Humanities and Social Sciences

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2022 | vol. 53 | No 4

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Abstract

This study aimed to acquire a better understanding of the personal and contextual characteristics that could affect educators’ reports and perceptions of student-to-student bullying behaviors. This study included two hundred and eighteen early childhood educators working in daycare centers for children from 2-and-a-half to 4- 5 years old in Greece. Preschool Peer Bullying Scale-Teacher Form (PPBS-TF) questionnaire was used to examine educators’ reported student-to-student bullying experiences in Greek childcare centers. This study’s results concerning student-tostudent bullying involvement indicate that there were gender differences in the participants’ perceptions of bullying behaviors. This information could be useful in understanding better this phenomenon and its relation to gender.
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Authors and Affiliations

Iraklis Grigoropoulos
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract

The subject of this article are the ways of understanding democracy in Poland during a crisis of democracy. Six studies were conducted in 2016-2019 on nationwide samples of adult Poles with the use of CAWI and CAPI methodology. Using exploratory factor analysis, we found that the term democracy may have different colloquial meanings. The first one is understanding democracy as “privileges and rights” (since the second half of 2016, enriched with cultivating national values), which we interpret as a populist meaning. An accurate way of understanding democracy was revealed to have existed in the first half of 2016, after which it dissolved into a populist understanding of democracy. Identifying democracy with a Catholic state was the most stable in time. This direction of changes turned out to be sustainable in the light of the results of research conducted on representative samples in 2017 and 2019 with the use of CAPI methodology.
Additionally, it turned out that an accurate understanding of democracy increased support for democracy, while understanding democracy as a Catholic state decreased support for democracy. The populist understanding turned out to be unrelated to support for democracy. This changeability in the ways of understanding democracy is explained by events that took place in Poland since 2015 which deepened the crisis of democracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Korzeniowski
1

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study analysis is aimed at examining the relationship between logical thinking, metacognitive skills, and problem-solving abilities. To accomplish the research purpose, 100 senior secondary school students were surveyed. A descriptive survey method was adopted to examine the study results. Logical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and metacognitive skills scales were used to assess students' skills. These three scales have been pretested and have good reliability and validity. The collected data was analysed using correlation and multiple regression techniques. Pearson product-moment correlation results show a significant relationship between study variables. Further, results of the comparison show that problem-solving abilities differ significantly on the basis of gender and stream of the students. Mediation analysis revealed that logical thinking fully mediates the relationship between metacognition and problem-solving abilities. In the present study, logical thinking accounts for 52.4% of the total effect. Moreover, the result of the interaction of metacognition and logical thinking skills on problem-solving abilities is significant, which leads to the conclusion that logical thinking also works as a moderator between the predictor and outcome variable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Poonam Punia
1
Ritu Malik
1
Manju Bala
1
Manju Phor
1
Yogesh Chander
1

  1. BPSMV, Khanpur Kalan, India
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Abstract

Love is the most widespread phenomenon at the individual, social and cultural level. Our knowledge of love comes both from our individual experiences and the social and cultural models that depict the nature of love in that particular era. There are a number of tools for measuring individual attitudes, feelings, manifestations, and behaviours relating to love. The Individual Representations of Love Scale is based on the fact that representations of love are created at the point where the individual intersects with the culture. The psychometric parameters of the Individual Representations of Love Scale were verified on a sample of 755 young people aged 18-35. Cultural resources and differentiation ability with regard to religious status, gender, and multiple partner relationship characteristics are taken into account. The results show that there are five factors of individual representations of love: 1. biological and selfcentred love, 2. spiritual love, 3. physical love, commitment, searching and building, 4. strength and positive benefits of love, and 5. reverse side of love. The cultural resources of these five factors and the scale’s differentiation ability are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ivan Lukšík
1
Jakub Šrol
2

  1. Trnava University in Trnava, Trnava, Slovak Republic
  2. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

In this paper, we consider how charity donations influence tax cheating decisions. Paying taxes is a legal requirement, and some taxpayers are reluctant to pay and search for actions aimed at reducing the amount of tax they pay. Donating money to charity not only allows benefit from the legal tax relief but can also lead to violation of moral and law standards. Engagement in moral acts might enhance individuals’ propensity to engage in subsequent immoral behavior by providing them with moral credits. Two experiments were conducted in which people donated to charity, and then decided whether to cheat on tax. Study 1 was based on an imaginary situation, while in Study 2 real-life monetary payments were introduced. The vast majority of the respondents in both studies (N=218) were taxpayers. Research demonstrated that donating to charity increased the tendency to underreport income (Study 1) and enhanced the tendency to apply for undue tax relief (Study 2). Therefore, within the context of taxation, donating to charity may be a double-edged sword in that it provides people with moral credits, making them feel entitled to cheat when paying taxes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sabina Kołodziej
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Niesiobędzka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
  2. University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Abstract

Conspiracy theories are the beliefs that play an important role in individuals’ decision-making, and studies indicate that they also have a significant effect on political behavior. The present study explores the relationships between belief in conspiracy theories, political powerlessness, and political apathy in an Iraqi sample (N =188) from a local community in which they have answered the study questionnaires. Belief in conspiracy theories has been linked to both political powerlessness and political apathy. Further analysis revealed that the relationship between belief in conspiracy theories and political apathy was mediated by political powerlessness. The findings suggest that conspiracy theories related with many political factors, the mediation model explained 30% of the variation in political apathy; other elements appear to contribute to it, also it appears that members of the research community have gravitated toward political apathy as a result of their sense of political powerlessness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hamakareem Mahmud Mahmud
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Garmian University, Kalar, Iraq
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Abstract

A large amount of research has shown that there are two types of trait content in social cognition – agency (including competence) and communion (including morality). Because communal traits are more instrumental in locating a person on the approach-avoidance dimension than agentic ones, the former are considered to be relatively more important in person (and group) perception processes. We developed a proposal that this difference in importance extends to spontaneous trait inferences based on the behavior of the perceived person. The hypothesis that trait inferences are stronger in the communal than agentic domain was tested in four experiments (N = 265) using three different methods of studying spontaneous trait inferences (i.e., the cued recall of distractors procedure, the false recognition paradigm, and the lexical decision task). Despite the variation in methods, the studies yielded the same result – spontaneous trait inferences appeared stronger in the communal than agentic domain, but the effect was restricted to the traits of positive rather than negative valence. For the agentic domain the strength of trait inferences remained relatively low, independent of trait valence. Possible reasons for the difference between positive and negative communal traits are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jan Kłosowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wiesław Baryła
2
ORCID: ORCID
Bogdan Wojciszke
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
  2. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland
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Abstract

Evaluative conditioning (EC) is a change in the evaluation of a neutral stimulus due to its pairing with another affective stimulus. Our Experiment 1 (N = 40) was carried out based on Rydell et al. (2006). During the conditioning stage, participants were presented with pictures of faces (CS) and positive or negative information about their behavior (explicit US). The images were preceded by short verbal primes (implicit US) of opposite valence to behavioral information. In Experiments 2 (N = 122) and 3 (N = 100) we provoked the transfer of implicit and explicit attitudes between USs and CSs by using social objects that potentially carry discrepant implicit and explicit evaluations. The data shows an inconsistency between implicit and explicit attitudes towards The results also confirm that those explicitly assessed attitudes are affected only by explicit information. At the same time, implicit attitudes are influenced not only by automatic processes but also by many other processes and information available to one's conscious mind.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Balas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adriana Rosocha
1

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Several psychological factors are strongly related to aggressive behaviours in university students, such as educational issues and problematic digital activity, namely Smartphone and social media addiction. At the same time, little is known about the role of student burnout syndrome in predicting these mental and social problems. Moreover, although most researchers agree with the notion of sex differences in aggression, excessive digital activity , and burnout syndrome, only a few studies have examined the role of cultural differences. Thus, the present study sought to examine whether digital technology addictions mediate the relationship between student burnout and aggressive behaviours in European and Japanese university students. For this purpose, a cross-sectional, non-experimental and online study was developed with 291 participants (202 females, M = 22.66; SD = 4.35). The findings highlighted how academic burnout and phone snubbing increase, and problematic Facebook usedecrease the risk of aggressive behaviours. In addition, phone snubbing (known as phubbing) mediates the association between student burnout and aggression. Men tend to have more aggressive behaviours than women, and Japanese students were less addicted to FB and less aggressive as well as scoring higher in phubbing than European students. In conclusion, the results confirmed the importance of including cross-cultural differences in digital technology health programs in order to minimise the risk of aggressive behaviours.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Tomaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

The pandemic prompted young people to develop different strategies for coping with stress. Disruption of societal reality and the need to adapt to new situation affected people’s well-being significantly.The research was conducted between 15 and 30 June 2020 on a group of 151 students. The following tools were used: Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scales in the Polish adaptation and the authors' own tool for measuring coping with a pandemic situation and its perception. In addition to quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis was used. Well-being was found to be related to the perception of pandemic, the sense of coping with pandemic, the sense of support, and the sense of control. Within these relationships the gender differences were found. Social support turned out to be the most significant correlate of well-being in both men and women. Qualitative analyses identified three sub-models for each gender. The criterion that allowed us to select different groups of cases was subjects’ perception of the pandemic influence on their lives. The hypothesis: "Perception of the pandemic as a meaningful situation is related to psychological well-being" was confirmed only in the female group. The hypothesis: "Sense of better coping, feeling more supported, feeling more accepted, and feeling more in control are positively associated with psychological wellbeing" was confirmed (except for acceptance). Qualitative analyses showed that women were more involved in building social support network and experienced a stronger loss of control over the crisis. Men manifested greater autonomy and resourcefulness in emergency situation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Dacka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Wolanin
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Rybak
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
  2. Independent Researcher, Sanok, Poland
  3. Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland

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