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Abstrakt

This is both a review of previous research and a theoretical paper on altruism. It discusses one of the crucial theories of prosocial involvement: the distinction between endo- and exocentric prosocial motivation depending on the type of internal gratification for the involved individual: satisfaction of the Self vs. improving the circumstances of another person. The relevance and validity of this distinction finds support in early empirical studies. Contemporary findings suggest a more universal regulatory context of this idea, which transcends the domain of altruism and extends to the more general issues of the Self and social perception. In addition, it anticipates a number of cognitive biases consequential to the relationship between endocentric regulation and the Self. The findings support a reinterpretation of the original term “prosocial motivation” and the use of a broader interpretative construct “prosocial orientation”, understood as a complex syndrome of regulation that encompasses the processes of social perception, value judgements, and Self-regulation, both explicit and subliminal.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Anna Szuster
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Abstrakt

The present study explores the connection between the actual/ideal (A/I) and actual/ought (A/O) self- -discrepancies and negative emotional states such as stress, anxiety and depression. Moreover, it seeks to understand the effects of potentially intervening variables, self-control //and self-consciousness, on the affect-discrepancy relationship. 638 participants (60% female, aged 18-55) participated in the study. They filled out questionnaires measuring actual/ ideal self-discrepancy, actual/ought self-discrepancy, self-control, private/public self-consciousness and psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress; DAS). The results revealed that both, A/O and A/I self-discrepancies, are positively associated with DAS but do not have a predictive value for them. However, depression, anxiety and stress are significantly predicted by low self-control and high personal self-consciousness. Also, the study confirms that self- -control and self-consciousness moderate affect-discrepancy relationship: self-control is a significant moderator of the relationships between (1) A/I and A/O self-discrepancy and depression and (2) A/I and A/O self-discrepancy and stress. Also, public self-consciousness moderates the relationship between A/O self-discrepancy and stress. In this respect those who have high self-control and high self-consciousness are less likely to experience negative emotional reactions related to the discrepant self-constructs.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maia Mestvirishvili
1
Natia Mestvirishvili
2

  1. Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
  2. Caucasus University

Abstrakt

In our social-media era, the boundary between what we portray as true and what is false is growing increasingly thin. The decision of how we present ourselves on social media has a significant impact on our mental well-being.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Iwanowska
1

  1. Department of Economic and OrganizationalPsychology University of Gdansk

Abstrakt

W prezentowanym opracowaniu zostały ukazane problemy samoświadomości i możliwości jej rozwoju. W tym kontekście została określona także koncepcje samooceny, szacunku dla samego siebie, uznania dla siebie, rozpoznawania siebie, pewności siebie i samorealizacji. W tekście podkreślono, że samoświadomość wiąże się ze świadomością własnej tożsamości psychofizycznej i społecznej – ja sam i świat oraz moje miejsce w nim. Ważnym środkiem do rozwoju zdrowej samoświadomości jest również uznanie. W podsumowaniu artykułu zwrócono uwagę na higienę psychiczną jako zapobieganie niepowodzeniom rozwojowym.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Alena Vališová

Abstrakt

Four types of self-standards (ideal, ought, undesired, and forbidden selves) were analyzed in the context of self-assessed health of older adults. We focused on the relationships between self-discrepancies (perceived actualization of self-standards) and affect, as well as the content of self-descriptions of standards. Participants (116 Polish older adults) completed: Self Standards’ Measure (SSM), PANAS-X and 7 items from the WHOQOL-BREF. First, we found that self-assessed health moderates the effects of self-discrepancies on affect. The ideal and ought self-discrepancies predicted affect when health was assessed as good. Conversely, the undesired and forbidden self-discrepancies predicted affect when health was assessed as poor. Second, health-related content was more typical for the ideal than for the ought standards. Third, older adults who assessed their health better had fewer health-related standards. The results are discussed with reference to control theory of approach and avoidance.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wacław Bąk
Donat N. Dutkiewicz
Jan Kutnik
ORCID: ORCID

Abstrakt

Objectification in the workplace refers to relationships in which employees can be reduced to the status of objects. This phenomenon has deleterious consequences for health. In this study we examine the protective role of reflexivity, i.e. self-consciousness and team reflexivity. 98 employees answered an online questionnaire which measured objectification, self-consciousness, team reflexivity, mentalization and instrumentality/humanness. The results highlighted a moderation effect of private self-consciousness in the relations between objectification and its consequences. An elevation of self-consciousness is associated with a decrease in dementalization and is associated with an increase in instrumentality. Team reflexivity promotes a decrease in instrumentality and an elevation in humanness either directly or indirectly via the diminution of objectification. The two forms of reflexivity are therefore complementary when facing objectification in the workplace and its consequences. The question of the articulation of the self and co-regulation processes is discussed in connection with these results.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Auzoult Laurent Auzoult
1

  1. Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté

Abstrakt

The presented study is based on three theoretical approaches: the sociocultural model of eating disorders, self- determination theory and objectification theory. The study has two aims. Firstly, to test a model of body dissatisfaction in women based on these theories and secondly, to experimentally examine the effect of low-intensity fat talk on body dissatisfaction and its related variables. The results showed that body surveillance and self-determination were directly associated with body dissatisfaction. There was an indirect effect of thin-ideal internalization on body dissatisfaction as well as an indirect effect of self-determination on body dissatisfaction, both through body surveillance. The experimental effect of this subtle form of fat talk was not confirmed. However, the content analysis of the participants’ short texts revealed that even this form of fat talk was associated with marked body dissatisfaction and negative emotions for some participants. In summary, body surveillance was a central variable in the model of body dissatisfaction in young women. This habit of constant monitoring of body appearance is not trivial and should be addressed in interventions.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Eva Paulisova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olga Orosova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Abstrakt

John Rawls uważa szacunek dla samego siebie za być może najważniejsze społeczne dobro pierwotne. Ma on dwa aspekty: poczucie własnej wartości oraz wiarę w siebie. Oba wymagają wyboru i realizacji racjonalnego planu życia. Realizacja tego planu jest sposobem na osiągnięcie szczęścia. Troska o zapewnienie szacunku do samego siebie prowadzi do przyjęcia dwóch zasad sprawiedliwości. Zasady te zapewniają między innymi równą dystrybucję społecznych podstaw szacunku dla samego siebie. Szacunek dla samego siebie wspiera poczucie sprawiedliwości oraz stabilność polityczną i społeczną. Dobrze urządzone społeczeństwo umożliwia wszystkim osiąganie szacunku dla samego siebie dzięki realizacji ambitnych planów życia, zgodnie z zasadą arystotelesowską. Dzięki temu członkowie społeczeństwa mogą być szczęśliwi. W źle urządzonym społeczeństwie jest to trudne z powodu nierówności socjoekonomicznych lub ograniczeń przy wyborze planów życia.
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Bibliografia

Alexy R. (1987), John Rawls’ Theorie der Grundfreiheiten, w: W. Hinsch (red.), Zur Idee des politischen Liberalismus. John Rawls in der Diskussion, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Chmielewski A. (2001), Społeczeństwo otwarte czy wspólnota?, Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Arboretum.
Fukuyama F. (2004), Koniec człowieka, przeł. B. Pietrzyk, Kraków: Znak.
Gawkowska A. (2004), Biorąc wspólnotę poważnie. Komunitariańskie krytyki liberalizmu, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN.
Kukathas Ch., Pettit Ph. (1998), Rawls: „A Theory of Justice” and its Critics, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Leschke M. (1995), Die Beiträge von John Rawls und James Buchanan zum Aufbau einer demokratischen Grundordnung, w: I. Pies, M. Leschke (red.), John Rawls’ politischer Liberalismus, Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
Prostak R. (2004), Rzecz o sprawiedliwości. Komunitarystyczna krytyka współczesnego liberalizmu amerykańskiego, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskie-go.
Rau Z. (2008), Zapomniana wolność. W poszukiwaniu historycznych podstaw liberalizmu, Warszawa: Scholar.
Rawls J. (1994), Teoria sprawiedliwości, przeł. M. Panufnik, J. Pasek, A. Romaniuk, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Rawls J. (1998), Liberalizm polityczny, przeł. A. Romaniuk, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Zink J.R. (2011), Reconsidering the Role of Self‑Respect in Rawls’s „A Theory of Justice”, „The Journal of Politics” 73 (2), s. 331–344.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Barbara Grabowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Fosa Staromiejska 1a, 87‑100 Toruń

Abstrakt

Extensive social media usage causes psychological dependence and impacts people’s self-evaluations. It is vital to seek possible buffers to social media addiction’s detrimental effect on self-esteem and body image. Poland has one of the highest scores on problematic social media usage. Past studies pointed to narcissism and self-compassion as possible mediators of such effects. The present study aimed to explore Polish individuals’ (N=527) social media usage habits. We hypothesised gender differences and social media addiction predictive effect on self-evaluations (self- esteem, body image), with narcissism and self-compassion as mediators of such relationships. The results revealed that only visual media (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) had a negative effect on self-evaluations and that women reported more social media addiction and decreased self-esteem, self-compassion and body image. Social media addiction was negatively predicting body image for both genders and self-esteem for women but not for men, with self-compassion and narcissism mediating such relationships.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Mosanya
1
Patarycja Uram
Dagna Kocur
2

  1. Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  2. Department of Psychology, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland

Abstrakt

Artykuł rozważa dwa pytania: po pierwsze, jaki jest charakter metafizycznego rozumienia osoby przez Petera Strawsona w świetle bliskości jego sposobu uprawiania filozofii zarówno do metafizycznej tradycji Arystotelesa, jak i ontologicznej tradycji Kanta, po drugie, jakie jest największe wyzwanie strawsonowskiego wyboru antropologicznego zawartego w postulacie pierwotności pojęcia osoby ludzkiej. Dyskusja rozumienia metafizyki zawarta zarówno w Individuals, jak i w innych tekstach Strawsona prowadzi do konstatacji, że chociaż w sensie ogólnym oksfordzki uczony jest związany z kantowskim odniesieniem do schematu pojęciowego i jego wpływu na nasze rozumienie świata, to w przypadku definicji człowieka jako osoby Strawson w jednoznaczny sposób nawiązuje do philosophia perennis, czego przykładem jest odniesienie do cielesności oraz czasoprzestrzenności ludzkiego bytu, manifestujące się w uznaniu ontologicznego pierwszeństwa rzeczywistości partykulariów przed rzeczywistością czysto mentalną. Tym samym, największym wyzwaniem dla rozumienia człowieka w świetle konstytucji duchowo-cielesnej jawi się u Strawsona kartezjańska aporia antropologiczna. Efektem analizy zawartej w artykule jest stwierdzenie próby rozwiązania przez Strawsona aporii braku komunikacji między świadomością a cielesnością poprzez szczególne ujęcie stosunku między ciałem a świadomością, które wykracza poza założoną przez Kartezjusza ontologię fundamentalnej różnicy między res cogitans i res extensa. Strawson proponuje uznanie ich jednoczesnej istotności, nie proponując jednak żadnego nowego rozwiązania ontologicznego porównywalnego, dla przykładu, z zaproponowanym przez H.E. Hengstenberga personalizmem konstytucji osoby ludzkiej z trzech (Geist – Leib – Existenzprinzip), a nie z wykluczających się dwóch (Geist – Leib) elementów.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr Pasterczyk

Abstrakt

In former coal-mining areas, unseen underground fires can pose a significant danger to people’s health. Careful observation of changes in plant cover can offer an important early warning of such threats.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Anna Abramowicz
Oimahmad Rahmonov
Ryszard Chybiorz

Abstrakt

The aim of the present study was to explore the role of temporal intelligence in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ self-regulation and self-efficacy. To this end, a general temporal intelligence (GTI-S) scale was designed based on the subconstructs of time in the literature. The scale, along with the learning self-regulation questionnaire (SRQ-L) and the English self-efficacy scale was administered to 520 EFL learners. To validate the GTI-S, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was run. The results of Pearson product-moment correlations demonstrated significantly positive relationships between temporal intelligence and controlled self-regulation, automatic self-regulation and self-efficacy (p<.05). Moreover, the findings of multiple regressions revealed that Linearity of Time, Economicity of Time, and Multitasking are the most important subconstructs of time with relation to these variables.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Elham Naji Meidani
Reza Pishghadam

Abstrakt

Who owns the city? Do the inhabitants of modern cities have a reflection on their place of everyday life? Do they treat the city as commons? Do they feel co-responsible for the directions of development of their cities? Answers to the above questions have far-reaching consequences for urban development policy. They are the basis for assessing the ongoing democratization processes in the local government sphere. They also reveal important aspects of the condition of civil society. Although, on the basis of various indicators the trend is positive, it seems that the awareness of the role of the citizen versus the ordinary resident is poorly rooted in the attitudes of the Polish people. And the lesson of citizenship is still an undisrupted task for a large part of the inhabitants of our country. The greatest hopes lie in the generation of young and educated Poles who, through the development of participative management mechanisms, are becoming more aware of the possibilities of citizens’ influence on urban policy. The article is an attempt to answer the above questions based on literature review, current press articles and empirical studies conducted among a group of students.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Agnieszka Sobol

Abstrakt

Avatars are virtual representations of virtual world users. Creating a virtual representation can be considered an important element of the self-esteem formation process in modern adolescents. As previous research suggests, the similarity level between an avatar and its creator is related to the latter’s self-esteem. However, previous studies were limited by small and unrepresentative samples, which creates difficulties in generalizing the results. Moreover the studies usually did not include adolescents. This study aims to investigate possible predictors of adolescent–avatar similarity (AAS), in particular global self-esteem, which develops in adolescence. In addition to self-esteem, the importance of personality and gender was also examined. 130 high school students played the Characterium computer game, which was designed for this project. The participants also completed measures of global self-esteem and personality and explained why they had created such avatars. In order to test the research hypotheses, hierarchical regression analyses were performed. No relationship was found between adolescents’ global self-esteem and AAS; however extraversion and gender were significant predictors of adolescent–avatar similarity. Due to the limited number of studies in adolescents, we discuss our results based on the results of adults. The lack of verification of the first hypothesis may be due to the fact that adolescents use avatars to experiment with their own identity, regardless of their self-esteem. This suggests that they use avatars for a different purpose than adults (who want to boost their self-esteem). We discuss gender and personality results in terms of gender and personalty differences in (adult) players. Additionally we propose a hypothesis of cognitive overload (for adolescent extroverts).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Monika Paleczna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Ilczuk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Szmigielska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pedagogical University in Cracow, Cracow, Poland
  2. Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Cracow, Poland

Abstrakt

Aim: This study investigates the impact of assertiveness training on assertiveness and self-esteem of high school students. Method: The study employs Quasi-experimental design where 130 participants aged 13-17 years were selected randomly and assigned into two groups as experimental (N-65) and control group (N-65). Tools: For this aim Assertiveness scale (AS) and Self-esteem questionnaire (RSE) were used. Training: During the treatment phase, the experimental group received assertiveness training of 5 weeks comprising two sessions per week, and each session took 45 minutes. After treatment both experimental and control groups are measured with post-tests. Results: The results show that assertiveness training has significantly increased the assertiveness and decreased the aggression and submission in the experimental group. Also the training has significantly increased the self-esteem of students. Conclusion: The obtained findings revealed an increase in the rate of self-esteem and assertiveness and decrease in the aggression and submission of students. Hence it proved that assertiveness training is significantly effective on the assertiveness, aggression, submission and self-esteem of students.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Waqar Maqbool Parray
Sanjay Kumar
Blessy Elizabeth David

Abstrakt

Celem artykułu jest zinterpretowanie malarstwa Marii Anto w nowym świetle oraz próba jego porównania ze sztuką kobiet związanych z międzynarodową awangardą surrealistyczną. Polską malarkę łączyła z surrealistkami podobna wrażliwość. Tworząc bardzo osobiste, nastrojowe prace, podejmowały w nich wspólne tematy, wątki i motywy.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Agnieszka Maria Wasieczko
ORCID: ORCID

Abstrakt

Self-esteem and emotional reactivity may be important personality determinants of human functioning in situations of social exposure. In this study, we compared the levels of these personality variables in a group of professional theater actors and a group of professional illusionists with a control group of participants who were neither actors nor illusionists and had no artistic education. We also examined the correlations between emotional reactivity and self-esteem in the three groups. For emotional reactivity, we found (1) very strong evidence that the level is less for magicians than for controls, (2) substantial evidence that the level is less for magicians than for actors, (3) anecdotal evidence that the level is less for actors than for controls, and (4) decisive evidence that the average score is less for males than for females. For self-esteem, we found (1) anecdotal evidence that the level is higher for magicians than for controls, (2) substantial evidence that there is no difference between actors and magicians, (3) anecdotal evidence against a difference between actors and controls, and (4) anecdotal evidence against a difference between males and females. Based on the entire sample we found a moderate correlation between self-esteem and emotional reactivity (r = -.30, p < 0.001). Our results are compatible with the notion that emotional reactivity – as part of the temperament concept – is a factor influencing the choice of an artistic profession.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wojciech Napora
1
Vebjørn Ekroll
2

  1. Jan Dlugosz University in Częstochowa, Poland
  2. University of Bergen, Norway

Abstrakt

The subject of this research is the Memoirs of Khalilollah Khalili with particular reference to the subjectivity and identity of the autobiographical self. The text is divided into nine parts discussing the following issues: (1) Khalilollah Khalili; (2) title; (3) language—its form and style; (4) subject matter; (5) heterogeneity of genres; (6) authenticity and inauthenticity of the memoirs; (7) audience; (8) eventual inspiration; (9) the self; and (10) conclusions.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mateusz M.P. Kłagisz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jagiellonian University, Kraków

Abstrakt

Self – Levelling Underlayment (SLU) is one of the high-performance new materials used in the construction industry. Besides the strength, other characteristics of SLU such as workability, rapid drying, rapid hardening, shrinkage compensation, smooth nature, etc. are required depending on the application. The aim of this study is to evaluate the structuration with the time of SLU through some important characteristics such as the evolution of rheological properties, ettringite, and gibbsite phase development. To this purpose, a rheometer with rotation mode and oscillation mode was used to determine the yield stress, plastic viscosity, rheological dynamic modulus (storage modulus and loss modulus). The use of these techniques is considered to be a method for monitoring structuration development in cement materials. The result shows that during the hydration process, increased plastic viscosity, yield stress, and dynamic modulus of the SLU were identified from just 5 minutes after mixing until the setting period when the transition from a fluid state to a solid-state of SLU takes place. By using a rheometer in oscillation mode, the beginning of the transition process from the liquid-state to the solid-state of SLU was identified, this method is more precise when compared to traditional Vicat method.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Lam Ngoc Nguen
1

  1. Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Building Materials, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Viet Nam

Abstrakt

The paper presents research results of bond tests in completely concrete encased steel Isection columns made of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The results of push-out tests obtained by elements made of SCC were compared with those elements, which were made of vibrated concrete. The influence of selected factors on resistance to the vertical shear was considered in this study. The analysis of research results shows that the resistance to the vertical shear between steel I-section and SCC concrete depends on distance between stirrups and concrete age. Shrinkage has important influence on interfacial bond forces. The test results were compared with a recommendations given in the Design code – Eurocode 4. This standard can be used only for composite elements made of lightweight and vibrated concrete. In the case of completely concrete encased I-section composite columns the shear resistance after 28 days and after concrete shrinkage was higher than design resistance strength given in the standard. This means that the design value of the shear strength given in the standard should be verified and checked, if it can be applied to elements made of SCC concrete. Further tests should be carried out to determine the value of shear resistance for such elements.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Szadkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Szmigiera
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstrakt

Iron oxide nanoparticles were incorporated to form composite microspheres of SiO2 and Fe2O3 for magnetic separation of the particles after adsorption or photochemical decomposition. Economic material, sodium silicate, was purified by ion exchange to prepare aqueous silicic acid solution, followed by mixing with iron oxide nanoparticles. Resulting aqueous dispersion was emulsified, and composite microspheres of SiO2 and Fe2O3 was formed from the emulsion droplets as micro-reactors during heating. Removal of methylene blue using the composite microspheres was performed by batch adsorption process. Synthesis of composite microspheres of silica containing Fe2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles was also possible, the particles could be separated using magnets efficiently after removal of organic dye.
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Bibliografia

[1] L. Zou, Y. Luo, M. Hooper, E. Hu, Chem. Eng. Process. 45 (11), 959-964 (2006).
[2] F.H. Hussein, T.A. Abass, Int. J. Chem. Sci. 8 (3), 1409-1420 (2010).
[3] H .P. Shivaraju, Int. J. Env. Sci. 1 (5), 911-923 (2011).
[4] A.M. Youssef, A.I. Ahmed, M.I. Amin, U.A. El-Banna, Desalin. Water Treat. 54 (6), 1694-1707 (2015).
[5] E . Colombo, M. Ashokkumar, RSC Adv. 7, 48222-48229 (2017).
[6] M. Schneider, T. Ballweg, L. Groß, C. Gellermann, A. Sanchez‐ Sanchez, V. Fierro, A. Celzard, K. Mandel, Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 36 (6) 1800537-, (2019).
[7] M. Farahmandjou, F. Soflaee, Phys. Chem. Res. 3 (3), 193-198 (2015).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Young-Sang Cho
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sohyeon Sung
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Polytechnic University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi 15073, Korea

Abstrakt

In order to rebuild a poetic voice that had been threatened by major historical events, from 1958, the Nerudian poetic subject inaugurated a particular sincerity through the humor. By focusing on a figure of language described by Nicholas Manning in Rhétorique de la sincérité, this paper examines a dialectical mechanism at work in the volume: which is the rehabilitation of the poetic voice by means of the very questioning of his legitimacy.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mélina Cariz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lycee François Mansart, Saint-Maur Des Fosses, France

Abstrakt

The aim of the article is twofold: to introduce a Polish adaptation of the Self-Talk Scale (STS) by Brinthaupt et al. (2009), including psychometric properties of the method, and to present some empirical results focusing on relationships between inner speech and other variables, like temperamental and personality traits, selected features of characteristic adaptations, and the self. In a Polish sample of 1,321 participants (770 women) aged 18–70 years ( M = 26.62, SD = 8.30), the internal structure of the scale consisting of self-criticism, self-reinforcement, self- management, and social assessment was confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which showed an acceptable fit of the four-function model to the empirical data. However, according to EFA, two functions, self- management and social assessment, constituted one common factor. Internal consistency of the total score was high, α = .87 and .88, in two samples, as well as for particular functions, from .73 to .85. Validity of the STS was confirmed with the Internal Dialogical Activity Scale – Revised (Oleś et al., 2020). Moreover, STS results corresponded with traits like endurance and neuroticism; characteristic adaptation, like love for life; characteristics of the self, like reflection and rumination; and slightly with tolerance for ambiguity.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Piotr K. Oles
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Pasternak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aneta Kozioł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Kutnik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

Abstrakt

W tradycji sceptycznej samoświadomość była przezroczysta i pełniła funkcję bazy do wyrażania wątpliwości i rozwijania argumentów w ramach poszukiwania pewności. Po zwrocie językowym i zwrocie naturalistycznym filozofia współczesna rozwinęła argumenty przeciwko pewności i przeciwko priorytetowi epistemologicznemu danych samoświadomości (zarówno przedrefleksyjnej, jak i refleksyjnej). Refleksja raportuje strumień świadomości ex post, raporty są skromne i zależne od schematu pojęciowego podmiotu, natomiast dane przedrefleksyjne są mgliste. Współcześnie pojawiły się dwie sceptyczne hipotezy: H. Putnama hipoteza eksternalizmu treściowego i S. Kripkego hipoteza kwusa. Na ich tle można postawić pytanie, jakie ja jest odporne na błędną identyfikację. Odporność wydaje się ograniczona do ja beztreściowego jako przedpredykatywnego poczucia własnego istnienia. Nie ma gwarancji, że jakakolwiek treść przypisana własnemu ja jest bezbłędna. Nie mogę zaprzeczyć własnemu istnieniu, tak samo jak nie mogę zaprzeczyć temu, że coś zewnętrznego istnieje, ale każdy opis ich treści jest narażony na błędy. A zatem treści samoświadomości nie są w lepszej sytuacji epistemicznej niż treści percepcji zewnętrznej.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Renata Ziemińska

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