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Abstract

Water pollution caused by anthropogenic activity is a huge environmental problem. Huge amounts of consumed medicinal substances cause them to get into the environment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, are one of the most popular drugs in the world. This article presents the biodegradation of ibuprofen and isopropyl ester salts of various amino acids. Twelve ibuprofen isopropyl esters of L-amino acids were used in the research. The obtained derivatives may be a safer and more effective alternative to ibuprofen. Biodegradation tests were carried out using activated sludge. Sewage sludge was obtained from the local sewage treatment plant in Szczecin "Pomorzany". Ibuprofen derivatives, ibuprofenates of isopropyl amino acid esters, were used for the tests. It was checked how the type of structural modification of ibuprofen affects the biodegradation of the drug used. In this publication, it was verified how the type of amino acid affects biodegradation. Our evaluation of the biodegradation of ibuprofen derivatives by bacterial cultures revealed that six compounds are attractive carbon and energy sources for the active material utilized. These compounds were readily biodegradable within 28 days. There were no straightforward relationships between the structure, properties, and biodegradability of the obtained derivativesWater pollution caused by anthropogenic activity is a huge environmental problem. Huge amounts of consumed medicinal substances cause them to get into the environment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, are one of the most popular drugs in the world. This article presents the biodegradation of ibuprofen and isopropyl ester salts of various amino acids. Twelve ibuprofen isopropyl esters of L-amino acids were used in the research. The obtained derivatives may be a safer and more effective alternative to ibuprofen. Biodegradation tests were carried out using activated sludge. Sewage sludge was obtained from the local sewage treatment plant in Szczecin "Pomorzany". Ibuprofen derivatives, ibuprofenates of isopropyl amino acid esters, were used for the tests. It was checked how the type of structural modification of ibuprofen affects the biodegradation of the drug used. In this publication, it was verified how the type of amino acid affects biodegradation. Our evaluation of the biodegradation of ibuprofen derivatives by bacterial cultures revealed that six compounds are attractive carbon and energy sources for the active material utilized. These compounds were readily biodegradable within 28 days. There were no straightforward relationships between the structure, properties, and biodegradability of the obtained derivatives
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Authors and Affiliations

Paula Elżbieta Ossowicz-Rupniewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edyta Kucharska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Klebeko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewelina Kopciuch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karolina Bilska
1
Ewa Janus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

Groundwater resources are typically affected by both global climate factors and anthropogenic activities. This influence is most apparent in arid and semi-arid climates of the Saharan desert. With rising temperatures and minimal precipitation, climate variability in these regions has a particularly significant and systemic impact on the chemical composition of shallow aquifer water. In this regard, our study aims to evaluate the climatic effects on groundwater in Saharan environments, using the Ouargla basin as a prime example. Water samples taken from 45 observation piezometers in our selected study area in February and June 2021 were used to assess the overall impact of inter-annual climate variations on salinity within this shallow groundwater basin. The obtained results show that groundwater located in the first three meters of shallow aquifer depth is directly influenced by surface climate. This pattern holds true for both observed seasonal periods. Stratification indices within the saturated zone were found to be positive, indicating an increase in groundwater salinity at lower depths and negative in shallower depths. This suggests a direct climate influence on this groundwater. These findings can be used to enhance sustainable development strategies in such environments, notably by quantifying salt accumulation and efficiently managing salinity exchange between saturated and vadose horizons.
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Authors and Affiliations

Medjani Fethi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zahi Faouzi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Djidel Mohamed
1
ORCID: ORCID
Labar Sofiane
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hamilton Cynthia Mei-Ling
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Laboratory of Geology of the Sahara, University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Algeria
  2. Laboratory of Geological Engineering, University of Jijel, Algeria
  3. Department of Geography and Territorial Planning, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology, Algeria
  4. Environmental Geochemist & Educator., Bakersfield, CA United States
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Abstract

The article deals with the possibilities of regenerating operating fluids, assessing the composition of new, used, and regenerated oils by evaluating their toxicity and proposing the environmentally friendly regeneration method. The focus lies on two methods of regeneration of waste operating fluids: distillation and electrostatic cleaning. Oil samples, regenerated through these methods, were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass detection. The variance in composition among new, used, and regenerated oils depends on the method of regeneration. Properties of hydrocarbons exhibiting ecotoxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and other effects were identified using safety data sheets and databases like Pubchem, ChemicalBook. Analyzing HLP 46 oil (samples of new, unused, used and regenerated oil) revealed that the most toxic hydrocarbons (acetane, heptacosane, nonacosane) were absent after regeneration through electrostatic cleaning. Comparing the composition of operating fluids before and after regeneration, it was established that the most environmentally favorable regeneration method is electrostatic cleaning, which maintains the original properties of the operating fluids intended for use. Operating fluids regenerated via electrostatic cleaning contain fewer toxic hydrocarbons, making them more favorable concerning human health and the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Helena Hybská
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eszter Turčániová
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martin Krempa
2
Pavel Timár
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ladislav Štibrányi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Tamás Rétfalvi
5
ORCID: ORCID
Martina Mordáčová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia
  2. Hireco Fluid s.r.o., Bytča, Slovakia
  3. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
  4. Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
  5. Institute of Environment and Nature Protection, University of Sopron, Sopron, Hungary
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Abstract

The paper presents an assessment of the mycological air quality in classrooms of school buildings located in Lesser Poland. In 10 schools, 5 sampling points were designated: 4 indoors and 1 as an "outdoor background". A 6-stage Andersen impactor was used to collect fungal aerosol samples. During sampling, dust measurements were made (using the DustTrak II dust meter) as well as temperature and relative humidity. The predominant genera of fungi were determined by the MALDI-TOF MS method. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in indoor air fungal concentrations among the tested locations (p>0.05). The highest concentrations were observed in large classrooms (max. 2,678 CFU∙m-3), however, these differences were not statistically significant across different types of school rooms (Kruskal-Wallis test: p>0.05). All rooms exhibited similar levels of fungal aerosol contamination. Relative air humidity had a significant influence on the number of microorganisms. The most frequently isolated fungi belonged to Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Aspergillus genera. Fungal aerosol concentrations in the tested classrooms did not exceed proposed limit values for this type of indoor environment. The results suggest that natural ventilation in classrooms is insufficient to ensure adequate microbiological quality of indoor air.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Frączek
1
Karol Bulski
1
Maria Chmiel
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics,Hugo Kołłątaj University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the work is to develop a method of landscape dynamics under anthropogenic impact. The developed methodology is tested on the territory of Kostanay region, which is one of the main regions of mining industry development, with a focus on iron ore mining and crop production. Space images and field survey results are used as input materials. In general, the work consists of the following six stages: the first stage includes the selection and processing of space images, the second stage includes the calculation of indices based on data from different channels of space images, the third stage includes field work aimed at collecting information for verification of the obtained results on the basis of RS data, the fourth stage includes the calculation of range values, the fifth stage comprises verification of the obtained indices, and the final sixth stage deals with calculation of the integral index of landscape degradation degree and analysis of landscape dynamics under anthropogenic impacts. The calculation of the integral indicator of the degree of degradation of the natural environment of the Kostanay region, based on the degradation of each indicator in the conditions of anthropogenic impact, allowed for identification of landscapes with different degrees of degradation (from weak to very strong). The research confirmed that landscapes with a high degree of degradation under anthropogenic impact are confined to semi-desert landscapes in the south of the study region. The degradation of these landscapes is associated not only with anthropogenic impacts but also with natural and climatic features that influence the development of landscape pollution processes. On the contrary, landscapes with a weak degree of degradation correspond to the forest-steppe and steppe zones, characterized by a high level of economic development and resistance to anthropogenic impacts. The verification of the obtained indicators by the values of the remaining 25% of field points determines the reliability of the obtained results, ranging from 87% to 92%, confirming the correct choice of methods and techniques for obtaining the results, especially the choice of field methods and vegetation and non-vegetation indices for assessing the selected indicators. Subsequently, based on the verified map of degradation of the natural environment, created through space monitoring for a certain period, it is possible to forecast the functioning of the natural environment in the conditions of anthropogenic impact.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhanar Ozgeldinova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhandos Mukayev
2
ORCID: ORCID
Altyn Zhanguzhina
1
ORCID: ORCID
Assel Bektemirova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Meruyert Ulykpanova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
  2. Shakarim University of Semey, Kazakhstan
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Abstract

The contamination of the environment by antibiotics has become a serious problem, supported by abundant scientific evidence of its negative impact on both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to intensify research efforts towards developing effective and efficient processes for removing antibiotics from the aquatic environment. In this study, a bacterial consortium capable of breaking down penicillin was employed in a ceramic separator microbial fuel cell (MFC) to generate electricity. The consortium’s properties such as laccase activity, penicillin removal and microbial structure were studied. The SF11 bacterial consortium, with a laccase activity of 6.16±0.04 U/mL, was found to be effective in breaking down penicillin. The highest rate of penicillin removal (92.15±0.27%) was achieved when the SF11 consortium was incubated at 30 °C for 48 hours. Furthermore, when used as a whole-cell biocatalyst in a low-cost upflow MFC, the Morganella morganii-rich SF11 consortium demonstrated the highest voltage and power density of 964.93±1.86 mV and 0.56±0.00 W/m3, respectively. These results suggest that the SF11 bacterial consortium has the potential for use in ceramic separator MFCs for the removal of penicillin and electricity generation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pimprapa Chaijak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alisa Kongthong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Junjira Thipraksa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Panisa Michu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Thaksin University, Thailand
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Abstract

Indonesia is one of the largest contributors to global marine litter deposition, given its high population and the largest archipelagic country. The increasing problem of plastic littering has recently attracted the attention of researchers. This study aims to identify marine and macroplastic litter in Semarang City. A field survey was conducted by dividing the beach into 18 sampling grids, each with an area of 1 × 1 m2. A literature survey was also conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology to identify literature that can be used to develop recommendations. The results showed that 6.26–11.16 grams/m2/ day of marine litter and approximately 1.61–4.89 items/m2/day of plastic litter would be deposited on Semarang City beaches. The greatest contributors to macroplastic litter were polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which should be considered for further intervention. Strategic recommendations were developed based on an in-depth literature survey and best practices in the current field. These also include recommendations that can be used as a reference by policymakers and other stakeholders to reduce marine pollution. The results of this study are expected to provide a multiplier effect on reducing marine pollution for the city.
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Authors and Affiliations

Badrus Zaman
1
Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
2 3
Anik Sarminingsih
1
Ika Bagus Priyambada
1
Mochamad Arief Budihardjo
1

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro Jl.Prof. H. Sudarto, SH Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia
  2. Graduate Programs in Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Environmental Engineering,The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
  3. Environmental Sustainability Research Group, Department of Environmental Engineering,Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia
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Abstract

The galvanic sludges contain a number of toxic heavy metals, potentially mobilized as chemically active ions under environmental conditions as. This study explores the application of fly ash-based geopolymers for the removal of Zn ions from galvanizing sludge. In this study, geopolymers, synthesized via the geopolymerization method, were used to remove Zn from post-galvanized sewage sludge. Two types of geopolymers were used, derived from ash from coal combustion and biomass combustion. Structural, morphological, and surface properties were characterized using FTIR and SEM, respectively. In addition, BET and Langmuir isotherms, along with analyses such as t-Plot and BJH method for porous solids were conducted. The results indicate that the geopolymer derived from coal combustion ash is a more effective sorbent for Zn(II) ions, exhibiting a removal efficiency of 99.9%, compared to 40.7% for the geopolymer derived from biomass combustion ash. The FTIR spectra analysis reveals the presence of bonds between the -OH and/or Si-OH groups on the geopolymers’ surface and the Zn(II) ions. The environmentally and economically advantageous process maximizes the recovery of a valuable component at minimal cost, yielding relatively clean monometallic waste suitable for reuse.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Sitarz-Palczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents concepts of value chains as strategic models for long-term development and a sustainable approach for ensuring efficiency. It highlights the fact that value chains are of particular importance in the raw materials industry, where the exploration, extraction, processing and metallurgy stages are characterized by high capital expenditure and fixed costs. Additionally, it emphasizes that offering an increasingly valuable product at each stage of production or processing makes it possible to increase earnings and achieve a higher margin. In order to give a practical dimension to the presented analyses, the paper provides an example of lithium value chains and identifies the determinants of their functioning in the current market together with their prospects. The conclusion highlights Europe’s need to source raw materials within business models based on value chains.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arkadiusz Jacek Kustra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sylwia Lorenc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marta Podobińska-Staniec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Wiktor-Sułkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The rapid development of the global economy has led to an increasing demand for resources. The disparity between the supply and demand of resources continues to be prominent and shows a situation of short supply. Resource investment projects with large amounts and long construction periods face many risks due to various unpredictable factors. Cultural, legal, economic and other environments vary between different countries. Therefore, comprehensive risk identification, understanding, evaluation, and analysis are important prerequisites for the success of mineral investment. In this paper, the risk of mineral resources investment in host countries is identified. A risk evaluation index system is established to objectively evaluate the risk environment of the host country. The risk evaluation index system includes four first-level indexes: political and legal risk, social and cultural risk, economic and financial risk, and natural risk. The subjective weight was determined by sending questionnaires to experts and scholars in the industry and conducting data processing. The entropy method was used to determine the objective weight. Finally, the subjective weight and the objective weight were combined to obtain a group of scientific and accurate combined weights. The matter-element theory was introduced into the cloud model and a risk assessment model based on the cloud matter-element theory was constructed with comprehensive consideration of the fuzziness and randomness of risks. Eight countries with relatively rich mineral resources were taken as cases to verify the model application. The research results provide a theoretical basis and decision-making methods for mineral enterprise investment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jie Hou
1
Guoqing Li
1
Jiahong Ling
1
Lianyun Chen
2
Wei Zhao
3
ORCID: ORCID
Baoli Sheng
3

  1. University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
  2. University of Science and Technology Beijing, China; Shandong Gold Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, China
  3. Sanshandao Gold Mine, Shandong Gold Group Mining (Laizhou) Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
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Abstract

Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges faced by EU countries is the pursuit of zero-emission economies. Certainly, it is crucial to determine the role of fossil fuels in the energy transformation. In light of the European Green Deal, EU countries should cease the consumption of hydrocarbons, i.e. coal, crude oil and natural gas, by 2050. Nevertheless, there are significant differences regarding the possibility of decarbonizing the energy sectors of the different EU Member States. For many years, Romania has been successively implementing an energy transformation, the main goal of which is the significant reduction of fossil fuels in the energy mix. Just a few years ago, one of the most important energy resources was coal, which is to be eliminated within the next decade. However, a much greater challenge is the reduction and subsequent abandonment of natural gas and crude oil. The key task facing Romania is to ensure energy security, which is why decarbonization will be strongly coupled with the country’s economic and political capabilities. The exclusion of fossil fuels in power engineering means that there is a need to develop alternative generation capacities, in particular in nuclear, wind and solar energy. This article presents the current condition of the energy sector in Romania, with a particular emphasis on the role of fossil fuels in its transformation. An analysis of documents and field research shows that there will be a dynamic decarbonization in the coming years, which will result in a significant reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels. The priority of Romania’s energy policy is to achieve a zero-emission economy, but ensuring stability and security in the energy sector will be of key importance in this process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiktor Hebda
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Primary energy consumption depends on the size of the economy and its structure, including both industrial and service sectors, characterized by different energy demands. Some of the basic energy and economic indicators that can be used to analyze primary energy consumption include energy intensity, energy productivity and indicators measuring the activity of the economy (gross domestic product or gross value added). In the years 1995–2021, the Polish economy developed at a relatively constant pace, and the value of gross domestic product increased in real terms by almost 290% over the entire analyzed period. However, despite this increase, total primary energy consumption remained at the relatively constant level of around 3,800–4,600 PJ/year. This was caused by, among other factors, an increase in energy productivity on the one hand and a reduction in energy intensity on the other. It should be emphasized that a descriptive analysis of changes in primary energy consumption in Poland in the analyzed period, including changes in selected energy and economic indicators, does not allow the identification and quantification of the impact of all key factors on the total change of the examined value over time. In this context, the main aim of the research presented in this paper is to propose a decomposition model of primary energy consumption in Poland and adapt it to conduct analyses covering the period of economic and energy transition to quantitatively determine the impact of the identified factors on the total change in primary energy consumption in the 1995–2021 period. To perform the described research, decomposition analysis was applied, including a multiplicative and additive approach. A decomposition model was developed based on the formulated decomposition identity. Mathematical formulas of two methods were used to perform the calculations: a generalized Fisher index and the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI). The obtained results indicate that the effects of demand and energy intensity factors had the most significant impact on the primary energy consumption change.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Kaszyński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
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Abstract

Based on China’s resource endowment and coal mine disaster statistics, it has been found that there are many deficiencies in the management of disasters and risks in mining areas in China. Therefore, to scientifically and effectively manage mining areas, based on the theory of internal control, this paper systematically analyzes the risks of mining areas in the context of various factors and relevant suggestions. From the occurrence of mine risk to the occurrence of damage, the importance of risk management is highlighted. In accordance with the five selection principles of evaluation indicators (goal principle, comprehensiveness principle, scientificity principle, timeliness principle and focus principle) as well as the five elements of internal control (control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication and supervision), a mining area risk managementframework of human-machine-environment-management – disturbance is constructed, and twentyseven secondary risk indicators are divided. The criteria for determining the risk level and the risk response process have been established, and a more systematic and accurate mine risk management system under the theory of internal control has been formed. Finally, based on four key technologies, a dual prevention and control mechanism is formed around the system risk and job risk management system. This provides new methods and ideas for the prevention and control of coal mine safety risks and the containment of disasters and accidents.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hailong Mu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shangjiu Meng
2
Miao Wang
3
Shengjun Zhang
4

  1. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, China; Heilongjiang Province Hydraulic Research Institute, China
  2. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, School of Mining Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, China
  3. Heilongjiang Province Hydraulic Research Institute, China
  4. Infrastructure Branch of the Third Construction Engineering Company LTD of China Construction Second Engineering Bureau, China
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Abstract

This paper presents geochemical data for 171 core samples of the Carboniferous coal-bearing series and the Miocene cove from the central part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Major oxide concentrations (Al 2O 3, SiO 2, Fe 2O 3, P 2O 5, K 2O, MgO, CaO, Na 2O, K 2O, MnO, TiO 2, and Cr 2O 3) were obtained using XRF. Trace and major elements (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, U, Cr, V, Mn, As, Th, Sr, Cd, Sb, Bi, Ba, Ti, W, Zr, Ce, Nb, Ta, Be Sc) were analysed ICP-MS. The main goals of this study were to demonstrate the distribution, as well as the stratigraphical variability, of the selected elements and to determine whether chemostratigraphy tools could be effectively applied to analyze Carboniferous and Miocene deposits of the USCB. Geochemical studies have shown showed different geochemical features of the samples from the Carboniferous and the Miocene. The diversity is mainly expressed in the enrichment of Miocene sediments in Ca and Sr related to biogenic carbonate material. It was also stated that the concentrations of trace elements associated with the detrital fraction, such as Zn, Cr, Co, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, and Sc show slightly higher values in Carboniferous sediments. On the basis of the content of Ti, Zr, and Nb, as well as ratios such as Th/U, Zr/Th, Ti/Zr, and TiO 2/K 2O, units with different inputs of the terrigenous fraction can be identified in both Carboniferous and Miocene formations. The paper shows that chemostratigraphy can be used as a stratigraphic and correlation tool for the Carboniferous and the Miocene deposits of the USCB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Krzeszowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The article analyzes the influence of selected factors on the activity rate of cement binder containing 50% of ground granulated blast furnace slag in its composition. These factors are the chemical and mineral composition of Portland cement CEM I, the degree of grinding of granulated blast furnace slag and Portland cement, and the water/binder ratio. This slag content is characteristic for blast furnace cement CEM III/A. In addition to the application effects, this type of cement is a low-carbon binder (there is a reduction of CO 2 emissions by about 45% compared to Portland cement CEM I). The use of this type of cement in the composition of concrete enables the obtaining of concrete with a very small carbon footprint. Based on the results of our own research, it was found that such a high proportion of ground granulated blast furnace slag in the binder composition leads to a significant reduction in the early compressive strength of standard mortars (after two and seven days of setting). This results in a significant reduction in the use of these types of binders (cements) in selected areas of construction, e.g. prefabrication and high-strength concrete. Analyzing the obtained results of their own research, the authors concluded that the early strength of these types of binders can be significantly improved by increasing the specific surface area (degree of grinding) of Portland cement CEM I and lowering the water/slag ratio (w/s, where: s = cement + slag). The proposed material and technological modifications also enable the obtaining of higher compressive strength at all tested dates. The strength of the standard (after twenty-eight days and over longer periods) is comparable to or higher than that of Portland cement CEM I.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arkadiusz Janic
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Giergiczny
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technology Centrum Betotech sp. z o.o., Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

There are significant ruby formations across the world that have been commercialized. In Türkiye there are many mineralogical formation regions with gemological features of high quality. However, there is not enough information in the literature about the formation of ruby in Türkiye, and its usability as a precious stone. In contrast to previous studies, this paper was conducted to reveal the gemological properties of Doğanşehir (Malatya province) rubies and to investigate the usability of polished and cut ruby samples as gemstones. Ruby corundum formations of gemstone quality have recently been discovered in Göksun ophiolites in the Doğanşehir district of Türkiye. These ruby formations take place in greenish and grayish amphibolites in the Göksun ophiolites. The ruby crystals are observed in colors ranging from pink to red and sizes ranging between 2 × 10 mm and 30 × 50 mm. The tectonic position, geological environment, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and gemological characteristics of Doğanşehir crystals indicate that they can be classified as rubies and can be likened to those gems formed in amphibolites in Tanzania. This indicates that Doğanşehir rubies have gemological and mineralogical parameters that are competitive with rubies existing in other places across the world after polishing and cutting. Examples of Doğanşehir rubies prepared by polishing and cutting show that these rubies may feature in the global market in the coming years. Doğanşehir rubies are suitable for COBACORE (community based comprehensive recovery) cutting mostly in large sizes and amounts. Thus, it is a potential gemstone source. Samples prepared by polishing and cutting indicate their suitability as gemstones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Taşkın Deniz Yıldız
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ni̇hal Deri̇n Coşkun
2
ORCID: ORCID
Veli̇ Uz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ali̇ İssi̇
3
ORCID: ORCID
Bektaş Uz
4

  1. Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science And Technology University, Department of Mining Engineering, Türkiye
  2. Ordu University, Department of Ceramics and Glass, Türkiye
  3. Dumlupınar University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Türkiye
  4. Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geology Engineering, Türkiye
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Abstract

The subject of the study was the No. 116/2 coal seam belonging to the Cracow Sandstone Series of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Reflectograms of the samples taking into account all the vitrinite group macerals present in the coal were recorded for Δ Ro close to the standard deviation and in the standard range. A careful analysis of vitrinite reflectograms reveals the presence of three or four clearly distinguished peaks. When assessing the rank of coal, only the main maximum, peak No. 4, was considered to be significant. Measurements of the average reflectance of collotelinite were made only on the vitrinite surfaces with a thickness of more than 1 mm. Only two maxima were revealed on detailed reflectograms. These maxima correlate with the peaks marked as No. 3 and 4 in the sample reflectograms taking into account all the vitrinite group macerals. The C daf content in the tested coal from the Janina coal mine is between 75.9 and 77.5 wt%, while for vitrain, it ranges from 71.1 to 75.5 wt%. This relationship is an exponential regression with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.95h and can be approximated by a linear correlation of r = 0.94. The correlation strength between the volatile matter content and the coefficient of average reflectance in the vitrinite of the tested coal was also examined. The statistically significant correlation is strong, which is expressed by the exponential correlation coefficient “r” being close to 0.99 and its linear approximation with the correlation coefficient r = 0.98. However, no correlation was found between the measured reflectance values and the GI coefficient calculated for the examined samples.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Misiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Kraków, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, Poland
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Abstract

In line with the principles of modern design a building structure should not only be safe but also optimized. In deterministic optimization, the uncertainties of the structures are not explicitly taken into account. Traditionally, uncertainties of the structural system (i.e. material parameters, loads, dimensions of the cross-sections) are considered by means of partial safety factors specified in design codes. Worth noticing, that optimal structures are sensitive to randomness design parameters and deterministic optimal solutions may lead to reduced reliability levels. It therefore seems natural to extend the formulation of deterministic optimization with the random scatter of parameter values. Such a formulation is offered by robust optimization and reliability-based design optimization. The applicability ofRBDOis strongly dependent on the availability of the joint probability density function.Aformulation of non-deterministic optimization that better adapts to the design realities is robust optimization. Unlike RBDO optimization, this formulation does not require estimation of failure probabilities. In the paper using the examples of steel beams, the authors compare the strengths and weaknesses of both formulations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Zabojszcza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Radoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Tauzowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
  2. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Informationand Computational Science, Adolfa Pawinskiego 5B St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The main goal of the studies was to collect information on the impact of the identified risk factors on the amount of costs incurred in the life cycle of buildings. The own studies were focused especially on residential and non-residential buildings. The studies consisted in obtaining expert opinions on the subject of the research involves in the non-random (arbitrary) selection of a sample of respondents from among specialists corresponding to the industry purpose of the studies and the research material. The research used the expert questionnaire method. The studies were divided into three stages. In the first stage, the identification and division of risk factors in the life cycle of buildings was performed. Then, experts assessed 45 selected risk factors that may affect the amount of costs incurred in the life cycle of buildings. In the last step, the research results were developed in the form of a checklist knowledge base, containing information about the potential impact of the identified risk factors in the life cycle of buildings on the amount of the corresponding components of life cycle costs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Wieczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Zima
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edyta Plebankiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska St. 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Predicting the Q–s settlement characteristics of piles is an important element in the designing of pile foundations. The most reliable method in evaluating pile-soil interaction is the static load test, preferably performed with instrumentation for measuring shaft and pile base resistances. This, however, is a mostly post-implementation test. In the design phase, prediction methods are needed, in which numerical simulations play an increasingly popular role. This article proposes a procedure for numerically modeling the interaction of screw displacement piles with soil using the ZSoil 2D FEM program. The procedure takes into account technological characteristics of this type of pile, such as the process of soil expansion during the screwing-in of the auger and the pressure of concrete mix after pile concreting. They significantly affect the soil stress state, which is a key parameter for the pile load capacity. Geotechnical parameters of the subsoil were adopted from CPTU probing and laboratory tests. Due to the physical complexity, a constitutive soil model “Hardening Soil” (HS) was used in the analyses. The modeling procedure was calibrated on the basis of the static load test results of several instrumented piles, which were carried out as part of the “DPDT-Auger” research project. As a result of these calibrations, generalized recommendations were derived for an entire single pile modeling process with the axisymmetric system of ZSoil program. These can be useful in the reliable FEM prediction of the Q–s characteristics for screw displacement piles for practical engineering purposes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Wiecławski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Krasinski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk Wrzeszcz, Poland
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Abstract

The objective of the article involves presenting innovative approach to the assessment of structural reliability analysis. The primary research method was the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). The Hasofer–Lind reliability index in conjunction with transformation method in the FORM was adopted as the reliability measure. The implicit limit state functions were used in the analysis. The formulation of the random variables functions were created in the Matlab software by means of neural networks (NNs). The reliability analysis was conducted in Comrel module of Strurel computing environment. In the proposed approach, Hybrid FORM method (HF) used the concept in which NNs replaced the polynomial limit state functions obtained from FEM (Finite Elements Method) for chosen limit parameters of structure work. The module Comrel referenced Matlab files containing limit state functions. In the reliability analysis of structure, uncertain and uncorrelated parameters, such us base wind speed, characteristic snow load, elasticity modulus for steel and yield point steel are represented by random variables. The criterion of structural failure was expressed by four limit state functions – two related to the ultimate limit state and two related to the serviceability limit state. Using module Comrel values of the reliability index with the FORM method were determined. Additionally, the sensitivity of the reliability index to random variables and graph of partial safety factors were described. Replacing the FEM program by NNs significantly reduces the time needed to solve the task. Moreover, it enables the parallel formulation of many limit functions without extending the computation time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Potrzeszcz-Sut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Dudzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Radoń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

This paper analyzes the effect of additional masses for lattice structures on the nature of changes in the natural frequencies of the structure. An attempt to mathematically describe this nature and the scale of the effect with a known thickness of the icing layer was also made. The discussion concerns a structure with a sacred purpose – the Gate of the Third Millennium, located in the Lednickie Fields, in the Kiszkowo Municipality, Gniezno Poviat. The icing of structural bars (frost, rime) is treated as a source of additional masses, although the origin of non-structural mass is of secondary importance for the analysis in question. The analysis was carried out by Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling of the structure, assuming a single-parameter variation of its mass (that is, the additional mass of all elements of the test object varies proportionally to a single parameter, which is the outer surface of the element on which the ice layer is deposited). By solving the vibration eigenproblem for successive models, representing different intensities of icing of the object, the values of successive frequencies and descriptions of the corresponding eigenmodes were determined. The results obtained allow us to formulate a postulate that the possibility of a change in the mass of the analyzed object resulting from icing or other causes should be taken into account in strength analyses, wherein the dynamic properties of the structure play an important role, such as in assessing the susceptibility of the structure to dynamic loads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Richter
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Tokarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Rural Building, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 59-130 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The construction contractor is concerned with reducing the cost of the project, including reducing unnecessary downtime. This is achieved when resources are fully utilized; this means the crews work continuously moving without interruption from one location to the other. However, any disturbance in the optimally scheduled workflow caused by random events is likely to result in delays, interruptions in the crews work, and productivity losses. There is therefore a need for scheduling methods that allow plans to be more resilient to disruptions and ensure a reduction in downtime and implementation costs. The authors put forward a proactive-reactive approach to the schedule risk management. Proposed method makes it possible to protect schedule deadlines from the impact of risk factors by allocating time buffers (proactive approach). It also takes into account the measures that managers take during execution in response to delays that occur, such as changing construction methods, employing extra resources, or working overtime (reactive approach). It combines both ideas and is based on project simulation technique. The merits of the proposed approach are illustrated by a case of a repetitive project to erect a number of buildings. The presented example proves that the proposed method enables the planner to estimate the scale of delays of processes’ start and consider the impact of measures to reduce duration of processes in particular locations taken in reaction to delays. Thus, it is possible to determine the optimal schedule, at which the costs of losses associated with delays and downtime are minimal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Jaskowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Biruk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Krzeminski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzyckastr. 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The non-linearity of the modulus in the zone of small deformations has become one of the three basic concepts of modern soil mechanics, together with “effective stresses” or “critical state”. It is therefore necessary to obtain suitable parameters to describe these phenomena through the development of modern measuring equipment and newresearch methods. Limitations in the availability of the research area or research equipment indicate the need to create a data set, in the formula of regional assessments. The article presents a compilation of data on the deformation characteristics of soils covering about 75% of the country’s area, which are the most common subsoils for building. Descriptions, images of microstructures, and a record of mechanical parameters are presented for various age-old glacial clays and marginal clays and loesses. Emphasis is placed on parameters obtained from triaxial tests, including the determination of the shear modulus at small deformations obtained from BET measurements. In combination with the patented solution of sample strain measurement, complete deformability curves of the tested samples were obtained, indicating model reference curves developed for the above soil types. The statistically significant amount of data collected allowed the creation of a specific portfolio for selected soils as a starting point for assessing deformability. This corresponds to the current expectations regarding the characteristics of the behaviour of the substrate in the full spectrum of stresses and deformations, obtained from different types of tests, which, as in the case of soil stiffness degradation, together allow the correct determination of the necessary parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Witowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Godlewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Nepelski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Chyliński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Building Structures, Geotechnics and Concrete, Building Research Institute, Filtrowa 1 St., 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerów St., 02-656 Warsaw
  3. Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland

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