Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 4

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Abstract

The application of used glazed waste in concrete production can improve the performance of the structure of the building. Flexural and shear behavior and action of reinforced HollowGlass Concrete Beams (HGCB) and Solid Glass Concrete Beams (SGCB) made with glass waste under a two-point load are studied in this paper. In this work, 6 reinforced concrete solid and hollow beams were tested under a four-point bending test to evaluate and calculate the flexural behavior of SGCB and HGCB. For that purpose, Beams were prepared with 1000 mm length, 230 mm height, and 120 mm. All beams were divided into groups and named according to the space stirrups steel bar. The experimental work investigates five main variables which are: first: the comparison between SGCB and HGCB with the concrete beams made with glass waste (Glass Concrete Beam GCB), second: comparison between Solid Concrete Beams for Normal Concrete Beams (NCB), and GCB, three: comparison between Hollow Concrete Beams for NCB and GCB, four: the comparison between HGCB and HCB, last: the comparison between SGCB and SCB. The test results indicated that GCB was offered higher strength than NCB, but the load–slip behavior of all specimens is similar for both types of concretes, and the bond strength is not influenced by steel specimens. Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that the contribution of GCB to the load is indicated to be considerable. The results indicate that the hollow opening affected the ultimate load capacity and deflection of HGCB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Salam Salman Chiad Alharishawi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nagham Rajaa
2
ORCID: ORCID
Aqeel Raheem Jabur
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mustansiriyah University, College of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Baghdad
  2. Mustansiriyah University, College of Engineering, Highway and Transportation Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq
  3. Mustansiriyah University, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract

The text is devoted to the description of the methodology and research by design conducted to determine the functional and spatial solutions of a high-rise building complex located inWarsawfavoring connections with the public space of the city. The research work was carried out in the following phases: pre-design, including analyses and studies, context analysis, data collection, and design phase including defining initial conceptual variants, developed conceptual variants, selection, and determination of the final variant of the concept of functional and spatial structure for further investment and design steps. The final solutions adopted in the described process in the realization of the complex and detailed execution designs were also indicated. Design research was done through iteration of solutions, critical analysis, and functional optimization. The final solution was the division of the stylobate part of the complex, following the pedestrian traffic analysis, into three investment parts and the introduction of a rich program of supplementary functions for the dominant office function. A complex program of supplementary functions: trade, entertainment and event space, medical functions, gastronomic parts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Goncikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, ul. Koszykowa 55, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper analyzes the effect of additional masses for lattice structures on the nature of changes in the natural frequencies of the structure. An attempt to mathematically describe this nature and the scale of the effect with a known thickness of the icing layer was also made. The discussion concerns a structure with a sacred purpose – the Gate of the Third Millennium, located in the Lednickie Fields, in the Kiszkowo Municipality, Gniezno Poviat. The icing of structural bars (frost, rime) is treated as a source of additional masses, although the origin of non-structural mass is of secondary importance for the analysis in question. The analysis was carried out by Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling of the structure, assuming a single-parameter variation of its mass (that is, the additional mass of all elements of the test object varies proportionally to a single parameter, which is the outer surface of the element on which the ice layer is deposited). By solving the vibration eigenproblem for successive models, representing different intensities of icing of the object, the values of successive frequencies and descriptions of the corresponding eigenmodes were determined. The results obtained allow us to formulate a postulate that the possibility of a change in the mass of the analyzed object resulting from icing or other causes should be taken into account in strength analyses, wherein the dynamic properties of the structure play an important role, such as in assessing the susceptibility of the structure to dynamic loads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Richter
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Tokarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Rural Building, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 59-130 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The objective of the article involves presenting innovative approach to the assessment of structural reliability analysis. The primary research method was the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). The Hasofer–Lind reliability index in conjunction with transformation method in the FORM was adopted as the reliability measure. The implicit limit state functions were used in the analysis. The formulation of the random variables functions were created in the Matlab software by means of neural networks (NNs). The reliability analysis was conducted in Comrel module of Strurel computing environment. In the proposed approach, Hybrid FORM method (HF) used the concept in which NNs replaced the polynomial limit state functions obtained from FEM (Finite Elements Method) for chosen limit parameters of structure work. The module Comrel referenced Matlab files containing limit state functions. In the reliability analysis of structure, uncertain and uncorrelated parameters, such us base wind speed, characteristic snow load, elasticity modulus for steel and yield point steel are represented by random variables. The criterion of structural failure was expressed by four limit state functions – two related to the ultimate limit state and two related to the serviceability limit state. Using module Comrel values of the reliability index with the FORM method were determined. Additionally, the sensitivity of the reliability index to random variables and graph of partial safety factors were described. Replacing the FEM program by NNs significantly reduces the time needed to solve the task. Moreover, it enables the parallel formulation of many limit functions without extending the computation time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Potrzeszcz-Sut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Dudzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Radoń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The non-linearity of the modulus in the zone of small deformations has become one of the three basic concepts of modern soil mechanics, together with “effective stresses” or “critical state”. It is therefore necessary to obtain suitable parameters to describe these phenomena through the development of modern measuring equipment and newresearch methods. Limitations in the availability of the research area or research equipment indicate the need to create a data set, in the formula of regional assessments. The article presents a compilation of data on the deformation characteristics of soils covering about 75% of the country’s area, which are the most common subsoils for building. Descriptions, images of microstructures, and a record of mechanical parameters are presented for various age-old glacial clays and marginal clays and loesses. Emphasis is placed on parameters obtained from triaxial tests, including the determination of the shear modulus at small deformations obtained from BET measurements. In combination with the patented solution of sample strain measurement, complete deformability curves of the tested samples were obtained, indicating model reference curves developed for the above soil types. The statistically significant amount of data collected allowed the creation of a specific portfolio for selected soils as a starting point for assessing deformability. This corresponds to the current expectations regarding the characteristics of the behaviour of the substrate in the full spectrum of stresses and deformations, obtained from different types of tests, which, as in the case of soil stiffness degradation, together allow the correct determination of the necessary parameters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Witowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Godlewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Nepelski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Filip Chyliński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Building Structures, Geotechnics and Concrete, Building Research Institute, Filtrowa 1 St., 00-611 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerów St., 02-656 Warsaw
  3. Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

The construction contractor is concerned with reducing the cost of the project, including reducing unnecessary downtime. This is achieved when resources are fully utilized; this means the crews work continuously moving without interruption from one location to the other. However, any disturbance in the optimally scheduled workflow caused by random events is likely to result in delays, interruptions in the crews work, and productivity losses. There is therefore a need for scheduling methods that allow plans to be more resilient to disruptions and ensure a reduction in downtime and implementation costs. The authors put forward a proactive-reactive approach to the schedule risk management. Proposed method makes it possible to protect schedule deadlines from the impact of risk factors by allocating time buffers (proactive approach). It also takes into account the measures that managers take during execution in response to delays that occur, such as changing construction methods, employing extra resources, or working overtime (reactive approach). It combines both ideas and is based on project simulation technique. The merits of the proposed approach are illustrated by a case of a repetitive project to erect a number of buildings. The presented example proves that the proposed method enables the planner to estimate the scale of delays of processes’ start and consider the impact of measures to reduce duration of processes in particular locations taken in reaction to delays. Thus, it is possible to determine the optimal schedule, at which the costs of losses associated with delays and downtime are minimal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Jaskowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sławomir Biruk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Krzeminski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzyckastr. 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The main goal of the studies was to collect information on the impact of the identified risk factors on the amount of costs incurred in the life cycle of buildings. The own studies were focused especially on residential and non-residential buildings. The studies consisted in obtaining expert opinions on the subject of the research involves in the non-random (arbitrary) selection of a sample of respondents from among specialists corresponding to the industry purpose of the studies and the research material. The research used the expert questionnaire method. The studies were divided into three stages. In the first stage, the identification and division of risk factors in the life cycle of buildings was performed. Then, experts assessed 45 selected risk factors that may affect the amount of costs incurred in the life cycle of buildings. In the last step, the research results were developed in the form of a checklist knowledge base, containing information about the potential impact of the identified risk factors in the life cycle of buildings on the amount of the corresponding components of life cycle costs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Wieczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Zima
1
ORCID: ORCID
Edyta Plebankiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska St. 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

In line with the principles of modern design a building structure should not only be safe but also optimized. In deterministic optimization, the uncertainties of the structures are not explicitly taken into account. Traditionally, uncertainties of the structural system (i.e. material parameters, loads, dimensions of the cross-sections) are considered by means of partial safety factors specified in design codes. Worth noticing, that optimal structures are sensitive to randomness design parameters and deterministic optimal solutions may lead to reduced reliability levels. It therefore seems natural to extend the formulation of deterministic optimization with the random scatter of parameter values. Such a formulation is offered by robust optimization and reliability-based design optimization. The applicability ofRBDOis strongly dependent on the availability of the joint probability density function.Aformulation of non-deterministic optimization that better adapts to the design realities is robust optimization. Unlike RBDO optimization, this formulation does not require estimation of failure probabilities. In the paper using the examples of steel beams, the authors compare the strengths and weaknesses of both formulations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Zabojszcza
1
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Radoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Tauzowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
  2. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Informationand Computational Science, Adolfa Pawinskiego 5B St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, the problem of deformation induced by an open pit excavation in anisotropic stiff soils is analysed by FE modelling. The presented research is focused on the influence of material model with anisotropic stiffness on the accuracy of deformation predictions as compared with the field measurements. A new hyperelastic-plastic model is applied to simulate anisotropic mechanical behaviour of stiff soils. It is capable to reproduce mixed variable stress-induced anisotropy and constant inherent cross-anisotropy of the small strain stiffness. The degradation of stiffness depending on strain is modelled with the Brick-type model. The model formulation and parameters are briefly presented. General deformation pattern obtained in the exemplary 2D boundary value problem of an open pit excavation is investigated considering different values of inherent cross-anisotropy coefficient of small strain stiffness. The numerical simulations are performed as a coupled deformation-flow analysis which allows to properly model the drainage conditions. The excavation phases are simulated by removal of soil layers according to the realistic time schedule. Finally, the monitored case of the trial open pit excavation in heavily overconsolidated Oxford Clay at Elstow, UK is simulated with proposed material model both in 2D and 3D conditions. The obtained calculation results are compared with displacement measurements and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Lisewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Cudny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Predicting the Q–s settlement characteristics of piles is an important element in the designing of pile foundations. The most reliable method in evaluating pile-soil interaction is the static load test, preferably performed with instrumentation for measuring shaft and pile base resistances. This, however, is a mostly post-implementation test. In the design phase, prediction methods are needed, in which numerical simulations play an increasingly popular role. This article proposes a procedure for numerically modeling the interaction of screw displacement piles with soil using the ZSoil 2D FEM program. The procedure takes into account technological characteristics of this type of pile, such as the process of soil expansion during the screwing-in of the auger and the pressure of concrete mix after pile concreting. They significantly affect the soil stress state, which is a key parameter for the pile load capacity. Geotechnical parameters of the subsoil were adopted from CPTU probing and laboratory tests. Due to the physical complexity, a constitutive soil model “Hardening Soil” (HS) was used in the analyses. The modeling procedure was calibrated on the basis of the static load test results of several instrumented piles, which were carried out as part of the “DPDT-Auger” research project. As a result of these calibrations, generalized recommendations were derived for an entire single pile modeling process with the axisymmetric system of ZSoil program. These can be useful in the reliable FEM prediction of the Q–s characteristics for screw displacement piles for practical engineering purposes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Wiecławski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Krasinski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk Wrzeszcz, Poland
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Abstract

Post-mining dumps are a common sight in the industrial areas of Silesia (Poland). Despite several reclamation projects, many of them still constitute an unresolved problem. It is not only a matter of unaesthetic view – they often pose a threat to the environment and the people living nearby. Despite revitalization, some dumps are not properly maintained and are at the risk of slope failure. Such places require constant geodetic observation and stability control. In this article, the example of a dump located in the city of Gliwice was used to show the possibilities offered by the use of photogrammetry and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for cyclic checks of the embankment condition. The current state of the dump and the results of interventions after two incidents of slope failure,were observed. The main slopes of the terrain surface and at the selected cross-sections were determined in two flight missions. The obtained geometrical data were used in the further numerical analysis. Finite Element Method model representing one of the escarpment cross-sectionswas built to estimate the factor of safety and determine the main mechanisms responsible for the failure. Elastic-perfectly plastic Coulomb-Mohr model was used to describe the behaviour of the minestone and the ‘ c – tan φ reduction’ – for calculation of the stability. The problem of reliable material properties’ estimation was emphasized. The analysis included the impact of seepage and total head difference on the slope stability. It was concluded that the rainfall intensity had a decisive influence on the instability of the dump.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Wróblewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kowalska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Łupieżowiec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geotechnics and Roads, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Accurate estimation of soil permeability is crucial in many geotechnical applications. Empirical and theoretical equations based on soil particle size distribution (PSD) offer a fast and cheap way for preliminary estimation of permeability in granular soils, however the results obtained from various formulas available in the literature often show significant discrepancies. While several comparative studies on this topic have been published, no definite conclusions can be drawn on the performance of the predictive equations in comparison with in-situ permeability measurements. Many formulas require porosity or void ratio as input parameter, which is difficult to obtain for granular soil in-situ. In this study we applied 30 predictive equations to estimate permeability of sandy soil in an outwash plain deposit. The equations were divided into 5 groups, based on their structure and the required input parameters. Empirical formulas were used to estimate the expected in-situ porosity range. The obtained permeability values were compared to the results of in-situ permeameter measurements and pumping tests. Significant differences in the results and in their sensitivity to porosity were found between the 5 groups of methods. In general, simple equations which do not include porosity were in better agreement with measurements than the other groups.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wioletta Gorczewska-Langner
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Gumuła-Kawecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Jaworska-Szulc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Szymkiewicz
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Narutowicza11, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
  2. Laboratoire LEHNA, 3, rue Maurice Audin, 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, Franc
  3. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Narutowicza 11, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Investigation on the behaviour of hybrid beams is presented. Hybrid beam stands for an element with hybrid cross sections. This means sections that consist of steel and concrete parts, connected together with composite dowels, and both are considered for shear flow analysis. In practice, a more general solution may be used for bridges in the form of a beam in which the span sections are hybrid and the support sections are concrete. For the first time in the world, it was decided to introduce a girder in bridge construction, in which a concrete web with a thickness of only 20 cm was formed, directly connected to the steel web, so that a hybrid cross-section is created in accordance with the new European design regulations currently being developed (1994-1-102). The solution is new itself and requires also a new approach for internal forces determination. In this paper a parametric analysis of different hybrid beams with span range from 20 to 40 m and with different reinforcment ratio is performed to get knowledge on the influence of (1) concrete cracking and (2) rheology of concrete on the redistribution of internal forces. Results are analysed and conclusions are presented. As a final step, a general method for computer aided modelling of hybrid beams ( hybrid beam concept) is proposed, which is based on the uncracked analysis. Such an analysis is designer-friendly and while appropriate benchmarked (as in this paper) can spare a lot of time needed for detailed iterative cracked analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kożuch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Skretkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

In the article the effects of backfilling an underground, flexible pipeline, using natural materials (ground backfill) and modified materials, so called Lightweight Backfilling Materials (LBMs) were analyzed. These materials, thanks their lower density, have a positive effect on reducing the loads on the underground pipeline and, consequently, reducing deformations and stresses in its wall. LBMs include lightweight expanded clay aggregates, recycled tire chips used directly in the trench or mixed with the soil, foam concrete, foam glass (granules or plates), and expanded polystyrene, embedded in the ground in the form of blocks. The assessment of the effects of modifying the backfill of the underground pipeline was carried out by means of multi-variant numerical analysis in which models of the pipe-soil system in a plane strain state (2D model) were tested. In these models PEHD pipes were represented, with differential of their diameter (DN315, DN600) and stiffness (SDR), as well as trenches of various shapes (trench with vertical walls and with sloping walls). In the numerical calculations, two variants of trench filling were analyzed: full filling with soil and filling with selected LBMs (expanded clay aggregates, expanded polystyrene, tire chips mixed with soil) in layers separated in the backfill. The results of numerical calculations for particular variants of the models were analyzed in terms of the distribution of vertical displacements and stresses in the soil and pipe deformation. The received pipe deflections and circumferential stresses in their wall were related to the permissible values for PEHD pipes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kliszczewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Akademicka 5,44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Resilient under sleeper pads (USPs) are vibration isolators used in the ballasted track structure to improve the dynamic performance of the track, reduce vibrations and protect the ballast layer. Being permanently connected with the rail supports (sleepers or turnout bearers), the pads must exhibit a proper value of the pull-off strength, which ensures that they do not separate from the supports while being transported to the construction site or during many years of exploitation. This study focuses on the experimental determination of the pull-off strength of USPs attached to full scale prestressed concrete sleepers. Three variants are tested: two pads equipped with different anchor layers attached to the sleepers in the production plant and one pad glued to the sleeper in the laboratory. Some of the tested USPs are made of recycled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). An important part of the work is specification of the requirements for the pull-off strength of USPs, as well as the requirements for sleepers and turnout bearers equipped with resilient pads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraskiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw
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Abstract

In this paper, existing knowledge on the behaviour of soil-steel composite structures (SSCSs) has been reviewed. In particular, the response of buried corrugated steel plates (CSPs) to static, semistatic, and dynamic loads has been covered. Furthermore, the performance of SSCS under extreme loading, i.e., loading until failure, has been studied. To investigate the behaviour of the type of composite structures considered, numerous full-scale tests and numerical simulations have been conducted for both arched and box shapes of the shell. In addition, researchers have examined different span lengths and cover depths. Furthermore, to enhance the load-bearing capacity of the composite structures, various stiffening elements have been applied and tested. The reviewshows that the mechanical features of SSCSs are mainly based on the interaction of the shell with the soil backfill. The structures, as a composite system, become appropriately stiff when completely backfilled. For this reason, the construction phase corresponds to the highest values of shell displacement and stress. Moreover, the method of laying and compacting the backfill, as well as the thickness of the cover, has a significant impact on the behaviour of the structure at the stage of operation in both the quantitative and qualitative sense. Finally, a limited number of studies are conducted on the ultimate bearing capacity of large-span SSCS and various reinforcing methods. Considerably more works will need to be done on this topic. It applies to both full scale tests and numerical analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alemu Mosisa Legese
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Sobótka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Czesław Machelski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adrian Różański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

The main objective of this work is to present the results of numerical simulations of the landslide triggered by small excavation. In south-eastern Poland in 2019, during excavation for a gas pipeline (relatively small – maximal depth 2.7 m), a landslide was observed. Length of the landslide was about 80 m, width about 50 m, maximal depth 6.5 m. Excavation was partially buried. Observed cracks of the terrain surface were wide, up to 0.8 m. Stability of the landslide was analyzed using the proportional reduction of the soil strength parameters (c-fi reduction) algorithm with the use of ZSoil.PC Finite Element Method (FEM) system. Stability analysis of the slope before and after excavation was performed, together with analysis of the tendency of the landslide to propagate upwards. The obtained stability loss modes were compared with the results of the field observations and a good correlation was noticed. Hypothesis that a landslide was triggered by small excavation was proved (although reasonable margin of safety was obtained for state before excavation, stability factor SF = 1•60). Use of residual soil strength parameters (instead of peak ones) and activation of cut-off (no tension) condition are advised. Presented methodology is open and can be used in engineering practice.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Grodecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, 24 Warszawska Str., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

This research aims to determine the influence of water-soaking on polyester-based coated woven fabrics for ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break under uniaxial tensile tests. The paper begins with a short survey of literature concerning the investigation of the determination of coated woven fabric properties. The authors carried out the uniaxial tensile tests with an application of a flat grip to establish the values of the ultimate tensile strength of groups of specimens treated with different moisture conditions. SEM fractography is performed to determine the cross-section structures of coated woven fabrics. The change in the mechanical properties caused by the influence of water immersion has not been noticed in the performed investigations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ambroziak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kłosowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, St. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, four full-scale concrete columns with high-strength spiral stirrups (HSSS) are constructed and tested under low-cycle repeated loading. The specimens consisted of two castin- place columns and two precast concrete columns encased by a partly square steel pipe and bolt bars.The structural analysis of the HSSS columns of precast concrete conducted here is novel, and past experimental data for this are not available.To assess the seismic behavior and failure mechanisms of the new connections, quasi-static tests were carried out on columns prefabricated with them and cast-in-place specimens.The responses of all columns were compared, and the results showed that the failure modes of all columns are the large eccentric damage, and the destruction of all specimens occur at the column foot. The anti-seismic property of the precast HSSS concrete columns was comparable to that of the HSSS cast-in-place columns. A comparison of such performance parameters as energy dissipation and coefficient of ductility revealed that the precast HSSS concrete columns are suitable for use in earthquake zones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zheng Xianchao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fan Liyun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Zhao
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil and Architecture Engineering in Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
  2. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering in Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang,Henan Province, 455000, China
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Abstract

To guarantee a durable pavement construction that only needs a little care, it is crucial to manage problematic soil conditions properly and prepare the foundation. Some organizations remove soils since they have realized they do not function as well as other materials (for example, a state specification dictating that frost susceptible loess could not be present in the frost penetration zone). Nevertheless, there are more advantageous or desirable courses of action than this (e.g., excavation might create a disturbance, plus additional issues of disposal and removal). The subgrade conditions described in the preceding section may be improved by stabilization, offering an alternative solution. It is impossible to overstate the importance of ensuring a homogeneous soil profile in terms of density, moisture content, and textural categorization in the top section of the subgrade. Thru soil sub-cutting or other stabilizing methods, this consistency may be attained. Additionally, stabilization may be utilized to prevent swelling in expansive materials, create a weather-resistant work platform, enhance soil workability, and limit issues with frost heave. Alternative stabilizing techniques will be discussed in this part, and advice for choosing the best technique will be adequately provided. The current review paper aims to identify bridge issues related to soft soil and takes two ways of soft soil stabilization: chemical and mechanical. The finding of both methods show that the compressive strength and settlement have been improved after using waste materials; therefore, using waste materials as a cement replacement is considered one of the expansive utilized methods in most construction applications and bridges of that applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mayadah W. Falah
1 2
Haitham Muteb
2

  1. Building and Construction Engineering Technology Department, Al-Mustaqbal University,Hillah 51001, Iraq
  2. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering/University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001
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Abstract

Joints in cold-formed steel framing structures are usually designed as bolted lap type ones with a gusset plate. Unlike the end-plate joints in hot-rolled structures, the load in such joints is transferred through shearing of the bolts and bearing of the material. The prediction of their structural properties may be problematic in viewof unfavourable influence of the hole clearance and hole ovalization resulting from low bearing resistance of thin walls. A few experimental programmes showed that these issues lead to a different behaviour of the whole joint comparing to common end plate type. These concerns may be particularly important for joints under variable loading, which are prone to deterioration of structural properties. The testing programme conducted by the authors was focused on their behaviour under monotonic and cyclic loading with attention to a potential drop of resistance and stiffness. Monotonic tests revealed quite similar course of the joints’ response. In view of high deformability of the specimens at the intermediate stage of each monotonic test, plastic moment resistances of joints were associated with the initial part of the moment-rotation curves and were multiple times lower than maximum moments obtained in the experiments. The quantities of deterioration of structural properties were determined based on cyclic tests. Drop of resistance and stiffness was observed for several levels of loading range, but the trend of decrease varied for each property. Application of the DIC technique allowed one to identify qualitatively and quantitatively the sources of joint deformability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Budzinski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lucjan Ślęczka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. RzeszowUniversity of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

In determining the effects of actions when designing road structures, the influence of the loads caused by the buffeting of the passing vehicles (high-cycle forces) is neglected. Taking into account the fatigue load, they can have a very large impact on the assessment of the load capacity. The subject of analysis is the pressure and velocity distributions around a truck. At the current stage of the work, it can be concluded that the gusts of passing trucks affect the dynamics of the gantry structure and the elements suspended on it, such as platforms or boards. There is a strong suction force. It is possible to simplify the model in such a way that the board and the wind move with the speed of the vehicle while the truck remains stationary. Due to the lack of reliable guidelines for strength calculations of such structures, advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools were used. This paper also presents a shaking table built by the authors for dynamic loading of structural models. It describes the construction of the shaking table and the kind of movement made by the table deck. It also shows a scheme of the table deck suspension on linear bearings, as well as a scheme of the table motion system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Padewska-Jurczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dawid Cornik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard Walentynski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Wiśniowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szczepaniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Bridges, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

This article examines the impact of economic factors, such as changes in interest rates and inflation, on the primary housing market in Poland from January 2019 to September 2022, with particular focus on the Covid-19 pandemic. The research problem is to understand howthese economic factors have affected the housing market, and the research objective is to analyze the activity of developers, building permits issued, investments started, and housing loans granted. The research methodology involves the analysis of data from various sources, including official statistics and reports from developers and investment funds. The research findings suggest that the decreased demand for housing loans has led to a significant decline in the allocation of new housing. However, the emergence of new major players, such as leading European and global investment funds, could provide opportunities for developers. The study concludes that caution is warranted in starting new construction activity and that the best performance in housing production in the transition period to 2021 is unlikely to be exceeded in the current or subsequent years. The implications of this study are that developers need to consider economic factors and market trends when making decisions about new construction and that investment funds may play an increasingly important role in the housing market.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Bryx
1
ORCID: ORCID
Izabela Rudzka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Sobieraj
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw School of Economics, Department of Innovative City, al. Niepodległosci 162, 02-554, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw School of Economics, Institute of Enterprise and Investment Finance, al. Niepodległosci 162,02-554, Warsaw, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Cost prediction for construction projects provides important information for project feasibility studies and design scheme selection. To improve the accuracy of early-stage cost estimation for construction projects, an improved neural network prediction model was proposed based on BP (back propagation) neural network and Snake Optimizer algorithm (SO). SO algorithm is adopted to optimize the initial weights and thresholds of the BP neural network. Cost data for 50 construction projects undertaken by Shandong Tianqi Real Estate Group in China was collected, and the data samples were clustered into three categories using cluster analysis. 18 engineering feature indicators were determined through a literature review and 10 feature indicators were selected using Boruta algorithm for the input set. Compared to BP neural network and PSO–BP neural network, the results show that the improved SO–BP model has higher prediction accuracy, stability, better generalization ability and applicability. Therefore, based on reasonable feature indicators, the method proposed in this paper has certain guiding significance for predicting engineering costs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Cui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Junjie Xia
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. College of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi Science and TechnologyNormalUniversity,No. 605 Fenglin Avenue,330013, Nanchang, China
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Abstract

Road infrastructure is aimed to be sustainable construction in today’s condition of heavy traffic. Depending on geotechnical characteristics of soils there are chosen adequate techniques for compaction, meaning: type of compaction, equipment, compaction parameters and, if possible, computer aided acquisition and processing of data. This paper presents research results on the vibratory roller compaction process of road soils, from the point of view of process mathematically modeling and statistically modeling of process parameters interdependence. The obtained regression model is innovative one and fit for further application in optimization (by AI and IoT) of the compaction process. Good correlation of all the results (self-pulsation values) proves the adequate assumptions for both modeling and experimenting. Further development of this research is intended to develop a special software for direct correlation of road geographical position and soil characteristics to the compaction process parameters optimum values.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dragoş Căpăînă
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marilena Cristina Niţu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mihaiela Iliescu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Solid Mechanics, Romanian Academy, Constantin Mille 15, Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract

The concrete deck at the negative bending moment region of a continuous steel-concrete composite girder bridge is the weakest part of the structure. Introducing ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) to the hogging region may overcome the shortage and break through the bottleneck. This paper explores the cracking performance of steel-concrete composite girders with concrete slabs topped by a thin layer of UHPC subjected to a negative bending moment.Areal continuous composite girder bridge is briefly introduced as the engineering background, and the cracking characteristic of the concrete deck over the middle piers of the bridge is numerically modeled. Approaches to strengthen the cracking performance of the concrete deck at the hogging region through topping UHPC overlays are proposed. The effectiveness of the approaches is examined by conducting a series of numerical and experimental tests. Numerical results indicate that the normal concrete (NC) deck near the middle forums of the bridge would crack due to the large tensile stress from negative bending moments. Replacing the top concrete with an identical-thick UHPC overlay can increase the cracking resistance of the deck under the moment. As the thickness of the UHPC overlay increased from 6.0 cm to 12.0 cm, the maximum shear stress at the UHPC overlay-to-NC substrate interface under different load combinations was decreased by 56.3%~65.3%. Experimental results show that the first-cracking load of the composite beam usingan NC-UHPC overlaid slab was 2.1 times that using an NC slab. The application of a UHPC overlaid
deck can significantly improve the crack performance of the steel-concrete composite girder bridge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhiyong Wan
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Guohe Guo
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zhiguo Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Shaohua He
4
ORCID: ORCID
Juliang Tan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Libo Hou
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
  2. Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510507, China
  3. Guangdong Yunmao Expressway Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 525346, China
  4. Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
  5. Guangdong Highway Construction Co., LTD, Guangzhou 510623, China
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Abstract

An analysis of sandwich beams with truss core is an important issue in many fields of industry such as civil engineering, automotive, aerospace or maritime. The objective of the present study is a nonlinear static response of sandwich beams subjected to the three-point bending test configuration. The beams are composed of two parent components: upper and lower laminated face sheets (unidirectional tape) and a pyramidal truss core manufactured by means of 3D printing. A polyamide filament strengthened with chopped carbon fibres – CF-PA-12 is used for the core development. The both, experimental and numerical analyses are presented. A detailed numerical model of the sandwich beam was developed in Abaqus software. The numerical model considers modelling of the adhesive joint with an additional layer of material placed between the parent components of the beam. A continuum hybrid solid shell elements were used to model the adhesive layer. In addition, a special care was taken to use an appropriate material model for the CF-PA-12 filament. To do so, the uniaxial tensile tests were performed on 3D printed samples. Having acquired the test data, a hyperelastic material model was evaluated based on a curve fitting approach.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miroslaw Wesolowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Ruchwa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sandris Rucevskis
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Geodesy,ul. Sniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
  2. Riga Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 6B/6A Kipsalas Street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
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Abstract

The paper aims to determine the criteria and sub-criteria for evaluating the contractor’s performance and finalize a master list of the criteria and sub-criteria to be used for evaluating contractor’s performance with their respective weights. The method is incorporated in the framework proposed for the evaluation of the contractor’s performance during the execution phase. An exploratory study has been opted, using a structured, close-ended multiple-choice questionnaire survey approach. The questionnaire survey was conducted in two phases, i.e. validation survey, and reliability survey. Fifteen experts responded to the validation survey, and thirty experts to the reliability survey. The experts were from Government and public sectors in India, working at various senior levels. The weights of criteria and sub-criteria were calculated from data collected in the survey, relative importance was calculated through the relative importance index and criteria were ranked. The paper provides criteria and subcriteria which were finalized through a questionnaire survey by classification of criteria identified in literature and tender review. The respective weights were finalized, which can be measured while evaluating contractors’ performance. The weights assigned to criteria through the survey are; health and safety is 13.19%, followed by finance 11.93%, time 11.93%, quality 13.38%, client satisfaction 12.42%, environmental safety 12.32%, productivity 12.51% and regulation 12.32%. The paper provides the criteria and sub-criteria with their weights needed for evaluating the performance of contractors during the project execution phase. This research can lead to a culture of continuous measurement of performance for the satisfactory completion of projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sunil Mahadik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vinay Topkar
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, MH, India
  2. University of Michigan, Former Dy Director and Professor (Civil), Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, MH, India
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Abstract

The basic dynamic characteristics of façade scaffolding are natural frequencies of vibrations and corresponding mode shapes. These properties affect the scaffolding safety, as well as comfort and safety of its users. Many of the dynamic actions present at scaffolding are in the low frequency range, i.e. below 10–15 Hz. The first natural frequency of a structure is usually in the range of 0.7 to 4 Hz which corresponds to resonant frequencies of human body and it means that vibrations induced at scaffolding may strongly affect the human comfort. The easiest way of increasing the rigidity of the structure is by ensuring correct boundary conditions (support, anchorage) and bracing of the structure. The numerical analysis was performed for the real scaffolding structure of medium size. The analysis consisted of natural frequencies calculation for the original structure and for models with modified bracing and anchoring systems. The bracing modifications were introduced by reducing or increasing the number of vertical bracing shafts. The anchor system was modified by reduction of the 6 anchors in the top right corner of the scaffolding in three stages or by evenly removing nearly 1/3 of the total number of anchors. The modifications of bracing and anchor systems resulted in changing the natural frequencies. The increase of natural frequencies due to higher number of anchors and more bracing is not even for all mode shapes. Bracing is more effective in acting against longitudinal vibrations, while anchoring against vibrations perpendicular to the façade.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Bęc
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka 40St, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In the paper, an indirect method for the identification of the final shape of the freshly executed jet-grouted column is developed. The method relies on the backward analysis of the temperatures measured inside the column, along the trace of the injecting pipe. Temperature changes in the column are caused by the hydration process of the cementitious grout. 2D axisymmetric unsteady heat conduction initial-boundary value problem is solved for finding the column shape which fits best the reference temperature measurements. The model of the column is solved using the finite element method. The search is performed using the global evolutionary optimization algorithm called differential evolution. It is shown that the proposed method can provide an accurate prediction of the column shape if only the model reflects the physical reality well. The advantage over previous results is that the cylindrical shape of the column does not have to be assumed anymore, and the full profile of the column along its length can be accurately identified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Wojciechowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Al. Politechniki 6, 90-924 Łódz, Poland
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Abstract

Fissures are an important factor to induce slope instability of expansive soil channel, which destroys the integrity of soil mass and deteriorates soil mass. Currently, the research is limited to the fissures in the plane direction, and it is very important to reveal the development mechanism of fissures in expansive soils along the depth direction by studying the development law of fissures in expansive soils with different thicknesses. In this study, taking expansive soil on channel slope of the Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer as an example, crack expansion tests with thickness of 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm are carried out based on self-designed crack expansion test device. An innovative test method for volumetric fracturing rate is proposed and the following conclusions are drawn: (1) the later the cracking time of soil body is, the lower the water content of cracking and the higher the water content after stabilization when the soil body is thicker; (2) When the fissures develop in soils of different thicknesses, their plane fissure rate changes with time in accordance with the logistic law; (3) Volumetric fracturing increases significantly with thickness; (4) The development of fissures is the form of stress release of soil mass, and the release along depth direction is the main form for soil mass with large thickness. (5) It is of great significance to study the law of fracture development in depth direction for further exploring the mechanism of fracture propagation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jianhua Guo
1
Gang Ding
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hanhui Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shichang Li
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhangjun Dai
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research Corporation, Wuhan 430010, China
  2. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Abstract

Temperature effects have a great influence on the mechanical behavior of cable-stayed bridges, especially for long-span bridges, which have significant time-varying and spatial effects. In this paper, the temperature characteristics of multi-tower cable-stayed bridge are obtained by data acquisition with wireless acquisition module. The test results show that: the daily temperature-time curves of atmospheric temperature and structural temperature are similar to sinewaves with obvious peaks and troughs; structure temperature and atmospheric temperature have obvious hysteresis; longitudinal displacement, transverse displacement and vertical of mid-span beam are negatively correlated with atmospheric temperature; the temperature distribution of the cable tower is not uniform, and the maximum temperature difference of the section is 23.7°C considering 98% of the upper limit value; the longitudinal, transverse and vertical displacement of cable tower and the cable force is negatively correlated with atmospheric temperature, and the relationship between cable force and atmospheric temperature is a cubic function rather than linear function.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liu Chengyuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Han Zhuowei
2
ORCID: ORCID
Li Wei
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zhao Lin
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong High-speed Group Co., Ltd., No. 0, Longding Road, Jinan, China
  2. Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University
  3. Shandong Expressway Jinan West Ring Road Co., Ltd, No. 15551, Jingshi Road, Jinan, China
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Abstract

The research on deformation zoning mechanism of tunnel surrounding rock is of great significance for ensuring safe production and disaster prevention in coal mines. However, the traditional deformation zoning theory of tunnel surrounding rock uses the ideal strain softening model as the criterion for judging the zoning type of all tunnel surrounding rock, ignoring the difference between the deformation zoning type of a specific actual tunnel and the basic zoning type of surrounding rock. In order to study the method for determining the actual deformation zoning type of tunnel surrounding rock, the formation mechanism of the actual deformation zoning of tunnel surrounding rock has been revealed. Combined with engineering examples, a method for determining the actual deformation zoning type and boundary stress of specific tunnel surrounding rock has been proposed. The results show that the boundary stress and position of the actual deformation zone are determined by the peak strength fitting line, residual strength fitting line, support strength line, and the position of the circumferential and radial stress relationship lines of each deformation zone. The actual boundary stress of each zone of tunnel surrounding rock is ultimately only related to the basic mechanical properties of the tunnel surrounding rock and the in-situ stress field. The research results can provide reference for disaster management of underground engineering, stability evaluation of surrounding rock, and support scheme design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yunlong Gao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rencai Jin
3
ORCID: ORCID
Laiwang Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anhui University of Science and Technology, State key Laboratory of Mining response and disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, 168 Taifeng Street, Huainan City, Anhui Province, China
  2. Anhui University of Science and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 168 Taifeng Street, Huainan City, Anhui Province, China
  3. China MCC17 Group Co., LTD., Civil Engineering Post-doctoral Research Worktation, No. 88 Yushan East Road, Huashan District, Ma’anshan City, Anhui Province, China
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Abstract

The main idea of this article is the necessity to take into account the multi-variant technological and organizational solutions of individual construction works in order to ensure rational planning for the implementation of construction projects. In practice, selection of construction works most often limited to the evaluation of technological and organizational solutions on the basis of time and cost criteria. However, it should be remembered that construction projects usually have a complex technological and organizational structure. This fact may increase the durations and costs of individual works in relation to their planned durations and costs. Therefore, the authors propose to take into account the criterion of technological and organizational complexity of the assessed construction work. The article describes the procedure for the technological and organizational optimization of construction works. A numerical example of the method of selecting technological and organizational solutions with the use of a fuzzy relation of preferences is also presented. The article also proposes to combine the computational selection model with the network planning model in a graphic form. This approach expands the computational and decision-making possibilities of network models in the practice of planning construction projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nabi Ibadov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sahib Farzaliyev
2
ORCID: ORCID
Irene Ladnykh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Faculty of Construction, Ayna Sultanova 11, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Abstract

The construction industry plays a major role in the boost of the country’s economy, providing basic facilities for residential and creating thousands of job opportunities. During COVID-19, the construction sectors in Sindh Pakistan was highly suffered and leading to delays in the completion of projects. As the construction sector was globally affected, building construction projects were also affected by completing the projects on estimated time and cost. Thus, this research investigates the significant factors of time and cost that affected the Hyderabad building construction projects during COVID-19 situation. Questionnaire surveys were designed to collect data from the employees working on building projects in Sindh Pakistan. The collected data was analyzed through the Average Index method. Unsafe working environment; shortage of workers; and increasing project cost was observed as significant factors that were highly affected during COVID-19. The results and findings shall be supportive for stakeholders to take into consideration of factors in the early stage of the expected pandemic situation. This research suggested that the stakeholders shall modify or amend the contract clause regarding for pandemic situation and incorporate the identified factors in the contract that should be considered by stakeholders to save the time and cost of the projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haseeb Haleem Shaikh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noor Yasmin Zainun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shabir Hussain Khahro
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jamilus Research Center, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Environmental Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Department of Engineering Management, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, 11586, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

Due to the large amount of binder and low water-cement ratio, high-performance cement composites have high compressive strength and a dense hardened cement paste microstructure. External curing is insufficient, as it cannot reach the interior parts of the structure, which allows autogenous shrinkage to occur in the inside. Lack of prevention of autogenous shrinkage and high restraint causes structural microcracks around rigid components (aggregate, rebars). Consequently, this phenomenon leads to the propagation of internal microcracks to the surface and reduced concrete durability. One way to minimize autogenous shrinkage is internal curing. The use of soaked lightweight aggregate to minimize the risk of cracking is not always sufficient. Sorption and desorption kinetics of fine and coarse fly ash aggregate were tested and evaluated. The correlation between the development of linear autogenous shrinkage and the tensile stresses in the restrained ring test is assessed in this paper. A series of linear specimens, with cross-section and length custom designed to match the geometry of the concrete ring, were tested and analyzed. Determination of the maximum tensile stresses caused by the restrained autogenous shrinkage in the restrained ring test, together with the approximation of the tensile strength development of the cement composites were used to evaluate the cracking risk development versus time. The high-performance concretes and mortars produced with mineral aggregates and lightweight aggregates soaked with water were tested. The use of soaked granulated fly ash coarse lightweight aggregate in cementitious composites minimized both the autogenous shrinkage and cracking risk.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Zieliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anton K. Schindler
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Kaszyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental, al. Piastów 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, 237 Harbert Center, Alabama 36849, Auburn, USA
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Abstract

The performance evaluation of new and old subgrades is critical for the quality and safety of reconstruction and extension projects. It is necessary to achieve rapid and easy performance testing. In this study, a Portable FallingWeight Deflectometer (PFWD) is chosen to rapid evaluate the performance of subgrade. First, a testing area, the reconstruction and expansion project of the Hefei to Dagudian section of the Shanghai-Shaanxi Expressway, is selected. Then, the PFWD modulus Ep of resilient tested by PFWD and the corresponding water content w and compacting degree K tested by the cutting ring method for old subgrade are obtained. And the correlation relationship between Ep and w and K is established. The performance of old subgrade can be rapid obtained by PFWD. Meanwhile, for the new subgrade, the correlation relationship between Ep and bending value L, w and K is established, and the performance can also be rapid tested by PFWD. Finally, a rapid evaluation method for the reconstruction and expansion of subgrade performance was proposed, which aims to provide technical support for ensuring construction quality and safety and provides a technical reference and a theoretical basis for the prediction of similar subgrade performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bo Bu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Huayu Shang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Shaoping Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ke Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anhui Transportation Holding Group Co., Ltd., 230088, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
  2. National Engineering Research Center of Highway Maintenance Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, 410114, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Abstract

Liquid storage tank is widely used in the petrochemical industry, earthquake will lead to structural damage and secondary disasters, and damping control opens up a new way for seismic design of liquid storage tank. Considering soil-structure-fluid interaction, liquid sloshing dynamic behavior and material nonlinearity, a three-dimensional calculation model of shock absorption liquid storage tank is established by combining sliding isolation and displacement-limiting devices. The dynamic responses of the liquid storage tanks under the action of Kobe and El-Centro waves are investigated, and the influence of soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the dynamic response is discussed. The results show that the damping ratio is basically between 30% and 90%. After the SSI is considered, the damping ratio of liquid sloshing wave height is increased, while the damping ratio of the dynamic response of the liquid storage tank is decreased, and the change of elastic modulus has little effect on the damping effect. The sliding isolation with displacement-limiting devices has significant damping control effects on the liquid sloshing wave height and the dynamic responses of the liquid storage tank.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuang Tian
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Western Engineering Research Center of Disaster Mitigation in Civil Engineering of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Abstract

The proposed Trombe wall design is an innovative and effective solution for addressing issues related to building energy efficiency. The Trombe wall can help reduce a building’s energy consumption, provide optimal indoor temperature, and minimize the building’s environmental impact by utilizing renewable energy sources.The article deals with the study of the heat-air characteristics of the Trombe Wall, which performs the functions of external protection of a modular house, with the aim of further evaluating the possibility of using it as a hybrid protection with additional heating and ventilation functions assigned to it. The results of experimental research conducted on one of the elements of external protection of a modular house in the form of the Trombe Wall are presented. The experimentally obtained graphic dependences were compared with the calculated data and the convergence was evaluated. The proposed design allows you to organize air exchange in the premises with a multiplicity within 1–1.5 h -1, and also provides an opportunity to provide additional thermal power in the amount of 250 W/m 2. The article presents the results of experimental studies that allow to evaluate the thermal characteristics of the proposed design of external protection for a modular house. These results indicate that with the given geometric dimensions, in particular with a volume of 14 m 3, the thermal power utilized by the Trombe wall is within 0.2–0.7 kW
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Authors and Affiliations

Vasyl Zhelykh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Ulewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yurii Furdas
2
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Shepitchak
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Dabrowskiego 69, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. Lviv Polyechnic National University, Department of Heat and Gas Supply and Ventilation 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
  3. Lviv Polyechnic National University, Department of Heat Engineering and Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
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Abstract

In a corrosive environment with coupled dry-wet-sulfate action, concrete structures are susceptible to erosion by sulfate ions, which seriously affects the safe operating life. To forecast the operational lifetime of concrete below the influence of the dry-wet cycle and sulfate erosion environment, four different admixtures of polypropylene fiber: 0, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 kg/m 3, were incorporated into concrete specimens, and indoor accelerated tests were designed to observe the macroscopic and microscopic deterioration law analysis of concrete specimens; using the precept of damage mechanics, the damage of concrete under solubility cycle was established. The damage evolution equation of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles was established and the operational life of concrete was predicted. The results showed that the overall mass loss rate of concrete specimens increased with the number of tests, and the relative energetic modulo decreased with the number of tests; the pore change pattern, microstructure, and internal material composition of specimens under different working conditions were obtained by using NMR scanning technique, SEM electron microscope scanning technique and XRD physical phase analysis technique. The damage evolution equation shows that adding a certain amount of polypropylene fiber to concrete can improve the working life of concrete under dry and wet connected sulfate assault.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nan Nie
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Station Building Construction Department, China Railway Guangzhou Bureau Group Co., China

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2. Deciding whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published. In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
3. Evaluating manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
4. Ensuring scientific accuracy and complying with the principle of authorship; making sure that individual authors who contribute to the publication accept its form after the scientific editing
5. Providing a fair and appropriate peer review process.
6. Withdrawing manuscripts from publication, if any information about its unreliability appeared, also as a result of unintentional errors, features of plagiarism or violation of the rules of publishing ethics were identified.
7. Requiring all contributors to disclose relevant competing interests and publish corrections if competing interests are revealed after publication. If needed, other appropriate action should be taken, such as the publication of a retraction or expression of concern.
8. Maintaining the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
9. Not disclosing any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewer Responsibilities
1. Cooperating with the scientific editor and / or editorial office and the authors in the field of improving the reviewed material;
2. Being objective and expressing the views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
3. Assessing of the entrusted works in a careful and objective manner, if possible with an assessment of their scientific reliability and with appropriate justification of the comments submitted;
4. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
5. calling to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge
6. Maintaining the principle of fair play, excluding personal criticism of the author (s)
7. Maintaining confidentiality, which is not showing or discussing with others except those authorized by the editor. Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents.
8. Performing a review within the set time limit or accepting another solution jointly with ACE in the event of failure to meet this deadline.
9. Notifying the editor if the invited reviewer feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible.
10. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
11. Not considering evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission.

Author Responsibilities
1. Results of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable.
2. The authors should follow the principle of originality, which is submitting only their own original works, and in the case of using the works of other authors, marking them in accordance with the rules of quotation, or obtaining consent for the publication of previously published materials from their owners or administrators;
3. An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
4. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study and phenomena such as ghostwriting or guest authorship in the event of their detection must be actively counteracted.
5. All authors should report in a Reliable manner the sources they used to create their own study and their inclusion in the attachment bibliography;
6. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.
7. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
8. All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
9. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.

Publisher’s Confirmation
In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the publisher, in close collaboration with the editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work.

Peer-review Procedure

Manuscript Peer-Review Procedure

”Archives of Civil Engineering” makes sure to provide transparent policies for peer-review, and reviewers have an obligation to conduct reviews in an ethical and accountable manner. There is clear communication between the journal and the reviewers which facilitates consistent, fair, and timely review.

-The model of peer-review is double-blind: the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript (but if the research is published reviewers can eventually know the names of the authors). A complete list of reviewers is published in a traditional version of the journal: in-print.
-It is the editor who appoints two reviewers; however, if there are discrepancies in the assessment the third reviewer can be appointed.
-After having accepted to review the manuscript (one-week deadline), the reviewers have approximately 6 weeks to finish the process.
-The paper is published in ACE provided that the reviews are positive. All manuscripts receive grades from 1-5, 5 being positive, 1 negative, the authors receive reviews to read and consider the comments.
-Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of five outcomes: accept without changes, accept after changes suggested by the reviewer, rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review, reject, withdraw.
-Manuscripts requiring minor revision (accept after changes suggested by the reviewer) does not require a second review. All manuscripts receiving a "Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review " evaluation must be subjected to a second review. Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration. There are cases when the article can be withdrawn, often upon the request of an author, technical reason (e.g. names of authors are placed in the text, lack of references, or inappropriate structure of the text), or plagiarism.
-The revised version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the Editorial System within six weeks. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected.
-On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style.
-Paper publication requires the author's final approval.
- As soon as the publication appears in print and in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.

Editor’s responsibilities
-The editor decides whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published.
-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
-The editor evaluates manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
-The editor does not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewers' responsibilities
Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

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