Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Content

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 1

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Abstract

In the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategy of the grid-tied inverter, the current ripple (CR) affects the selection of optimal voltage vectors, which leads to the increase of output current ripples. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a CR reduction method based on reference current compensation (RCC) for the FCS-MPC strategy of grid-tied inverters. Firstly, the influence of the CR on optimal voltage vector selection is analyzed. The conventional CR prediction method is improved, which uses inverter output voltage and grid voltage to calculate current ripples based on the space state equation. It makes up for the shortcomings that the conventional CR prediction method cannot predict in some switching states. The improved CR method is more suitable for the FCS-MPC strategy. In addition, the differences between the two cost functions are compared through visual analysis. It is found that the sensitivity of the square cost function to small errors is better than that of the absolute value function. Finally, the predicted CR is used to compensate the reference current. The compensated reference current is substituted into the square cost function to reduce the CR. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the CR by 47.3%. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of output current is reduced from 3.86% to 2.96%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nan Jin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wuchuang Fan
1
Jie Fang
1
Jie Wu
1
Yongpeng Shen
1

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, China
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Abstract

The disadvantages of the conventional model predictive current control method for the grid-connected converter (GCC) with an inductance-capacitance-inductance (LCL) filter are a large amount of calculation and poor parameter robustness. Once parameters of the model are mismatched, the control accuracy of model predictive control (MPC) will be reduced, which will seriously affect the power quality of the GCC. The article intuitively analyzes the sensitivity of parameter mismatch on the current predictive control of the conventional LCL-filtered GCC. In order to solve these issues, a model-free predictive current control (MFPCC) method for the LCL-filtered GCC is proposed in this paper. The contribution of this work is that a novel current predictive robust controller for the LCL-filtered GCC is designed based on the principle of the ultra-local model of a single input single output system. The proposed control method does not require using any model parameters in the controller, which can effectively suppress the disturbances of the uncertain parameter variations. Compared with conventional MPC, the proposed MFPCC has smaller current total harmonic distortion (THD). When the filter parameters are mismatched, the control error of the proposed method is smaller. Finally, a comparative experimental study is carried out on the platform of Typhoon and PE-Expert4 to verify the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed MFPCC method for the LCL-filtered GCC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leilei Guo
1
Mingzhe Zheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Changzhou Yu
2
Haizhen Xu
2
Yanyan Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, China
  2. Hefei University, School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, China
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Abstract

In this paper, an analysis of the properties of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) 8/6 in an extended constant power range is presented. The typical constant power range to constant torque range ratio is between 2 and 3. In the case of machines designed as an electric vehicle drive, it is important to maximize this ratio. In the case of an SRM, it is possible to achieve this by applying an appropriate control strategy. An analysis of the SRM operation utilizing a modified control algorithm allows control of the maximum value of the motor phase current. As a consequence, using the so-called nonzero initial conditions for the current and flux allows the output power to be maintained in a wide speed range. For the improvement of drive system efficiency, the work of the phase current regulator should be limited to a minimum. The most advantageous work conditions we obtain with single-time current regulator work. Laboratory verification has been performed for selected states of motor work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Korkosz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Podskarbi
1
Krystyna Krzywdzińska-Kornak
1

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

A three-level multi-input DC/DC converter is proposed to solve the problems of complex interface circuit structure and high economic cost for multi-source access to the joint power supply distribution system. In this structure, multiple dc sources are integrated into a three-level DC/DC converter. In comparison with the two-stage counterpart, two active switches and boost diodes are eliminated, while two blocking diodes are added to block the reverse current from the dc-link capacitors. In addition, when the input inductors work in the discontinuous conduction mode, power sharing among different input sources can be achieved by properly selecting the inductance value. The working principle of the converter is analyzed by introducing nine working modes in detail and deriving the steady-state relationship expressions. The parameter range of the element is determined and the design process of a group of dynamic parameter values is shown. Finally, the power electronics real-time simulation platform is built based on StarSim HIL and the corresponding experimental waveforms are given to verify the topology and analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jingjing Tian
1
Jiaoping Qu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feng Zhao
1
Xiaoqiang Chen
1 2
Ying Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yang Gan
1

  1. School of Automation & Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
  2. Key Laboratory of Opto-technology and Intelligent Control, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou, China
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Abstract

In recent years, due to the increasing number of renewable energy sources, which are characterised by the stochastic nature of the generated power, interest in energy storage has increased. Commercial installations use simple deterministic methods with low economic efficiency. Hence, there is a need for intelligent algorithms that combine technical and economic aspects. Methods based on computational intelligence (CI) could be a solution. The paper presents an algorithm for optimising power flow in microgrids by using computational intelligence methods. This approach ensures technical and economic efficiency by combining multiple aspects in a single objective function with minimal numerical complexity. It is scalable to any industrial or residential microgrid system. The method uses load and generation forecasts at any time horizon and resolution and the actual specifications of the energy storage systems, ensuring that technological constraints are maintained. The paper presents selected calculation results for a typical residential microgrid supplied with a photovoltaic system. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with the outcomes provided by a deterministic management system. The computational intelligence method allows the objective function to be adjusted to find the optimal balance of economic and technical effects. Initially, the authors tested the invented algorithm for technical effects, minimising the power exchanged with the distribution system. The application of the algorithm resulted in financial losses, €12.78 for the deterministic algorithm and €8.68 for the algorithm using computational intelligence. Thus, in the next step, a control favouring economic goals was checked using the CI algorithm. The case where charging the storage system from the grid was disabled resulted in a financial benefit of €10.02, whereas when the storage system was allowed to charge from the grid, €437.69. Despite the financial benefits, the application of the algorithm resulted in up to 1560 discharge cycles. Thus, a new unconventional case was considered in which technical and economic objectives were combined, leading to an optimum benefit of €255.17 with 560 discharge cycles per year. Further research of the algorithm will focus on the development of a fitness function coupled to the power system model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dominika Kaczorowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Rezmer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Janik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Sikorski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Modern drives with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) require both efficient control structure to ensure excellent dynamics and effective diagnostic algorithms to detect the motor faults that can occur. This paper shows the combination of both mentioned aspects – the direct-axis based signals of the Field Oriented Control (FOC) structure are proposed as diagnostic signals to allow diagnosing the interturn short-circuit failure that can appear inside stator windings. The amplitudes of second order harmonics are selected as the fault indicators. Different modelling methods are analysed and compared in detail in this paper: an analytical mathematical model, a Finite Element Method (FEM)- based model and next verified using a laboratory setup. The results obtained using all the mentioned models proved that the proposed fault indices are increasing significantly with the number of shorted turns and are independent on the load torque level.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Krzysztofiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Zawilak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Tarchała
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Machines, Drives and Measurements, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The development of research on the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller has increased significantly in this decade. The MPPT technique, however, is still demanding because of the ease and simplicity of implementing tracking technique on the maximum power point (MPP). In this paper, MPPT techniques and their modifications from various literature are classified and examined in detail. The discussions are focused on the main objective of obtaining the best possible MPPT technique with the best results at a low cost. The assessment for the selection of MPPT techniques is based on assessments from the previous literature. The discussion of the MPPT technique assessment is divided into two parts. In Part I, the MPPT technique based on constant parameters, and trial-and-error will be discussed in detail, along with its algorithm development in recent times.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tole Sutikno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arsyad Cahya Subrata
1
ORCID: ORCID
Giovanni Pau
2
ORCID: ORCID
Awang Jusoh
3
ORCID: ORCID
Kashif Ishaque
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  2. Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, Italy
  3. School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
  4. Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Abstract

The problem of an inconsistent description of an “interface” between the A/D converter and the digital signal processor that implements, for example, a digital filtering (described by a difference equation) – when a sequence of some hypothetical weighted Dirac deltas occurs at its input, instead of a sequence of numbers – is addressed in this paper. Digital signal processors work on numbers, and there is no “interface” element that converts Dirac deltas into numbers. The output of the A/D converter is directly connected to the input of the signal processor. Hence, a clear conclusion must follow that sampling devices do not generate Dirac deltas. Not the other way around. Furthermore, this fact has far-reaching implications in the spectral analysis of discrete signals, as discussed in other works referred to in this paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Borys
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Marine Telecommunications, Electrical Engineering Faculty, Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents new directions in the modeling of electric arc furnaces. This work is devoted to an overview of new approaches based on random differential equations, artificial neural networks, chaos theory, and fractional calculus. The foundation of proposed solutions consists of an instantaneous power balance equation related to the electric arc phenomenon. The emphasis is mostly placed on the conclusions that come from a novel interpretation of the equation coefficients.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Grabowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Klimas
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 10 str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

This paper proposes two nonlinear exact and simple state space models of a Zsource converter (ZSC) connected to an ac grid. A generic model of a ZSC accompanied with proper controllers are proposed and a dynamic model of the whole system is derived; as a result, based on a simple one, an equivalent block diagram of the current-controlled ZSC system is proposed. The ac small signal stability method is applied and the impact of controller parameters on network’s stability is discussed. Besides, overall system dynamic performance has been assessed in the event of perturbations. Time-domain simulations have been implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the accuracy of the models and effectiveness of the proposed controllers. The results of the exact model are compared with the response of the equations which are applied in MATLAB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Masoud Jokar Kouhanjani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sina Soltani
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Mardaneh
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Technical Study, Shiraz Electric Distribution Company, Shiraz, Iran
  2. Department of Control and Management, Neyriz Ghadir Steel Complex (NGHSCO), Fars, Iran
  3. Department of Power and Control Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
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Abstract

Fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines (FSCW-PMSMs) have a good prospect of application in the drive system of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. However, the armature magnetomotive force (MMF) of FSCWPMSM contains a large number of space harmonics, which induce large magnet eddycurrent loss (ECL). To solve this problem, a dual three-phase 10-pole and 24-slot winding layout is proposed.MMFharmonic analysis shows that the 1st, 7th and 17th space-harmonic winding factors of the proposed winding can be reduced by 100%, 87% and 87% respectively, compared with a dual three-phase 10-pole and 12-slot winding. Electromagnetic performances of the proposed machine under rated sinusoidal current supply and space vector pulse-width-modulated (SVPWM) voltage supply are investigated based on 2D finite-element analysis. It is shown that the proposed machine can meet the requirement of torque and efficiency in the full speed range. Especially, magnet ECL can be reduced greatly due to the reduction of the 7th and 17th space harmonics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhenfei Chen
1
Ning Xing
2
Hongzhong Ma
1
Zhixin Li
3
Jiayu Li
1
Chenyang Fan
1

  1. College of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University Jiangsu, China
  2. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University Tianjin, China
  3. Electric Power Science Research Institute, Jiangsu Electric Power Company, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract

This paper presents a comparative study between the conventional PI (Proportional Integral) and backstepping controllers applied to the DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) used in WECS (Wind Energy Conversion System). These two different control strategies proposed in this work are developed to control the active and reactive power of the DFIG on the one hand, and to maintain the DC-link voltage constant for the inverting function on the other hand. This is ensured by generating control signals for two power electronic converters, RSC (Rotor Side Converter) and GSC (Grid Side Converter). In order to optimise the power production in the WT (Wind Turbine), an MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm is applied along with each control technique. To simulate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers, MATLAB/Simulink Software is used, and the obtained results are analysed and discussed to compare PI and backstepping controllers in terms of robustness against wind speed variations and tracking performance in dynamic and steady states.
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Authors and Affiliations

Youssef Moumani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdeslam Jabal Laafou
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdessalam Ait Madi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Advanced Systems Engineering Laboratory, National School of Applied Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
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Abstract

In vivo biomedical devices are one of the most studied applications for vibrational energy harvesting. In this paper, we investigated a novel high-displacement device for harvesting heartbeats to power leadless implantable pacemakers. Due to the location peculiarities, certain constraints must be respected for the design of such devices. Indeed, the total dimension of the system must not exceed 5.9 mm to be usable within the leadless pacemakers and it must be able to generate accelerations lower than 0.25 m/s2 at frequencies of less than 50 Hz. The proposed design is an electrostatic system based on a square electret of dimension 4.5 mm. It is based on the Quasi-Concertina structure, which has a very low resonant frequency of 26.02 Hz and a low stiffness of 0.492 N/m, allowing it to be very useful in such an application. Using a Teflon electret charged at 1000 V, the device was able to generate an average power of 10.06 μW at a vibration rate of 0.25 m/s2 at the resonant frequency.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bilel Maamer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nesrine Jaziri
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed Hadj Said
3
ORCID: ORCID
Fares Tounsi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Systems Integration and Emerging Energies (SI2E), École nationale d’ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
  2. Electronics Technology Group, Institute of Micro and Nanotechnologies MacroNanoTechnische Universität Ilmenau, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 1 Ilmenau 98693, Germany
  3. Center for Research in Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (CRMN) Sousse 4050, Tunisia
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Abstract

This paper reports a new strand wire winding method in a solenoidal coil with limited geometry that enables good impedance matching. In the proposed method strand wires are wound layer-by-layer on top of each other allowing one to set equivalent inductance and resistance of the coil to desired values while obtaining dense magnetic flux and high current carrying capacity. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, simple model setups were constructed with solenoidal coils composed of copper wire strands wound according to the proposed method, and a plastic pipe. The measurements were repeated with a metal shell placed inside the coil to model a complete heating system. System inductance and resistance were measured at two different frequencies. The results show that with the new winding method it is possible to increase a coil’s turn number and the number of strand layers composed by the coil. Also, adding and removing strand layers in the proposed coil architectures enable inductance and resistance values to decrease and increase, respectively, in a controlled way. To understand changes of system parameters, simulations were also performed. The calculated inductance and resistance values in the simulations agree well with the measurement results and magnetic flux distribution created in the system demonstrates the changes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Veli Tayfun Kilic
1

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkiye
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Abstract

One of the most important aims of the sizing and allocation of distributed generators (DGs) in power systems is to achieve the highest feasible efficiency and performance by using the least number of DGs. Considering the use of two DGs in comparison to a single DG significantly increases the degree of freedom in designing the power system. In this paper, the optimal placement and sizing of two DGs in the standard IEEE 33-bus network have been investigated with three objective functions which are the reduction of network losses, the improvement of voltage profiles, and cost reduction. In this way, by using the backward-forward load distribution, the load distribution is performed on the 33-bus network with the power summation method to obtain the total system losses and the average bus voltage. Then, using the iterative search algorithm and considering problem constraints, placement and sizing are done for two DGs to obtain all the possible answers and next, among these answers three answers are extracted as the best answers through three methods of fuzzy logic, the weighted sum, and the shortest distance from the origin. Also, using the multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and setting the algorithm parameters, thirty-six Pareto fronts are obtained and from each Pareto front, with the help of three methods of fuzzy logic, weighted sum, and the shortest distance from the origin, three answers are extracted as the best answers. Finally, the answer which shows the least difference among the responses of the iterative search algorithm is selected as the best answer. The simulation results verify the performance and efficiency of the proposed method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hossein Ali Khoshayand
1
ORCID: ORCID
Naruemon Wattanapongsakorn
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mehdi Mahdavian
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ehsan Ganji
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
  2. Department of Computer Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi, 126 Prachautid Road, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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Abstract

The paper proposes a newrobust fuzzy gain adaptation of the sliding mode (SMC) power control strategy for the wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), to maximize the power extracted from the wind turbine (WT). The sliding mode controller can deal with any wind speed, ingrained nonlinearities in the system, external disturbances and model uncertainties, yet the chattering phenomenon that characterizes classical SMC can be destructive. This problem is suitably lessened by adopting adaptive fuzzy-SMC. For this proposed approach, the adaptive switching gains are adjusted by a supervisory fuzzy logic system, so the chattering impact is avoided. Moreover, the vector control of the DFIG as well as the presented one have been used to achieve the control of reactive and active power of the WECS to make the wind turbine adaptable to diverse constraints. Several numerical simulations are performed to assess the performance of the proposed control scheme. The results show robustness against parameter variations, excellent response characteristics with a reduced chattering phenomenon as compared with classical SMC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Horch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdelkarim Chemidi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Lotfi Baghli
3
ORCID: ORCID
Sara Kadi
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Laboratoire d’Automatique de Tlemcen (LAT), National School of Electrical and Energetic Engineering of Oran, Oran 31000, Algeria
  2. Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory of Tlemcen, Hight School of Applied Sciences, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
  3. Laboratoire d’Automatique de Tlemcen (LAT) Université de Lorraine GREEN, EA 4366F-54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
  4. Laboratory of Power Equipment Characterization and Diagnosis, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers 16000, Algeria

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ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

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[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

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