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Uwagi do projektu ustawy o ochronie żeglugi i portów morskich

Mirosław H. Koziński
Prawo Morskie | 2007 | No XXIII | 291-301
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński

Omówienia

Mirosław H. Koziński
Prawo Morskie | 2010 | No XXVI | 329-331
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński

Research on reference frames and reference networks in Poland in 2015–2018

Jan Krynski Jerzy B. Rogowski Tomasz Liwosz
Geodesy and Cartography | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 5-29 | DOI: 10.24425/gac.2019.126093
Keywords reference system reference frame vertical control gravity control magnetic control
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Abstract

Research activities of Polish research groups in a period of 2015–2019 on reference frames and reference networks are reviewed and summarised in this paper. The summary contains the results concerning the implementation of latest resolutions on reference systems of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics and the International Union of Astronomy with special emphasis on the changes in the Astronomical Almanac of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw. It further presents the status of the implementation of the European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) in Poland, monitoring the terrestrial reference frame, operational work of GNSS permanent IGS/EPN stations in Poland, operational work of the laser ranging station in Poland of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), active GNSS station network for the realization of ETRS89 in Poland, validation of recent ETRS89 realization, expressed in ETRF2000 in Poland, and maintenance of the vertical control in Poland (PL-KRON86-NH). Extensive research activities are observed in the field of maintenance and modernization of gravity control not only in Poland, but also in Sweden and in Denmark, as well as establishment of gravity control in Ireland based on absolute gravity survey. The magnetic control in Poland was also regularly maintained. The bibliography of the related works is given in references.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Krynski
Jerzy B. Rogowski
Tomasz Liwosz

Research on Earth rotation and geodynamics in Poland in 2015–2018

Janusz Bogusz Aleksander Brzezinski Jolanta Nastula
Geodesy and Cartography | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 65-86 | DOI: 10.24425/gac.2019.126094
Keywords Earth rotation geodynamics Earth magnetic field GNSS
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Abstract

This paper summarizes the activity of the chosen Polish geodetic research teams in 2015–2018 in the fields of Earth: rotation, dynamics as well as magnetic field. It has been prepared for the needs of the presentation on the 27th International Union of Geodesy and Geodynamics General Assembly, Montreal, Canada. The part concerning Earth rotation is mostly focused on the use of modelling of diurnal and subdiurnal components of Earth rotation by including low frequency components of polar motion and UT1 in the analysis, study of free oscillations in Earth rotation derived from both space-geodetic observations of polar motion and the time variation of the second degree gravitational field coefficients derived from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations, new methods of monitoring of Earth rotation, as well as studies on applications of the Ring Laser Gyroscope (RLG) for direct and continuous measurements of changes in Earth rotation and investigations of the hydrological excitation of polar motion. Much attention was devoted to the GRACE-derived gravity for explaining the influence of surface mass redistributions on polar motion. Monitoring of the geodynamical phenomena is divided into study on local and regional dynamics using permanent observations, investigation on tidal phenomena, as well as research on hydrological processes and sea level variation parts. Finally, the recent research conducted by Polish scientists on the Earth’s magnetic field is described.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Bogusz
Aleksander Brzezinski
Jolanta Nastula

Research on GNSS positioning and applications in Poland in 2015–2018

Paweł Wielgosz Tomasz Hadaś Anna Kłos Jacek Paziewski
Geodesy and Cartography | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 87-119 | DOI: 10.24425/gac.2019.126089
Keywords precise positioning troposphere ionosphere GPS Galileo GNSS PPP
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Abstract

This review paper presents research results on geodetic positioning and applications carried out in Poland, and related to the activities of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) Commission 4 “Positioning and Applications” and its working groups. It also constitutes the chapter 4 of the national report of Poland for the International Union of Geodesy and Geodynamics (IUGG) covering the period of 2015-2018. The paper presents selected research, reviewed and summarized here, that were carried out at leading Polish research institutions, and is concerned with the precise multi-GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) satellite positioning and also GNSS-based ionosphere and troposphere modelling and studies. The research, primarily carried out within working groups of the IAG Commission 4, resulted in important advancements that were published in leading scientific journals. During the review period, Polish research groups carried out studies on multi-GNSS functional positioning models for both relative and absolute solutions, stochastic positioning models, new carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution methods, inter system bias calibration, high-rate GNSS applications, monitoring terrestrial reference frames with GNSS, assessment of the real-time precise satellite orbits and clocks, advances in troposphere and ionosphere GNSS remote sensing methods and models, and also their applications to weather, space weather and climate studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Wielgosz
Tomasz Hadaś
Anna Kłos
Jacek Paziewski

Research on gravity field modelling and gravimetry in Poland in 2015–2018

Jan Krynski Przemyslaw Dykowski Tomasz Olszak
Geodesy and Cartography | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 31-63 | DOI: 10.24425/gac.2019.126096
Keywords gravity field gravimetry global geopotential model geoid absolute gravity measurements
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Abstract

Activities of the Polish research gSDroups concerning gravity field modelling and gravimetry in a period of 2015–2018 are reviewed and summarised in this paper. The summary contains the results of research on the evaluation of GOCE-based global geopotential models (GGMs) in Poland and geoid modelling. Extensive research activities are observed in the field of absolute gravity surveys, in particular for the maintenance of national gravity control in Poland, Sweden, Denmark, the Republic of Ireland and in Northern Ireland as well as for geodynamics with special emphasis on metrological aspects in absolute gravimetry. Long term gravity variations were monitored in two gravimetric laboratories: the Borowa Gora Geodetic-Geophysical Observatory, and Jozefoslaw Astrogeodetic Observatory with the use of quasi-regular absolute gravity measurements as well as tidal gravimeter records. Gravity series obtained were analysed considering both local and global hydrology effects. Temporal variations of the gravity field were investigated using data from GRACE satellite mission as well as SLR data. Estimated variations of physical heights indicate the need for kinematic realization of reference surface for heights. Also seasonal variability of the atmospheric and water budgets in Poland was a subject of investigation in terms of total water storage using the GLDAS data. The use of repeatable absolute gravity data for calibration/validation of temporal mass variations derived from satellite gravity missions was discussed. Contribution of gravimetric records to seismic studies was investigated. The bibliography of the related works is given in references.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Krynski
Przemyslaw Dykowski
Tomasz Olszak

XV International Conference Noise Control 2010

Wiktor Zawieska
Archives of Acoustics | 2010 | vol. 35 | No 2 | 131 | DOI: 10.2478/v10168-010-0011-7
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Abstract

Noise Control is the most important international acoustics conference regularly organized in Poland. The XV International Conference Noise Control 2010 is taking place between June 6 and 9, 2010, in Ksi?? in Wa?brzych. It is organized by the Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, the Committee on Acoustics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Polish Acoustical Society, with the cooperation of the Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics of the AGH University of Science and Technology, the Department of Acoustics of the Building Research Institute and the Chair of Acoustics of the Wroc?aw University of Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiktor Zawieska

Reception of John Rawls’s philosophy in Poland

Irena Bednarz
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria | 2021 | No 4 | 13-37 | DOI: 10.24425/pfns.2021.138972
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Bibliography

Grygieńć J. (2004), „Teoria sprawiedliwości” Johna Rawlsa jako próba dyskredytacji dialogu, „Dialogi Polityczne” 3/4.
Hołówka J. (2000), Jak można poprawić teorię Rawlsa, „Civitas” 4.
Kędziora K. (2019), John Rawls. Uzasadnienie, sprawiedliwość i rozum publiczny, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Król M. (1998), Historia myśli politycznej. Od Machiavellego po czasy współczesne, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Arche.
Lang W., Wróblewski J. (1984), Sprawiedliwość społeczna i nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie w doktrynie politycznej USA, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe.
Marczewski P. (2020), Pamięć liberała. Dyskusja o komunizmie i sprawiedliwości w społeczeństwie pluralistycznym, w: Miejsca sporu. Księga dedykowana profesorowi Pawłowi Śpiewakowi, red. P. Kulas, K. Świrek, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Miklaszewska J. (2000), Sprawiedliwość libertariańska, „Civitas” 4.
Olszewski H. (1998), Słownik twórców idei, Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie.
Porębski Cz. (2006), John Rawls – filozof sprawiedliwości i pokojowego współdziałania, „Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Ekonomicznej w Krakowie” 722.
Rau Z. (2000), John Rawls i liberalna teoria sprawiedliwości, w: K. Chojnicka, W. Kozub‑Ciembroniewicz (red.), Doktryny polityczne XIX i XX wieku, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Rupniewski M. (2015), Prawo jako narzędzie sprawiedliwej kooperacji w społeczeń-stwie demokratycznym. Filozofia polityczna Johna Rawlsa z perspektywy prawni-czej, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Sadurski W. (1977), Johna Rawlsa teoria sprawiedliwości dystrybutywnej, „Studia Socjologiczne” 4.
Sepczyńska D. (2015), Problematyczny status prawdy w polityce. Strauss – Rawls – Habermas, Kraków: Universitas.
Szahaj A. (2000), Jednostka czy wspólnota? Spór liberałów z komunitarystami a „sprawa polska”, Warszawa: Fundacja „Aletheia”.
Szymański S. (2010), Od tłumacza, w: J. Rawls, Wykłady z historii filozofii polityki, red. S. Freeman, przeł. S. Szymański, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akademickie i Profesjonalne.
Tokarski J. (2021), Czy liberalizm umarł?, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak.
Wonicki R. (2017), Bezdroża sprawiedliwości. Rozważania o liberalnych teoriach sprawiedliwości ponadnarodowej, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
Ziembiński Z. (1992), O pojmowaniu sprawiedliwości, Lublin: Daimonion.
Zmierczak M. (2002), John Rawls 21 II 1921 – 24 XII 2002, „Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” 4.
Żardecka‑Nowak M. (2007), Rozum i obywatel. Idea rozumu publicznego oraz koncepcja jednostki we współczesnej filozofii polityki, Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego.
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Authors and Affiliations

Irena Bednarz

Alternatives to zinc oxide in pig production

Z. Pejsak P. Kaźmierczak A.F. Butkiewicz J. Wojciechowski G. Woźniakowski
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 2 | 319-330 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145033
Keywords zinc oxide alternatives probiotics organic acids liquid feeding bacteriophages
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Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been applied for many years in the production of pigs to reduce the number of diarrhoea in weaned piglets. In June 2022, the European Union banned the use of zinc oxide (ZnO) in pig feed. According to scientific reports, the may reason was the accumulation of this microelement in the environment of pig production. It has been shown that frequent application of ZnO can lead to increased antibiotic resistance in pathogenic swine microflora. The main alternatives to ZnO are probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, essential oils, and liquid feeding systems.
Alternatives to ZnO can be successfully used in pig production to reduce the number of diarrhoea among piglets during the postweaning period. Additional reports indicated that bacteriophage supplementation has a positive effect on the health of pigs. The article provides an overview of current ZnO substitutes that can be used in pig farming.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Pejsak
1
P. Kaźmierczak
2
A.F. Butkiewicz
2
J. Wojciechowski
3
G. Woźniakowski
4
  1. University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, Mickiewicza Avenue 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
  3. Private Veterinary Practice, Grabowa 3, 86-300 Grudziadz, Poland
  4. Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases and Veterinary Administration, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland

Lyme disease in Bernese Mountain Dogs. Is it a real problem?

Ł. Adaszek M. Pisarek M. Kalinowski M. Skrzypczak M. Winiarczyk B. Abramowicz S. Winiarczyk
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 4 | 639-647 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.142036
Keywords Lyme disease vector-borne diseases dogs
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Abstract

Borreliosis is the most frequently diagnosed tick-borne disease caused by spirochete bacteria belonging to the genus Borreliae - Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii. Clinical manifestations in dogs include fever, lameness, polyarthritis and glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis is mainly serological and is based on an immunoenzymatic test followed by a Western blot confirmatory test. Early treatment with antibiotics such as doxycycline or amoxicillin, for four weeks, usually reduces the risk of chronic disease. Tick control, including tick repellents, is highly reliable in preventing transmission. Vaccines are available to reduce transmission and the clinical manifestations of infection in dogs. Bernese Mountain Dogs are a breed that often test positive for antibodies against B. burgdorferi without showing any clinical symptoms of the disease. Quantitative determination of the immunoglobulin level for spirochetes has indicated that Bernese Mountain Dogs may have an increased susceptibility to Borrelia spp. infections of a hereditary nature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Adaszek
1
M. Pisarek
1
M. Kalinowski
1
M. Skrzypczak
2
M. Winiarczyk
3
B. Abramowicz
4
S. Winiarczyk
1
  1. Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
  2. Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
  3. Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-097 Lublin, Poland
  4. Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

Ascophyllum nodosum as a nutrient supporting oral health in dogs and cats: a review

J. Gawor M. Jank
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 3 | 511–520 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145053
Keywords Ascophyllum nodosum oral health oral hygiene nutrient dogs cats
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Abstract

Home dental care is a key element of periodontal therapy in veterinary patients. Among many strategies of passive home dental care there is a supplementation of animal diet with seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum which have been shown to reduce both calculus and plaque accumulation after oral administration in both dogs and cats. Ascophyllum nodosum contains numerous biologically active ingredients, including micro-elements, vitamins, and several other compounds, however the exact mechanism of its beneficial action remains unclear. The very first metabolomic data suggest that it could change the composition of dog saliva. Several products containing Ascophyllum nodosum had been assessed clinically according to standards and requirements provided by the Veterinary Oral Health Council. The conducted clinical trials in dogs and cats revealed that Ascophyllum nodosum exerts the strongest preventive action as powder, followed by dental bites and dry pet food. The data concerning its curative action are limited to one study in cats in which no beneficial action has been observed. Based on available clinical data it is recommended to administer Ascophyllum nodosum to dogs and cats after oral cavity prophylactic procedure to reduce the recurrence of plaque and calculus formation.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Gawor
1
M. Jank
2
  1. Klinika Arka, Chłopska 2a, 30-806 Krakow, Poland
  2. Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland

Lipid peroxidation in avian semen

A. Partyka A. Babapour M. Mikita S. Adeniran W. Niżański
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 3 | 497–509 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145050
Keywords avian semen lipid peroxidation oxidative stress semen cryopreservation
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Abstract

The main cause of sperm chromatin damage is oxidative stress related to embryo development failure and adult infertility in mammals and also avian. Oxidative stress results in lipid peroxidation (LPO) causing cell damage. Lipid peroxidation is the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in biological systems and causes changes in the physical structure and characteristics of the cell membrane. Due to the high amounts of PUFAs in the avian sperm membrane, its sperm seem susceptible to pe-roxidative damage and is a substantial factor in the fertilization capacity of sperm. The most commonly used methods for measuring LPO or its by-products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroksy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), in bird semen are based on the colorimetric method TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and on the use of a fluorescence probe (CC 11-BODIPY 581/591) as a marker to evaluate membrane lipid peroxidation. This review aims first to introduce LPO in avian semen and its effects on avian sperm and second to summarize the commonly applied methods of evaluating LPO and its damage in fresh and stored avian semen.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Partyka
1
A. Babapour
2
M. Mikita
1
S. Adeniran
3
W. Niżański
1
  1. Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
  2. University of Tabriz, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  3. Mountain Top University, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Ogun State, Nigeria

Application of aptamer-based viral detection in animals

W. Zhang L. Xiao J. Luo M. Wu Y. Zhu F. Cong
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 3 | 521–529 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145056
Keywords aptamer virus biosensor animal
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Abstract

Viral infections are common causes of diseases in animals and appropriate methods are increasingly being required to detect viral pathogens in animals. In this regard, similar to antigen- -antibody interactions, aptamers have high affinity and specificity for their respective target molecules, and can be selected using the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) technique. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of aptamer selection and aptamer-based sensors for viral detection, and here we review some of the recent advances in aptamer-based detection of viral infections in animals. This review will serve as a comprehensive resource for aptamer-based strategies in viral diagnostics.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Zhang
1
L. Xiao
2
J. Luo
1
M. Wu
2
Y. Zhu
2
F. Cong
2
  1. Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, 297# Guangshan 1st Road, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China
  2. Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, 11# Fengxin Road, Guangzhou 510033, Guangdong, China

Implementation of digital twin and support vector machine in structural health monitoring of bridges

Asseel Za'al Ode Al-Hijazeen Muhammad Fawad Michael Gerges Kalman Koris Marek Salamak
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 3 | 31-47 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2023.146065
Keywords structural health monitoring bridges damages digital twin machine learning support vector machine
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Abstract

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges is constantly upgraded by researchers and bridge engineers as it directly deals with bridge performance and its safety over a certain time period. This article addresses some issues in the traditional SHM systems and the reason for moving towards an automated monitoring system. In order to automate the bridge assessment and monitoring process, a mechanism for the linkage of Digital Twins (DT) and Machine Learning (ML), namely the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, is discussed in detail. The basis of this mechanism lies in the collection of data from the real bridge using sensors and is providing the basis for the establishment and calibration of the digital twin. Then, data analysis and decision-making processes are to be carried out through regression-based ML algorithms. So, in this study, both ML brain and a DT model are merged to support the decision-making of the bridge management system and predict or even prevent further damage or collapse of the bridge. In this way, the SHM system cannot only be automated but calibrated from time to time to ensure the safety of the bridge against the associated damages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Asseel Za'al Ode Al-Hijazeen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Fawad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Michael Gerges
3
ORCID: ORCID
Kalman Koris
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Salamak
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Muegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, the United Kingdom

Durability, carbon footprint and contaminant immobilization in self-hardening slurries applied to cut-off walls: a review

Łukasz Szarek Łukasz Krysiak Zbigniew Kledyński Agnieszka Machowska Paweł Falaciński
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 3 | 5-29 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2023.145261
Keywords carbon footprint cement-bentonite durability immobilization self-hardening slurry supplementary cementitious materials
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Abstract

Cut-off walls built using self-hardening slurries are an important tool for modern engineering pursuing Sustainable Development Goals. Much like cement concrete, this material is affected by the challenges posed by the increasing human pressure on the environment, although it is used significantly less widely than concrete; for this reason, relatively little comprehensive literature data is available describing the interaction of self-hardening slurries with the environment. This article provides a review that complements the current state of knowledge on self-hardening slurries in this area, with a particular focus on the durability of the material and its pollutant immobilization capabilities. To provide context, the material’s operating conditions, properties and components are briefly characterized. The resistance of self-hardening slurries to environmental aggression is described extensively, as it is a key factor in ensuring the durability of the material. A sample analysis of the material’s carbon footprint in several representative composition variants is presented. The subject of pollutant immobilization by self-hardening slurries is outlined. Lines of further research are proposed to fill gaps in the available knowledge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Szarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Krysiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Kledyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Machowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Falaciński
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland

Raw diets for dogs and cats: Potential health benefits and threats

D. Główny N. Sowińska A. Cieślak M. Gogulski K. Konieczny M. Szumacher-Strabel
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2024 | vol. 27 | No 1 | 151-159 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2024.149344
Keywords biologically appropriate raw food (BARF) estrus cycle nutrition raw diet semen quality thyrotoxicosis
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Abstract

Raw meat-based diets for pet nutrition are becoming increasingly popular. The percentage of meat content, composition of nutrients, and amount of additives started to play an important role in the recipe of a given food. However, the use of healthier and unprocessed food must also be balanced with the animal’s specific needs based on its anatomy, physiology, and behavior. There are many potential advantages and disadvantages of a biologically appropriate raw food (BARF) diet, and all of them should be considered before switching to this approach. Raw meat is considered a diet closest to nature and least processed. However, raw diets threaten pet health because of the potential for nutrient imbalances. The choice of raw meat in pets’ everyday diet should be supported by the veterinarian’s medical decision and preferably also with nutritionist help. Growing animals require a specific Ca:P ratio in their diet, which may be improper in raw meat. For cats, taurine levels must be carefully checked. In addition, an imbalanced raw-meat diet can be the cause of poor semen quality in males. Females are prone to inhibition of the estrus cycle, especially due to hyperthyroidism. Exogenous thyroid hormone intake is a real concern when feeding a neck/head meat with thyroid glands. There is also a possibility of bacterial or parasitic presence in raw meat. The present paper aims to summarize the current state of knowledge about the benefits and threats of eating a raw meat diet for the health concerns of companion animals.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Główny
1
N. Sowińska
2 4
A. Cieślak
3
M. Gogulski
4 5
K. Konieczny
1
M. Szumacher-Strabel
3
  1. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
  3. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Animal Nutrition, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
  4. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, Poznan, Poland
  5. Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan, Poland

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