Applied sciences

Archives of Acoustics

Description

Archives of Acoustics is an English-language peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing original research papers from all areas of acoustics and abstracts from some specialised acoustical conferences. It gives free internet access to its full content (abstracts of research papers) to current issues.

Archives of Acoustics, the peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishes original research papers from all areas of acoustics like:

acoustical measurements and instrumentation,

acoustics of musics,

acousto-optics,

architectural, building and environmental acoustics,

bioacoustics,

electroacoustics,

linear and nonlinear acoustics,

noise and vibration,

physical and chemical effects of sound,

physiological acoustics,

psychoacoustics,

quantum acoustics,

sonochemistry,

speech processing and communication systems,

speech production and perception,

transducers,

ultrasonics,

underwater acoustics.

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.9

CiteScore 2022: 2.1

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2022: 0.291

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.687

Earlier issues are available on the old website http://acoustics.ippt.gov.pl/index.php/aa/issue/archive

ISSN

ISSN 0137-5075, eISSN 2300-262X

Publishers

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Committee on Acoustics

Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief
Andrzej Nowicki (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-9260-8237

Deputy Editor-in-Chief
Janusz Wójcik (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-6120-5195

Associate Editors

General linear acoustics and physical acoustics
• Wojciech P. Rdzanek (University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów) ORCID:

0000-0003-4328-5563
• Anna Snakowska (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków) ORCID:

0000-0002-8419-0205

Architectural acoustics
• Tadeusz Kamisiński (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków) ORCID:

0000-0002-8580-2402
• Mirosław Meissner (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0003-3885-0273

Musical acoustics and psychological acoustics
• Andrzej Miśkiewicz (The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, Warszawa)
• Anna Preis (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań) ORCID:

0000-0002-9939-9722

Underwater acoustics and nonlinear acoustics
• Jacek Marszal (Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk) ORCID:

0000-0002-6760-9246

Speech, Computational acoustics and signal processing
• Jędrzej Kociński (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań) ORCID:

0000-0001-9562-9925

Ultrasonics, transducers and instrumentation
• Krzysztof Opieliński (Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław) ORCID: 0000-0001-9531-1562

0000-0001-9531-1562
• Janusz Wójcik (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-6120-5195

Sonochemistry
• Marzena Dzida (University of Silesia, Katowice) ORCID:

0000-0001-9566-4093

Electroacoustics
• Jan Żera (Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-2175-6910

Noise control and environmental acoustics
• Jan Andrzej Adamczyk (Central Institute for Labor Protection - National Research Institute, Warszawa)
• Grzegorz Klekot (Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0001-8469-8298
• Janusz Kompała (Central Mining Institute, Katowice) ORCID:

0000-0003-4544-0547
• Lucyna Leniowska (University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów) ORCID:

0000-0002-7994-7867
• Janusz Piechowicz (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków) ORCID:

0000-0002-1435-4673
• Dariusz Pleban (Central Institute for Labor Protection - National Research Institute, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0003-1351-9584

Journal Managing Editor
• Eliza Jezierska (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa)

Archives of Acoustics
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN
Adolfa Pawińskiego 5B
02-106 Warsaw, Poland
Phone: (48) (22) 826 12 81 ext. 206
Email: akustyka@ippt.pan.pl

Archives of Acoustics is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the license CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Content

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1

1 Sleep Snoring Sound Recognition Based on Wavelet Packet Transform

Li Ding , Jianxin Peng , Xiaowen Zhang , Lijuan Song

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 3-12 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.142906

Keywords: snoring recognition wavelet packet transform feature selection machine learning

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Abstract

Snoring is a typical and intuitive symptom of the obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), which is a kind of sleep-related respiratory disorder having adverse effects on people’s lives. Detecting snoring sounds from the whole night recorded sounds is the first but the most important step for the snoring analysis of OSAHS. An automatic snoring detection system based on the wavelet packet transform (WPT) with an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifier is proposed in the paper, which recognizes snoring sounds from the enhanced episodes by the generalization subspace noise reduction algorithm. The feature selection technology based on correlation analysis is applied to select the most discriminative WPT features. The selected features yield a high sensitivity of 97.27% and a precision of 96.48% on the test set. The recognition performance demonstrates that WPT is effective in the analysis of snoring and non-snoring sounds, and the difference is exhibited much more comprehensively by sub-bands with smaller frequency ranges. The distribution of snoring sound is mainly on the middle and low frequency parts, there is also evident difference between snoring and non-snoring sounds on the high frequency part.

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Authors and Affiliations

Li Ding

Jianxin Peng

Xiaowen Zhang

Lijuan Song

School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Laboratory of ENT-HNS Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

2 Comparative Analysis of Classifiers for the Assessment of Respiratory Disorders Using Speech Parameters

Poonam Shrivastava , Neeta Tripathi , Bikesh Kumar Singh , Bhupesh Kumar Dewangan

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 13-24 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.142905

Keywords: healthy speech affected speech machine learning classification techniques respiratory disorders speech analysis

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Abstract

Non-invasive techniques for the assessment of respiratory disorders have gained increased importance in recent years due to the complexity of conventional methods. In the assessment of respiratory disorders, machine learning may play a very essential role. Respiratory disorders lead to variation in the production of speech as both go hand in hand. Thus, speech analysis can be a useful means for the pre-diagnosis of respiratory disorders. This article aims to develop a machine learning approach to differentiate healthy speech from speech corresponding to different respiratory disorders (affected). Thus, in the present work, a set of 15 relevant and efficient features were extracted from acquired data, and classification was done using different classifiers for healthy and affected speech. To assess the performance of different classifiers, accuracy, specificity (Sp), sensitivity (Se), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used by applying both multi-fold cross-validation methods (5-fold and 10-fold) and the holdout method. Out of the studied classifiers, decision tree, support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) were found more appropriate in providing correct assessment clinically while considering 15 features as well as three significant features (Se > 89%, Sp > 89%, AUC> 82%, and accuracy > 99%). The conclusion was that the proposed classifiers may provide an aid in the simple assessment of respiratory disorders utilising speech parameters with high efficiency. In the future, the proposed approach can be evaluated for the detection of specific respiratory disorders such as asthma, COPD, etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

Poonam Shrivastava

Neeta Tripathi

Bikesh Kumar Singh

Bhupesh Kumar Dewangan

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, SSTC Bhilai, India
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, OP Jindal University, Raigarh, India

3 Numerical Simulation of Breast Cancer in the Early Diagnosis with Actual Dimension and Characteristics Using Photoacoustic Tomography

Maryam Ahangar Darband , Esmaeil Najafi Aghdam , Arash Gharibi

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 25-38 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144263

Keywords: photoacoustic (PA) photoacoustic imaging (PAI) photoacoustic tomography breast cancer early diagnosis

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Abstract

A numerical study and simulation of breast imaging in the early detection of tumors using the photoacoustic (PA) phenomenon are presented. There have been various reports on the simulation of the PA phenomenon in the breast, which are not in the real dimensions of the tissue. Furthermore, the different layers of the breast have not been considered. Therefore, it has not been possible to rely on the values and characteristics of the resulting data and to compare it with the actual state. Here, the real dimensions of the breast at threedimensional and different constituent layers have been considered. After reviewing simulation methods and software for different stages of the PA phenomenon, a single suitable platform, which is commercially available finite element software (COMSOL), has been selected for simulating. The optical, thermal, elastic, and acoustic characteristics of different layers of breast and tumor at radiated laser wavelength (800 nm) were accurately calculated or obtained from a reliable source. Finally, by defining an array of 32 ultrasonic sensors on the breast cup at the defined arcs of the 2D slices, the PA waves can be collected and transmitted to MATLAB software to reconstruct the images. We can study the resulting PA wave and its changes in more detail using our scenarios.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maryam Ahangar Darband

Esmaeil Najafi Aghdam

Arash Gharibi

Department of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
Institute of Modern Physics, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China

4 Acoustic Identification of Dolphin Whistle Types in Deep Waters of Arabian Sea Using Wavelet Threshold Denoising Approach

Madan M. Mahanty , Sanjana M. Cheenankandy , Ganesan Latha , Govindan Raguraman , Ramasamy Venkatesan

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 39-48 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144264

Keywords: deep water ambient noise Arabian Sea wavelet threshold denoising impulsive shackle noise dolphin whistle types

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Abstract

In situ time series measurements of ocean ambient noise, have been made in deep waters of the Arabian Sea, using an autonomous passive acoustic monitoring system deployed as part of the Ocean Moored buoy network in the Northern Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoy mooring operated by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), in Chennai during November 2018 to November 2019. The analysis of ambient noise records during the spring (April–June) showed the presence of dolphin whistles but contaminated by unwanted impulsive shackle noise. The frequency contours of the dolphin whistles occur in narrow band in the range 4–16 kHz. However, the unwanted impulsive shackle noise occurs in broad band with the noise level higher by ∼20 dB over the dolphin signals, and it reduces the quality of dolphin whistles. A wavelet based threshold denoising technique followed by a subtraction method is implemented. Reduction of unwanted shackle noise is effectively done and different dolphin whistle types are identified. This wavelet denoising approach is demonstrated for extraction of dolphin whistles in the presence of challenging impulsive shackle noise. Furthermore, this study should be useful for identifying other cetacean species when the signal of interest is interrupted by unwanted mechanical noise.

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Authors and Affiliations

Madan M. Mahanty

Sanjana M. Cheenankandy

Ganesan Latha

Govindan Raguraman

Ramasamy Venkatesan

National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chennai, India

5 Using SVM Classifier and Micro-Doppler Signature for Automatic Recognition of Sonar Targets

Abbas Saffari , Seyed Hamid Zahiri , Navid Khozein Ghanad

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 49-61 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.142909

Keywords: sonar micro-Doppler automatic recognition SVM RBF kernel linear kernel polynomial kernel

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Abstract

In this paper, we propose using a propeller modulation on the transmitted signal (called sonar micro- Doppler) and different support vector machine (SVM) kernels for automatic recognition of moving sonar targets. In general, the main challenge for researchers and craftsmen working in the field of sonar target recognition is the lack of access to a valid and comprehensive database. Therefore, using a comprehensive mathematical model to simulate the signal received from the target can respond to this challenge. The mathematical model used in this paper simulates the return signal of moving sonar targets well. The resulting signals have unique properties and are known as frequency signatures. However, to reduce the complexity of the model, the 128- point fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used. The selected SVM classification is the most popular machine learning algorithm with three main kernel functions: RBF kernel, linear kernel, and polynomial kernel tested. The accuracy of correctly recognizing targets for different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and different viewing angles was assessed. Accuracy detection of targets for different SNRs (−20, −15, −10, −5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20) and different viewing angles (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80) is evaluated. For a more fair comparison, multilayer perceptron neural network with two back-propagation (MLP-BP) training methods and gray wolf optimization (MLP-GWO) algorithm were used. But unfortunately, considering the number of classes, its performance was not satisfactory. The results showed that the RBF kernel is more capable for high SNRs (SNR = 20, viewing angle = 10) with an accuracy of 98.528%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Abbas Saffari

e-mail:

ORCID:

Seyed Hamid Zahiri

e-mail:

ORCID:

Navid Khozein Ghanad

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
Sajjad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

6 Improvement of Sound Insulation Through Double-Panel Structure by Using Hybrid Local Resonator Array

Kyong-Su Ri , Myong-Jin Kim , Se-Hyon Son-U

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 63-70 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.142907

Keywords: sound insulation local resonance insertion loss sonic crystal

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Abstract

In this paper, we present one approach to improve the soundproofing performance of the double-panel structure (DPS) in the entire audible frequencies, in which two kinds of local resonances, the breathing-type resonance and the Helmholtz resonance, are combined. The thin ring resonator row and slit-type resonator (Helmholtz resonator) row are inserted between two panels of DPS together. Overlapping of the band gaps due to the individual resonances gives a wide and high band gap of sound transmission in the low frequency range. At the same time, the Bragg-type band gap is created by the structural periodicity of the scatterers in the high audible frequency range. In addition, the number of scatterer rows and the filling factor are investigated with regard to the sound insulation of DPS with sonic crystals (SCs). Consequently, the hybrid SC has the potential of increasing the soundproofing performance of DPS in the audible frequency range above 1 kHz by about 15 dB on average compared to DPS filled only with glass wool between two panels, while decreasing the total thickness and mass compared to the counterparts with the other type of local resonant sonic crystal.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kyong-Su Ri

Myong-Jin Kim

Se-Hyon Son-U

Institute of Acoustics, Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

7 Series Expanding of the Ultrasound Transmission Coefficient Through a Multilayered Structure

Ahmed Chitnalah , Noureddine Aouzale , Hicham Jakjoud

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 71-79 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144262

Keywords: multilayered structure Debye’s series resonance formalism ultrasonic NDT

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Abstract

To calculate the transmission coefficient of ultrasonic waves through a multi-layered medium, a new approach is proposed by expanding it into Debye’s series. Using this formalism, the transmission coefficient can be put in the form of resonance terms series. From this point of view, the relative amplitude of the transmitted wave can be considered as an infinite summation of terms taking into account all possible reflections and refractions on each interface. Our model is then used to investigate interaction between the ultrasonic plane wave and the N-plane-layer structure.
Obviously, the resulting infinite summation has to be reduced to a finite one, according to some level of accuracy. The numerical estimation of the transmission coefficient using the exact expression (Eq. (1)) is then compared to the one of our method in the case of two or three plane-layer structure. The effect of the order of the finite summation on the calculated value of the transmission coefficient is, as well, studied. Finally, our proposed method may be used, with the decomposition into Gaussian beams of a pressure field created by a circular source, to draw a 3D image of the pressure field transmitted through a multilayered structure.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed Chitnalah

Noureddine Aouzale

Hicham Jakjoud

Electrical Systems Energetic Efficiency and Telecommunications Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco
Energy Engineering Materials and Systems Laboratory, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

8 Evaluation of the Effect of Uncertainties on the Acoustic Behavior of a Porous Material Located in a Duct Element Using the Monte Carlo Method

Hanen Hannachi , Hassen Trabelsi , Marwa Kani , Mohamed Taktak , Mabrouk Chaabane , Mohamed Haddar

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 81-91 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144266

Keywords: porous material physical parameters transmission loss acoustic power attenuation Monte Carlo method

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Abstract

When studying porous materials, most acoustical and geometrical parameters can be affected by the presence of uncertainties, which can reduce the robustness of models and techniques using these parameters. Hence, there is a need to evaluate the effect of these uncertainties in the case of modeling acoustic problems. Among these evaluation methods, the Monte Carlo simulation is considered a benchmark for studying the propagation of uncertainties in theoretical models. In the present study, this method is applied to a theoretical model predicting the acoustic behavior of a porous material located in a duct element to evaluate the impact of each input error on the computation of the acoustic proprieties such as the reflection and transmission coefficients as well as the acoustic power attenuation and the transmission loss of the studied element. Two analyses are conducted; the first one leads to the evaluation of the impacts of error propagation of each acoustic parameter (resistivity, porosity, tortuosity, and viscous and thermal length) through the model using a Monte Carlo simulation. The second analysis presents the effect of propagating the uncertainties of all parameters together. After the simulation of the uncertainties, the 95% confidence intervals and the maximum and minimum errors of each parameter are computed. The obtained results showed that the resistivity and length of the porous material have a great influence on the acoustic outputs of the studied model (transmission and reflection coefficients, transmission loss, and acoustic power attenuation). At the same time, the other physical parameters have a small impact. In addition, the acoustic power attenuation is the acoustic quantity least impacted by the input uncertainties.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hanen Hannachi

1 2

Hassen Trabelsi

Marwa Kani

1 2

Mohamed Taktak

3 4

Mabrouk Chaabane

Mohamed Haddar

Laboratory of Mechanics, Modeling and Productivity (LA2MP), National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Laboratory of Mechanics, Modeling and Productivity (LA2MP), National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia

9 Airborne and Structure-Borne Noise Control in the MB Truck Cabin Interior by the Noise Reduction in the Transmission Path

Nader Mohammadi

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 93-101 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2022.142908

Keywords: truck noise sources airborne noise structure-borne noise acoustic materials viscoelastic layer damping modal analysis

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Abstract

In the current study, investigations are made to control the MB truck cabin interior noise by reducing noise in the transmission path. The main sources of cabin noise include the engine, exhaust system, air inlet system, driveline system, and tyres (especially at higher speeds). Furthermore, vibrations of the body and interior parts of the truck may significantly impact the overall in-cabin sound level. Noise is transmitted into the cabin via air (airborne noise) and cabin structure (structure-borne noise). In the noise treatment phase, noise transmission paths are considered. A viscoelastic layer damping material is used to reduce the vibration amplitude of the cabin back wall. The overall loss factor and vibration amplitude reduction ratio for the structure treated is calculated. Computational results are then compared with the values obtained by the experimental modal analysis results. Choosing the suitable material and thickness can significantly reduce the vibration amplitude. A sound barrier, silicon adhesive, and foam are also utilised for noise control in the transmission path. The effectiveness of the mentioned acoustic materials on cabin noise reduction is evaluated experimentally. The experimental SPL values are reported in the frequency range of 20 Hz–20 kHz based on a 1/3 octave filter. The experimental results show that using acoustics materials reduces the overall in-cabin sound level for a wide range of frequencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Nader Mohammadi

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch, Tehran, Iran

10 Evaluation and Analysis of Long-term Environmental Noise Levels in 7 Major Cities of India

Naveen Garg , Saurabh Kumar , Chitra Gautam , Vishal Gandhi , Nalin Kumar Gupta

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 103-126 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144265

Keywords: National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network (NANMN) day equivalent sound level (Lday) night equivalent sound level (Lnight)

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Abstract

This paper describes the long-term noise monitoring data for ten consecutive years (2011–2020) acquired from the diversified National Ambient Noise Monitoring Network (NANMN) set up across 7 major cities of India and consisting of 70 stations for continuous noise monitoring throughout the year. The annual average ambient noise levels observed throughout these ten years in 70 locations under study, including 25 locations in commercial zones, 12 in industrial, 16 in residential, and 17 in silence zones, are described. The noise scenario in these ten years is compared and analyzed. It is observed that no site in residential or silence zones meets the ambient noise limits for the past ten years. The study suggests guidelines for a policy framework for environmental noise management and control to regulate noise pollution in Indian cities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Naveen Garg

1 2

Saurabh Kumar

1 2

Chitra Gautam

1 2

Vishal Gandhi

Nalin Kumar Gupta

CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110 012, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201 002, India
Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, Delhi, India

11 Continuous Head-related Transfer Function Representation Based on Hyperspherical Harmonics

Adam Szwajcowski

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 127-139 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144267

Keywords: hyperspherical harmonics HRTF spherical harmonics continuous functional model directivity

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Abstract

Expressing head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) in the spherical harmonic (SH) domain has been thoroughly studied as a method of obtaining continuity over space. However, HRTFs are functions not only of direction but also of frequency. This paper presents an extension of the SH-based method, utilizing hyperspherical harmonics (HSHs) to obtain an HRTF representation that is continuous over both space and frequency. The application of the HSH approximation results in a relatively small set of coefficients which can be decoded into HRTF values at any direction and frequency. The paper discusses results obtained by applying the method to magnitude spectra extracted from exemplary HRTF measurements. The HRTF representations based on SHs and HSHs exhibit similar reproduction accuracy, with the latter one featuring continuity over both space and frequency and requiring much lower number of coefficients. The developed HSH-based continuous functional model can serve multiple purposes, such as interpolation, compression or parametrization for machine-learning applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Szwajcowski

Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

12 Non-invasive Ultrasound Doppler Effect Based Method of Liquid Flow Velocity Estimation in Pipe

Pawel Biernacki , Stanislaw Gmyrek , Wladyslaw Magiera

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1 | 141-148 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.144268

Keywords: information fusion flow velocity Doppler effect

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Abstract

This paper discusses the estimation of flow velocity from a multi-sensor scenario. Different estimation methods were used, which allow the effective measurement of the actual Doppler shift in a noisy environment, such as water with air bubbles, and on this basis the estimation of the flow velocity in the pipe was calculated. Information fusion is proposed for the estimates collected. The proposed approach focuses on the density of the fluid. The proposed method is capable of determining the flow velocity with high accuracy and small variations. Simulation results for plastic and steel (both galvanized and non-galvanized) pipes show the possibility of accurate fluid flow measurements without the need for sensors inside the pipe.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pawel Biernacki

Stanislaw Gmyrek

Wladyslaw Magiera

Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Department of Acoustics, Multimedia and Signal Processing, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland

13 Contents

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 1

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