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Effect of Fe-Mn Solid Solution Precursor Addition on Modified AA 7075

Min Sang Kim Dae Young Kim Young Do Kim Hyun Joo Choi Se Hoon Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 783-787 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136380
Keywords Al-Zn-Mg alloy Solid solution precursor mechanical properties
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Abstract

This study suggests a new way to modify the size and morphology of Al-Fe phases in modified AA 7075 by using an Fe-Mn solid solution powder as the precursor. When Fe and Mn are added in the form of a solid solution, the diffusion of Fe and Mn toward the Al is delayed, thus altering the chemical composition and morphology of the precipitates. The fine, spherical precipitates are found to provide a good balance between strength and ductility compared to the case where Fe and Mn are separately added.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Sang Kim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dae Young Kim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Young Do Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun Joo Choi
3
ORCID: ORCID
Se Hoon Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Hanyang University, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  2. Metallic Material R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
  3. Kookmin University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Change In Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Of Four-Layer Stack ARB Processed Complex Aluminum Sheet with Annealing

Sang-Hyeon Jo Seong-Hee Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 759-763 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136377
Keywords accumulative roll bonding heterogeneous microstructure aluminum alloy electron back scatter diffraction annealing
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Abstract

The four-layer stack accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process using AA1050, AA5052 and AA6061 alloy sheets is performed up to 2 cycles without a lubricant at room temperature. The sample fabricated by the ARB is a multi-layer complex aluminum alloy sheet in which the AA1050, AA5052 and AA6061 alloys are alternately stacked to each other. The changes of microstructure and mechanical properties with annealing for the-ARBed aluminum sheet are investigated in detail. The as-ARBed sheet shows an ultrafine grained structure, however the grain diameter is some different depending on the kind of aluminum alloys. The complex aluminum alloy still shows ultrafine structure up to annealing temperature of 250℃, but above 275℃ it exhibits a heterogeneous structure containing both the ultrafine grains and the coarse grains due to an occurrence of discontinuous recrystallization. This change in microstructure with annealing also has an effect on the change of the mechanical properties of the sample. Especially, the specimen annealed at 300℃ represents abnormal values for the strength coefficient K and work hardening exponent n value.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Sang-Hyeon Jo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Hee Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mokpo National University, Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Muan-Gun, Jeonnam 58554, Korea

Effect of Cu Addition on Oxide Growth of Al-7 mass%Mg Alloy at High Temperature

Seong-Ho Ha Abdul Wahid Shah Bong-Hwan Kim Young-Ok Yoon Hyun-Kyu Lim Shae K. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 699-702 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136364
Keywords Al-Mg system Cu addition oxidation phase diagram
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Abstract

Effect of Cu addition on oxide growth of Al-7 mass%Mg alloy at high temperature was investigated. As-cast microstructures of Al-7 mass%Mg and Al-7 mass%Mg-1 mass%Cu alloys showed α-Al dendrites and area of secondary particles. The 1 mass%Cu addition into Al-7 mass%Mg alloy formed Mg32(Al, Cu)49 ternary phase with β-Al3Mg2. The total fraction of two Mg-containing phases in Cu-added alloy was higher than the β-Al3Mg2 fraction in Cu-free alloy. From measured weight gains depending on time at 500°C under an air atmosphere, it was shown that all samples exhibited significant weight gains depending on time. Al-7mass%Mg-1mass%Cu alloy showed the relatively increased oxidation rate when compared with Cu-free alloy. All the oxidized cross-sections throughout the entire oxidation time showed coarse and dark areas regarded as oxides grown from the surface to inside, but bigger oxidized areas were formed in the Al-7mass%Mg-1mass%Cu alloy containing higher fraction of Mg-based phases in the as-cast microstructure. As a result of compositional analysis on the oxide clusters, it was found that the oxide clusters contained Mg-based oxides formed through internal oxidation during a long time exposure to oxidizing environments.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Wahid Shah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bong-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Young-Ok Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kyu Lim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shae K. Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Influence of Si Addition on Oxide Growth of Al-6 mass%Mg Alloy Melts

Young-Ok Yoon Seong-Ho Ha Abdul Wahid Shah Bong-Hwan Kim Hyun-Kyu Lim Shae K. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 695-698 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136363
Keywords Al-Mg system Si addition oxidation Phase diagram
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Abstract

Influence of Si addition on oxide layer growth of Al-6 mass%Mg alloys in molten state was investigated in this study. After melt holding for 24 h, the melt surface of only Si-free alloy became significantly bumpy, while no considerably oxidized surface was observed even with 1 mass%Si addition. There was no visible change on the appearance of melt surfaces with increasing Si content. As a result of compositional analysis on the melt samples between before and after melt holding, the Si-added alloys nearly maintained their Mg contents even after the melt holding for 24 h. On the other hand, the Mg content in the Si-free alloy showed a great reduction. The bumpy surface on Si-free alloy melt showed a large amount of pores and oxide clusters in its cross-section, while the Si-added alloy had no significantly grown oxide clusters on the surfaces. As a result of compositional analysis on the surfaces, the oxide clusters in Si-free alloy contained a great amount of Mg and oxygen. The oxide layer on the Si-added alloy was divided into Mg-rich and Mg-poor areas and contained certain amounts of Si. Such a mixed oxide layer containing Si would act as a protective layer during the melt holding for a long duration.
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Bibliography

[1] J.R. Davis, ASM International, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, Materials Park 1993.
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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Ok Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Wahid Shah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bong-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kyu Lim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shae K. Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Morphology Control of One-Dimensional gallium nitride Nanostructures by Modulating the Crystallinity of Sacrificial gallium oxide Templates

Yun Taek Ko Mijeong Park Jingyeong Park Jaeyun Moon Yong-Ho Choa Young-In Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 709-712 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136366
Keywords GaN Nanofiber Nanotube electrospinning chemical transformation
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Abstract

In this study, we demonstrated a method of controllably synthesizing one-dimensional nanostructures having a dense or a hollow structure using fibrous sacrificial templates with tunable crystallinity. The fibrous Ga2O3 templates were prepared by calcining the polymer/gallium precursor nanofiber synthesized by an electrospinning process, and their crystallinity was varied by controlling the calcination temperature from 500oC to 900oC. GaN nanostructures were transformed by nitriding the Ga2O3 nanofibers using NH3 gas. All of the transformed GaN nanostructures maintained a one-dimensional structure well and exhibited a diameter of about 50 nm, but their morphology was clearly distinguished according to the crystallinity of the templates. When the templates having a relatively low crystallinity were used, the transformed GaN showed a hollow nanostructure, and as the crystallinity increased, GaN was converted into a denser nanostructure. This morphological difference can be explained as being caused by the difference in the diffusion rate of Ga depending on the crystallinity of Ga2O3 during the conversion from Ga2O3 to GaN. It is expected that this technique will make possible the tubular nanostructure synthesis of nitride functional nanomaterials.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Yun Taek Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mijeong Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jingyeong Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jaeyun Moon
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Choa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Young-In Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Hanyang University, Dept. of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
  2. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
  3. University of Nevada , Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland PKWY Las Vegas, Nv 89154, United States

Microstructural Evolution of AlCuFeMnTi-0.75Si High Entropy Alloy Processed by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering

Minsu Kim Ashutosh Sharma Myoung Jin Chae Hansung Lee Byungmin Ahn
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 703-707 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136365
Keywords high entropy alloy powder metallurgy mechanical alloying spark plasma sintering high energy ball milling
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Abstract

In this work, we have designed a new high entropy alloy containing lightweight elements, e.g., Al, Fe, Mn, Ti, Cu, Si by high energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. The composition of Si was kept at 0.75 at% in this study. The results showed that the produced AlCuFeMnTiSi0.75 high entropy alloy was BCC structured. The evolution of BCC1 and BCC2 phases was observed with increasing the milling time up to 60 h. The spark plasma sintering treatment of milled compacts from 650-950°C showed the phase separation of BCC into BCC1 and BCC2. The density and strength of these developed high entropy alloys (95-98%, and 1000 HV) improved with milling time and were maximum at 850°C sintering temperature. The current work demonstrated desirable possibilities of Al-Si based high entropy alloys for substitution of traditional cast components at intermediate temperature applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Minsu Kim
1
Ashutosh Sharma
1
ORCID: ORCID
Myoung Jin Chae
1
Hansung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi, 16499, Korea

Development of Admixed Lubricant for Warm Die and Warm Compaction of High-Density PM Iron

Min Chul Oh Byungmin Ahn
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 679-682 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136360
Keywords powder metallurgy lubricants ejection pressure warm die warm compaction
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Abstract

The objective of the present research is to develop new admixed lubricants which can be used for high-density sintered iron when processed using warm die and warm compaction. Depending on various lubricants, the effect of compaction temperature on the ejection behavior and sintered properties was studied. Lubricants were prepared by mixing of Zn-stearate and ethylene bis stearamide (EBS) in various compositions. The iron powders blended with lubricants were compacted under the pressure of 700 MPa at various temperatures. The green compacts were sintered at 1120°C for 30 min. Microstructure, density, hardness, and transverse rupture strength of sintered materials with different lubricants were investigated in detail.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Chul Oh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, 206 WORLDCUP-RO, SUWON, Gyeonggi, 16499, Korea
  2. AI & Mechanical System Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, 175-28 GOAN-RO 51 BEON-GIL, Yyongin, Gyeonggi, 17180, Korea

A Study on the Durability of Dimensionally Stable Electrode in High-Rate Electroplating Process Condition Using Accelerated Life Test

Sung Cheol Park Yeon Jae Jung SeokBon Koo Kee-Ahn Lee Seong Ho Son
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 675-678 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136359
Keywords durability prediction dimensionally stable electrode accelerated life test failure mechanism
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Abstract

In order to the long-term stability of DSE for electroplating process, the lifetime equations were calculated from the results of the accelerated life testing, and the lifetime of DSE was predicted. The nano-embossing pre-treatment led to 2.65 times in the lifetime of DSE. The degradation mechanism of DSE with a thick metal oxide layer for applied highly current density process condition was identified. The improvement of durability of DSE seems to be closely related to adhesion between titanium plate and mixed metal oxide layer.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Sung Cheol Park
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yeon Jae Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
SeokBon Koo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kee-Ahn Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seong Ho Son
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Advanced Functional Technology R&D Department, Incheon, Republic of Korea
  2. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, Republic of Korea

High-Efficiency Cooling System Using Additive Manufacturing

Yeong-Jin Woo Dong-Ho Nam Seok-Rok Lee Eun-Ah Kim Woo-Jin Lee Dong-Yeol Yang Ji-Hun Yu Yong-Ho Park Hak-Sung Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 689-693 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136362
Keywords Additive manufacturing (AM) DfAM (Design for Additive Manufacturing) Cooling system Lattice structure simulation
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Abstract

In this study, we propose a cooling structure manufactured using a specialized three-dimensional (3D) printing design method. A cooling performance test system with complex geometry that used a thermoelectric module was manufactured using metal 3D printing. A test model was constructed by applying additive manufacturing simulation and computational fluid analysis techniques, and the correlation between each element and cooling efficiency was examined. In this study, the evaluation was conducted using a thermoelectric module base cooling efficiency measurement system. The contents were compared and analyzed by predicting the manufacturing possibility and cooling efficiency, through additive manufacturing simulation and computational fluid analysis techniques, respectively.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Yeong-Jin Woo
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Ho Nam
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Rok Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eun-Ah Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Woo-Jin Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Yeol Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ji-Hun Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hak-Sung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
  2. Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea

Effects of ZrO2 and Al2O3 Addition on the Physical Properties of Cu-Mo-Cr Alloy by Liquid Phase Sintering

Yeong-Woo Cho Jae-Jin Sim Sung-Gue Heo Hyun-Chul Kim Yong-Kwan Lee Jong-Soo Byeon Yong-Tak Lee Kee-Ahn Lee Seok-Jun Seo Kyoung-Tae Park
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 683-687 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136361
Keywords Al2O3 ZrO2 Cu-Mo-Cr sintering powder metallurgy
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Abstract

In this study, the effect of the addition of ZrO2 and Al2O3 ceramic powders to Cu-Mo-Cr alloy was studied by examining the physical properties of the composite material. The ceramic additives were selected based on the thermodynamic stability calculation of the Cu-Mo-Cr alloys. Elemental powders, in the ratio Cu:Mo:Cr = 60:30:10 (wt.%), and approximately 0-1.2 wt.% of ZrO2 and Al2O3 were mixed, and a green compact was formed by pressing the mixture under 186 MPa pressure and sintering at 1250°C for 5 h. The raw powders were evenly dispersed in the mixed powder, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. After sintering, the microstructures, densities, electrical conductivities, and hardness of the composites were evaluated. We found that the addition of ZrO2 and Al2O3 increased the hardness and decreased the electrical conductivity and density of the composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yeong-Woo Cho
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Jin Sim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Gue Heo
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Chul Kim
1 3
Yong-Kwan Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jong-Soo Byeon
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Tak Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Kee-Ahn Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Jun Seo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kyoung-Tae Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute for Rare Metals, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 7-50 Songdo-dong Yeonsoo-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
  2. Inha University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Incheon 22212, Korea
  3. Korea University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 02841, Korea

Effect of Deformation Temperature on the Magnetic Properties of PrFeB Alloy Fabricated by Gas Atomization

Ju-Young Cho Myung-Suk Song Yong-Ho Choa Taek-Soo Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 955-958 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136404
Keywords PrFeB alloy Gas atomization plastic deformation Rolling REFeB magnet
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Abstract

To form the fine micro-structures, the Pr17Fe78B5 magnet powders were produced in the optimized gas atomization conditions and it was investigated that the formation of the textures, microstructures, and the changes in the magnetic properties with increasing the deformation temperatures and rolling directions. Due to the rapid cooling system than the casting process, the homogenous microstructures were composed of the Pr-rich and Pr2Fe14B without any oxides and α-Fe and enables grain refinement. The pore ratios were 2.87, 1.42, and 0.22% at the deformation temperatures of 600, 700, 800°C, respectively in the rolled samples to align the c-axis which is the magnetic easy axis. Because Pr-rich phase cannot flow into the pore with a liquid state at low temperature, the improvement of pore densification was gradually observed with increasing deformation temperature. To confirm the magnetic decoupling effects of Pr2Fe14B phases by Pr-rich phases, the magnetic properties were investigated in rolled samples produced at the deformation temperature of 800°C. Although the remanent field is slightly decreased by 30%, the coercivity fields increased by about 2 times than that previous casted ingot. It is suggested that the gas atomization method can be suitable for fabricating grain refined and pure PrFeB magnets, and the plastic deformation conditions and rolling directions are a critical role to manipulate microstructure and magnetic properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ju-Young Cho
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Myung-Suk Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Choa
2
ORCID: ORCID
Taek-Soo Kim
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156 Gaetbeol-ro (Songdo-dong), Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
  2. Hanyang University, Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ansan 15588, Korea
  3. University of Science and Technology, Critical Materials and Semi-Conductor Packaging Engineering, Daejeon 3413, Republic of Korea

A Study on Drilling Machinability of γ-TiAl Alloy

Hyunseok Yang Woo-Chul Jung Man-Sik Kong Changhee Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 951-954 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136403
Keywords γ-TiAl alloy drilling Machinability Thrust Torque
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Abstract

Intermetallic γ-TiAl alloy has excellent properties at high temperatures and is thus attracting attention as a substitute for nickel-based superalloy parts for turbine engines. However, γ-TiAl alloy is reported to be a difficult material to be machined due to its low ductility at room temperature, tensile strength, and thermal conductivity. In this study, a system capable of measuring thrust force (Tf) and torque (Tc) during the drilling process was constructed, and drilling processability according to the heat treated microstructure of γ-TiAl alloy was compared. As a result, it was confirmed that the thrust and torque of the γ-TiAl alloy having a microstructure in which the grains were refined by the heat treatment process was relatively low and rapidly stabilized, which is advantageous for drilling.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyunseok Yang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Woo-Chul Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Man-Sik Kong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Changhee Lee
2
  1. Advanced Materials & Processing Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, Yongin, South Korea
  2. Hanyang University, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul, South Korea

Sn-Pd-Ni Electroplating on Bi2Te3-Based Thermoelectric Elements for Direct Thermocompression Bonding and Creation of a Reliable Bonding Interface

Seok Jun Kang Sung Hwa Bae Injoon Son
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 963-966 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136406
Keywords Tin Electroplating Thermoelectric Module Thermocompression Bonding Bi2Te3 Direct Bonding
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Abstract

The Sn-Ag-Cu-based solder paste screen-printing method has primarily been used to fabricate Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric (TE) modules, as Sn-based solder alloys have a low melting temperature (approximately 220℃) and good wettability with Cu electrodes. However, this process may result in uneven solder thickness when the printing pressure is not constant. Therefore, we suggested a novel direct-bonding method between the Bi2Te3-based TE elements and the Cu electrode by electroplating a 100 µm Sn/ 1.3 µm Pd/ 3.5 µm Ni bonding layer onto the Bi2Te3-based TE elements. It was determined that there is a problem with the amount of precipitation and composition depending on the pH change, and that the results may vary depending on the composition of Pd. Thus, double plating layers were formed, Ni/Pd, which were widely commercialized. The Sn/Pd/Ni electroplating was highly reliable, resulting in a bonding strength of 8 MPa between the thermoelectric and Cu electrode components, while the Pd and Ni electroplated layer acted as a diffusion barrier between the Sn layer and the Bi2Te3 TE. This process of electroplating Sn/Pd/Ni onto the Bi2Te3 TE elements presents a novel method for the fabrication of TE modules without using the conventional Sn-alloy-paste screen-printing method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seok Jun Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung Hwa Bae
2
ORCID: ORCID
Injoon Son
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Kyungpook National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Daegu, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyushu University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Materials Process Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan

Characterization of Ca Precipitation in Al-Mg Alloys Containing a Trace of Ca During Homogenization

Seong-Ho Ha Young-Chul Shin Bong-Hwan Kim Young-Ok Yoon Hyun-Kyu Lim Sung-Hwan Lim Shae K. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 959-962 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136405
Keywords Al-Mg system precipitation Mg+Al2Ca mater alloy Transmission electron microscope Phase diagram
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Abstract

In this study, precipitation of Ca in Al-Mg alloys containing a trace of Ca during homogenization was investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and calculated phase diagrams. TEM result indicated that the Ca-based particles found in the examined sample are Ca7Mg7.5Si14. From the calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was found that the Ca was formed as Al4Ca and C36 laves phases with Mg2Si and Al13Fe4 from other impurities phase during solidification. No Ca-Mg-Si ternary phase existed at the homogenization temperature in the calculated phase diagram. From the phase diagram of Al-Al4Ca-Mg2Si three-phase isothermal at 490℃, it was shown that Ca7Mg6Si14 phase co-exists with Al, Mg2Si and Al4Ca in the largest region and with only Al and Mg2Si in Al4Ca-poor regions. It was thought that the Ca7Mg6Si14 ternary phase was formed by the interaction between Mg2Si and Al4Ca considering that the segregation can occur throughout the entire microstructures.
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[6] S.H. Ha, J.K. Lee, S.K. Kim, Mater. Trans. 49, 1081 (2008).
[7] S.H. Ha, B.H. Kim, Y.O. Yoon, H.K. Lim, T.W. Lee, S.H. Lim, S.K. Kim, Int. J. Metalcast. 13, 121 (2019).
[8] J.W. Jeong, J.S. Im, K. Song, M.H. Kwon, S.K. Kim, Y.B. Kang, S.H. Oh, Acta Mater. 61, 3267 (2013).
[9] K. Ozturk, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, J. Alloys Compd. 340, 199 (2002).
[10] C.W. Bale, E. Bélisle, P. Chartrand, S.A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, A.E. Gheribi, K. Hack, I.H. Jung, Y.B. Kang, J. Melançon, A.D. Pelton, S. Petersen, C. Robelin, J. Sangster, P. Spencer, M.A. Van Ende, Calphad 54, 35 (2016).
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Authors and Affiliations

Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Young-Chul Shin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bong-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Young-Ok Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kyu Lim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Hwan Lim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shae K. Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
  2. Kangwon National University, Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea

Production of High-Purity Tantalum Metal Powder for Capacitors Using Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis

Yong-Kwan Lee Jae-Jin Sim Jong-Soo Byeon Yong-Tak Lee Yeong-Woo Cho Hyun-Chul Kim Sung-Gue Heo Kee-Ahn Lee Seok-Jun Seo Kyoung-Tae Park
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 935-939 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136400
Keywords Tantalum Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis Tantalum Oxide Magnesium Capacitor
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Abstract

In this study, high-purity tantalum metal powder was manufactured via self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. During the process, Ta2O5 and Mg were used as the raw material powder and the reducing agent, respectively, and given that combustion rate and reaction temperature are important factors that influence the success of this process, these factors were controlled by adding an excessive mass of the reducing agent (Mg) i.e., above the chemical equivalent, rather than by using a separate diluent. It was confirmed that Ta metal powder manufactured after the process was ultimately manufactured 99.98% high purity Ta metal powder with 0.5 µm particle size. Thus, it was observed that adding the reducing reagent in excess favored the manufacture of high-purity Ta powder that can be applied in capacitors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yong-Kwan Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Jin Sim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Jong-Soo Byeon
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Tak Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yeong-Woo Cho
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Chul Kim
1 3
Sung-Gue Heo
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Kee-Ahn Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Jun Seo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kyoung-Tae Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute for Rare Metals, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 7-50 Songdo-dong Yeonsoo-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
  2. Inha University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Incheon 22212, Korea
  3. Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Electrochemical Properties of Flexible Anode with SnO2 Nanopowder for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Huihun Kim Milan K. Sadan Changhyeon Kim Ga-In Choi Minjun Seong Kwon-Koo Cho Ki-Won Kim Jou-Hyeon Ahn Hyo-Jun Ahn
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 931-934 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136399
Keywords Sodium-ion batteries SnO2 anode Flexible electrode Nano SnO2 particles Ether based electrolyte
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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted substantial interest as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of the low cost. There have been many studies on the development of new anode materials that could react with sodium by conversion mechanism. SnO2 is a promising candidate due to its low cost and high theoretical capacity. However, SnO2 has the same problem as other anodes during the conversion reaction, i.e., the volume of the anode repeatedly expands and contracts by cycling. Herein, anode is composed of carbon nanofiber embedded with SnO2 nanopowder. The resultant electrode showed improvement of cyclability. The optimized SnO2 electrode showed high capacity of 1275 mAh g–1 at a current density of 50 mA g–1. The high conductivity of the optimized electrode resulted in superior electrochemical performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huihun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Milan K. Sadan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Changhyeon Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ga-In Choi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Minjun Seong
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kwon-Koo Cho
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ki-Won Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jou-Hyeon Ahn
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyo-Jun Ahn
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gyeongsang National University, Research Institute for Green Energy Convergence Technology, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
  2. Gyeongsang National University, Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea

Microstructure Formation of Al-5 mass%Mg Alloy Melts by Interaction with Silica

Sun-Ki Kim Seong-Ho Ha Bong-Hwan Kim Young-Ok Yoon Hyun-Kyu Lim Shae K. Kim Young-Jig Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 947-950 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136402
Keywords Al-Mg system Silica reduction Mg2Si phase diagram
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Abstract

Dissolution of Si in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy melt by the reduction of SiO2 and its effect on microstructure formation of the alloy after solidification were investigated. Al-5 mass%Mg alloy without silica powder had approximately 0.05 mass%Si as an impurity. No significant difference in Si content was observed after the reaction with silica for 10 min, while the Si content increased up to about 0.12 mass% after 30 min. From the microstructure analysis and calculation of Scheil-Gulliver cooling, it was considered that as-cast microstructures of Al-5 mass%Mg-1 mass% SiO2 alloys had the distribution of eutectic phase particles, which are comprised of β-Al3Mg2 and Mg2Si phases. Based on the phase diagrams, only limited amount of Mg can be selectively removed by silica depending on the ratio of Si and Mg. Addition of silica of more than approximately 1.5 mass% in Al-5 mass%Mg alloy led to the formation of spinel and removal of both Mg and Al from the melt.
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[6] S.H. Ha, B.H. Kim, Y.O. Yoon, H.K. Lim, S.K. Kim, Sci. Adv. Mater. 10, 694 (2018).
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Authors and Affiliations

Sun-Ki Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Ho Ha
2
ORCID: ORCID
Bong-Hwan Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Young-Ok Yoon
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kyu Lim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shae K. Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Young-Jig Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Sungkyunkwan University, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Effects of SiC Coating of Carbon Fiber on Mechanical Properties in Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Al Matrix Composite

Jin Man Jang Se-Hyun Ko Wonsik Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 941-946 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136401
Keywords Short carbon fiber Al composite SiC coating mechanical property
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Abstract

A356 Al composites reinforced by short carbon fiber were prepared through the 2-step process: fabrication of a composite precursor and ultrasonication of the precursor melt. The short carbon fibers were coated with 0.15~1.5 μm thick SiC layer by a carbothermal reaction, and an amount of the carbon fiber reinforcement was determined to be 1.5 vol.% and 4.0 vol.%, respectively. The addition of the carbon fiber increased the hardness of A356 alloy. However, tensile strength did not increase in the as-cast composites regardless of the SiC coating and volume fraction of the carbon fiber, due to the debonding which reduced load transfer efficiency from matrix to fiber at the interface. After T6-treatment of the composites, a significant increase in strength occurred only in the composite reinforced by the SiC-coated short carbon fiber, which was considered to result from the formation of a precipitate improving the Al/SiC interfacial strength
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Man Jang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Se-Hyun Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wonsik Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Advanced Materials and Process R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea

Synthesis and Characterization of MoO3 Nano Particle by Controlling Various Growth Conditions in Solution Combustion Method

Namhun Kwon Seyoung Lee Jaeseok Roh Kun-Jae Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 991-995 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136412
Keywords Molybdenum trioxide Solution combustion method Particle morphology Nano-rod Nanoparticle
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Abstract

In this paper, synthesize MoO3 particles with various particle properties by control growth influence factors was mainly studied. The experimental conditions were established in molar ratio of Mo:urea and pH levels. The plate-type of MoO3 particles were formed without proceeding any established conditions, but the rod-shape particles were formed by adjusting molar ratio of Mo:urea. Also, different ranges of the particle size were formed by adjusting experimental conditions. Through the results, it was confirmed that particles with a size in the range of 300 ~ 400 nm were obtained by adjusting precursor concentration and the micrometer size of particles were formed by increase pH levels. The properties of the particles formed accordingly by setting various factors that can affect the growth process of MoO3 particle was analyzed as variables and the particle growth behavior was also observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Namhun Kwon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seyoung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jaeseok Roh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kun-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Dankook University, Department of Energy Engineering, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea

Synthesis of the Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese Cathode Material Using Recycled Nickel as Precursors from Secondary Batteries

Hang-Chul Jung Deokhyun Han Dae-Weon Kim Byungmin Ahn
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 987-990 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136411
Keywords Secondary Battery nickel recycling Taylor Reaction Cathode Materials
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Abstract

As the amount of high-capacity secondary battery waste gradually increased, waste secondary batteries for industry (high-speed train & HEV) were recycled and materialization studies were carried out. The precipitation experiment was carried out with various conditions in the synthesis of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 material using a Taylor reactor. The raw material used in this study was a leaching solution generated from waste nickel-based batteries. The nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) precursor was prepared by the Taylor reaction process. Material analysis indicated that spherical powder was formed, and the particle size of the precursor was decreased as the reaction speed was increased during the preparation of the NCM. The spherical NCM powder having a particle size of 10 µm was synthesized using reaction conditions, stirring speed of 1000 rpm for 24 hours. The NCM precursor prepared by the Taylor reaction was synthesized as a cathode material for the LIB, and then a coin-cell was manufactured to perform the capacity evaluation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hang-Chul Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Deokhyun Han
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dae-Weon Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute for Advanced Engineering (IAE), Yongin, Korea
  2. Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Energy Systems Research, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16499, Korea

Consolidation and Oxidation of Ultra Fine WC-Co-HfB2 Hard Materials by Spark Plasma Sintering

Hyun-Kuk Park Ik-Hyun Oh Ju-Hun Kim Sung-Kil Hong Jeong-Han Lee
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 997-1000 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136413
Keywords WC cemented carbide hafnium diboride spark plasma sintering oxidation mechanical property
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Abstract

In this study, a novel composite was fabricated by adding the Hafnium diboride (HfB2) to conventional WC-Co cemented carbides to enhance the high-temperature properties while retaining the intrinsic high hardness. Using spark plasma sintering, high density (up to 99.4%) WC-6Co-(1, 2.5, 4, and 5.5 wt. %) HfB2 composites were consolidated at 1300℃ (100℃/min) under 60 MPa pressure. The microstructural evolution, oxidation layer, and phase constitution of WC-Co-HfB2 were investigated in the distribution of WC grain and solid solution phases by X-ray diffraction and FE-SEM. The WC-Co-HfB2 composite exhibited improved mechanical properties (approximately 2,180.7 kg/mm2) than those of conventional WC-Co cemented carbides. The high strength of the fabricated composites was caused by the fine-grade HfB2 precipitate and the solid solution, which enabled the tailoring of mechanical properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Kuk Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ik-Hyun Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ju-Hun Kim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Kil Hong
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jeong-Han Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Smart Mobility Materials and Components R&D Group, 6, Cheomdan-gwa giro 208-gil, Buk-gu, Gwan g-Ju, 61012, Korea
  2. Chonnam National University, Materials Science & Engineering, 77, Yong-bongro, Buk-gu, Gwan g-ju, 61186, Korea

The Effects of Grain Boundary Structures on Mechanical Properties in Nanocrystalline Al Alloy

Jin Man Jang Wonsik Lee Se-Hyun Ko
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 971-975 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136408
Keywords nanocrystalline Al alloy Young’s modulus hardness nanoindentation low and high angle grain boundary
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Abstract

This study investigates the effects of grain boundary structures on mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Al-0.7Mg-1.0Cu alloy using nanoindentation system. Grain boundary structure transforms to high angle grain boundaries from low angle ones with increase of heat treatment temperature and the transformation temperature is about 400℃. Young’s modulus and hardness are higher in sample with low angle grain boundaries, while creep length is larger in sample with high angle ones. These results indicate that progress of plastic deformation at room temperature is more difficult in sample with low angle ones. During compression test at 200℃, strain softening occurs in all samples. However, yield strength in sample with low angle grain boundaries is higher twice than that with high angle ones due to higher activation energy for grain boundary sliding.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Man Jang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Wonsik Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Se-Hyun Ko
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
  2. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea

Effect of the ENEPIG Process on the Bonding Strength of BiTe-based Thermoelectric Elements

Subin Kim Sung Hwa Bae Injoon Son
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 967-970 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136407
Keywords thermoelectric ENEPIG bonding strength BiTe plating
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Abstract

To improve the mechanical performance of BiTe-based thermoelectric modules, this study applies anti-diffusion layers that inhibit the generation of metal intercompounds and an electroless nickel/electrode palladium/mission gold (ENEPIG) plating layers to ensure a stable bonding interface. If a plated layer is formed only on BiTe-based thermoelectric, the diffusion of Cu in electrode substrates produces an intermetallic compound. Therefore, the ENEPIG process was applied on the Cu electrode substrate. The bonding strength highly increased from approximately 10.4 to 16.4 MPa when ENEPIG plating was conducted to the BiTe-based thermoelectric element. When ENEPIG plating was performed to both the BiTe-based thermoelectric element and the Cu electrode substrate, the bonding strength showed the highest value of approximately 17.6 MPa, suggesting that the ENEPIG process is effective in ensuring a highly reliable bonding interface of the BiTe-based thermoelectric module.
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Authors and Affiliations

Subin Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung Hwa Bae
2
ORCID: ORCID
Injoon Son
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Kyungpook National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Daegu, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyushu University Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Materials Process Engineering, Fukuoka, Japan

Study on Recovery of Valuable Metals in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 Slag System

Tae Boong Moon Chulwoong Han Soong Keun Hyun Sung Cheol Park Seong Ho Son Man Seung Lee Yong Hwan Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 983-986 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.136410
Keywords Spent lithium-ion battery Smelting Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 recovery slag
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Abstract

This study investigated the recovery behavior of valuable metals (Co, Ni, Cu and Mn) in spent lithium ion-batteries based on Al2O3-SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 slag system via DC submerged arc smelting process. The valuable metals were recovered by 93.9% at the 1250℃ for 30 min on the 20Al2O3-40SiO2-20CaO-20Fe2O3 (mass%) slag system. From the analysis of the slag by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, it was considered that Fe2O3 and Al2O3 acted as basic oxides to depolymerize SiO4 and AlO4 under the addition of critical 20 mass% Fe2O3 in 20Al2O3-40SiO2-CaO-Fe2O3 (CaO + Fe2O3 = 40 mass%). In addition, it was observed that the addition of Fe2O3 ranging between 20 and 30 mass% lowers the melting point of the slag system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tae Boong Moon
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Chulwoong Han
2
ORCID: ORCID
Soong Keun Hyun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sung Cheol Park
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seong Ho Son
2
ORCID: ORCID
Man Seung Lee
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yong Hwan Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Technology Incheon, 156, Gaetbeol Rd., Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
  3. Mokpo National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Mokpo, Korea

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