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Effect of Deformation Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of PrFeB Alloy Fabricated by Gas Atomization

Ju-Young Cho Myung-Suk Song Yong-Ho Choa Taek-Soo Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 955-958 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136404

Keywords PrFeB alloy Gas atomization plastic deformation Rolling REFeB magnet

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Abstract

To form the fine micro-structures, the Pr17Fe78B5 magnet powders were produced in the optimized gas atomization conditions and it was investigated that the formation of the textures, microstructures, and the changes in the magnetic properties with increasing the deformation temperatures and rolling directions. Due to the rapid cooling system than the casting process, the homogenous microstructures were composed of the Pr-rich and Pr2Fe14B without any oxides and α-Fe and enables grain refinement. The pore ratios were 2.87, 1.42, and 0.22% at the deformation temperatures of 600, 700, 800°C, respectively in the rolled samples to align the c-axis which is the magnetic easy axis. Because Pr-rich phase cannot flow into the pore with a liquid state at low temperature, the improvement of pore densification was gradually observed with increasing deformation temperature. To confirm the magnetic decoupling effects of Pr2Fe14B phases by Pr-rich phases, the magnetic properties were investigated in rolled samples produced at the deformation temperature of 800°C. Although the remanent field is slightly decreased by 30%, the coercivity fields increased by about 2 times than that previous casted ingot. It is suggested that the gas atomization method can be suitable for fabricating grain refined and pure PrFeB magnets, and the plastic deformation conditions and rolling directions are a critical role to manipulate microstructure and magnetic properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ju-Young Cho

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Myung-Suk Song

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yong-Ho Choa

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Taek-Soo Kim

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156 Gaetbeol-ro (Songdo-dong), Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
Hanyang University, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ansan 15588, Korea
University of Science and Technology, Critical Materials and Semi-Conductor Packaging Engineering, Daejeon 3413, Republic of Korea

A Study on Drilling Machinability of γ-TiAl Alloy

Hyunseok Yang Woo-Chul Jung Man-Sik Kong Changhee Lee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 951-954 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136403

Keywords γ-TiAl alloy drilling Machinability Thrust Torque

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Abstract

Intermetallic γ-TiAl alloy has excellent properties at high temperatures and is thus attracting attention as a substitute for nickel-based superalloy parts for turbine engines. However, γ-TiAl alloy is reported to be a difficult material to be machined due to its low ductility at room temperature, tensile strength, and thermal conductivity. In this study, a system capable of measuring thrust force (Tf) and torque (Tc) during the drilling process was constructed, and drilling processability according to the heat treated microstructure of γ-TiAl alloy was compared. As a result, it was confirmed that the thrust and torque of the γ-TiAl alloy having a microstructure in which the grains were refined by the heat treatment process was relatively low and rapidly stabilized, which is advantageous for drilling.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hyunseok Yang

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Woo-Chul Jung

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Man-Sik Kong

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Changhee Lee

2

Advanced Materials & Processing Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin, South Korea
Hanyang University, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea

Sn-Pd-Ni Electroplating on Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Elements for Direct Thermocompression Bonding and Creation of a Reliable Bonding Interface

Seok Jun Kang Sung Hwa Bae Injoon Son

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 963-966 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136406

Keywords Tin Electroplating Thermoelectric Module Thermocompression Bonding Bi2Te3 Direct Bonding

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Abstract

The Sn-Ag-Cu-based solder paste screen-printing method has primarily been used to fabricate Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric (TE) modules, as Sn-based solder alloys have a low melting temperature (approximately 220℃) and good wettability with Cu electrodes. However, this process may result in uneven solder thickness when the printing pressure is not constant. Therefore, we suggested a novel direct-bonding method between the Bi2Te3-based TE elements and the Cu electrode by electroplating a 100 µm Sn/ 1.3 µm Pd/ 3.5 µm Ni bonding layer onto the Bi2Te3-based TE elements. It was determined that there is a problem with the amount of precipitation and composition depending on the pH change, and that the results may vary depending on the composition of Pd. Thus, double plating layers were formed, Ni/Pd, which were widely commercialized. The Sn/Pd/Ni electroplating was highly reliable, resulting in a bonding strength of 8 MPa between the thermoelectric and Cu electrode components, while the Pd and Ni electroplated layer acted as a diffusion barrier between the Sn layer and the Bi2Te3 TE. This process of electroplating Sn/Pd/Ni onto the Bi2Te3 TE elements presents a novel method for the fabrication of TE modules without using the conventional Sn-alloy-paste screen-printing method.

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Authors and Affiliations

Seok Jun Kang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sung Hwa Bae

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Injoon Son

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kyungpook National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Kyushu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Materials Process Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan

Characterization of Ca Precipitation in Al-Mg Alloys Containing a Trace of Ca During Homogenization

Seong-Ho Ha Young-Chul Shin Bong-Hwan Kim Young-Ok Yoon Hyun-Kyu Lim Sung-Hwan Lim Shae K. Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 959-962 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136405

Keywords Al-Mg system precipitation Mg+Al2Ca mater alloy Transmission electron microscope Phase diagram

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Abstract

In this study, precipitation of Ca in Al-Mg alloys containing a trace of Ca during homogenization was investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and calculated phase diagrams. TEM result indicated that the Ca-based particles found in the examined sample are Ca7Mg7.5Si14. From the calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was found that the Ca was formed as Al4Ca and C36 laves phases with Mg2Si and Al13Fe4 from other impurities phase during solidification. No Ca-Mg-Si ternary phase existed at the homogenization temperature in the calculated phase diagram. From the phase diagram of Al-Al4Ca-Mg2Si three-phase isothermal at 490℃, it was shown that Ca7Mg6Si14 phase co-exists with Al, Mg2Si and Al4Ca in the largest region and with only Al and Mg2Si in Al4Ca-poor regions. It was thought that the Ca7Mg6Si14 ternary phase was formed by the interaction between Mg2Si and Al4Ca considering that the segregation can occur throughout the entire microstructures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Seong-Ho Ha

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Young-Chul Shin

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bong-Hwan Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Young-Ok Yoon

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyun-Kyu Lim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sung-Hwan Lim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shae K. Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
Kangwon National University, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea

Production of High-Purity Tantalum Metal Powder for Capacitors Using Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis

Yong-Kwan Lee Jae-Jin Sim Jong-Soo Byeon Yong-Tak Lee Yeong-Woo Cho Hyun-Chul Kim Sung-Gue Heo Kee-Ahn Lee Seok-Jun Seo Kyoung-Tae Park

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 935-939 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136400

Keywords Tantalum Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis Tantalum Oxide Magnesium Capacitor

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Abstract

In this study, high-purity tantalum metal powder was manufactured via self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. During the process, Ta2O5 and Mg were used as the raw material powder and the reducing agent, respectively, and given that combustion rate and reaction temperature are important factors that influence the success of this process, these factors were controlled by adding an excessive mass of the reducing agent (Mg) i.e., above the chemical equivalent, rather than by using a separate diluent. It was confirmed that Ta metal powder manufactured after the process was ultimately manufactured 99.98% high purity Ta metal powder with 0.5 µm particle size. Thus, it was observed that adding the reducing reagent in excess favored the manufacture of high-purity Ta powder that can be applied in capacitors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yong-Kwan Lee

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jae-Jin Sim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jong-Soo Byeon

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yong-Tak Lee

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yeong-Woo Cho

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyun-Chul Kim

1 3

Sung-Gue Heo

1 3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kee-Ahn Lee

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seok-Jun Seo

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kyoung-Tae Park

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute for Rare Metals, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 7-50 Songdo-dong Yeonsoo-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
Inha University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Incheon 22212, Korea
Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Electrochemical Properties of Flexible Anode with SnO2 Nanopowder for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Huihun Kim Milan K. Sadan Changhyeon Kim Ga-In Choi Minjun Seong Kwon-Koo Cho Ki-Won Kim Jou-Hyeon Ahn Hyo-Jun Ahn

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 931-934 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136399

Keywords Sodium-ion batteries SnO2 anode Flexible electrode Nano SnO2 particles Ether based electrolyte

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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted substantial interest as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of the low cost. There have been many studies on the development of new anode materials that could react with sodium by conversion mechanism. SnO2 is a promising candidate due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, SnO2 has the same problem as other anodes during the conversion reaction, i.e., the volume of the anode repeatedly expands and contracts by cycling. Herein, anode is composed of carbon nanofiber embedded with SnO2 nanopowder. The resultant electrode showed improvement of cyclability. The optimized SnO2 electrode showed high capacity of 1275 mAh g–1 at a current density of 50 mA g–1. The high conductivity of the optimized electrode resulted in superior electrochemical performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Huihun Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Milan K. Sadan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Changhyeon Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ga-In Choi

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Minjun Seong

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kwon-Koo Cho

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ki-Won Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jou-Hyeon Ahn

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyo-Jun Ahn

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gyeongsang National University, Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
Gyeongsang National University, Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea

Microstructure Formation of Al-5 mass%Mg Alloy Melts by Interaction with Silica

Sun-Ki Kim Seong-Ho Ha Bong-Hwan Kim Young-Ok Yoon Hyun-Kyu Lim Shae K. Kim Young-Jig Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 947-950 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136402

Keywords Al-Mg system Silica reduction Mg2Si phase diagram

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Abstract

Dissolution of Si in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy melt by the reduction of SiO2 and its effect on microstructure formation of the alloy after solidification were investigated. Al-5 mass%Mg alloy without silica powder had approximately 0.05 mass%Si as an impurity. No significant difference in Si content was observed after the reaction with silica for 10 min, while the Si content increased up to about 0.12 mass% after 30 min. From the microstructure analysis and calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was considered that as-cast microstructures of Al-5 mass%Mg-1 mass% SiO2 alloys had the distribution of eutectic phase particles, which are comprised of β-Al3Mg2 and Mg2Si phases. Based on the phase diagrams, only limited amount of Mg can be selectively removed by silica depending on the ratio of Si and Mg. Addition of silica of more than approximately 1.5 mass% in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy led to the formation of spinel and removal of both Mg and Al from the melt.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sun-Ki Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seong-Ho Ha

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Bong-Hwan Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Young-Ok Yoon

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Hyun-Kyu Lim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shae K. Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Young-Jig Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sungkyunkwan University, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Effects of SiC Coating of Carbon Fiber on Mechanical Properties in Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Al Matrix Composite

Jin Man Jang Se-Hyun Ko Wonsik Lee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 941-946 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136401

Keywords Short carbon fiber Al composite SiC coating mechanical property

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Abstract

A356 Al composites reinforced by short carbon fiber were prepared through the 2-step process: fabrication of a composite precursor and ultrasonication of the precursor melt. The short carbon fibers were coated with 0.15~1.5 μm thick SiC layer by a carbothermal reaction, and an amount of the carbon fiber reinforcement was determined to be 1.5 vol.% and 4.0 vol.%, respectively. The addition of the carbon fiber increased the hardness of A356 alloy. However, tensile strength did not increase in the as-cast composites regardless of the SiC coating and volume fraction of the carbon fiber, due to the debonding which reduced load transfer efficiency from matrix to fiber at the interface. After T6-treatment of the composites, a significant increase in strength occurred only in the composite reinforced by the SiC-coated short carbon fiber, which was considered to result from the formation of a precipitate improving the Al/SiC interfacial strength

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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Man Jang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Se-Hyun Ko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wonsik Lee

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Synthesis and Characterization of MoO3 Nano Particle by Controlling Various Growth Conditions in Solution Combustion Method

Namhun Kwon Seyoung Lee Jaeseok Roh Kun-Jae Lee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 991-995 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136412

Keywords Molybdenum trioxide Solution combustion method Particle morphology Nano-rod Nanoparticle

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Abstract

In this paper, synthesize MoO3 particles with various particle properties by control growth influence factors was mainly studied. The experimental conditions were established in molar ratio of Mo:urea and pH levels. The plate-type of MoO3 particles were formed without proceeding any established conditions, but the rod-shape particles were formed by adjusting molar ratio of Mo:urea. Also, different ranges of the particle size were formed by adjusting experimental conditions. Through the results, it was confirmed that particles with a size in the range of 300 ~ 400 nm were obtained by adjusting precursor concentration and the micrometer size of particles were formed by increase pH levels. The properties of the particles formed accordingly by setting various factors that can affect the growth process of MoO3 particle was analyzed as variables and the particle growth behavior was also observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Namhun Kwon

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seyoung Lee

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jaeseok Roh

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kun-Jae Lee

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dankook University, Department of Energy Engineering, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea

Synthesis of the Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese Cathode Material Using Recycled Nickel as Precursors from Secondary Batteries

Hang-Chul Jung Deokhyun Han Dae-Weon Kim Byungmin Ahn

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 987-990 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136411

Keywords Secondary Battery nickel recycling Taylor Reaction Cathode Materials

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Abstract

As the amount of high-capacity secondary battery waste gradually increased, waste secondary batteries for industry (high-speed train & HEV) were recycled and materialization studies were carried out. The precipitation experiment was carried out with various conditions in the synthesis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material using a Taylor reactor. The raw material used in this study was a leaching solution generated from waste nickel-based batteries. The nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) precursor was prepared by the Taylor reaction process. Material analysis indicated that spherical powder was formed, and the particle size of the precursor was decreased as the reaction speed was increased during the preparation of the NCM. The spherical NCM powder having a particle size of 10 µm was synthesized using reaction conditions, stirring speed of 1000 rpm for 24 hours. The NCM precursor prepared by the Taylor reaction was synthesized as a cathode material for the LIB, and then a coin-cell was manufactured to perform the capacity evaluation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hang-Chul Jung

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Deokhyun Han

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dae-Weon Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Byungmin Ahn

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin, Korea
Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499, Korea

Phase Evolution During Extraction and Recovery of Pure Nd from Magnet

Mohammad Zarar Rasheed Sun-Woo Nam Sang-Hoon Lee Sang-Min Park Ju-Young Cho Taek-Soo Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1001-1005 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136414

Keywords Liquid metal extraction Rare Earth Recycling Vacuum Distillation phase transformation

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Abstract

Liquid Metal Extraction process using molten Mg was carried out to obtain Nd-Mg alloys from Nd based permanent magnets at 900oC for 24 h. with a magnet to magnesium mass ratio of 1:10. Nd was successfully extracted from magnet into Mg resulting in ~4 wt.% Nd-Mg alloy. Nd was recovered from the obtained Nd-Mg alloys based on the difference in their vapor pressures using vacuum distillation. Vacuum distillation experiments were carried out at 800oC under vacuum of 2.67 Pa at various times for the recovery of high purity Nd. Nd having a purity of more than 99% was recovered at distillation time of 120 min and above. The phase transformations of the Nd-Mg alloy during the process, from Mg12Nd to α-Nd, were confirmed as per the phase diagram at different distillation times. Pure Nd was recovered as a result of two step recycling process; Liquid Metal Extraction followed by Vacuum Distillation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Zarar Rasheed

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sun-Woo Nam

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sang-Hoon Lee

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sang-Min Park

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ju-Young Cho

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Taek-Soo Kim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Science and Technology, Industrial Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Korea Institute for Rare Metals, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Republic of Korea

Consolidation and Oxidation of Ultra Fine WC-Co-HfB2 Hard Materials by Spark Plasma Sintering

Hyun-Kuk Park Ik-Hyun Oh Ju-Hun Kim Sung-Kil Hong Jeong-Han Lee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 997-1000 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136413

Keywords WC cemented carbide hafnium diboride spark plasma sintering oxidation mechanical property

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Abstract

In this study, a novel composite was fabricated by adding the Hafnium diboride (HfB2) to conventional WC-Co cemented carbides to enhance the high-temperature properties while retaining the intrinsic high hardness. Using spark plasma sintering, high density (up to 99.4%) WC-6Co-(1, 2.5, 4, and 5.5 wt. %) HfB2 composites were consolidated at 1300℃ (100℃/min) under 60 MPa pressure. The microstructural evolution, oxidation layer, and phase constitution of WC-Co-HfB2 were investigated in the distribution of WC grain and solid solution phases by X-ray diffraction and FE-SEM. The WC-Co-HfB2 composite exhibited improved mechanical properties (approximately 2,180.7 kg/mm2) than those of conventional WC-Co cemented carbides. The high strength of the fabricated composites was caused by the fine-grade HfB2 precipitate and the solid solution, which enabled the tailoring of mechanical properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Kuk Park

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ik-Hyun Oh

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ju-Hun Kim

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sung-Kil Hong

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jeong-Han Lee

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Smart Mobility Materials and Components R&D Group, 6, Cheomdan-gwa giro 208-gil, Buk-gu, Gwan g-Ju, 61012, Korea
Chonnam National University, Materials Science & Engineering, 77, Yong-bongro, Buk-gu, Gwan g-ju, 61186, Korea

The Effects of Grain Boundary Structures on Mechanical Properties in Nanocrystalline Al Alloy

Jin Man Jang Wonsik Lee Se-Hyun Ko

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 971-975 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136408

Keywords nanocrystalline Al alloy Young’s modulus hardness nanoindentation low and high angle grain boundary

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Abstract

This study investigates the effects of grain boundary structures on mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Al-0.7Mg-1.0Cu alloy using nanoindentation system. Grain boundary structure transforms to high angle grain boundaries from low angle ones with increase of heat treatment temperature and the transformation temperature is about 400℃. Young’s modulus and hardness are higher in sample with low angle grain boundaries, while creep length is larger in sample with high angle ones. These results indicate that progress of plastic deformation at room temperature is more difficult in sample with low angle ones. During compression test at 200℃, strain softening occurs in all samples. However, yield strength in sample with low angle grain boundaries is higher twice than that with high angle ones due to higher activation energy for grain boundary sliding.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Man Jang

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wonsik Lee

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Se-Hyun Ko

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea

Effect of the ENEPIG Process on the Bonding Strength of BiTe-based Thermoelectric Elements

Subin Kim Sung Hwa Bae Injoon Son

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 967-970 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136407

Keywords thermoelectric ENEPIG bonding strength BiTe plating

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Abstract

To improve the mechanical performance of BiTe-based thermoelectric modules, this study applies anti-diffusion layers that inhibit the generation of metal intercompounds and an electroless nickel/electrode palladium/mission gold (ENEPIG) plating layers to ensure a stable bonding interface. If a plated layer is formed only on BiTe-based thermoelectric, the diffusion of Cu in electrode substrates produces an intermetallic compound. Therefore, the ENEPIG process was applied on the Cu electrode substrate. The bonding strength highly increased from approximately 10.4 to 16.4 MPa when ENEPIG plating was conducted to the BiTe-based thermoelectric element. When ENEPIG plating was performed to both the BiTe-based thermoelectric element and the Cu electrode substrate, the bonding strength showed the highest value of approximately 17.6 MPa, suggesting that the ENEPIG process is effective in ensuring a highly reliable bonding interface of the BiTe-based thermoelectric module.

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Authors and Affiliations

Subin Kim

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sung Hwa Bae

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Injoon Son

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kyungpook National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Kyushu University Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Materials Process Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan

Study on Recovery of Valuable Metals in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 Slag System

Tae Boong Moon Chulwoong Han Soong Keun Hyun Sung Cheol Park Seong Ho Son Man Seung Lee Yong Hwan Kim

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 983-986 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136410

Keywords Spent lithium-ion battery Smelting Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 recovery slag

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Abstract

This study investigated the recovery behavior of valuable metals (Co, Ni, Cu and Mn) in spent lithium ion-batteries based on Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 slag system via DC submerged arc smelting process. The valuable metals were recovered by 93.9% at the 1250℃ for 30 min on the 20Al2O3-40SiO2-20CaO-20Fe2O3 (mass%) slag system. From the analysis of the slag by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, it was considered that Fe2O3 and Al2O3 acted as basic oxides to depolymerize SiO4 and AlO4 under the addition of critical 20 mass% Fe2O3 in 20Al2O3-40SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 (CaO + Fe2O3 = 40 mass%). In addition, it was observed that the addition of Fe2O3 ranging between 20 and 30 mass% lowers the melting point of the slag system.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tae Boong Moon

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Chulwoong Han

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Soong Keun Hyun

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sung Cheol Park

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seong Ho Son

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Man Seung Lee

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yong Hwan Kim

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, Korea
Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Technology Incheon, 156, Gaetbeol Rd., Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
Mokpo National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Mokpo, Korea

Dissolution Behavior of Metal Impurities and Improvement of Reclaimed Semiconductor Wafer Cleaning by Addition of Chelating Agent

Keunhyuk Ryu Myungsuk Kim Jaeseok Roh Kun-Jae Lee

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 977-981 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136409

Keywords Reclaimed silicon wafer Wafer cleaning Metal impurity Metal complex Chelating agent

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Abstract

As a wafer cleaning process, RCA (Radio Corporation of America) cleaning is mainly used. However, RCA cleaning has problems such as instability of bath life, re-adsorption of impurities and high-temperature cleaning. Herein, we tried to improve the purity of silicon wafers by using a chelating agent (oxalic acid) to solve these problems. Compounds produced by the reaction between the cleaning solution and each metal powder were identified by referring to the pourbaix diagram. All metals exhibited a particle size distribution of 10 μm or more before reaction, but a particle size distribution of 500 nm or less after reaction. In addition, it was confirmed that the metals before and after the reaction showed different absorbances. As a result of elemental analysis on the surface of the reclaimed silicon wafer cleaned through such a cleaning solution, it was confirmed that no secondary phase was detected other than Si.

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Authors and Affiliations

Keunhyuk Ryu

1

Myungsuk Kim

1

Jaeseok Roh

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kun-Jae Lee

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dankook University, Department of Energy Engineering, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea

Microstructure and Thermoelectric Properties of Doped FeSi2 with Addition of B4C Nanoparticles

F. Dąbrowski Ł. Ciupiński J. Zdunek W. Chromiński M. Kruszewski R. Zybała A. Michalski K.J. Kurzydłowski

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1157-1162 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136436

Keywords iron disilicide nanoparticles thermoelectrics

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Abstract

β-FeSi2 with the addition of B4C nanoparticles was manufactured by sintering mechanically alloyed Fe and Si powders with Mn, Co, Al, P as p and n-type dopants. The consolidated samples were subsequently annealed at 1123 K for 36 ks. XRD analysis of sinters after annealing confirmed nearly full transformation from α and ε into thermoelectric β-FeSi2 phase. SEM observations of samples surface were compliant with the diffraction curves. TEM observations allowed to depict evenly distributed B4C nanoparticles thorough material, with no visible aggregates and establish grain size parameter d2 < 500 nm. All dopants contributed to lower thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, with Co having strongest influence on increasing electrical conductivity in relation to reference FeSi2. Combination of the addition of Co as dopant and B4C nanoparticles as phonon scatterer resulted in dimensionless figure of merit ZT reaching 7.6 × 10–2 at 773 K for Fe0.97Co0.03Si2 compound.
Comparison of the thermoelectric properties of examined sinters to the previously manufactured of the same stoichiometry but without B4C nanoparticles revealed theirs overall negative influence.

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Authors and Affiliations

F. Dąbrowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ł. Ciupiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Zdunek

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

W. Chromiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kruszewski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Zybała

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Michalski

1

K.J. Kurzydłowski

1

Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 141 Wołoska Str., 02-507 Warszawa, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, 32/46, Lotników Str., 02-668 Warszawa, Poland

Influence of Hot Pressing on the Microstructure of Multi-Layered Ti/Al Composites

W. Kowalski H. Paul P. Petrzak Ł. Maj I. Mania M. Faryna

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1149-1156 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136435

Keywords Ti/Al multilayers electron microscopy impact test

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Abstract

Metal-intermetallic layered (MIL) composites attract considerable attention due to their remarkable structural and ballistic performance. This study aimed to develop a Ti/Al-based multilayered MIL material by adding ceramic powders, since they can improve the composite’s impact resistance. To this end, an experiment was conducted which a stack of alternating Ti and Al sheets bonded by hot pressing; Ti/Al multilayers containing additional layers of Al2O3 and SiC powders were also produced. The samples obtained were examined using electron microscopy techniques. The clads’ mechanical properties were investigated using a Charpy hammer. In the reaction zone, only one intermetallic phase occurred: the Al3Ti phase. The model with an additional Al2O3 layer showed the highest impact energy. None of the Ti/Al clads broke during the Charpy impact test, a result proving their high ductility.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Kowalski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Paul

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Petrzak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ł. Maj

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

I. Mania

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Faryna

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science , Polish Academy of Sciences , 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Dissolution and Erosion Phenomena in the Brazing of Aluminum Heat Exchangers

Z. Mirski J. Pabian T. Wojdat

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1131-1140 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136438

Keywords Filler metal heat exchanger brazing aluminium alloys 3XXX and 4XXX series dissolution and erosion phenomena

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Abstract

On the basis of research, the mechanisms of dissolution and erosion during brazing of aluminium alloys and the influence of these phenomena on brazed joints of heat exchangers are presented. A number of factors have been identified that affect the formation of these phenomena during brazing aluminium alloys, these include : the maximum temperature and holding time at brazing temperature, and the type and amount of filler metal. The research was supported by examples of dissolution and erosion phenomena during series production of aluminium heat exchangers using three brazing profiles (normal, hot and very hot). It has been found that the dissolution of the engine radiator components during brazing, is from 18 to 68%, depending on the brazing profile used. For a very hot profile, erosion in part of the brazed exchanger, even destroys (removes) thin elements of the cooling fins.

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Mirski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Pabian

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Wojdat

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Metal Forming, Welding and Metrology, 27 Wybrzeże Wypiańskiego, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Research & Development, MAHLE Behr Ostrów Wielkopolski

Microstructures and Microwave-Absorbing Properties of ZnO Smoke from Zinc Leach Residue Treated by Carbothermal Reduction

Zhiwei Ma Sheng Wang Xueyan Du Ji Zhang Ruifeng Zhao Shengquan Zhang

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1163-1170 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136437

Keywords Zinc leach residue Carbothermal reduction ZnO smoke Microwave-absorbing properties

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Abstract

Much zinc residue is produced during the traditional processes involved in zinc hydrometallurgy in the leaching stage: its composition is complex and valuable metals are difficult to recover therefrom. If not handled properly, it can lead to a waste of resources and environmental pollution. To solve this problem, zinc leach residue specimens were treated using the carbothermal reduction method (CTR) that is easy to operate and has a high energy utilisation rate. The methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used for analytical characterisation. Based on this, this research investigated a structure-function relationship between microstructures and microwave-absorbing properties of ZnO smoke from CTR-treated zinc leach residue. The results demonstrate that microstructures and macro-properties of ZnO smoke obtained at different temperatures differ greatly. Under conditions including a calcination temperature of 1250°C, holding time of 60 min, and addition of 50% and 10% of powdered coal and CaO separately, the ZnO content in the obtained smoke is 99.14%, with regular micron-sized ZnO particles therein. For these particles, the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) reached –25.56 dB at a frequency of 15.84 GHz with a matching thickness of 5 mm. Moreover, frequency bandwidth corresponding to RL < –10 dB can reach 2.0 GHz. ZnO smoke obtained using this method is found to have excellent microwave-absorbing performance, which provides a new idea for high-value applications of zinc-rich residue.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zhiwei Ma

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sheng Wang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Xueyan Du

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ji Zhang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ruifeng Zhao

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shengquan Zhang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lanzhou University of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou 730050, China

Investigation of Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Al 7075/Garnet Metal Matrix Composites by Two-stage Stir Casting Process

M. Sambathkumar P. Navaneethakrishnan K.S.K. Sasikumar R. Gukendran K. Ponappa

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1123-1129 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136432

Keywords Al 7075 garnet Two-Stage Stir Casting Mechanical Properties corrosion properties

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Abstract

The impact of Garnet addition into the AL7075 Aluminium matrix on the physical, mechanical and corrosion properties are studied in this research paper. Al 7075/garnet composites are fabricated by using two-stage stir casting method in different (0, 5, 10, 15) volume percentages. Photomicrograph of prepared samples revealed the uniform distribution of garnet reinforcement into the base matrix. The corrosion rate is calculated by potentiodynamic polarization method. The actual density is increased by around 1.2% for Al 7075 / garnet (15%) composite as compared to base alloy. Micro hardness of Al 7075 / garnet (15%) composite is raised by around 47 (34%) compare to as cast base matrix. Al7075 / garnet (15%) composite tensile strength stood at 252 Mpa, which is 40% greater than the base alloy. Al 7075 / 15% garnet composites reduce around 97% of corrosion rate than the base matrix. Alloy elements influenced the corrosion than Garnet reinforcement.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sambathkumar

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Navaneethakrishnan

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K.S.K. Sasikumar

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Gukendran

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Ponappa

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Kongu Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erode, Tamilnadu, India
Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Jabalpur, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jabalpur, India

Setting Time and Compressive Strength of Geopolymers Made of Three Indonesian Low Calcium Fly Ash with Variation of Sodium Silicate Addition

Ririn Eva Hidayati Fitria Sandi Faradilla Dadang Dadang Lia Harmelia Nurlina Nurlina Didik Prasetyoko Hamzah Fansuri

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1115-1121 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136431

Keywords fly ash geopolymer Sodium silicate low calcium waste management

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Abstract

In this research, the effect of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) on the geopolymerization of fly ash type F (low calcium) has been studied. The variations of Na2SiO3 used in the synthesized geopolymers were 19, 32, and 41wt%. The fly ash from three different power plant sources was characterized using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fly ash-based geopolymers were tested for mechanical strength and setting time. The best geopolymer was obtained by adding 32% Na2SiO3, produced a compressive strength of 21.62 MPa with a setting time of 30 hours. Additions of 19wt% Na2SiO3 failed to form geopolymer paste while the addition of 41wt% Na2SiO3 decreased the mechanical strength of the geopolymer. Higher calcium content in low calcium fly ash produces stronger geopolymer and faster setting time.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ririn Eva Hidayati

1

Fitria Sandi Faradilla

1

Dadang Dadang

1

Lia Harmelia

1

Nurlina Nurlina

2

Didik Prasetyoko

1

Hamzah Fansuri

1

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Anlytics , Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Universitas Tanjungpura, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Pontianak 78111, Indonesia

Pseudocapacitive Characteristics of Mg Doped ZnO Nanospheres Prepared by Coprecipitation

S. Arul T. Senthilnathan V. Jeevanantham K.V. Satheesh Kumar

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1141-1148 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136434

Keywords Zinc oxide Mg-doped ZnO Coprecipitation cyclic voltammetry EIS

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Abstract

A n-type semiconductor ZnO has high transmittance features, excellent chemical stability and electrical properties. It is also commonly used in a range of fields, such as gas sensors, photocatalysts, optoelectronics, and solar photocell. Magnesium-doped zinc oxide (Mg-ZnO) nano powders were effectively produced using a basic chemical precipitation process at 45°C. Calcined Mg-ZnO nano powders have been characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX and PL studies. XRD measurements from Mg-ZnO revealed development of a crystalline structure with an average particle size of 85 nm and SEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology. Electrochemical property of produced Mg-ZnO nanoparticles was analyzed and the specific capacitance value of 729 F g–1 at 0.5 A g–1 current density was recorded and retained a specific capacitance ~100 percent at 2 A g–1 current density.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Arul

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Senthilnathan

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Jeevanantham

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

K.V. Satheesh Kumar

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jai Shriram Engineering College, Department of Physics, Tirupur-638660, Tamilnadu, India
Sri Venkateshwara College of Engineering, Department of Applied Physics, Sriperumbudur-602117, Tamilnadu, India
Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for Women, Department of Chemistry, Tiruchengode 637205, Tamilnadu, India
Kongu Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Erode-638060, Tamilnadu, India

Influence of Carbon Particle in Polymer Matrix Composite over Mechanical Properties and Tribology Behavior

K. Sravanthi V. Mahesh B. Nageswara Rao

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 1171-1178 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136433

Keywords Carbon epoxy CNT Mechanical Tribological

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Abstract

In this research, the carbon particle dispersions are made in two different levels as carbon nano tube (CNT) and carbon particle in microns range. The mechanical strength is evaluated for the composites developed by axial loading and bending test analysis. In addition, the air jet abrasive particle erosion study is performed for different angle of impingement. The dispersion of carbon particle in the matrix material has reduced the mechanical strength. The sample with 4% of CNT dispersion in the composite has a maximum strength of 143 MPa and a minimum strength of 112 MPa. For the same combination (4% of CNT composite), the maximum flexural strength is 116 MPa. It is clear to infer that the strength of CNT in matrix materials is superior to the increase in length of carbon particle. The dispersion of carbon particle in the matrix material increases the brittleness and the strength is diminished. During the flexural bending, the fiber delamination occurred with severe deformation in the plain composite. When the materials are subjected to impingement of solid particle, the attrition effect on the exposed surfaces is vulnerable towards erosive mechanism. The presence of carbon in the matrix material has significantly increased the surface property. The results are appreciable for 4% of CNT composite. Especially at 30º, the minimum erosive wear 0.0033 g/g has been recorded. Erosive wear is less at minimum impingement angle and the wear is found increasing at higher impingement angle. Therefore, it is recommended not to add carbon particle to a higher weight percentage, since it leads to brittleness.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Sravanthi

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Mahesh

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Nageswara Rao

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Deemed to be University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur522 502, India
Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hyderabad, India
SR Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Warangal 506371, India

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