Humanities and Social Sciences

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2024 | vol. 55

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Abstract

Mixed emotions remain a fascinating, yet still understudied phenomenon. All of the previous research has focused solely on ambivalence, studying only the mix of positivity and negativity in emotions (the dimensions of valence). We sum up the already existing knowledge about the dimensional approach to ambivalence and its consequences. Based directly on this knowledge, we introduce a new theoretical model describing ambiguity in four additional dimensions (apart from valence), grouped into two bivariate spaces: origin (dimensions of automaticity and reflectiveness) and activation (arousal and subjective significance). Both of these spaces have never been studied before in the context of ambiguity and mixed feelings. Future implications of the new model are discussed, including any potential impact on the methodology of research and the possible advantages in understanding and describing emotional experiences.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adrianna Wielgopolan
1
Kamil K. Imbir
1

  1. University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Extensive social media usage causes psychological dependence and impacts people’s self-evaluations. It is vital to seek possible buffers to social media addiction’s detrimental effect on self-esteem and body image. Poland has one of the highest scores on problematic social media usage. Past studies pointed to narcissism and self-compassion as possible mediators of such effects. The present study aimed to explore Polish individuals’ (N=527) social media usage habits. We hypothesised gender differences and social media addiction predictive effect on self-evaluations (self- esteem, body image), with narcissism and self-compassion as mediators of such relationships. The results revealed that only visual media (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) had a negative effect on self-evaluations and that women reported more social media addiction and decreased self-esteem, self-compassion and body image. Social media addiction was negatively predicting body image for both genders and self-esteem for women but not for men, with self-compassion and narcissism mediating such relationships.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Mosanya
1
Patarycja Uram
Dagna Kocur
2

  1. Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  2. Department of Psychology, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

In this study we examine the relationship between the perception of being objectified in the workplace and the self-assessment of worth on a personal level, i.e. social desirability and social utility. This relationship is thought to be mediated by self-objectification in the workplace. 241 participants responded to an online questionnaire to measure these different variables. The results confirm a negative relationship between the perception of being objectified and the people’s worth, as well as mediation through self-objectification. This phenomenon could describe a deleterious spiral where the worker, through the internalization of a low social value, contributes to their dehu-manization at work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pierre De Oliveira
1
Auzoult Auzoult
2

  1. Université de Bourgogne, France
  2. Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, France
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Abstract

This study examined the effect of the pique technique preceded by a disrupting process. Passersby in the street were asked for money, either for a common amount of change (control) or 37 cents (pique technique). In half of the cases, the requester added a disrupting sentence at the beginning of the request. Results showed that the pique technique alone and the disrupting technique alone increased compliance with the request. Adding a first disrupting sentence to the pique also increased compliance compared with the other three conditions. These results support the theoretical explanation that the initial disrupting sentence associated with the pique could reduce the influence of the refusal script activated by the money request
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacob Céline
1
Nicolas Guéguen
1
Pascual Alexandre
2
Lamy Lubomir
3

  1. Université de Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France
  2. Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
  3. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Abstract

The aim of our study was to verify relationships between individual difficulties in emotion regulation (ER), ER strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), and compassion (to self and others) with the presence of depressive symptomatology in a sample of Slovak adolescents during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the sample of 140 Slovak adolescents (age between 17–19 years) was administrated The Beck Depression Inventory- II. (Beck et al., 1996), The Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (Bentley et al., 2014), The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), The Sussex-Oxford Compassion for the Self Scale and The Sussex-Oxford Compassion for Others Scale (Gu et al., 2019). Results revealed that difficulties in ER (all subscales) and expressive suppression were in positive relationships with depression symptoms. Cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion were in negative relationships with depression symptoms. Lack of ER strategies and cognitive reappraisal (inversely) were the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that ER strategies (mainly cognitive reappraisal) could be assumed as protective factors in adolescent depression symptoms development in stressful circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ľubor Pilárik
1
Petr Mikoška
2
Jakub Helvich
2
Alica Melišíková
3

  1. Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
  2. University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
  3. Reeducation Center, Vráble, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

Three experiments investigated the mechanisms, correlates, and methods of immunization against interrogative suggestibility (IS). IS involves reliance in memory reports on suggestions contained in misleading questions (Yield) and the tendency to change answers under negative feedback about the quality of previous testimony (Shift). All three studies found that the milder version of the tool used in the studies (GSS) resulted in lower Yield and Shift. In analyses considering the memory states of the participants, IS was found to be highest when participants mistakenly attributed the information contained in the suggestive questions to the original material. However, significant percentages of the participants succumbed to suggestions and changed answers even when they were aware of the discrepancy between the original material and the information contained in the questions. The warning against suggestions was found to lower Yield and Shift, and this was especially true when participants were aware of discrepancies between original material and suggestions. Enhancing self-esteem and inducing mindfulness did not reduce IS. The correlations between IS, including IS in individual mindfulness states, with the Big Five personality traits, anxiety, susceptibility to influence, and self-esteem were inconsistent.
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Authors and Affiliations

Romuald Polczyk
1
Marta Kuczek
1 3
Iwona Dudek
1 2
Renata Maksymiuk
Malwina Szpitalak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
  2. Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
  3. Psychoterapia, Edukacja, Badania – Renata Maksymiuk
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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the importance of self-esteem for sociosexual orientation and to compare groups of dating online users in terms of engaging in casual sex, performed in one night stand (ONS) and friends with benefit (FWB). This issue seems particularly important in the context of psychosexual health. The exploratory study was conducted online among 416 adults who have participated in online dating. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R), the author’s questionnaire, concerning having experiences in ONS and FWB, and motives for entering into expected types of relationships were used. The Kruskal-Wallis H test with post hoc pairwise comparisons. A statistically significant negative correlation between self-esteem and sociosexual orientation concerned the sociosexual attitude subscale. Differences were found between those engaging in ONS and FWB types of relationships. Those who engaged only in FWB had lower SOI-R scores than those who had only ONS experiences and both. Such results suggest that these relationships should be considered to be disparate and different functions should be attributed to them. Given the differences, it will be possible to use these results to support the design of public health interventions and reduce online sexual risk behavior.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamila Kacprzak-Wachniew
1
Natalia Pilarska
2

  1. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
  2. Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Abstract

Avatars are virtual representations of users. Creating a virtual representation can be considered an important element of the identity formation process in modern adolescents and the choice of avatar’s gender and skin color is crucial; however, the number of such studies is very limited. The first aim of this study is to check whether adolescents choose their avatar gender and skin color in line with their own. As its second goal, the study examines the relationship between adolescent identity styles and the consistency of the avatar’s gender with the user’s gender and the consistency of the skin color with the user’s skin color. In this study, 130 adolescents played the Characterium computer game and they underwent an assessment of their identity styles. The vast majority of the study participants created avatars according to their gender. About a third of adolescents chose their skin color for the avatar: almost half of the girls and a few boys. No relationship was found between the adolescents’ identity styles and two variables: gender consistency and skin consistency. I consider this study to be a step forward in understanding the relationship between forming identity in adolescents and their virtual representations – avatars.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Paleczna
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

As many risks may have detrimental outcomes to people’s health or well-being, risk-taking is often viewed as negative. This negative bias has been present in scientific research, particularly on adolescent risk-taking. However, recent attention has been given to the fact that many risks taken by adolescents and adults are beneficial for their development and well-being and are accepted and supported by society. This article reviews the current literature on positive and negative risk-taking, beginning with how they are conceptualized in psychology and why a positive perspective on risk-taking is important, especially in research on adolescence and risk-taking across the lifespan. The article summarizes the current (although still scarce) research results on the relationships between positive and negative risk-taking and personality, social functioning, and decision-making. It also shows what is known so far about age differences in positive and negative risk-taking. Finally, challenges for future research on positive and negative risk- taking are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Fryt
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Some studies involving informal caregivers of oncology patients noted that family assessment is associated with their mental health. The objective of this study is to demonstrate such a dependency in relation to informal caregivers of oncology patients receiving home-based palliative care. This study is concerned with the dependency between family assessment (family cohesion, family flexibility, family communication, and satisfaction with family life) and perceived emotions, including stress. It comprised 109 Polish informal caregivers (34 men and 75 women) of patients receiving palliative care at home. The study found that satisfaction with family life was a crucial predictor of positive emotions. This means that interventions aimed at improving satisfaction with family life may simultaneously affect the psychological functioning of informal caregivers of palliative oncology patients. Such interventions may serve to improve the quality of home-based palliative care both in regard to patients and caregivers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Paleczna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Zdończyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Daria Rusiecka
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland
  2. Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
  3. Pleszew Medical Center, Home Hospice, Pleszew, Poland
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Abstract

Time perception is a fundamental process for all animals. We are all familiar with discrepancies in how duration is perceived. This paper explores the following questions: How does the brain perceive time, and what are the sources of these discrepancies? We conducted four studies to examine the effects of affect and arousal on subjective time perception. Employing the Scalar Expectancy Theory model, our final study investigated the role of working memory overload. Additionally, we explored the potential influence of information theory features associated with the stimuli across all studies. Using Bayesian data analysis, we demonstrated that the widely recognized effects of valence, arousal, and their interaction induced by visual stimuli might be artifacts. Notably, a significant effect of valence was observed only in one study, associated with working memory overload. We also highlighted the potential roles of luminance and entropy of visual stimuli, but only in direct duration estimations. The sole persistent effect was related to the objective duration of stimulus exposure. All studies utilized affective visual stimuli. Our findings underscore the necessity for further investigation into human time perception on a millisecond to second scale, particularly concerning stimulus- related factors. Additionally, our results emphasize the importance of methodological considerations in studying human time perception.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamil Szymański
1

  1. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Many studies and existing theories tried to establish predictors of the child’s subjective well-being (SWB) that refer to their parents or family as a unit. Although some studies have shed light on these associations, mixed results are still prevalent in this research field. This study aimed to explore the relationship between various indicators of family well-being and child’s SWB within the theoretical framework of the Theory of Change (Newland, 2015). More precisely, it tested whether measures of family self-sufficiency (education, income, and employment), maternal and paternal physical health and SWB predict the child’s SWB. Data from 843 children and both of their parents were collected via paper-pen method. All children were pupils at several Croatian primary schools, ranging from third to sixth grade, who live with both of their parents. A model that included all predictors showed good fit indices, but overall explained only 9.3% of the variance in the criteria. Within this model, only factors related to mothers, namely their SWB and education emerged as positive predictors of the child’s SWB. Mother’s health was found to be a weak, negative predictor of the child’s SWB, but the link was explained by shared variance between mother’s health and SWB (suppressor effect). It was also tested whether the model’s predictions change significantly based on child’s age and gender – the multigroup analysis yielded similar results, the predictions of the model do not change with respect to two age groups age and gender. The results are partially in concordance with existing research, but only marginally with the Theory of Change.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maja Kućar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marija Džida
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andreja Brajša-Žganec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tihana Brkljačić
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ljiljana Kaliterna Lipovčan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia

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