible to derive process models that represent application behavior in distributed environments. These models support the identification and remediation of errors as well as the optimization of system performance. This article introduces a mechanism for representing process models of Communication Resource Systems (CRS) developed within the RESTparadigm using process algebra. In addition, we propose an algorithm for discovering such models, enabling the identification of both local processes executed within individual services and the interactions that occur between them.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Stroiński

Dariusz Dwornikowski

Anna Kobusińska

Jerzy Brzeziński

3 Assessment of Differential Evolution Method for Control of Multiple-sources Water Supply System - Case Study

Ariel Antonowicz , Rafał Brodziak , Jędrzej Bylka , Pzemysław Zakrzewski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157328 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157328

Keywords: water distribution network modeling and optimization differential evolution WNTR Epanet multisource water distribution network

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Abstract

This study demonstrates the use of the Differential Evolution method for optimizing multi-source water supply systems. The objective was to identify a water-supply scenario that minimizes the total water-supply costs in multiple sources network. The analysis assumed varying water-production costs at each source. Control was implemented through the adjustment of valve settings at the network inlets. For the research, open-source tools such as EPANET, the WNTR library, and Python's scipy.optimize package were utilized. The analyses were conducted on two water distribution networks. The first was a simplified network with three water sources, designed to validate the simulation environment and perform initial assessments of the optimization algorithms. The second was a complex model representing a real water distribution network. For this network, analyses were conducted assuming 3, 4, 5, and 6 sources. For both networks, multiple pricing scenarios were evaluated to explore the algorithm performance under different conditions. The results show that near-optimal solutions can be achieved with significantly reduced computation times. The differences in objective function values between the Brute Force and Differential Evolution (DE) methods were no greater than 0.2%, while the computation time for DE was substantially shorter. These findings highlight DE's scalability, efficiency, and potential for real-world applications, promoting cost-effective and accessible optimization in engineering practice.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ariel Antonowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rafał Brodziak

Jędrzej Bylka

Pzemysław Zakrzewski

4 Analysis of the Sensor Architecture for a Level 3 Autonomy System in Tracked Military Vehicles

Sebastian Jakubowski , Jakub Wiech

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157321 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157321

Keywords: sensor architecture autonomous tracked vehicle self-propelled mortar

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Abstract

The article presents an analysis of the sensor system architecture designed for third-level autonomy in full-scale tracked platforms intended for military applications. In particular, it focuses on the use of advanced data fusion, enabling the integration of information from heterogeneous sensors, such as LiDARs, cameras, ToF (Time-of-Flight) sensors, inertial measurement units (IMUs), radars, and vehicle onboard systems. This configuration ensures a high degree of environmental perception accuracy and reliability in decision-making, which is crucial under the dynamic and demanding terrain conditions typical of combat operations. It also enhances situational awareness. Key aspects of designing the sensory system are discussed in detail, including the optimal selection of sensors, their placement on the tracked vehicle, and the implementation of real-time data fusion algorithms. The analysis covers the evaluation of these technologies in terms of environmental mapping accuracy, operational reliability, and adaptability under varying operational conditions. The research results indicate that an appropriate sensor architecture, supported by advanced data processing methods, significantly improves the effectiveness of condition-based autonomous control and the vehicle’s ability to adapt to the specific requirements of combat missions. The conclusions drawn from the study provide valuable guidance in designing modern military vehicles that utilize state-of-the-art sensing technologies and autonomous algorithms.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Jakubowski

Jakub Wiech

5 Enhancing Shear-Thinning Behavior in AsphaltB Binders through Organophilic Clay Modification

Zhen Wu , Qingping Wang , Cheng Li , Yulong Guo , Hakeem Jan , Basit Ali

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157096 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2025.157096

Keywords: organophilic nano-clay asphalt binder modification shear-thinning behavior viscosity–shear rate relationship rutting resistance

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Abstract

This study investigates the influence of shear rate on the non-Newtonian flow behavior of asphalt binders modified with 1–5% organophilic nano clay by weight. Asphalt binders exhibit shear-thinning characteristics, where viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, enhancing elasticity and reducing temperature sensitivity. Two penetration-grade bitumen samples (60/70 and 80/100) from Attock Refinery Limited (ARL), Pakistan, were modified using the melting method per ASTM D6606. Rotational viscometer tests (ASTM D4402) were conducted at 135 °C over shear rates from 3.4 to 34 s⁻¹. Viscosity dropped by nearly 60% with increasing shear rate, with the 5% nano clay blend exhibiting the highest viscosity (385.5 cp (mPa·s)) at low shear rates. All concentrations demonstrated improved flow behavior, with 5% yielding the most significant effect. These findings highlight the potential of organophilic nano clay to improve binder rheology, indicating enhanced resistance to rutting and deformation critical for pavement applications. Further field-scale research is recommended to evaluate long-term performance, mix workability, and economic feasibility.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zhen Wu

Qingping Wang

Cheng Li

Yulong Guo

Hakeem Jan

Basit Ali

6 The study on the effect of blade guide strip on aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbine

Guowen Li , Haotian Song , Xinghui Wu , Xinhua Sun

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157322 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157322

Keywords: guide strip wind turbine wind tunnel test lift-drag conversion

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Abstract

This paper mainly studies the influence of adhering hidden movable airflow guide strips to the surface of horizontalaxis wind turbine blades on the aerodynamic performance of the blades. The experimental data suggest that the guide strip changes the flow direction of the airflow. A reverse force will be generated in the opposite direction of the airflow outflow, i.e., the blade guide strip's resistance and the airflow's flow distance on the blade surface will be increased. The lift of the blade will be increased with a low starting wind speed and a significant wind energy utilization effect. The research results show that the guide strip structure can increase the lift coefficient of the blade by 9.1% under the condition of a small Angle of attack. When the wind speed reaches 8 m/s, the power coefficient increases by 14.1% and the starting wind speed decreases by 0.5 m/s. However, the negative resistance of the guide strip was increased at high incoming flow speeds. At this time, the guide strip was adopted to level the actuator and placed on the blade's surface. The experimental results show that when the guide strip is retracted, the output power of the wind turbine is the same as that of the prototype blade.Therefore, the guide strip blades with retraction and extension functions enhance the low-speed performance of the wind turbine while maintaining its high-speed performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Guowen Li

Haotian Song

Xinghui Wu

Xinhua Sun

7 An Explainable Hybrid Deep Learning Approach for Power Quality Disturbance Classification

Hasan Uzel

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157326 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157326

Keywords: power quality deep learning hybrid explainable AI LIME

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Abstract

This study presents a deep learning-based framework for the accurate classification of power quality (PQ) disturbances using time-series and environmental data. Four architectures Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) a Hybrid model were implemented and evaluated on a dataset containing key electrical and environmental features such as voltage sag, harmonics, temperature pollution level. Comprehensive preprocessing, including normalization, skewness–kurtosis analysis correlation assessment, ensured statistical reliability. Among the evaluated models, the Hybrid architecture achieved the best performance, with an accuracy of 98.91% and an F1-score of 98.90%, outperforming all standalone approaches. Model interpretability was enhanced using Local Interpretable ModelAgnostic Explanations (LIME), which identified feature contributions for individual predictions. A comparison with eight recent studies demonstrated competitive or superior performance in both accuracy and explainability. The integration of highperforming hybrid modeling with interpretable AI makes the proposed system well-suited for real-time PQ monitoring in smart grid environments. Future work may incorporate unsupervised and transfer learning methods to improve adaptability across varying grid conditions and data scarcity scenarios.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hasan Uzel

8 Optimal collision-free Cartesian trajectory planning for a free-floating space robot with non-zero linear and angular momentum

Tomasz Rybus

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157323 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157323

Keywords: free floating manipulator optimal trajectory planning obstacle avoidance space robotics

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Abstract

An unmanned chaser satellite equipped with a robotic manipulator can be employed for active debris removal and inorbit servicing missions. It is often assumed that the chaser satellite's control system is switched off during the capture operation performed with the manipulator. However, due to the limited accuracy of the chaser’s control system, which relies on thrusters for the approach phase, it may not be possible to obtain zero relative velocity of the chaser with respect to the target satellite. Moreover, in the tangent capture scenario, the chaser satellite is intentionally accelerated to a specific linear velocity before initiating the capture operation. This paper presents an optimal trajectory planning method applicable to a manipulator mounted on a free-floating satellite with non-zero initial velocity and non-zero but constant linear and angular momentum. The trajectory of the manipulator’s end-effector is parameterized in the Cartesian space using an 8th-order polynomial. The trajectory planning task is formulated as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem and solved using an interior-point algorithm. Constraints include joint position limits and collision avoidance with spherical obstacles. Two objective functions are considered: minimizing the trajectory length and minimizing the attitude changes of the chaser satellite. The proposed approach is validated through numerical simulations conducted using parameters from a prototype of the 7-DoF WMS 1 Lemur space manipulator. Trajectories obtained with the proposed approach are compared to two non-optimal trajectories: a straight-line trajectory and a collision-free trajectory obtained with the Artificial Potential Field method.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Rybus

e-mail:

ORCID:

9 Modal Analyses of Non-Uniform Axially Functionally Graded Euler-Bernoulli Beams

Esra Zeynep Sensoy , Tarik Baran

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157320 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157320

Keywords: Haar wavelet method functionally graded material functionally graded beam non-uniform axially functionally graded beam free vibration analysis

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Abstract

The dynamic response of functionally graded beams is of great importance in modern engineering applications where structural elements often exhibit material inhomogeneity and geometric non-uniformity. This study investigates flexural free vibrations of axially functionally graded Euler-Bernoulli beams with non-uniform cross-sections, where both geometric dimensions and material properties vary along the beam axis. The governing equations of motion were discretized and solved using the Haar wavelet method, which provides an efficient numerical scheme. Four classical boundary conditions; clampedfree, pinned-pinned, clamped-pinned, and clamped-clamped were analyzed to demonstrate the versatility of the approach. The accuracy of the method was verified by comparison with benchmark solutions available in the literature. Extended case studies were then performed for tapered and cone-shaped beams with linearly varying depth or width considering axially functionally graded material. The results demonstrate that variations in axial cross-sectional geometry have a greater impact on natural frequencies and mode shapes than material gradation. This study revisits the Haar wavelet method and extends its application to conditions that were previously unstudied, such as different functionally graded material models in tapered and cone configurations. The validated results are in good agreement with existing literature. Finally, detailed graphs and tables present the results obtained for previously uninvestigated cases.

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Authors and Affiliations

Esra Zeynep Sensoy

Tarik Baran

10 Compatibility Charts of BRB-VD Combined Systems for RC Frames in Ultra-high Seismic Intensity Zones

Shuwei Lan , Yu Liu , Xiang Lan , Kechuang Wu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | Early Access | 157319 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2026.157319

Keywords: combined seismic energy dissipation buckling-restrained braces viscous dampers performance-based seismicdesign damper compatibility the K-ξa relationship charts

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Abstract

The combined seismic energy dissipation of BRB and VD in ultra-high seismic zones can exploit their respective advantages, resulting in a hybrid damping solution with superior performance and broad prospects. Although the potential of such combined damping systems in seismic design is widely acknowledged, the absence of a clear methodology for coordinating their distinct mechanisms of stiffness and damping remains a critical obstacle hindering their efficient application. To solve the compatibility problem between these two damping technologies, a series of computational analyses on reinforced concrete frame structures equipped with BRB-VD combined systems in ultra-high seismic zones is carried out. Key parameters, including the nominal lateral stiffness ratio K of BRBs and the additional damping ratio ξ_a provided by VD, are determined. Furthermore, the K-ξ_a relationship charts illustrating the compatibility between the two dampers under different seismic design groups in ultrahigh seismic zones are obtained, which can avoid the inconvenience caused by multiple iterations based on the response spectrum design method. Finally, the accuracy and practicability of the K-ξ_a relation charts for combined seismic energy dissipation design are verified by engineering examples, which provides a convenient manual calculation tool for structural engineers, and offers valuable references for global similar high seismic regions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Shuwei Lan

Yu Liu

Xiang Lan

Kechuang Wu

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Guide for Authors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/for_authors/

Fees for open access publications in Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences:

2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR) - up to 8 pages of the journal format and mandatory over-length charges of 250 PLN (approx. 60 EUR) per page (see the above link with instructions for Authors for details)

Guide for Reviewers

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/for_reviewers/

Call for Papers

https://www.editorialsystem.com/bpasts/journal/call_for_papers/

Guide for Guest Editors

https://www.editorialsystem.com/editor/bpasts/journal/page1/

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NEW PUBLICATION FEES
Articles submitted by December 31st, 2024: existing fee: 1500 PLN (and mandatory over-length charges of 230 PLN per page)
Articles submitted from January 1st, 2025: new fee: 2000 PLN (approx. 500 EUR- depending on the exchange rate) - a flat fee per paper up to 8 pages of the journal format (each additional page will be charged an additional 250 PLN).