Applied sciences

Archives of Acoustics

Description

Archives of Acoustics is an English-language peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing original research papers from all areas of acoustics and abstracts from some specialised acoustical conferences. It gives free internet access to its full content (abstracts of research papers) to current issues.

Archives of Acoustics, the peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishes original research papers from all areas of acoustics like:

acoustical measurements and instrumentation,

acoustics of musics,

acousto-optics,

architectural, building and environmental acoustics,

bioacoustics,

electroacoustics,

linear and nonlinear acoustics,

noise and vibration,

physical and chemical effects of sound,

physiological acoustics,

psychoacoustics,

quantum acoustics,

sonochemistry,

speech processing and communication systems,

speech production and perception,

transducers,

ultrasonics,

underwater acoustics.

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.9

CiteScore 2022: 2.1

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2022: 0.291

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.687

Earlier issues are available on the old website http://acoustics.ippt.gov.pl/index.php/aa/issue/archive

ISSN

ISSN 0137-5075, eISSN 2300-262X

Publishers

Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Committee on Acoustics

Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief
Andrzej Nowicki (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-9260-8237

Deputy Editor-in-Chief
Janusz Wójcik (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-6120-5195

Associate Editors

General linear acoustics and physical acoustics
• Wojciech P. Rdzanek (University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów) ORCID:

0000-0003-4328-5563
• Anna Snakowska (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków) ORCID:

0000-0002-8419-0205

Architectural acoustics
• Tadeusz Kamisiński (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków) ORCID:

0000-0002-8580-2402
• Mirosław Meissner (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0003-3885-0273

Musical acoustics and psychological acoustics
• Andrzej Miśkiewicz (The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, Warszawa)
• Anna Preis (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań) ORCID:

0000-0002-9939-9722

Underwater acoustics and nonlinear acoustics
• Jacek Marszal (Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk) ORCID:

0000-0002-6760-9246

Speech, Computational acoustics and signal processing
• Jędrzej Kociński (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań) ORCID:

0000-0001-9562-9925

Ultrasonics, transducers and instrumentation
• Krzysztof Opieliński (Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław) ORCID: 0000-0001-9531-1562

0000-0001-9531-1562
• Janusz Wójcik (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-6120-5195

Sonochemistry
• Marzena Dzida (University of Silesia, Katowice) ORCID:

0000-0001-9566-4093

Electroacoustics
• Jan Żera (Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0002-2175-6910

Noise control and environmental acoustics
• Jan Andrzej Adamczyk (Central Institute for Labor Protection - National Research Institute, Warszawa)
• Grzegorz Klekot (Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0001-8469-8298
• Janusz Kompała (Central Mining Institute, Katowice) ORCID:

0000-0003-4544-0547
• Lucyna Leniowska (University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów) ORCID:

0000-0002-7994-7867
• Janusz Piechowicz (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków) ORCID:

0000-0002-1435-4673
• Dariusz Pleban (Central Institute for Labor Protection - National Research Institute, Warszawa) ORCID:

0000-0003-1351-9584

Journal Managing Editor
• Eliza Jezierska (Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN, Warszawa)

Archives of Acoustics
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN
Adolfa Pawińskiego 5B
02-106 Warsaw, Poland
Phone: (48) (22) 826 12 81 ext. 206
Email: akustyka@ippt.pan.pl

Archives of Acoustics is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the license CC BY-SA 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Content

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2

1 In Memoriam: Professor Andrzej Stepnowski

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148788

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2 Speech Emotion Recognition Using a Multi-Time-Scale Approach to Feature Aggregation and an Ensemble of SVM Classifiers

Antonina Stefanowska , Sławomir K. Zielinski

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 153-168 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148784

Keywords: speech emotion recognition feature aggregation ensemble classification

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Abstract

Due to its relevant real-life applications, the recognition of emotions from speech signals constitutes a popular research topic. In the traditional methods applied for speech emotion recognition, audio features are typically aggregated using a fixed-duration time window, potentially discarding information conveyed by speech at various signal durations. By contrast, in the proposed method, audio features are aggregated simultaneously using time windows of different lengths (a multi-time-scale approach), hence, potentially better utilizing information carried at phonemic, syllabic, and prosodic levels compared to the traditional approach. A genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the feature extraction procedure. The features aggregated at different time windows are subsequently classified by an ensemble of support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. To enhance the generalization property of the method, a data augmentation technique based on pitch shifting and time stretching is applied. According to the obtained results, the developed method outperforms the traditional one for the selected datasets, demonstrating the benefits of using a multi-time-scale approach to feature aggregation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Antonina Stefanowska

Sławomir K. Zielinski

Faculty of Computer Science, Białystok University of Technology Białystok, Poland

3 Snoring Sound Recognition Using Multi-Channel Spectrograms

Ziqiang Ye , Jianxin Peng , Xiaowen Zhang , Lijuan Song

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 169-178 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148775

Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome snoring convolutional neural network multi-channel spectrogram

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Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common and high-risk sleep-related breathing disorder. Snoring detection is a simple and non-invasive method. In many studies, the feature maps are obtained by applying a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) and feeding the model with single-channel input tensors. However, this approach may limit the potential of convolutional networks to learn diverse representations of snore signals. This paper proposes a snoring sound detection algorithm using a multi-channel spectrogram and convolutional neural network (CNN). The sleep recordings from 30 subjects at the hospital were collected, and four different feature maps were extracted from them as model input, including spectrogram, Mel-spectrogram, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), and multi-channel spectrogram composed of the three single-channel maps. Three methods of data set partitioning are used to evaluate the performance of feature maps. The proposed feature maps were compared through the training set and test set of independent subjects by using a CNN model. The results show that the accuracy of the multi-channel spectrogram reaches 94.18%, surpassing that of the Mel-spectrogram that exhibits the best performance among the single-channel spectrograms. This study optimizes the system in the feature extraction stage to adapt to the superior feature learning capability of the deep learning model, providing a more effective feature map for snoring detection.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ziqiang Ye

Jianxin Peng

Xiaowen Zhang

Lijuan Song

School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, China`
School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology Guangzhou, China
State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery

4 Statistical Metrics for the Temporal Acoustics of Durationally Contrastive Vocalics: A Proposal Tested with Data from Arabic and Japanese

Yahya Aldholmi

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 179-188 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148779

Keywords: vocalic duration duration difference duration ratio duration contrast metrics

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Abstract

Previous research has utilized the duration ratio and occasionally the duration difference as single-value metrics to measure and compare the temporal acoustics of durationally contrastive vocalics (short vs. long vowels), which allow researchers to reduce two values (short and long) to one, but express a relationship instead of representing the vocalic duration values directly. The duration ratio may even be misleading when comparing two languages or dialects, as it is possible to exhibit a similar ratio but differ in durational acoustics, or vice versa. The current study proposes two alternative statistical metrics: a duration metric and a difference metric. The duration metric is an intermediate (mean-like) value between the duration of the short and long vocalics, and the difference metric is a ± value that can be added to or subtracted from the duration metric to obtain the duration of long or short vocalics. We conduct a production experiment on Arabic and Japanese vocalics and analyze the data using both traditional measures and the proposed metrics. The findings show that the proposed metrics better predict the language from which the vocalic duration values were obtained. Such results suggest that the proposed metrics are better candidates for measuring and comparing the temporal acoustics of vocalics.

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Authors and Affiliations

Yahya Aldholmi

Department of Linguistics, College of Language Sciences King Saud University

5 Assessment Effects of Humidification of Guitars by Complexity Measures of the Sound Level During Sustain

Robert Stepien , Piotr Wrzeciono

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 189-197 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148790

Keywords: guitar hygroscopicity complexity parameters acoustic measurements

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Abstract

Air humidity significantly affects the sound of wooden instruments. The sound quality decreases when the instrument is exposed to low humidity for an extended period. Therefore, the instrument is treated with a humidifier to improve sound quality. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the humidification process by analyzing the quality of guitar sound with the methods used in signal complexity studies, such as Higuchi’s fractal dimension (HFD), symbolic analysis, and empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The sound quality was determined by the sound levels measured before, during, and after the guitars’ humidification. The methods used consistently confirmed the improvement of the guitar sound quality after the humidification process. Moreover, it was concluded that the sound quality changes irregularly during the humidification process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Stepien

Piotr Wrzeciono

Institute of Information Technology Warsaw University of Life Sciences Warsaw, Poland

6 Research on the Motion Features Model for Underwater Targets with Multiple Highlights and Multiple Micro-Motion Forms

Tongjing Sun , Zihan Zhou , Dongliang Peng

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 199-208 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148778

Keywords: micro-motion complex motion micro-Doppler underwater micro-motion model multi-highlight model

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Abstract

Motion characterization, including Doppler and micro-Doppler, is crucial for the detection and identification of high-speed underwater targets. Under high-frequency and short-range conditions, underwater targets cannot be simply regarded as single highlight targets as they exhibit a complex structure with multiple scattering centers accompanied by distinct micro-motions. To address this multi-highlight and multi-micro-motion scenario, a model is proposed to characterize the motion features of underwater targets. Firstly, a mathematical model is established to represent the micro-Doppler features based on the single-highlight model. Subsequently, considering the overlap of multiple highlight echoes caused by the high-speed translation of the target and the long pulse detection signal, precise representation is achieved by setting motion positions and calculating time delays within the model. The results represent the echoes of moving targets with multiple highlights and micromotions. Finally, a time-frequency analysis method is employed to extract motion features and estimate target parameters, thereby validating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the modeling of underwater moving targets.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tongjing Sun

Zihan Zhou

Dongliang Peng

Department of Automation Hangzhou Dianzi University, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Hangzhou, China

7 A Hybrid Finite Element Method – Kirchhoff Approximation Method for Modeling Acoustic Scattering from an Underwater Vehicle Model with Alberich Coatings with Periodic Internal Cavities

Fan Yang , Zilong Peng , Hao Song , Yuhang Tang , Xuhong Miao

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 209-219 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148777

Keywords: anechoic tile Kirchhoff approximation target strength echo characteristic

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Abstract

Anechoic tiles can significantly reduce the echo intensity of underwater vehicles, thereby increasing the difficulty of detecting such vehicles. However, the computational efficiency of conventional methods such as the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM) has its limitations. A fast hybrid method for modeling acoustic scattering from underwater vehicles with anechoic tiles with periodic internal cavities, is developed by combining the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) and FEM. The accuracy and rapidity of the KA method were validated by FEM. According to the actual situation, the reflection coefficients of rubber materials with two different structures under rigid backing are simulated by FEM. Using the KA method, the acoustic scattering characteristics of the underwater vehicle with anechoic tiles are obtained by inputting the reflection coefficients and the target’s geometric grid. Experiments on the monostatic target strength (TS) in the frequency range of 1 to 20 kHz and time domain echo characteristics of acoustic scattering on a benchmark scale model with anechoic tiles are conducted. The research results indicate that the TS values and echo characteristic curves of the KA solutions closely approximate the experimental results, which verifies the accuracy of the KA method in calculating the TS and echo characteristics of underwater vehicles with anechoic tiles.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fan Yang

Zilong Peng

Hao Song

Yuhang Tang

Xuhong Miao

School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, China
School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, China; PLA Unit 92578 Beijing, China
Systems Engineering Research Institute Beijing, China
PLA Unit 92578 Beijing, China

8 Analysis of Bottom Reverberation Intensity Under Beam-Controlled Emission Conditions in Deep Water

Guangying Zheng , Xiaowei Guo , Fangwei Zhu , Fangyong Wang , Linlang Bai

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 221-231 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148780

Keywords: bottom reverberation deep water ambient noise beam controlled emission ray theory

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Abstract

A comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and the formation mechanism of reverberation is the key to improving the performance of the active target detection. In response to the challenge of analyzing the intensity of bottom reverberation in typical deep-sea environments, this study proposes a prediction method for the bottom reverberation intensity under beam-controlled emission conditions. It explains the variation law of bottom reverberation intensity under beam-controlled emission conditions in typical deep-sea environments of the South China Sea through theoretical and simulation analyses. Reverberation intensity of the deep-sea bottom under beam-controlled emission conditions exhibits significant fluctuations during the duration of reverberations in the direct sound zone of the seabed. This phenomenon is closely related to the directionality of the source emission, leading to intermittent reverberation masking and detectable areas in the active sonar detection. In addition, the duration of the high-reverberation zone near the cutoff distance of the direct sound from the seabed is longer under the beam-controlled emission conditions of the emission array located within the surface waveguide layer of the deep sea during winter.

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Authors and Affiliations

Guangying Zheng

Xiaowei Guo

Fangwei Zhu

Fangyong Wang

Linlang Bai

Science and Technology on Sonar Laboratory Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Applied Acoustics Research Institute Hangzhou, China; Hanjiang National Laboratory Wuhan, China

9 Numerical Study on the Dynamics of a Charged Bubble in the Acoustic Field

Liang Lv , Fei Liu , Yawei Li

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 233-240 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148786

Keywords: charged bubble dynamics acoustic cavitation bubble collapse intensity Gilmore-NASG model

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Abstract

In this paper, the dynamics of an acoustic bubble with a constant charge in compressible liquid are investigated numerically, which is based on the Gilmore-NASG model to estimate the radial oscillations. The cavitation effects are enhanced due to the presence of the charge on the bubble surface. The obtained results from the present model are compared with that calculated by the previous model within a wide range of parameters (e.g., charge, acoustic pressure amplitude, ultrasound frequency, and liquid temperature). The similar influences of these parameters on bubble collapse intensity can be observed from both models. Since the present model fully considers the compressibility of gas and liquid, it can be applied to a wider parameter range and leads to the larger predicted values. The research in this paper can provide important insights about the effects of charge on bubble dynamics and the acoustic cavitation applications (e.g., sonochemistry, water treatment, and food industry).

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Authors and Affiliations

Liang Lv

Fei Liu

Yawei Li

School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Suzhou Vocational University Suzhou, China
Department of Sports Health and Art Education, Hebei Petroleum University of Technology Chengde, China
Department of the Party and the Mass, Hebei Petroleum University of Technology Chengde, China

10 Effect of Acoustic Enclosure on the Sound Transmission Loss of Multi-Layered Micro-Perforated Plates

Brahim El Kharras , Mohammed Garoum , Abdelmajid Bybi

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 241-254 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148781

Keywords: micro-perforated plate (MPP) sound transmission loss noise insulation coupled structuralacoustic surface impedance modal analysis

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Abstract

This study presents an examination of the transmission properties of multilayered partitions made up of multiple micro-perforated plates (MPPs) coupled to acoustic enclosures with general impedance boundaries. Multi-layered MPPs can lower the transmission while minimizing reflection in the source and receiving enclosure. Previous research has mainly focused on the double MPPs or triple MPPs partition itself. However, it is vital to analyze the in-situ sound transmission loss of the multi-layered MPP and their efficiency in a complex vibro-acoustic environment. The case when the multilayered MPPs are coupled to a receiving enclosure or coupled to both a source and receiving enclosure is investigated. The objective is to provide an analytical method to evaluate the transmission properties of multilayered MPPs coupled to acoustic enclosures while being computationally more efficient than the finite element method (FEM). Using the modified Fourier series for the acoustic pressure, a variational form for the acoustic and structure medium yields a completely coupled vibroacoustic system. A comparison between the sound transmission loss of the double MPPs, when mounted on an impedance tube and coupled to acoustics enclosures, shows the modal effect of the enclosures. The effect of enclosure shape, impedance boundary, perforation ratio, air gap thickness on the sound transmission properties of the double MPPs structure is examined for both cases. Finally, in both situations, the performance of triple MPP structure insulation is evaluated.

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Authors and Affiliations

Brahim El Kharras

Mohammed Garoum

Abdelmajid Bybi

Higher School of Technology in Salé, Material, Energy and Acoustics Team (MEAT) Mohammed V University in Rabat Salé, Médina, Morocco

11 Modeling of Acoustic Coupling of Ultrasonic Probes for High-Speed Rail Track Inspection

Sławomir Mackiewicz , Zbigniew Ranachowski , Tomasz Katz , Tomasz Debowski , Grzegorz Starzynski , Przemysław Ranachowski

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 255-266 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148787

Keywords: non-destructive testing ultrasonic examination plane wave propagation

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Abstract

The paper presents the modeling of transmission of the ultrasonic plane wave through an uniform liquid layer. The considered sources of the ultrasonic wave were normal (straight) beam longitudinal wave probes and angle beam sheer waves probes commonly used in non-destructive testing. Coupling losses (CL) introduced by the presence of the coupling layer are discussed and determined applying the numerical procedure. The modeling applies to both monochromatic waves and short ultrasonic pulses with a specified frequency bandwidth. Model implementation and validation was performed using a specialized software. The predictions of the model were confirmed by coupling losses measurements for a normal beam longitudinal wave probe with a delay line made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The developed model can be useful in designing ultrasonic probes for high-speed rail track inspections, especially for establishing the optimal thickness of the water coupling layer and estimation of coupling losses, due to inevitable changes of the water gap during mobile rail inspection.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Mackiewicz

Zbigniew Ranachowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Katz

Tomasz Debowski

Grzegorz Starzynski

Przemysław Ranachowski

Institute Of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy Of Sciences Warsaw, Poland

12 Improving Sound Insulation in Low Frequencies by a Three-Component Cladding Acoustic Metamaterial Panel

Na Tan , Xiaowei Yan , Bingfei Liu

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 267-276 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148776

Keywords: acoustics acoustic metamaterial panels sound insulation properties local resonance low frequencysound insulation

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Abstract

In this paper, a three-component cladding acoustic metamaterial panel with good sound insulation effect in the low-frequency range is proposed. The sound transmission loss of metamaterial panels under different structural configurations and different material parameters is investigated by combining finite element simulation calculations with experimental research. The results show that the closer the center of gravity of the scatterer is to the substrate, the better the stability of the resonance unit, the wider the range of effective sound isolation frequencies, and the higher the degree of normalization. The filling rate of the scatterer is maintained at about 0.5 to obtain a better sound insulation effect. At the same time, choosing lower density materials for the substrate and metal materials with high density and high modulus of elasticity for the scatterer can maximally widen the bandgap and allows for low-frequency sound insulation below 600 Hz. This approach improves the low-frequency sound insulation efficiency of acoustic metamaterials. The results provide important explanations and references for a deeper understanding of the sound insulation mechanism and the effects of different parameters on sound insulation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Na Tan

Xiaowei Yan

Bingfei Liu

Aeronautical Engineering College, Civil Aviation University of China Tianjin, China

13 Comparative Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals from On-Load Tap-Changers for Potential Detecting of Non-Simultaneous Operations

Andrzej Cichon , Sebastian Borucki , Michał Włodarz

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 227-286 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148782

Keywords: acoustic emission on-load tap-changer piezoelectric transducer

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Abstract

The research reported in this paper deals with the potential of detecting non-simultaneous operation in on-load tap-changer (OLTC) using an acoustic emission method. Tests conducted under laboratory conditions were carried out using an OLTC model. Three transducers with different characteristics were used: WD 17 AH, D9241A, and R15α, alongside oscillography as the reference method. The use of two new descriptors in the time domain was proposed. The feasibility of detecting the defect with different piezoelectric transducers was investigated. As a result of the analysis of the results, it was found that each piezoelectric transducer can identify nonsimultaneous operation of the switch. The most significant changes in descriptor values occurred in the time domain, and the most effective transducer turned out to be R15α.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Cichon

Sebastian Borucki

Michał Włodarz

Department of Electric Power Engineering and Renewable Energy Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics Opole University of Technology Opole, Poland

14 A Side Lobe Level Reduction Method Using Simulated Annealing Algorithm in a Uniform Arc Array

Song-Il Kang , Kyong-Sim U , Kyong-Chol Choe , Yong-Kwang Ri , Hyok-Il Kye

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2 | 287-295 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2024.148783

Keywords: underwater acoustic transducer array beamforming simulated annealing algorithm side lobe level reduction

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Abstract

In general, the amplitude-weighting method for an acoustic transducer array is widely used to improve the array directivity and reject disturbances. This paper presents a method to effectively reduce the side lobe level while minimizing the main lobe width increase. This is done using the simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) for a uniformly spaced arc array of omnidirectional underwater acoustic transducers, even at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We propose a new cost function for the SAA and obtain the weighting coefficients for all array elements using the SAA, and next compare them with various amplitude weighting methods. Through simulation and comparison, it is verified that the proposed method is effective in beamforming of the uniform arc array of underwater acoustic transducers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Song-Il Kang

Kyong-Sim U

Kyong-Chol Choe

Yong-Kwang Ri

Hyok-Il Kye

Institute of Electronic Materials, High Tech and Development Centre Kim Il Sung University Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

15 Contents

Archives of Acoustics | 2024 | vol. 49 | No 2

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Author Guidelines
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