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Number of results: 7
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Abstract

The ethanol fire hazards will become more frequent due to the new established targets for the consumption of renewable energy sources. With this in mind, this paper aims to widen the current knowledge on CFD modelling of such a fire. As previous works rely heavily on the data of small pool fire diameters (below 1 m), this research deals with ethanol pool fire on a one-meter test tray, using our own experimental data. A mathematical model was developed and solved using a commercial CFD package (ANSYS Fluent). A new hybrid RANS-LES (SBES) model was employed to calculate turbulent stresses. Generally, the simulation results showed a good fit with the experimental results for flame temperatures at different elevations. In particular, a minor discrepancy was only observed for the top thermocouple (1.9 m above the tray). The flame heights computed with the CFD model were on average higher than the experimental one. Good agreement was observed for the radiative fraction and the axial temperature profile on the plume centreline. The latter showed an almost perfect fit between the temperature profiles obtained from CFD simulations and those calculated from the plume law for temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Cherbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leszek Rudniak
1
Piotr Machniewski
1
Eugeniusz Molga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Tępiński
2
Wojciech Klapsa
2
Piotr Lesiak
2

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, ul. Warynskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Scientific and Research Centre for Fire Protection of the National Research Institute, ul. Nadwislanska 213, 05-420 Józefów, Poland
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Abstract

The transformation of the former docks in Dublin was one of the major urban regeneration projects in Ireland, which was built during the recent economic boom. Since the start of the project in the nineties, more than six thousand apartments have been built in the area. The construction of the apartments allowed for the diversifi cation of the character of this district into a living quarter. Initially the Docklands were considered as an offi ce district that would serve the Ireland’s service-based economy. New projects also allowed for the development of housing in a close proximity to existing city centre, although it did not happen not without avoiding the gentrifi cation and social polarization of this area.

The key role in the process was played by the operator – the urban development agency (Dublin Docklands Development Authority). It acted both as a strategic landowner and the coordinator of the development. The agency was responsible for the delivery of the infrastructure and the sale of the land. The actions of the operator included setting up the of the housing standards, requirements for the development of the infrastructure, both social and technical and public transportation systems. In the hindsight, the agency was praised for the management of the development of such large site. On the other hand, the lack of procedural oversight and a few dubious fi nancial decisions, as well as the other eff ects of the neoliberal policies, such as gentrification, fi nally lower the assessment of DDDA efficiency in that matter.

The article summarizes the main aims and achievements of the DDDA’s development policy and its assessment from the long-term perspective of two decades of transformation. This includes the eff ects of the actions in the aftermath of the fi nancial crisis. Such perspective allows to highlight the various stages of the development of the agency and to examine the efficiency and efficacy of these actions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Pancewicz
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Abstract

The paper presents research carried out during the development of new technology for the production of heavy-weight castings of counterweights. The research concerns the procedure of inoculation gray cast iron with flake graphite and indicates guidelines for the development of new technology for obtaining inoculated cast iron for industrial conditions.
The research was conducted in order to verify the possibility of producing large size or heavy-weight castings of plates in a vertical arrangement. The aim is to evenly distribute graphite in the structure of cast iron and thus reduce the volumetric fraction of type D graphite. The tests were carried out using the ProCast program, which was used to determine the reference chemical composition, and the inoculation procedure was carried out with the use of three different inoculants. The work was carried out in project no. RPMP.01.02.01-12-0055 / 18 under the Regional Operational Program of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Krakow (Poland).
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Bibliography

[1] Benedetti, M., Torresani, E., Fontanari, V. & Lusuardi, D. (2017). Fatigue and fracture resistance of heavy-section ferritic ductile cast iron. Metals. 7(3), 88.
[2] Dorula, J., Kopyciński, D., Guzik, E., Szczęsny, A. & Gurgul, D. (2021). The influence of undercooling ΔT on the structure and tensile strength of grey cast iron. Materials. 14(21), 6682.
[3] Wang, Q., Cheng, G. & Hou, Y. (2020). Effect of titanium addition on as-cast structure and high-temperature tensile property of 20Cr-8Ni stainless steel for heavy castings. Metals. 10(4), 529.
[4] Wang, Q., Chen, S. & Rong, L. (2020). -Ferrite formation and its effect on the mechanical properties of heavy-section AISI 316 stainless steel casting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 51, 2998-3008.
[5] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Sobula, S., Górny, M. & Boroń, Ł. (2014) Characteristics of low nickel ferritic-austenitic corrosion resistant cast steel. Metalurgija-Metallurgy. 53(4), 613-616.
[6] Kalandyk, B. & Zapała, R. (2013). Effect of high-manganese cast steel strain hardening on the abrasion wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 63-66.
[7] Tęcza, G. & Zapała, R. (2018). Changes in impact strength and abrasive wear resistance of cast high manganese steel due to the formation of primary titanium carbides. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 119-122.
[8] Tęcza, G. & Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2016). Microstructure of cast high-manganese steel containing titanium. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 163-168.
[9] Celis, M., Domengès, B., Hug, E. & Lacaze, J. (2018). Analysis of nuclei in a heavy-section nodular iron casting. Materials Science Forum. 925, 173-180.
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[11] Szczęsny, A., Kopyciński, D., Guzik, E. Soból, G., Piotrowski, K., Bednarczyk, P. & Paul, W. (2020). Shaping of ductile cast iron dedicated for slag ladle. Acta Metallurgica Slovaca. 26, 74-77. https://doi.org/10.36547/ams.26.2.312
[12] Mourad, M.M. & El-Hadad, S. (2015). Effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of heavy section ductile iron. Journal of Metallurgy. 2015, 1-11.
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[14] Kavicka, F., Sekanina, B., Stetina, J., Stransky, K., Gontarev, V. & Dobrovska, J. (2009). Numerical optimization of the method of cooling of a massive casting of ductile cast-iron. Materials and Technology. 43, 73-78.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Szczęsny
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kopyciński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edward Guzik
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Foundry, ul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Polska
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Abstract

Despite many studies on the hydrological responses to forest cover changes in micro and mesoscale watersheds, the hydrological responses to forest cover alterations and associated mechanisms through the large spatial scale of the river watershed have not been comprehensively perceived. This paper thus reviews a wide range of available scientific evidence concerning the impacts exerted by the forest removal on precipitation, water yield, stream flow, and flow regimes. It is concluded that there is no statistical correlation between forest cover and precipitation and water yield at the micro and mesoscale. In contrast, there is a relative correlation coefficient ( r = 0.77, p < 0.05) between forest cover and water yield at large scales (>1000 km2). These findings help our understanding of the hydrological response to forest disturbance at large and regional scale and provide a scientific perception to future watershed management in the context of human activities and natural hazards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hadi H. Muhammed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andam M. Mustafa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Kolerski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdańsk Unversity of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the original concept of description and analysis of buildings (wall and floor structures), corresponding to the natural components of construction, quasi finite elements (QWSFS). This concept constitutes one of the component of the developed, interactive model of deep foundation buildings. The presented modelling method enables a significant reduction of the number of unknowns, which in the case of interaction building – subsoil, gives a possibility of including the factual geometry and building development stiffness into the FEM model. Therefore the true representation of static operation of the objects can be analysed. The paper gives basic assumptions to the construction of the QWSF-superelements as well as the results of numerical tests conducted. The potential of using the developed modelling concept in the analysis of the structural elements and deep foundation problems, in a three-dimensional system: subsoil – new building – potential neighbouring building development (at each stage of erection of investment, using a structural statics stage analysis) was presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesław Miedziałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leonas Ustinovichius
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering And Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok
  2. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Abstract

The paper presents detailed comparisons for numerical simulations of fire development along the facade, with particular emphasis on the so-called “leap frog effect”, for different variations of window opening sizes and storey heights. A total of 9 models were subjected to numerical analysis. The problem occurred in most of the analyzed models – i.e., the fire penetrated through the facade to the higher storey. It should be noted that the adopted hearth was identified by standard parameters, and materials on the facade were non-combustible – as a single-layer wall. In the case of real fires, the parameters of the release rate can also vary greatly, but the values are usually higher. It has been shown that the most dangerous situation is with small size windows, where the discharge of warm gases and flames, causes a fairly easy fire jump between floors. The leap frog effect can be limited by increasing windows and storey height – this changes the shape of the flames escaping from the interior of the building and limits the possibility of fire entering the storeys above. In addition, increasing the size of windows results in a reduction of fire power per unit window dimension [KW/m2] at constant fire power (fuel-controlled fire), which is also of key importance for the fire to penetrate with the leap frog effect.
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Bibliography

[1] EN 13501-1:2019-02. Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests.
[2] M. Bonner, G. Rein, “Flammability and multi-objective performance of building: towards optimum design”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 2018, vol. 7, pp. 363–374, DOI: 10.21022/IJHRB.2018.7.4.363.
[3] K. Livkiss, S. Svensson, “Flame Heights and Heat Transfer in Façade System Ventilation Cavities”, Fire Technology, 2018, no 54, pp. 689–713, DOI: 10.1007/s10694-018-0706-2.
[4] D.I. Kolaitis, E.K. Asimakopoulou, M.A. Founti, “A Full-scale fore test to investigate the fire behaviour of the “ventilated facade” system”, in Interflam 2016, Windsor, 2016.
[5] S. Colwell, T. Baker, Fire Performance of external thermal insulation for walls of multistorey buildings, 3rd ed., Garston: IHS BRE Press, 2013.
[6] S. Boström, D. McNamee, “Fire test of ventilated and unventilated wooden facades”, SP Report 2016:16, Boras, 2016.
[7] J. Anderson, R. Jensson, “Experimental and numerical investigation of fire”, in Fire Computer Modeling Santander, 18-19th October 2012, Spain, 2012.
[8] J. Andersson, L. Boström, R. Jansson McNamee, “Fire Safety of Facades”, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SP Rapport 2017:37, Brandforsk 2017:3.
[9] R. Rogan, E. Shipper, ASTM Leap Frog Effect. The design and analysis of a computer fire model to test for flame spread through a building’s exterior, 2010.
[10] BS 8414-1:2015¸A1:2017 Fire performance of external cladding systems. Test method for non-loadbearing external cladding systems applied to the masonry face of a building, Building Research Establishment.
[11] PN-90/B-02867:1990¸Az1:2001 Fire protection of buildings. The method of testing the degree of fire spread through walls (in Polish).
[12] EOTA No 761/PP/GRO/IMA/19/1133/11140, European Commision, 2019.
[13] ISO 13785-2:2002 Reaction-to-fire tests for façades – Part 2: Large-scale test.
[14] M. Smolka, E. Anselmi, T. Crimi, B. Le Madec, I.F. Moder, K.W. Park, R. Rupp, Y.-H. Yoo, H. Yoshioka, “Semi-natural test methods to evaluate fire safety ofwall claddings:Update”, inMATECWeb of Conferences, 2016, vol. 46, DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20164601003.
[15] D. Chen, S.M. Lo,W. Lu, K.K. Yuen, Z. Fang, “A numerical study of the effect of window configuration on the external heat and smoke spread in building fire”, Numerical Heat Transfer, 2001, no. 40, pp. 821–839, DOI: 10.1080/104077801753344286.
[16] M. Ibrahim, A.M. Sharaf Eldin, M. Ayoub, “Effect ofWindow Configurations on Fire Spread in Buildings”, in 11th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2013, DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-3947.
[17] I. Oleszkiewicz, “Heat transfer from a window fire plume to a building facade”, ASME HTD, 1989, vol. 123, pp. 163–170, DOI: 10.4224/40001813.
[18] I. Korrhoff, “ETICS and fire safety Basic principles and framework conditions”, in Third ETICS Forum, Milan, 2015.
[19] J. Anderson, L. Boström, R. Jansson McNamee, B. Milovanovic, “Modeling of fire exposure in facade fire testing”, Fire and Materials, 2018, vol. 42, pp. 475–483, DOI: 10.1002/fam.2485.
[20] SP FIRE 105. Method for fire testing of façade materials, Department of Fire Technology, Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, 1994.
[21] ISO 13785-2:2002 Reaction-to-fire tests for façades – Part 2: Large-scale test, International Organization for Standardization.
[22] W.K. Chow, W.Y. Hung, Y. Gao, G. Zou, H. Dong, “Experimental study on smoke movement leading to glass damages in double-skinned facade”, Construction and Building Materials, 2007, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 556–566, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.005.
[23] Z. Ni, S. Lu, L. Peng, “Experimental study on fire performance of double-skin glass facades”, Journal of Fire Sciences, 2012, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 457–472, DOI: 10.1177/0734904112447179.
[24] I. Kotthoff, “Mechanismen der Brandausbreitung an der Gebäudeaußenwand, Brandverhalten von WDVS unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Polystyrol-Hartschaum”, in 9. Hessischer Energieberatertag, Frankfurt, 2012.
[25] F. Incropera, D. DeWitt, T. Bergman, A. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
[26] M. Hurley, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th ed., vol. 1, Springer New York, 2016.
[27] J. Degler, A. Ellasson, J. Anderson, D. Lange, “A-priopri modelling of the tisova fire test as input to the experimentalwork”, in The First International Conference on Structural Safety under Fire&Blast, Glasgow, 2015.
[28] K. McGrattan, S. Hostikka, J. Floyd, R. McDermott, M. Vanella, Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 3: Validation, NIST Special Publication 1018-3, 6th ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2019.
[29] C.H. Lin, Y. M. Ferng, W.S. Hsu, “Investigating the effect of computational grid sizes on the predicted characteristics of thermal radiation for a fire”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2009, vol. 29, pp. 2243–2250, DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.11.010.
[30] P. Sulik, J. Kinowski, “Operational safety of façades" (in Polish), Materiały Budowlane, 2014, no. 9, pp. 38–39.
[31] B. Sedłak, J. Kinowski, P. Sulik, G. Kimbar, “The risks associated with falling parts of glazed façades”, Open Engineering, 2018, vol. 8, pp. 147–155, DOI: 10.1515/eng-2018-0011.
[32] J. Kinowski, B. Sedłak, P. Roszkowski P. Sulik, “The effect of the way of fixing exterior wall cladding on its behaviour in fire conditions” (in Polish), Materiały Budowlane, 2018, no. 8, pp. 204–205.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Schabowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Sulik
2
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Zawiślak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Construction Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, Filtrowa 1, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In the early 1990s, the first questions began to arise about the legitimacy of large-scale projects, made on a grand scale for sports events, lasting only a short period. Doubts were not only raised about the organizers’ budgets and the debts often left behind, but also about the impact of these projects on the environment and society. During this time, the word ‘legacy‘ also appeared — in academic discourse, defining the remnants of these competitions. The two most recent editions of the Summer Olympics in Europe were analysed, which did not differ in scale, but due to being played over a longer interval, differed in the awareness of the organizers and the knowledge of how to plan projects more sustainably. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate that the design of Olympic venues in the context of the idea of an Olympic legacy should take into account elements of a strategy for the duration of these venues over time. It is only over a longer period of time that one can assess whether these original assumptions were correct, and the region gained valuable spaces for recreation, or whether they led to the creation of costly unfunctional sports facilities.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Dendura
1
ORCID: ORCID
Szymon Krasicki
2

  1. Cracow University of Technology Faculty of Architecture
  2. The University School of Physical Education in Krakow Faculty of Physical Education and Sports

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