Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 4

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Abstract

The hyperloop concept is not new, but for many years it was hard for engineers to believe that it could be economically and technically feasible. Nowadays some technical solutions, which could enable construction and operation of a guided transport system based on hyperloop concept, are much more imaginable. Therefore a number of start-up companies are working on comprehensive proposals and chosen technologies aiming at creating the fifth transport mode thanks to innovative concepts, new technologies, and chosen railway, air transport, and space technologies. As new transport mode is expected to offer transport with high speed nearly equal to the speed of sound its feasibility will strongly depend also on coherency between transport means and transport infrastructure in a scale of a future fifth transport mode continent-wide transport network. To meet this challenge railway and start-up companies work together in two streams – in the formal framework of the European standardisation to prepare future hyperloop related EN standards and in research and development projects. The scale of required wide technical coherency on one side and the diversification of products and existence of different developers/producers/contracting entities providing infrastructure and transport means and creating market on the other side contradict if appropriate rules are not set precisely early enough. Such rules in railway transport are based on interoperability concept supported by agreed stable essential requirements and defined in the Railway Interoperability Directive and Technical Specifications for Interoperability. Paper presents findings regarding poor applicability of the railway interoperability to the hyperloop type transport systems at their early stage of development as well as challenges and proposed approaches for the dedicated hyperloop coherency approach – the hyperoperability as it is being discussed in the framework of the Hypernex European project.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Kaczorek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Karasiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kycko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Pawlik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Polak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Rzepka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Railway Research Institute, Chłopickiego 50, 04-275 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Worker absenteeism is identified as the greatest threat to not meeting the completion date of a construction project. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of employee absenteeism risk on the probabilistic lead time of a construction project. Calculations of employee absenteeism risk values were performed using data from the Central Statistical Office (Big Data). Probabilistic schedules with probability density functions (Normal, Exponential, Reyleigh, Triangle, Gamma, Cauchy) with and without calculated employee absenteeism risk were prepared. Student’s t-test and MAPE analysis of mean absolute percentage errors were performed to determine differences between groups. It was found that with respect to the probability of completing the task in the range of 75 to 95% for all functions, an unacceptable MAPE error of 32.82% to 69.23% arises. Therefore, the authors postulate that the risk of worker absenteeism should be considered in every construction process when performing probabilistic scheduling, i.e., in the Building Information Modeling BIM methodology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Rogalska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zdzisław Hejducki
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Plac Grunwaldzki 11, 50-384 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, direct shear tests were carried out on cement mortar specimens with singleladder, single-rectangular, and double-rectangular step joints. Consequently, the shear strength, and crack shape of specimens with these through-step joints were analyzed, for understanding the influence of the through-step joint’s shape on the direct shear mechanical properties. The results of the investigation are as follows: (1) Under the same normal stress, any increases in the height ℎ of the step joint causes an initial-increase-decrease in the shear strengths of specimens with single-ladder and double-rectangular step joints, causing a type-Wvariation pattern for the specimens with single-rectangular step joint. More essentially, when normal stress and ℎ are constant, the shear strength of specimens with a single-ladder step joint is the greatest, followed by specimens with a double-rectangular step joint, and then specimens with a single-rectangular step joint is the least. (2) Furthermore, given a smallℎ and low normal stress, specimen with a single-ladder step joint mainly experiences shear failure, whereas specimens with single-rectangular and double-rectangular step joints mainly generate extrusion milling in the step joints.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liangxiao Xiong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haijun Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Haogang Guo
3
ORCID: ORCID
Songhua Mei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhongyuan Xu
4
ORCID: ORCID
Bin Liu
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hydropower Development Key Technology, Power China Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha 410014, China
  2. Geotechnical Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210029, China
  3. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh 15289, United States
  4. Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
  5. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
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Abstract

The technology of single bore multiple anchor is well known and mainly used as a method of providing support for retaining walls of deep excavations in weak soils. Multiple fixed lengths in a single borehole is a major difference to conventional anchors. The purpose of it and the most important facts affecting bearing capacity are presented. Due to the reduction of progressive debonding higher bearing capacities can be achieved and the impact of soil consolidation is decreased. Unique properties of this technology potentially reduce construction costs and increase the reliability and safety of the structure. Single Bore Multiple Anchors in most cases are prestressed by synchronised hydraulic jacks to provide that every anchor unit transfers the same load. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of investigation and suitability tests, which took place at the site of Zlote Tarasy Shopping Centre in Warsaw. The carried out research reveals that prestressing of one fixed anchor causes a decrease in lock-off load of the second fixed anchor, regardless of the order of prestressing. Measured values presents range from 6% to 14%. Results indicate mutual influence between loads of fixed anchors from the separate prestressing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kalicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Mitew-Czajewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 0-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper outlines effect of the mix composition on mechanical properties of high–strength concrete based on aggregate size like in of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) but without fiber reinforcement. The main purpose which guided the authors choosing proportion of water and superplasticizer (SP) was to achieve a similar consistency in the test slump for various concrete mix. Test results for 3 groups of superplasticizers, designated as D – with chemical base – acrylic polymer, V – with chemical base – polycarboxylate ether, P – with chemical base – modified polycarboxylates, two cement groups, designated as Cem A – with fineness Blaine 3980 cm 2/g, Cem B – with fineness Blaine 4430 cm 2/g and 2 types of aggregate: basalt and granite were presented. After curing for 1, 7 and 28 days samples were tested for compressive strength and flexural tensile strength. The article also presents the study of the elemental composition and structure of the SP with the use of the SEM electron microscope. The amount of solid particles in the SP was also determined by the water vaporization. The assumption of the paper was to maintain the consistency of the mixture at the S2 level according to the Eurocode standard. The paper proposes a method based on SEM analysis in order to select a superplasticizer with the best ductility parameters, and the best results of the compressive and flexural tensile strength of concrete samples were obtained. The best results for compressive strength after 28 days are obtained for concrete series with the polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer and modified polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer in combination with the use of type A cement and it is greater than for the concrete series with type B cement by 11.7%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Siwiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Szcześniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Nasiłowska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zygmunt Mierczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Kubiak
3
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Stolarski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Institute of Aviation Łukasiewicz, Unmanned Technologies Center, 110/114 Krakowska Avenue, 02-256 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Information and decision projects in the area of civil engineering are usually complex and heterogeneous. This, in turn, requires the use of IT solutions to support them. The selection of the appropriate models for data or knowledge representation, which are the information resources of such systems in connection with the selection of analytical and decision models, can be considered as one of the elements of the rationalization of engineering projects. The approach that takes account of the significant complexity and heterogeneity of problems is a system approach with the use of an objectoriented way of organizing data or knowledge. Not only does it ensure efficient modelling of information and decision processes in the field of engineering projects (also in crisis situations), due to the uniformity of the model approach, it also allows for maintaining the continuity of the implementation of complex processes of various specificity, e.g. the different levels of structuring or the randomness of partial problems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Szelka
1

  1. University of Zielona Góra, Institute of Civil Engineering, St. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
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Abstract

This article concerns assessing the dynamical properties and shape optimization of railway transition curves (TCs) for the wide range – 600, 900, 1200, 2000, 3000, and 4000 m – of circular arc radii. The search for the optimum shape means in the current article the evaluation of the curve properties based on chosen dynamical quantities and generation of such shapes with use of a mathematically understood optimization method. As a transition curve in the studies performed, the authors adopted a polynomial of n-th degree, where n = 9 and 11. In the study one model of rail vehicle was used. The model represented 2-axle freight car of the average values of parameters. The authors took the so-called standard transition curves of 9th and 11th degrees, and 3rd degree parabola as initial transition curves in the optimization processes. As quality functions (evaluation criteria) the authors used three functions concerning lateral and vertical vehicle dynamics, and creepages in wheel-rail contact. In this work, the results of the optimization – types of the curvatures of the optimum transition curves – were presented and compared.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Zboinski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Woznica
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The work concerns the influence of the method of numerical modelling of the connections of the roof truss and vaults with the walls of historic masonry objects structures on the local stress distribution in the walls. At the outset, the need to search for rational modelling was justified due to the large size of the calculation models and the erroneous results obtained with oversimplification of the model. Four methods of modelling the connections between the walls and roof truss and vaults were analysed. The first method was to describe the elements of walls and foundations as solid elements, the ribs of the vaults and the roof truss as beam elements, and the vaulting webs as shell elements. The remaining methods 2–4 describe the walls as shell elements. In places where the walls join with the roof truss and vaults, fictitious/fictional elements in the form of rigid horizontally-oriented shells were used in model No. 2. In model No. 3, fictitious rigid horizontally-oriented shell elements in addition to local rigid vertically-oriented shells were used, while in model No. 4, only fictitious rigid vertically-oriented shell elements with stepwise decreasing protrusions were introduced. The best solution in terms of local stress distribution turned out to be the description of connections with fictitious shell elements in the case of model No. 4. This approach slightly increases the number of unknowns, and makes the results of stresses in the connection areas realistic in relation to full modelling with solid finite elements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesław Miedziałowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Szkobodziński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Robert Czech
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
  2. Energoprojekty sp. z o.o., Opolska 15, 15-549 Bialystok, Poland
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Abstract

The pattern of pore water pressure dissipation from the one-dimensional consolidation test significantly affects the calculated value of the coefficient of consolidation. This paper discusses the interpretation methodology for laboratory dissipation data from the oedometer test with the pore water pressure measurements or Rowe cell test. In the analysis, the gradient-based algorithm for finding the optimal value of the coefficient of consolidation is used against experimental results, obtained for various fine-grained soils. The appropriate value of coefficient of consolidation is considered as one with the lowest associated error function, which evaluates fitness between the experimental and theoretical dissipation curves. Based on the experimental results, two different patterns of the pore water pressure dissipation are identified, and the saturation of the specimen was found to be the key factor in describing the change in the patterns. For the monotonically decreasing dissipation curve, an inflection point is identified. The values of degree of dissipation at the inflection point are close to the theoretical value of 53.4%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Szczepan Olek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Krakow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of biomaterial in the binder composition on the quality of reclaim from furan no-bake sands. The biomaterial is introduced into the moulding sand in order to accelerate the biodegradation of post-regeneration dust and thus to reduce the amount of harmful waste from foundries in landfills. This addition, however, can’t deteriorate the technological properties of the moulding sand, including its ability to mechanical regeneration. Chemically bonded moulding sands are characterized by high ability to mechanical regeneration, which reduces the consumption of the raw material and costs related to their transport and storage. A side effect of the regeneration process is the formation of a large amount of post-regeneration dusts. According to the tendencies observed in recent years, moulding processes must meet high requirements connected to environmental protection including problems related to the disposal of generated wastes. A partial replacement of synthetic binding materials with biomaterials may be one of scientific research directions on the production of innovative foundry moulding and core sands. The conducted regeneration tests presented in this paper initially proved that biomaterial slightly decreases the quality of reclaim from moulding sand with its addition. However, its ability to regeneration increases with time of the process. In previous research authors tested biodegradability of the dust remaining after the regeneration process. The tests proved that moulding sand with biomaterial added at the stage of the production process is characterized by about three times better biodegradability than the same moulding sand without additive.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Major-Gabryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Skrzyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iwona Stachurek
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Zakopianska 73, 30-418 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

A new method of creating constitutive model of masonry is reported in this work. The model is not an explicit orthotropic elastic-plastic one, but with an artificial neural network (ANN) giving an implicit constitutive function. It relates the new state of generalised stresses Σ n+1 with the old state Σ n and with an increment of generalised strains ΔE (plane-stress conditions are assumed). The first step is to run a strain- controlled homogenisation, repeatedly, on a three-dimensional finite element model of a periodic cell, with elastic-plastic models (Drucker–Prager) of the components; thus a set of paths is created in (Σ, ΔE) space. From these paths, a set of patterns is formed to train the ANN. A description of how to prepare these data and a discussion on ANN training issues are presented. Finally, the procedure based on trained ANN is put into a finite-element code as a constitutive function. This enables the analysis of arbitrarily large masonry systems. The approach is verified by comparing the results of the developed model basing on ANN with a direct (single-scale) one, which showed acceptable accuracy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Urbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Szymon Ligęza
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Drabczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155, Kraków, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas (doctoral student), al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  3. Idealogic Ltd., ul. Kapelanka 26, 30-347 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a comparison of three strain measurement methods. The mechanical parameters of S355 grade steel (yield strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity) were determined in tensile tests. Strains were measured using high resolution measuring instruments: an extensometer, a strain gauge and an ARAMIS 3D DIC system. In this paper, these three instruments have been used simultaneously in tensile tests for the first time. The results indicate that the values of the Young’s modulus obtained using different techniques were similar when each instrument measured strain on the same side of the sample. Small differences were connected with different gauge lengths and their locations. The values of the Young’s modulus determined on the opposite sides of the samples were more varied even when the same method was used (strain gauge measurements). For this reason, it is recommended to use double-sided averaging instruments when the Young’s modulus is determined. The strain-curves obtained from the strain gauge measurements were incomplete and they came to an end at the end of the yield plateau due to the fact that they were damaged when the values of strain were relatively high. The extensometer was used up to the point where the strain reached 0.3% and then the strain was measured based on the distance between the machine clamps. The stress-strain curves obtained from the DIC system were complete because the system was able to monitor the sample until the very end of the tests.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Dębiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Glema
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Grzymisławska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Jezierski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Szymkuć
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

It is presented in detail how the selection of a structural model describing the behaviour of a steel hall transverse frame when subject to fire exposure in a more or less complex way may affect the fire resistance evaluation for such a frame. In the examples compiled in this paper the same typical one-aisle and single-story steel hall is subjected to simulated fire action, each time following the same fire development scenario.Aresultant fire resistance is identified individually in each case, using various computational models, on an appropriate static equilibrium path obtained numerically. The resulting estimates vary, not only in the quantitative sense, but also in terms of their qualitative interpretation. It is shown that the greater the simplification of the model used, the more overstated the estimated fire resistance is in relation to its real value. Such an overestimation seems to be dangerous to the user, as it gives him an illusory but formally unjustified sense of the guaranteed safety level.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Maślak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Pazdanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Suchodoła
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Wozniczka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents a study of a wall cladding system composed of stainless steel subframe and composite, fibre-reinforced concrete cladding panels, which was been installed on a high-rise public building. The study focused on the assessment of strength, safety and durability of design through laboratory tests and numerical analyses. The laboratory tests were conducted using a threedimensional tests stand and a full-scale mock-up of the wall cladding system built at the laboratory using the actually used materials and cladding panels. The boundary conditions and the test loads corresponded to the values of actions determined during the engineering phase of the high-rise building under analysis. Noteworthy, wind actions were verified by supplementary wind tunnel testing. In addition, the stainless steel was also tested to determine the strength properties of the material actually used in construction. These test were carried out just before commencement of the curtain wall installation. The 3D model was constructed with the application of the finite element method (FEM) to obtain adequate representation of geometry, material performance and structural behaviour of the analysed wall cladding system. Particular attention was paid to determination of the parameters defining the behaviour of the cladding system sub-frame from the angle of plastic deformations of the stainless steel and the resulting failure mechanisms of the members of the structure itself. To this end, the stainless steel was subjected to appropriate performance tests to determine material properties including the values of the proportionality limit and yield strength.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Cwyl
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Wierzbicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Michalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents a review of composite structures in which aluminium alloys are used. Current trends in the research of composite structures with aluminium girders and their possible applications in structural engineering were shown. In the presented solutions, advantageous properties of aluminium alloys were exploited, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance and recyclability. The authors demonstrated the structural behaviour of aluminium-concrete and aluminiumtimber composite beams based on their own tests as well as investigations presented in the literature. Furthermore, aluminium-concrete composite columns, a composite mullion made of an aluminium alloy and timber, and a military bridge consisting of aluminium truss components, a stay-in-place-form, reinforcement and concrete were presented. In addition to the description of the structural elements, the main conclusions from their experimental, theoretical and numerical analyses were also demonstrated in this paper. The connection of aluminium girders with concrete or timber slabs provided for the increase of the load-bearing capacity and stiffness, and it eliminated the problem of local buckling in girder flanges and lateral-torsional buckling of girders in the analysed solutions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Szumigała
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

In civil engineering structures, steel angles are often used as tensioned elements, because of their ease of fabrication and assembly. For practical reasons, angles are usually connected only by one leg, using a single row of bolts, and rupture of weakened section usually determines a joint capacity. Also, eccentricity affects the distribution of stresses in the net section and hence its load capacity. Assessment of ultimate resistance is a completely different issue compared to the well-known and established problems of plastic resistance and requires advanced material modelling. The paper presents a numerical simulation of net section failure of tensioned angles, made of structural steel grade S275, taking into account ductile initiation and propagation of fracture using the Gurson–Tvergaard– Needleman damage model. Extensive parametrical analysis of ultimate tensile resistance was performed with a wide range of parameters. The typical and well-recognised failure modes were observed as net section fracture and block tearing. Also, an additional failure mode, classified as limited block tearing, has occurred which is not considered in current design provisions. The paper describes the impact of individual geometrical properties of the joint (numbers of bolts, connection length, and distance from the edge of the connected leg to the center of the fastener hole) on the apparent failure form and the resistance obtained.
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Authors and Affiliations

Edyta Bernatowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lucjan Ślęczka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Poznanska 2, 35-084 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

The current design codes recommend designing the building structures based on the assumption avoiding the disproportionate to the initial cause damage during accidental situation. As a main strategy to mitigate a progressive collapse an alternative load path method is recommended. Flush and extended bolted end-plate joint to connect beam-to-column were experimentally tested. Hierarchical validation of joint FEM models based on experimental test results were performed. The numerical dynamic analysis by finite element method of selected steel frame under column loss scenario is presented. The planar 2D model of frame were used. Shell elements for beams and columns and solid elements for joints were employed respectively. Nonlinear material and geometry were applied in the analysis. Johnson-Cook model was used to describe the change of steel parameters by dynamic Increase Factor (DIF). The Rayleigh model to include the damping effects in the analysis was used. The dynamic analysis was performed with the use of Abaqus/Explicit module. Main conclusion of presented research it that to achieve the required level of robustness, bolted beam-to-column joints with extended end-plate of thickness more than 15 mm should be used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Kukla
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksander Kozlowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Poznanska 2, 35-084 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

Currently, the possibilities offered by measurement techniques allow development of both cities in the form of 3D models as well as models of small and large architecture objects. Depending on the needs, the scale of an examined object or the intended use of the final product, geodesy finds readymade measurement methods. If one wants to work out a 3D model of a building object in detail, the most accurate way is to use laser scanning technology. However, there are situations in which limitations resulting from the terrain layout or the structure of the building preclude to obtain full information about its shape. In such situations, the solution is to integrate data from various measurement devices. If creating a full 3D model of large buildings, the best choice to complete data, especially the roof of the object, is to use an unmanned aerial platform, because the resolution of images made on a low altitude is good enough to obtain a satisfactory effect in the form of a point cloud. The research used integration of data obtained at low altitude from two unmanned aerial vehicles, Fly-Tech DJI S1000 and DJI Phantom 3 Advanced – using various types of missions – with data recorded with the Leica ScanStation P40 terrestrial laser scanner. The data was integrated by giving them a common coordinate system – in this case the 2000 system, for the grid points measured in the field with the GNSS technique, and the use of Cyclone, Metashape and Pix4D software for this purpose. Combined point clouds were used for 3D modelling of the sacred object with Bentley CAD software. The accuracy with which data integration was performed and errors resulting from the use of various measurement techniques were determined. The result of the study is a 3D model of the Church of Our Lady of Consolation, located in Krakow at the Sportowe estate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bogusława Kwoczyńska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bogumił Małysa
2

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
  2. RemoteCraftsmen Krakow, ul. Opolska 12, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The following article collects and describes several practical problems that can be encountered when performing geophysical field measurements using the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method. The methodology of work carried out with the Terrameter LS apparatus of the Swedish company ABEM (currently the company has changed its name to GUIDELINE GEO) was presented and discussed. The attention was paid to interesting solutions that increase the efficiency of works, especially in works related to linear investments. Errors that may appear during the use of the roll-along method are indicated, in particular, those appearing in measurements where too long measurement sections are transferred, as well as problems resulting from high electrode earthing, nonlinear profile traces and variable morphology. It describes how the use of different measurement systems affects the depth of prospecting, and which systems cope well in the area with disturbances. The article also emphasizes that the work should be properly planned before starting field research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Pacanowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Maślakowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Lejzerowicz
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Tunnel lay-by spacing is directly related to traffic safety and engineering investment. Nevertheless, its mechanism is not clear, and the rationality of the exiting norms with respect to tunnel lay-by spacing needs to demonstrate. A calculation model for tunnel lay-by spacing was derived by considering the headway and the physical kinematics of the two vehicles chasing and encountering. With it, the influence of various parameters on lay-by spacing were analysed and the rationality of the model were discussed through comparing with existing norms. Results shows longitudinal gradient rate, daily average traffic flow, rolling resistance coefficient, posted speed limit are significant to determine the lay-by spacing, and the most important parameter is longitudinal gradient rate. Existing tunnel lay-by spacing norm values are not reasonable enough, either too strict or too loose. These findings provide scientific support for how to select tunnel lay-by spacing value, which can improve tunnel traffic safety and make engineering investment reasonable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bo Liang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yao Xiao
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Chongqing Jiaotong University, School of Civil Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Xuefu Avenue 66, Nanan District, Chongqing, China
  2. Chongqing Jiaotong University, School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Rail Transit (Group) Co., Ltd, Xuefu Avenue 66, Nanan District, Chongqing, China
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Abstract

The proposition of a method to verify the punching resistance for very large supports based on the EN 1992-1-1 standard is described in this paper. The present standard guidelines for the calculation of the punching resistance for large supports are also summarised. The proposed direct method is compared with other standard methods using an example taken from design practice. This method consists of a direct check of the shear forces at specific locations of the control perimeter with the permissible shear force calculated from the EC2 standard. The method showed very good agreement with the experiment while remaining practical for applications. The method presented takes into account the actual distribution of shear forces in the vicinity of the support, taking into account the influence of non-uniform loads, irregular floor geometry, the concentration of internal forces at the corners of the support and the influence of the stiffness of the head used. The paper provides scientists, engineers, and designers new method (called the direct method) for estimation of the punching load-bearing capacity outside the shear cap.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Grabski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Ambroziak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Maciej Grabski Engineering, 94B/1 Leszczynowa Street, 80-175 Gdansk, Poland
  2. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

At present, many studies have been carried out on the fatigue mechanical properties of conventional rocks, but there are few studies on the mechanical properties of rocks after water rock interaction. The aim is to better study the fatigue mechanical characteristics of sandstone after dry wet cycle and the research object we take was sandstone samples after a certain number of drying and wetting cycles. The WAW-2000 electro-hydraulic servo pressure system was used to carry out uniaxial fatigue cyclic loading and unloading tests with different amplitudes and different upper limit stresses. The test found that: when the sample is damaged under fatigue load, the stress-strain curve shows a sharp downward trend and a sudden instability failure occurred in the sample.With the increase of the upper limit stress and amplitude, the life of the sample decreases gradually which also conforms to the change of power function. Then the relationship between fatigue life and stress is obtained. The fatigue stress-strain curve is characterized by sparse-dense-sparse. With the increase of cycle time, the axial strain of the sample shows an inverted “S” shape. The strain change can be divided into three stages: initial stage, constant velocity stage and acceleration stage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin-Song Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yu Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Heng-Liang Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yu-Di Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yi-Shun Bu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anhui University of Science and Technology, No. 168, Taifeng street, Huainan City, Anhui Province, China
  2. First Design and Research Institute MI China Co, No. 12550, bustling Avenue, Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone, Anhui Province, China
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Abstract

In the paper there the laboratory tests of interaction between thin-walled beams of the Z crosssection and the sandwich panels with PIR foam core are presented. The different numbers of connectors (0, 4, and 8) were used to connect the sandwich panels with the thin-walled beams. Furthermore, the parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the thin-walled beam load arrangement was analysed. The research provides a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the mentioned experiments using the ultimate capacity, the deformation capacity, and the stiffness. In the second part of the paper, the numerical analysis of the thin-walled beam was also performed. The beam was modelled as a shell element and loaded in two ways, which corresponded to the loading scenario during laboratory tests (uniformly distributed and concentrated loads). The results of the numerical calculations of the beam without lateral stabilization were compared with the laboratory results of the beam stabilized by the sandwich panels.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Ciesielczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Studziński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

Deterioration and defects in building components are key aspects to consider when assessing buildings’ conditions, as they may influence the building’s functionality. The typical defects include cracking, moisture, dampness, and architectural defects. This paper aims to evaluate the defects in a building using a non-destructive testing (NDT), which is the Infrared Thermography (IRT) method. A visual inspection method is then conducted to verify the results of the IRT method. The combination of IRT and visual inspection methods can identify the type of defect and level of severity more accurately. In both methods, ratings or scores are given to the collected defect data to determine the consistency between them. Two (2) buildings were selected as case studies; AA1 and BB2 are multistorey buildings. From those, 51 and 67 spots were taken from the IRT method and further verification process, respectively. Among the defects that were found were moisture, dampness, cracking, staining, chipping, and flaking paint. From all the findings, IRT was found to be comparable with the visual inspection results for serious defects such as cracking and flaking paint. However, IRT was believed to underestimate the architectural defects of staining and chipping. Even so, serious defects such as dampness were also underestimated in IRT due to the fact that the temperature difference between different ratings will not differ much. In conclusion, the IRT method has the potential to be used as a tool for building condition rating. However, it should be assisted with a visual inspection, and more research needs to be conducted for its practicality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhd Zubair Tajol Anuar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Noor Nabilah Sarbini
1
ORCID: ORCID
Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siti Hajar Othman
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Nadzri Reba
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Structure & Materials, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  2. School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  3. Geoscience & Digital Earth Centre (Insteg), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Abstract

The implementation of construction projects in Warsaw is associated with increasing difficulties in preparation, obtaining the relevant building permits and licences, partly due to the lack of water and sewage infrastructure and the inadequate management of rainwater in the city. All this leads to an increase in the cost of the construction projects undertaken. To illustrate a number of issues related to stormwater management in the city and the resulting problems, the study provides a number of different case studies, stylised facts and abductive conclusions to develop the best explanation for the existing problems. Specifically, the study presents the barriers to stormwater management in the city of Warsaw through an analysis of a hypothetical investment process (related to the Wawer Canal). The case studies analysed concern the deterioration of the “Bernardine Water” reservoir and the lack of appropriate investments in the Sluzewiecki Stream catchment, as well as a number of conflicting conditions in stormwater management in Warsaw. In contrast, examples of successful investments in stormwater management are also shown, e.g. Radex Park Marywilska, Stegny Południe settlement, Fort Bema settlement in Bemowo. In this way it is shown that with the right approach it is possible to carry out construction investments in water and wastewater infrastructure in an appropriate way, thus avoiding many stormwater management problems. The main conclusion of the study is that insufficient consideration of stormwater drainage issues in spatial planning will lead to further flooding and increasing water management problems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Sobieraj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Bryx
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Metelski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw School of Economics, Department of Innovative City, al. Niepodległosci 162, 02-554, Warsaw, Poland
  3. University of Granada, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Abstract

Several field and model tests have been conducted to investigate the impact of pile installation on bearing capacity. However, little is known about how piles behave during installation, how they interact with the surrounding soil, and how this affects sandy soil properties. This review paper investigates the effect of pile driving on surrounding sandy soil as it compacts sandy soil near to the pile. For this purpose, various related literature was studied based on the observation of the pile installation effect on earth pressure or lateral stress, relative density, and pore water pressure in the sandy soil. A change in the deformation and stress state of surrounding sandy soil due to pile driving was presented. The installation of fully displacement piles can lead to significant stresses and deformations in the surrounding sandy soil. This is one of the main causes of uncertainty in the design and analysis of pile foundations. According to this study, the sandy soil around the pile is compacted during pile driving, resulting in lateral and upward displacement. This leads to the densification effect of pile driving on loose sandy soil. Sandy soil improvement with driven piles depends on pile shape, installation method, and pile driving sequences. This study concludes that in addition to its advantages of transferring superstructure load to deep strata, the increased relative density of loose sand, the change in the horizontal stress, and the influence of compaction on the sandy soil parameters during pile driving should be considered during pile design and analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Worku Firomsa Kabeta
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

The fracture reason of steel wire cable is complex, and the corrosion and local bending effect of anchorage end of steel wire cable under tension are one of the main factors. Taking the steel wire of an arch bridge cable as the research object, the notch method was used to simulate the corrosion pits on the surface of the steel wire, and the tension and bending mechanical properties of the high strength notched steel wire were tested. The bending finite element model of the high strength steel wire was established by ANSYS WORKBENCH, and the tension and bending mechanical properties of the notched steel wire under different vertical loads and pretension were studied. The test and calculation results show that the test data are close to the finite element calculation results and the variation law is consistent. Under the same vertical load, the deformation of steel wire notch decreases with the increase of pretension; The stress at the bottom of the notch is the largest at 180˚ direction and the smallest at 90˚ direction of the vertical load.Under the same vertical load and pretension, the stress of spherical shape at the notch is the largest, followed by ellipsoid shape, and groove shape is the smallest, and there is a high stress zone at the edge of groove shape. When the pretension is applied, the initial stress increases with the increase of pretension, while the stress at the notch caused by bending decreases with the increase of pretension.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hongyu Fei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Quansheng Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jianxi Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, 150040 Harbin, China
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Abstract

A growing number of Czech construction companies now recognise the importance of supplementing traditional financial measurements with a wider range of non-financial measurements as well. A significant number of organisations are adopting different models of performance measurement to implement business improvement strategies. The main aim of our research was to elucidate the importance that Czech construction companies attach to the individual criteria used in measurement systems. Original data were collected using a questionnaire survey. The answers were quantified in terms of the frequency of occurrence and relative importance index. The results show that traditional measurement criteria such as time and cost are still the most important for construction companies measurement systems. Positive finding is that certain new areas of measurement are increasingly being incorporated into measurement practice and their importance for Czech construction companies is growing rapidly, especially in the area of measuring the productivity of workers and craftsmen together with the productivity of subcontractors. The environmental impact of construction is still one of the least important areas in the measurement systems of construction contracts in Czech construction companies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Petr Trtílek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomáš Hanák
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Veverí 331/95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The optimization process of design parameters for composite lining of heavy haul railway tunnel is a key problem to be solved in tunnel engineering design. In order to put forward a better design scheme of composite lining for heavy haul railway tunnel, combined with field measurement and numerical simulation, the optimal working condition design is carried out by changing the thickness of shotcrete layer, the type of grid steel frame and the thickness of secondary lining. The influence of the above design parameters on the stress state of the composite lining is analyzed to obtain the optimal design parameters. Finally, the safety performance of the optimized lining is evaluated by the ultimate bearing capacity curve of the secondary lining section. The research shows that: 1) The optimal design parameters of the composite lining of the tunnel are the thickness of the shotcrete layer of 25 cm, the type of the grid steel frame of H180, the thickness of the secondary lining arch waist and the side wall of 40 cm and 35 cm respectively; 2) Different from the single-track heavy haul railway tunnel, the displacement value of the vault settlement of the double-track heavy haul railway tunnel is significantly greater than that of the inner convergence. Increasing the thickness of the shotcrete layer and changing the type of the grid steel frame have better effects on reducing the vault settlement, and have little effect on the inner convergence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wei Han
1
ORCID: ORCID
Taoli Xiao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Duanwen Shi
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yupeng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Fujian Forestry Vocational and Technical College, Department of Traffic Engineering, Nanping, 353000, China
  2. Yangtze University, School of Urban Construction, Jingzhou, 434000, China
  3. China Railway Fourth Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd, Tunnel Engineering, Wuhan,430000, China
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Abstract

The analysis of web-corrugated and trapezoidal profiled web girders focuses on the description of buckling resistance, possibly the ultimate resistance neglecting the post-buckling resistance reserve of girders. The problem is still the post-buckling resistance reserve and its possible application in practice. For this purpose this paper presents the analysis of tests on shear resistance of the corrugated web of SIN girders with the support stiffeners in the pre- and post-buckling zones. There are also presented values of the post-buckling resistance zone and the mutual relationships between pre- and post-buckling resistance zones. Values of these zones are related to optimization of the web-corrugated girders, which consists in enlarging the zone of pre-critical resistance and balancing between shear resistance and bending resistance. The experimental tests were performed on 20 girders with the following web depth: 500, 1000, 1250, and 1500 mm, composed of three pre-assembled units. The girders with a simply supported beam system and a simply supported beam with a single cantilever were made of pre-assembled units joined by means of high strength preloaded bolts. The numerical analysis by FEM was conducted for the models with web depth from hw = 500 to 1500 mm at the full range of web thickness 2,0; 2,5, and 3 mm. The tests showed that stiffness of the support stiffeners in the web-corrugated girders had an impact on the size of pre- and post-buckling resistance zones, which consequently reduced the zone of post-buckling resistance. Because the initiated loss of stability of the corrugated-web girders is an irreversible and rapid process, and the resulting displacements in the non-linear area are permanent, the application of the post-buckling resistance zone in practice can be troublesome. From the standpoint of the structural reliability, however, the post-buckling zone provides a yield delay, i.e. it may be regarded as a safety margin. Therefore, its most possible reduction is required.
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Authors and Affiliations

Witold Basiński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 43-300 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Electrocution is one of the main causes of workplace deaths in the construction industry. This paper presents a framework for identifying electrocution risk factors and exploring the correlations between them, with the aim of assisting accident prevention research. Specifically, the Haddon Matrix is used to extract the risk factors from 193 investigation reports of electrical shock accidents from 2012-2019, and the Apriori algorithm is applied to examine the potential relationships between these factors. Based on association rules using three criteria: support ( S), confidence ( C) and lift ( L), the betweenness centrality is then introduced to optimize association rules and find the most important rules though comparison. The results show that after optimization, some of these critical rules rise significantly in rank, such as Workplace: indoor → No CPR provided. Through these ranking changes, the focus of safety management is clarified, and finally, based on a comprehensive analysis of association rules, targeted accident prevention measures are suggested.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jue Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feifei Chen
1
Shijie Li
1

  1. School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R.China
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Abstract

Starting in May 2021, green building is mandatory for new buildings in Indonesia. Greenship is a green building certification system in Indonesia issued by the Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI) which is a member of the World GBC for the conservation and efficiency of resources (energy, water, land, materials, and nature). Greenship will be implemented in MICE which is a building for Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions that has a strong economic attractiveness in Indonesia, which has a population of 270 million. Using the SEM-PLS it was quickly concluded that energy is the most influential factor in achieving platinum ratings from GBCI.With the value engineering (VE) method and life cycle cost analysis (LCC), it is needed an additional 4,689% cost for the platinum grade green costs through energy optimization will get a payback period of 3 years and 10 months. The novelty of this research, since the design, it is necessary to take steps to measure energy efficiency and other resources with a selection of materials/machines and working methods of the green concept to know the amount of additional initial costs that do not much burden investment costs compared with some future benefits of green MICE.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sutikno Sutikno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Albert Eddy Husin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Magdalena Enny Yuliati
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mercu Buana University, Jalan Meruya Selatan No 1 Kembangan, Jakarta Barat, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
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Abstract

The prefabricated hollow-core slab bridge is a common bridge. In prefabricated hollow-core slab bridges, joints play an important role in connecting prefabricated slabs and ensuring the integrity of the bridge. However, as the service time of the bridge increases, conventional joints have a large number of typical diseases that affect the safety and durability of bridges. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model of the entire construction phase is established to investigate the development difference of shrinkage and creep between joints and hollow-core slabs. The effects of vehicle load and temperature gradient on joints were analysed, the failure mechanism of joints was explored, and a novel joint was proposed. The results of a nonlinear analysis showed that the novel joint can effectively improve the mechanical performance of joints and cracks can be effectively controlled. Moreover, the novel joint solves the problem in that the conventional novel joint cannot be vibrated effectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yujun Cui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xingwei Xue
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hao Yao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xudong Hua
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuanming Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Transportation and Surveying Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
  2. Guangzhou Communications Investment Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Abstract

Architectural structures’ nodal coordinates are significant to shape appearance; vertical overloading causes displacement of the joints resulting in shape distortion. This research aims to reshape the distorted shape of a double-layer spherical numerical model under vertical loadings; meanwhile, the stress in members is kept within the elastic range. Furthermore, an algorithm is designed using the fmincon function to implement as few possible actuators as possible to alter the length of the most active bars. Fmincon function relies on four optimization algorithms: trust-region reflective, active set, Sequential quadratic progra mming (SQP), and interior-point. The fmincon function is subjected to the adjustment technique to search for the minimum number of actuators and optimum actuation. The algorithm excludes inactive actuators in several iterations. In this research, the 21st iteration gave optimum results, using 802 actuators and a total actuation of 1493 mm.MATLAB analyzes the structure before and after adjustment and finds the optimum actuator set. In addition, the optimal actuation found in MATLAB is applied to the modeled structure in MATLAB and SAP2000 to verify MATLAB results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed Manguri
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Najmadeen Saeed
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Aram Mahmood
4
ORCID: ORCID
Javad Katebi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Jankowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-223 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Civil Engineering Department, University of Raparin, Rania, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  3. Civil Engineering Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract

The paper presents a method of structural monitoring using measurement of vertical displacements realized optically by horizontally directed laser beam. A measuring device with an integrated rangefinder and inclinometer sensor was developed. Inclinometer sensor are used to correct measurement results of the rangefinder in order to eliminate errors resulting from spatial position changes of the laser beam. Such a solution was adopted as an alternative to a more complex and demanding method, which is the stabilization of the laser beam orientation. The proposed inclinometric correction method allows in a simple and clear way to eliminate a serious problem of the displacement measurement method with a perpendicularly directed laser beam, which is inevitable in practice the lack of permanent stability of the measuring device position. The developed measuring device is wireless, both in terms of power supply and communication with other elements of the monitoring system. In order to verify the correctness of measurements carried out by the developed device, on site tests were carried out in two industrial-warehouse buildings with functioning monitoring systems using other measurement methods, earlier verified. The tests confirmed compliance with the indications of the existing system at a level completely sufficient for structural monitoring system purposes. The conducted research show that the proposed method of displacements measurement with inclinometric correction of errors, provides accurate and reliable results, allowing also to obtain additional information about the behaviour of the structure in the place of installation of the measuring device.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Wierzbicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Pióro
2 3
Marcin Osiniak
3

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Nowowiejska15/19, 00-665 Warsaw (retired professor)
  3. WiSeNe Sp. z o.o., Taneczna 27, 02-829 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The numerous overruns of the investor’s budget during tenders for the construction of railway infrastructure in Poland resulted in the widespread use of a new procedure for awarding public contracts – electronic auction. This procedure has many advantages and potential risks. One of the biggest benefits for an investor is the potential gains from reducing bids. Contractors competing against each other allow for the achievement of optimal prices for the planned construction investment. However, this may cause the originally calculated risks, should they materialize, lead to significant budget overruns. This, in turn, may imply further negative consequences, including exceeding the assumed investment deadlines. The article presents a method of modeling the influence of an electronic auction on a tender procedure with the use of a Bayesian network. Data from completed tender procedures announced by the PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. were used to build the network. The created network was then validated, verified and calibrated using new data from 8 tender procedures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Janowiec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ul.Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Stone arch bridge is an important type in the early bridge construction process because of its beautiful shape, material saving and economic rationality. However, stone material will deteriorate after long-term operation, which results in a decrease in strength and bearing capacity of stone arch bridge. The vehicle load is increasing at the same time. Therefore, accurate evaluation of bearing capacity of stone arch bridge is essential to ensure safety. In this article, a three-span open-spandrel stone arch bridge was taken as research object. Firstly, the bridge damages were investigated and analyzed in detail, and bridge service state was evaluated. Then, based on the evaluation results of disease damages and considering stone material deterioration, a refined finite element model of stone arch bridge was established to analyze bending moment, axial force, strain and deformation. Finally, static load test was carried out to test vertical deformation and stress of arch ring, horizontal displacement of pier, settlement of foundation and development of cracks. The results show that static load test is the most accurate method for evaluating bearing capacity of stone arch bridge. The evaluation accuracy of finite element model based on material correction is in the middle, and the evaluation accuracy of disease damage assessment is the worst. In practical work, bearing capacity of stone arch bridge can be evaluated by combining the three methods with high accuracy and comprehensive results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hongshuai Gao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hourui Duan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yue Sun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jiashuo Jian
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jingyuan Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hongbo Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
  2. lnstitute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
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Abstract

Time series models have been used to extract damage features in the measured structural response. In order to better extract the sensitive features in the signal and detect structural damage, this paper proposes a damage identification method that combines empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. EMD decomposes nonlinear and non-stationary signals into different intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) according to frequency. IMF reduces the complexity of the signal and makes it easier to extract damage-sensitive features (DSF). The ARIMA model is used to extract damage sensitive features in IMF signals. The damage sensitive characteristic value of each node is used to analyze the location and damage degree of the damaged structure of the bridge. Considering that there are usually multiple failures in the actual engineering structure, this paper focuses on analysing the location and damage degree of multi-damaged bridge structures. A 6-meter-long multi-destructive steel-whole vibration experiment proved the state of the method. Meanwhile, the other two damage identification methods are compared. The results demonstrate that the DSF can effectively identify the damage location of the structure, and the accuracy rate has increased by 22.98% and 18.4% on average respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Weijia Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jiafan Dong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuheng Pan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Guoya Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jinpeng Guo
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Tianjin Chengjian University, Computer and Information Engineering Department, Tianjin, China
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Abstract

The cost overrun in road construction projects in Iraq is one of the major problems that face the construction of new roads. To enable the concerned government agencies to predict the final cost of roads, the objective this paper suggested is to develop an early cost estimating model for road projects using a support vector machine based on (43) sets of bills of quantity collected in Baghdad city in Iraq. As cost estimates are required at the early stages of a project, consideration was given to the fact that the input data for the support vector machine model could be easily extracted from sketches or the project’s scope definition. The data were collected from contracts awarded by the Mayoralty of Baghdad for completed projects between 2010–2013. Mathematical equations were constructed using the Support Vector Machine Algorithm (SMO) technique. An average of accuracy (AA) (99.65%) and coefficient of determination (R2) (97.63%) for the model was achieved by the created prediction equations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Musaab Falih Hasan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Oday Hammody
2
ORCID: ORCID
Khaldoon Satea Albayati
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. General Directorate of Education Baghdad Rusafa First, Ministry of Education, Iraq
  2. Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
  3. Iraqi Reinsurance Company, Ministry of Finance, Iraq
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Abstract

Based on the test and observation of the desert hinterland wind field, combined with the numerical simulation of Fluent wind-sand two-phase flow, the sand resistance performances of comprehensive protection in the desert hinterland under strong wind environment are researched. The transient wind speed and wind direction around the comprehensive protection facility are measured by two 3D ultrasonic anemometers on the highway in the desert hinterland, and the initial wind speed of the sand flow is provided for the numerical simulation boundary. The sedimentary sand particles around the comprehensive protection facility are collected for particle size analysis, and the particle size distributions of sedimentary sand particles at different locations are obtained. Numerical models of high vertical sand barriers, grass checkered sand barriers and roadbeds are established by Fluent, the wind-sand flow structures around the comprehensive protection facilities and desert hinterland highway under the strong wind environment are obtained, and the influence laws of the comprehensive protection facilities on the movement of wind-sand flow and sand deposition characteristics are obtained. The study found that the comprehensive protection facilities disturbed the wind and sand flow, and there are significant airflow partitions around the comprehensive protection facilities. The wind speed decreases rapidly after the wind-sand flows through the high vertical sand barrier; the wind-sand flow rises at the end of the high vertical sand barrier. When the wind-sand flow moves around the grass checkered sand barrier, the wind speed has dropped to the range of 0–3 m/s, and the wind speed near the ground by the grass checkered sand barrier is further reduced. Due to the existence of the concave surface of the grass grid, there are small vortices inside the grass grid sand barrier. Large sand particles are mainly deposited on the windward side and inside of high vertical sand barriers. The grass checkered sand barrier forms a stable concave surface to generate backflow, which can ensure that the sand surface does not sand itself in a strong wind environment, and can also make a small amount of sand carried in the airflow accumulate around the groove of the grass checkered sand barrier. The numerical simulation results are consistent with the measured results, and the comprehensive protection measures have achieved good sand control effects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wenhua Yin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Xu Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yongxiang Wu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fang Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Civil Engineering College, Nanzhou, 353000, China
  2. Ningxia Highway Survey and Design Insitute Co., Ltd, Yinchuan, 750001, China
  3. School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China

Publication Ethics Policy

ETHICS POLICY

”Archives of Civil Engineering” respects and promotes the principles of publishing ethics. Being guided by COPE’s Guidelines ( https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines) we ensure that all participants of the publishing process comply with these rules, the journal pays special attention to:

Editor Responsibilities
1. Qualifying individual manuscripts for publication only on the basis of: (a) compliance with the guidelines provided to the authors, (b) substantive value, (c) originality, (d) transparency of presentation
2. Deciding whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published. In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
3. Evaluating manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
4. Ensuring scientific accuracy and complying with the principle of authorship; making sure that individual authors who contribute to the publication accept its form after the scientific editing
5. Providing a fair and appropriate peer review process.
6. Withdrawing manuscripts from publication, if any information about its unreliability appeared, also as a result of unintentional errors, features of plagiarism or violation of the rules of publishing ethics were identified.
7. Requiring all contributors to disclose relevant competing interests and publish corrections if competing interests are revealed after publication. If needed, other appropriate action should be taken, such as the publication of a retraction or expression of concern.
8. Maintaining the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
9. Not disclosing any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewer Responsibilities
1. Cooperating with the scientific editor and / or editorial office and the authors in the field of improving the reviewed material;
2. Being objective and expressing the views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
3. Assessing of the entrusted works in a careful and objective manner, if possible with an assessment of their scientific reliability and with appropriate justification of the comments submitted;
4. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
5. calling to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge
6. Maintaining the principle of fair play, excluding personal criticism of the author (s)
7. Maintaining confidentiality, which is not showing or discussing with others except those authorized by the editor. Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents.
8. Performing a review within the set time limit or accepting another solution jointly with ACE in the event of failure to meet this deadline.
9. Notifying the editor if the invited reviewer feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible.
10. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
11. Not considering evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission.

Author Responsibilities
1. Results of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable.
2. The authors should follow the principle of originality, which is submitting only their own original works, and in the case of using the works of other authors, marking them in accordance with the rules of quotation, or obtaining consent for the publication of previously published materials from their owners or administrators;
3. An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
4. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study and phenomena such as ghostwriting or guest authorship in the event of their detection must be actively counteracted.
5. All authors should report in a Reliable manner the sources they used to create their own study and their inclusion in the attachment bibliography;
6. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.
7. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
8. All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
9. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.

Publisher’s Confirmation
In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the publisher, in close collaboration with the editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work.

Peer-review Procedure

Manuscript Peer-Review Procedure

”Archives of Civil Engineering” makes sure to provide transparent policies for peer-review, and reviewers have an obligation to conduct reviews in an ethical and accountable manner. There is clear communication between the journal and the reviewers which facilitates consistent, fair, and timely review.

-The model of peer-review is double-blind: the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript (but if the research is published reviewers can eventually know the names of the authors). A complete list of reviewers is published in a traditional version of the journal: in-print.
-It is the editor who appoints two reviewers; however, if there are discrepancies in the assessment the third reviewer can be appointed.
-After having accepted to review the manuscript (one-week deadline), the reviewers have approximately 6 weeks to finish the process.
-The paper is published in ACE provided that the reviews are positive. All manuscripts receive grades from 1-5, 5 being positive, 1 negative, the authors receive reviews to read and consider the comments.
-Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of five outcomes: accept without changes, accept after changes suggested by the reviewer, rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review, reject, withdraw.
-Manuscripts requiring minor revision (accept after changes suggested by the reviewer) does not require a second review. All manuscripts receiving a "Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review " evaluation must be subjected to a second review. Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration. There are cases when the article can be withdrawn, often upon the request of an author, technical reason (e.g. names of authors are placed in the text, lack of references, or inappropriate structure of the text), or plagiarism.
-The revised version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the Editorial System within six weeks. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected.
-On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style.
-Paper publication requires the author's final approval.
- As soon as the publication appears in print and in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.

Editor’s responsibilities
-The editor decides whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published.
-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
-The editor evaluates manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
-The editor does not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewers' responsibilities
Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

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