Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Zawartość

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 1

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Abstrakt

A classical algorithm Tabu Search was compared with Q Learning (named learning) with regards to the scheduling problems in the Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) manufacturing process. The first part comprised of a review of the literature concerning scheduling problems, machine learning and the ADI manufacturing process. Based on this, a simplified scheme of ADI production line was created, which a scheduling problem was described for. Moreover, a classic and training algorithm that is best suited to solve this scheduling problem was selected. In the second part, was made an implementation of chosen algorithms in Python programming language and the results were discussed. The most optimal algorithm to solve this problem was identified. In the end, all tests and their results for this project were presented.
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Bibliografia

[1] Yang, L., Jiang, G., Chen, X., Li, G., Li, T. & Chen, X. (2019). Design of integrated steel production scheduling knowledge network system. Claster Comput. 10197-10206.
[2] Żurada, J. Barski, M., Jędruch, W. (1996). Artificial Neural Networks. Fundamentals of theory and application. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
[3] Janiak, A. (2006). Scheduling in computer and manufacturing systems. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Łączności.
[4] Smutnicki, C. (2002). Scheduling algorithms. Warszawa: Akademicka Oficyna Wydawnicza EXIT. (in Polish).
[5] Coffman, E.G. (1980). Task scheduling theory. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Techniczne. (in Polish).
[6] Janczarek, M. (2011). Managing production processes in the enterprise. Lublin: Lubelskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. (in Polish).
[7] Szeliga, M. (2019) Practical machine learning. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
[8] Raschka, S. (2018) Python machine learning. Gliwice: Helion. (in Polish).
[9] Choi, H-S, Kim, J-S. & Lee, D-H. (2011). Real-time scheduling for reentrant hybrid flow shops: A decision tree based mechanism and its application to a TFT-LCD line. Expert System with Application. 38, 3514-3521.
[10] Agarwal, A., Pirkul, H. & Jacob, V.S. (2003). Augmented neutral network for task scheduling. European Journal of Operational Research. 151, 481-502.
[11] Jain, A.S. & Meeran, S. (1998). Jop-shop scheduling using neutral networks. International Journal of Production Research. 36(5), 1249-1272
[12] Fonseca-Reyna, Y.C., Martinez-Jimenez, Y. & Nowe, A. (2017). Q-Learning algorithm performance for m-machine, n-jobs flow shop scheduling problems to minimize makespan, Revista Investigacion Operacional. 38(3), 281-290.
[13] Dewi, Andriansyah, & Syahriza, (2019). Optimization of flow shop scheduling problem using classic algorithm: case study, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 506.
[14] Putatunda, K. (2001) Development of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) with simultaneous high yield strength and fracture toughness by a novel two-step austempering process. Material Science and Engineering A. 315, 70-80.
[15] Dayong Han, Hubei Key, Qiuhua Tang; Zikai Zhang; Jun Cao, (2020). Energy-efficient integration optimization of production scheduling and ladle dispatching in steelmaking plants. IEEE Access. 8, 176170-176187.
[16] Perzyk, M. (2017). The use of production data mining methods in the diagnosis of the causes of product defects and disruptions in the production process. Utrzymanie Ruchu. 4, 45-47. (in Polish).
[17] Perzyk, M., Dybowski, B. & Kozłowski, J. (2019). Introducing advanced data analytics in perspective of industry 4.0 in a die casting foundry. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(1), 53-57.
[18] Yescas, M. (2003). Prediction of the Vickers hardness in austempered ductile irons using neural networks. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 15(5), 513-521.
[19] Report on the contract no. U / 227/2014 implemented at the Foundry Research Institute. (in Polish).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Chrzan
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Jaśkowiec
2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Pirowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Żuczek
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Bitka
2
ORCID: ORCID
D. Machulec
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str., 30-418 Kraków, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Abstrakt

Casting is the most economical way of producing parts for many industries ranging from automotive, aerospace to construction towards small appliances in many shares. One of the challenges is the achievement of defect-free cast parts. There are many ways to do this which starts with calculation and design of proper runner system with correct size and number of feeders. The first rule suggests starting with clean melt. Yet, rejected parts can still be found. Although depending on the requirement from the parts, some defects can be tolerated, but in critical applications, it is crucial that no defect should exist that would deteriorate the performance of the part. Several methods exist on the foundry floor to detect these defects. Functional safety criteria, for example, are a must for today's automotive industry. These are not compromised under any circumstances. In this study, based on the D-FMEA (Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) study of a functional safety criterion against fuel leakage, one 1.4308 cast steel function block, which brazed-on fuel rail port in fuel injection unit, was investigated. Porosity, buckling, inclusion and detection for leak were carried out by non-destructive test (NDT) methods. It was found that the best practice was the CT-Scan (Computed Tomography) for such applications.
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Bibliografia

[1] Stefanescu, D.M. (2005). Computer simulation of shrinkage related defects in metal castings–a review. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 18(3), 129-143.
[2] Kweon, E.S., Roh, D.H., Kim, S.B. & Stefanescu, D.M. (2020). Computational modeling of shrinkage porosity formation in spheroidal graphite iron: a proof of concept and experimental validation. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14, 601-609.
[3] Campbell, J. (2015). Complete casting handbook: metal casting processes, metallurgy, techniques and design. Butterworth-Heinemann.
[4] Duckers, (2015). AISI Materials Content Analysis: Final Report.
[5] Meola, C., Squillace, A., Minutolo, F.M.C. & Morace, R.E. (2004). Analysis of stainless steel welded joints: a comparison between destructive and non-destructive techniques. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 155, 1893-1899.
[6] Menzies I. & Koshy, P. (2009). In-process detection of surface porosity in machined castings. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 49(6), 530-535.
[7] Ushakov, V.M., Davydov, D.M. & Domozhirov, L.I. (2011). Detection and measurement of surface cracks by the ultrasonic method for evaluating fatigue failure of metals. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing. 47(9), 631-641.
[8] Vazdirvanidis, A., Pantazopoulos, G. & Louvaris, A. (2009). Failure analysis of a hardened and tempered structural steel (42CrMo4) bar for automotive applications. Engineering Failure Analysis. 16(4), 1033-1038.
[9] Gupta, R.K., Ramkumar, P. & Ghosh, B.R. (2006). Investigation of internal cracks in aluminium alloy AA7075 forging. Engineering Failure Analysis. 13(1), 1-8.
[10] Smokvina Hanza S. & Dabo, D. (2017). Characterization of cast iron using ultrasonic testing, HDKBR INFO Mag. 7(1), 3-7.
[11] Krautkrämer, J. & Krautkrämer, H. (1990). Ultrasonic Testing of Materials” Springer-Verlag.
[12] Ziółkowski, G., Chlebus, E., Szymczyk, P. & Kurzac, J. (2014). Application of X-ray CT method for discontinuity and porosity detection in 316L stainless steel parts produced with SLM technology. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 14(4), 608-614.
[13] A. du Plessis, A., le Roux, S.G. & Guelpa, A. (2016). Comparison of medical and industrial X-ray computed tomography for non-destructive testing. Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation. 6(A), 17-25.
[14] Kurz, J.H., Jüngert, A., Dugan, S., Dobmann, G. & Boller, C. (2013). Reliability considerations of NDT by probability of detection (POD) determination using ultrasound phased array. Engineering Failure Analysis. 35, 609-617.
[15] Sika, R., Rogalewicz, M., Kroma, A. & Ignaszak, Z. (2020). Open atlas of defects as a supporting knowledge base for cast iron defects analysis. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 55-60.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

K.C. Dizdar
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Sahin
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Ardicli
2
D. Dispinar
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
  2. Bosch Powertrain Solutions, Bursa, Turkey
  3. Foseco Non-Ferrous Metal Treatment, Netherlands
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Abstrakt

The application of ferritic-matrix vermicular graphite cast iron in the production of fireplace fireboxes improves their thermal output, but the consumer market for these products prioritises their price. Given this consideration, this work concerns a comparison of the quality of vermicular graphite cast iron types produced from 0.025%S pig iron (a less expensive material) and 0.010%S pig iron (a more expensive material) in terms of the number and shape of vermicular graphite precipitates varying with the magnesium level in the alloy. It turned out that the vermicular graphite cast iron made with the 0.025%S pig iron demonstrated a slightly lower number of vermicular graphite precipitates. For both vermicular graphite cast iron melts, 0.028%Mg and 0.020%Mg in the alloys provided a vermicular graphite precipitate share of approx. 50% and 95%, respectively.
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Bibliografia

[1] Mróz, M., Orłowicz, A.W., Tupaj, M., Lenik, M., Kawiński, M., Kawiński, M. Influence of microstructure and heat transfer surface on the thermal power of cast iron heat exchangers. Archives of Foundry Engineering. (in progres).
[2] Podrzucki, C., Wojtysiak, A. (1987). Unalloyed plastic cast iron. Kraków: Wyd. AGH. ( in Polish).
[3] Sillen, R. (2003). Proces PQ-CGL InMold – cast iron vermicularization in mold. Biuletyn Metals and Minerals. 3, 30-34. (in Polish).
[4] Källbom, R., Hamberg, K., Björkegren, L.S. Chunky graphite in ductile cast iron castings. World Foundry Congress, 184/1-184/10, WFC 06.
[5] Goodrich, G.M. (2001). A microview of some factors that impact cast iron (or the little things that mean a lot). AFS Transactions. 01-121, 1173-1189.
[6] Pietrowski, S., Pisarek, B., Władysiak, R. (2000). Investigation of the crystallization of cast iron with vermicular graphite and description of its analytical and numerical model. Research project KBN Nr 7T08B 006 13, Łódź, (in Polish).
[7] Żyrek, A. (2014). Manufacture of vermicular cast iron by the Inmould method with the use of magnesium mortars and evaluation of its resistance to thermal fatigue. PhD thesis AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
[8] Nodżak, G. (2002). Analysis of the possibilities produced in the foundry of WSK "PZL Rzeszów" S.A. castings of a high-power diesel engine head from vermicular cast iron. Master thesis, AGH Kraków. (in Polish).
[9] Orłowicz A.W. (2000). The use of ultrasound in foundry. Monograph. Krzepnięcie Metali i Stopów. 2(45). (in Polish).
[10] Ashby, M.F. (1998). Selection of materials in engineering design. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowo-Techniczne. (in Polish).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Marek Mróz
ORCID: ORCID
A.W. Orłowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Tupaj
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Lenik
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kawiński
2
M.. Kawiński
2

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Cast Iron Foundry KAWMET, ul. Krakowska 11, 37-716 Orły, Poland
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Abstrakt

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a good reinforcement for metal matrix composite materials; they can significantly improve the mechanical, wear-resistant, and heat-resistant properties of the materials. Due to the differences in the atomic structure and surface energy between CNTs and aluminum-based materials, the bonding interface effect that occurs when nanoscale CNTs are added to the aluminum alloy system as a reinforcement becomes more pronounced, and the bonding interface is important for the material mechanical performance. Firstly, a comparative analysis of the interface connection methods of four CNT-reinforced aluminum matrix composites is provided, and the combination mechanisms of various interface connection methods are explained. Secondly, the influence of several factors, including the preparation method and process as well as the state of the material, on the material bonding interface during the composite preparation process is analyzed. Furthermore, it is explained how the state of the bonding interface can be optimized by adopting appropriate technical and technological means. Through the study of the interface of CNT-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials, the influence of the interface on the overall performance of the composite material is determined, which provides directions and ideas for the preparation of future high-performance CNT-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials.
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Bibliografia

[1] Shao, H.Q. & Li, Q. J. (2020). Effect of stirring casting process parameters on properties of aluminum matrix composites for mechanical shield. Hot Working Technology. 23, 67-69+75.
[2] Krishna, A.R., Arun, A., Unnikrishnan, D. & Shankar. K.V. (2018). An investigation on the mechanical and tribological properties of alloy A356 on the addition of WC. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5(5), 12349-12355. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.213.
[3] Joseph, J., Pillai, B.S., Jayanandan, J., Jayagopan, J., Nivedh, S., Balaji, U.S.S. & Shankar, K.V. (2021). Mechanical behaviour of age hardened A356/TiC metal matrix composite. Materials Today: Proceedings. 38, 2127-2132. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.013.
[4] Kumar, V.A., Kumar, V.V.V., Menon, G.S., Bimaldev, S., Sankar, M., Shankar, K.V. & Balachandran, M. (2020). Analyzing the effect of B4C/Al2O3 on the wear behavior of Al-6.6Si-0.4Mg alloy using response surface methodology. International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science. 8(2). 66-79. DOI: 10.4018/ijseims.2020070105.
[5] Anilkumar, V., Shankar, K.V., Balachandran, M., Joseph, J., Nived, S., Jayanandan, J., Jayagopan, J. & Surya Balaji, U.S. (2021). Impact of heat treatment analysis on the wear behaviour of Al-14.2Si-0.3Mg-TiC composite using response surface methodology. Tribology in industry. 43(3), 590-602. DOI: 10.24874/ti.988.10.20.04.
[6] Zhao, S., Liu, Z., &.Zhang, X. B. (2006). Technical process and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminium matrix composites. Foundry Technology. 2, 135-138.
[7] Nam, D.H., Cha, S.I., Lim, B.K,, Park, H.M., Han, D.S. & Hong, S.H. (2012). Synergistic strengthening by load transfer mechanism and grain refinement of CNT/Al–Cu composites. Carbon. 50(7), 2417-2423. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon. 2012.01.058.
[8] Sun, Y.G., Liu, P., Chen, X.H., Liu, X.K., Li, W., Ma, F.C. & He, D,H. (2012). Present situation of carbon nano-tube reinforced aluminum composite. Material & Heat Treatment. 41(24), 137-139+144.
[9] Bakshi, S.R. & Agarwal, A. (2011). An analysis of the factors affecting strengthening in carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum composites. Carbon. 49(2), 533-544. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.054.
[10] Nai, M.H., Wei, J. & Gupta, M. (2014). Interface tailoring to enhance mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced magnesium composites. Materials & Design. 60, 490-495. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.011.
[11] Fan, T.X., Liu, Y., Yang, K.M., Song, J. & Zhang, D. (2019). Research progress on the optimization of the interface structure of carbon/metal composites and the interface mechanism. Acta Metall Sinica. 55(1), 16-32.
[12] Cao, L., Chen, B., Guo, B.S. & Li, J.S. (2021). A review of carbon nanotube dispersion methods in carbon nanotube reinforced aluminium matrix composites manufacturing process. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 13(3), 9-24. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2021.03.002.
[13] Chen, B., Li, S., Imai, H., Jia, L., Umeda, J., Takahashi, M. & Kondoh, K. (2015). Load transfer strengthening in carbon nanotubes reinforced metal matrix composites via in-situ tensile tests. Composites Science and Technology. 113, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.03.009.
[14] Pérez-Bustamante, R., Pérez-Bustamante, F., Estrada-Guel, I., Licea-Jiménez, L., Miki-Yoshida, M. & Martínez-Sánchez, R. (2013). Effect of milling time and CNT concentration on hardness of CNT/Al2024 composites produced by mechanical alloying. Materials Characterization. 75, 13-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2012.09.005.
[15] Shi, G. (2012). The study of coated carbon nanotube and reinforced magnesium matrix composites. Lanzhou University of Technolofy, Lanzhou, China.
[16] Aravind Senan, V.R., Anandakrishnan, G., Rahul, S.R., Reghunath, N. & Shankar, K.V. (2020). An investigation on the impact of SiC/B4C on the mechanical properties of Al-6.6Si-0.4Mg alloy. Materials Today: Proceedings. 26, 649-653. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.359.
[17] Rohith, K.P., Sajay Rajan, E., Harilal, H., Jose, K. & Shankar, K.V. (2018).Study and comparison of A356-WC composite and A356 alloy for an off-road vehicle chassis. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5(11), 25649-25656. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.11.006.
[18] Jiang, L., Wen, H., Yang, H., Hu, T., Topping, T., Zhang, D., Lavernia, E.J. & Schoenung, J.M. (2015). Influence of length-scales on spatial distribution and interfacial characteristics of B4C in a nanostructured Al matrix. Acta Materialia. 89, 327-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.01.062.
[19] Aravind Senan, V.R., Akshay, M.C., & Shankar, K.V. (2019). Determination on the effect of Al2O3 / B4B on the mechanical behaviour of al-6.6si-0.5mg alloy cast in permanent mould. Materials Science Forum. 969, 398-403. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.969.398.
[20] Truong. H.T.X., Lagoudas, D,C., Ochoa, O.O. & Lafdi, K. (2013). Fracture toughness of fiber metal laminates: Carbon nanotube modified Ti–polymer–matrix composite interface. Journal of Composite Materials. 48(22), 2697-2710. DOI: 10.1177/0021998313501923.
[21] Trinh, P,V., Luan, N.V., Phuong, D.D., Minh. P. N., Weibel, A., Mesguich, D. & Laurent, C. (2018) Microstructure, microhardness and thermal expansion of CNT/Al composites prepared by flake powder metallurgy. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 105, 126-137. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.11.022.
[22] Laha, T., Chen, Y., Lahiri, D. & Agarwal, A. (2009). Tensile properties of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum nanocomposite fabricated by plasma spray forming. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 40(5), 589-594. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.02.007.
[23] Bakshi, S.R., Singh, V., Seal, S. & Agarwal, A. (2009). Aluminum composite reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes from plasma spraying of spray dried powders. Surface and Coatings Technology. 203(10-11), 1544-1554. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.12.004.
[24] Liu, Z.Y., Xiao, B.L., Wang, W.G. & Ma, Z.Y. (2013). Developing high-performance aluminum matrix composites with directionally aligned carbon nanotubes by combining friction stir processing and subsequent rolling. Carbon. 62, 35-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.05.049.
[25] Yang, X., Liu, E., Shi, C., He, C., Li, J., Zhao, N. & Kondoh, K. (2013). Fabrication of carbon nanotube reinforced Al composites with well-balanced strength and ductility. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 563, 216-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.02.066.
[26] Gao, M., Gao, P., Wang, Y., Lei, T. & Ouyang. C. (2020). Study on metallurgically prepared copper-coated carbon fibers reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Metals and Materials International. 12. DOI: 10.1007/s12540-020-00897-1.
[27] Li, S., Su, Y., Zhu, X., Jin, H., Ouyang, Q. & Zhang, D. (2016). Enhanced mechanical behavior and fabrication of silicon carbide particles covered by in-situ carbon nanotube reinforced 6061 aluminum matrix composites. Materials & Design. 107, 130-138. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.06.021.
[28] Mansoor, M., Khan, S., Ali, A. & Ghauri, K.M. (2019). Fabrication of aluminum-carbon nanotube nano-composite using aluminum-coated carbon nanotube precursor. Journal of Composite Materials. 53(28-30), 4055-4064. DOI: 10.1177/0021998319853341.
[29] Kucukyildirim, B.O. & Eker, A.A. (2012). Fabrication and mechanical properties of CNT/6063Al composites prepared by vacuum assisted infiltration technique using CNT-Al preforms. Advanced Composites Letters. 133(1), 125-130.
[30] Kang, K., Bae, G., Kim, B. & Lee, C. (2012). Thermally activated reactions of multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminum matrix composite during the thermal spray consolidation. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 133(1), 495-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.01.071.
[31] Isaza, M.C.A., Ledezma Sillas, J.E., Meza, J.M. & Herrera Ramírez, J.M. (2016). Mechanical properties and interfacial phenomena in aluminum reinforced with carbon nanotubes manufactured by the sandwich technique. Journal of Composite Materials. 51(11), 1619-1629. DOI: 10.1177/0021998316658784.
[32] Kurita, H., Estili, M., Kwon, H., Miyazaki, T., Zhou, W., Silvain, J-F. & Kawasaki, A. (2015). Load-bearing contribution of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on tensile response of aluminum. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 68, 133-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.09.014.
[33] Shin, S.E. & Bae, D.H. (2013). Strengthening behavior of chopped multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Materials Characterization. 83, 170-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2013.05.018.
[34] Zhou, W., Bang, S., Kurita, H., Miyazaki, T., Fan, Y. & Kawasaki, A. (2016). Interface and interfacial reactions in multi-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Carbon. 96, 919-928. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.10.016.
[35] Liu, Z.Y., Xiao, B.L., Wang, W.G. & Ma, Z.Y. (2012). Singly dispersed carbon nanotube/aluminum composites fabricated by powder metallurgy combined with friction stir processing. Carbon. 50(5), 1843-1852. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.12.034.
[36] Li, Z.W., Lin, R.B., Hu, L., Yu, Z.Y., Yan, L.P., Tan, Z.Q., Fan, G.L., Li, Z.Q. & Zhang, D. (2017). CNTs/Al interfacial reaction degree and the relationship with mechanical performance of composite. Materials For Mechanical Engineering. 41(11), 19-22+28. DOI: 10.11973/jxgcc1201711003.
[37] Zhang, X.X., Wei, H.M., Li, A.B., Fu, Y.D. & Geng, L. (2013). Effect of hot extrusion and heat treatment on CNTs–Al interfacial bond strength in hybrid aluminium composites. Composite Interfaces. 20(4), 231-239. DOI: 10.1080/15685543.2013.793093.
[38] Wu, G. H., Jiang, L.T., Chen, G.Q. & Zhang, Q. (2012). Research progress on the control of interfacial reactions in metal matrix composites. Materials China. 31(7), 51-58. DOI: CNKI:SUN:XJKB.0.2012-07-009.
[39] Chen, B., Shen, J., Ye, X., Imai, H., Umeda, J., Takahashi, M. & Kondoh, K. (2017). Solid-state interfacial reaction and load transfer efficiency in carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-reinforced aluminum matrix composites. Carbon. 114, 198-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.12.013.
[40] Ci, L., Ryu, Z., Jin-Phillipp, N.Y. & Rühle, M. (2006). Investigation of the interfacial reaction between multi-walled carbon nanotubes and aluminum. Acta Materialia. 54(20), 5367-5375. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.031.
[41] Jiang, L., Li, Z., Fan, G., Cao, L. & Zhang, D. (2012). Strong and ductile carbon nanotube/aluminum bulk nanolaminated composites with two-dimensional alignment of carbon nanotubes. Scripta Materialia. 66(6), 331-334. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.11.023.
[42] Xu, S.J., Xiao, B.L., Liu, Z.Y., Wang, W.G. & Ma, Z.Y. (2012). Micorstrures and mechanical properties of CNT/Al conposites fabricated by high energy ball-milling method. Acta Metallurgica Sinica. 48(7), 882-888. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1037.2012.00140.
[43] Raviathul Basariya, M., Srivastava, V.C. & Mukhopadhyay, N.K. (2014). Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum alloy composites produced by ball milling. Materials & Design. 64, 542-549. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.08.019.
[44] Yoo, S.J., Han, S.H. & Kim, W.J. (2013). Strength and strain hardening of aluminum matrix composites with randomly dispersed nanometer-length fragmented carbon nanotubes. Scripta Materialia. 68(9), 711-714. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2013.01.013.
[45] Le, G., Cai, X.L., Wang, K.J., Wang, X.F., Sun, H.P. & Chen, Y,G. (2013). Experimental study on interfacial reaction of CNTs/Al matrix composites. Mining And Metallurgical Engineering. 33(1), 109-112. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2013.01.027.
[46] Majid, M., Majzoobi, G.H., Noozad, G.A., Reihani, A., Mortazavi, S.Z. & Gorji, M.S. (2012). Fabrication and mechanical properties of MWCNTs-reinforced aluminum composites by hot extrusion. Rare Metals. 31(4), 372-378. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-012-0523-6.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Rong Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhilin Pan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qi. Zeng
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaoli Ye
1

  1. School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Guizhou Normal University, Guyiang, Guizhou, China
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Abstrakt

A method for the open-cell aluminum foams manufacturing by investment casting was presented. Among mechanical properties, compressive behaviour was investigated. The thermal performance of the fabricated foams used as heat transfer enhancers in the heat accumulator based on phase change material (paraffin) was studied during charging-discharging working cycles in terms of temperature distribution. The influence of the foam on the thermal conductivity of the system was examined, revealing a two-fold increase in comparison to the pure PCM. The proposed castings were subjected to cyclic stresses during PCM’s subsequent contraction and expansion, while any casting defects present in the structure may deteriorate their durability. The manufactured heat transfers enhancers were found suitable for up to several dozen of cycles. The applied solution helped to facilitate the heat transfer resulting in more homogeneous temperature distribution and reduction of the charging period’s duration.
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Bibliografia

[1] Bisht, A., Patel, V.K. & Gangil, B. (2019). Future of metal foam materials in automotive industry. In Jitendra K. K., Shantanu B., Vinay K. P. & Vikram K. (Eds.), Automotive Tribology, (pp. 51-63). Springer, Singapore, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0434-1_4.
[2] Almonti, D., Baiocco, G., Mingione, E. & Ucciardello, N. (2020). Evaluation of the effects of the metal foams geometrical features on thermal and fluid-dynamical behavior in forced convection. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 111(3), 1157-1172. DOI: 10.1007/S00170-020-06092-1.
[3] Sivasankaran, S. & Mallawi, F.O.M. (2021). Numerical study on convective flow boiling of nanoliquid inside a pipe filling with aluminum metal foam by two-phase model. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering. 26, 101095. DOI: 10.1016/J.CSITE.2021.101095.
[4] Anglani, A., Pacella, M. (2021). Binary Gaussian Process classification of quality in the production of aluminum alloys foams with regular open cells. In 14th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering, 15-17 July 2020 (pp. 307–312). Gulf of Naples, Italy: The International Academy for Production Engineering.
[5] Anglani, A., Pacella, M. (2018). Logistic Regression and Response Surface Design for Statistical Modeling of Investment Casting Process in Metal Foam Production. In 11th CIRP Conference on Intelligent Computation in Manufacturing Engineering, 19-21 July 2017 (pp. 504–509). Gulf of Naples, Italy: The International Academy for Production Engineering.
[6] Kryca, J., Iwaniszyn, M., Piątek, M., Jodłowski, P.J., Jędrzejczyk, R., Pędrys, R., Wróbel, A., Łojewska, J., Kołodziej, A. (2016). Structured foam reactor with CuSSZ-13 catalyst for SCR of NOx with ammonia. Topics in Catalysis. 59(10), 887-894. DOI: 10.1007/S11244-016-0564-4.
[7] Alamdari, A. (2015). Performance assessment of packed bed reactor and catalytic membrane reactor for steam reforming of methane through metal foam catalyst support. Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering. 27, 934-944. DOI: 10.1016/J.JNGSE.2015.09.037.
[8] Vilniškis, T., Januševičius, T. & Baltrėnas, P. (2020). Case study: Evaluation of noise reduction in frequencies and sound reduction index of construction with variable noise isolation. Noise Control Engineering Journal. 68(3), 199-208. DOI: 10.3397/1/376817.
[9] Hua, L., Sun, H. & Gu Jiangsu, J. (2016). Foam metal metamaterial panel for mechanical waves isolation. Conference: SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. DOI: 10.1117/12.2219470.
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[12] Tong, X., Shi, Z., Xu, L., Lin, J., Zhang, D., Wang, K., Li, Y., Wen, C. (2020). Degradation behavior, cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and antibacterial properties of electro-deposited Zn–Cu metal foams as potential biodegradable bone implants. Acta Biomaterialia. 102, 481-492. DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2019.11.031
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[15] Schüler, P., Frank, R., Uebel, D., Fischer, S.F., Bührig-Polaczek, A. & Fleck, C. (2016). Influence of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of open cell AlSi7Mg0.3 foams on different lengthscales. Acta Materialia. 109, 32-45. DOI: 10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2016.02.041.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Dmitruk
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Kapłon
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Naplocha
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstrakt

The sodium silicate sands hardened by microwave have the advantages of high strength, fast hardening speed and low residual strength with the lower addition of sodium silicate. However, the sodium ion in the sands will absorb moisture from the atmosphere, which would lead to lower storing strength, so the protection of a bonding bridge of sodium silicate between the sands is crucial. Methyl silicone oil is a cheap hydrophobic industrial raw material. The influence of the addition amount of methyl silicone oil modifier on compressive strength and moisture absorption of sodium silicate sands was studied in this work. The microscopic analysis of modified before and after sodium silicate sands has been carried on employing scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy spectrum analysis(EDS). The results showed that the strength of modified sodium silicate sands was significantly higher than that of unmodified sodium silicate sands, and the best addition of methyl silicone oil in the quantity of sodium silicate was 15%. It was also found that the bonding bridge of modified sodium silicate sands was the density and the adhesive film was smooth, and the methyl silicone oil was completely covered on the surface of the sodium silicate bonding bridge to protect it.
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Bibliografia

[1] Stachowicz, M., Pałyga, Ł. & Kȩpowicz, D. (2020). Influence of automatic core shooting parameters in hot-box technology on the strength of sodium silicate olivine moulding sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 67-72.
[2] Nowak, D.(2017).The impact of microwave penetration depth on the process of hardening the moulding sand with sodium silicate. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(4), 115-118.
[3] Gal, B., Granat, K. & Nowak, D. (2017). Effect of compaction degree on permittivity of water-glass containing moulding sand. Metalurgija. 56(1), 17-20.
[4] Kaźnica, N. & Zych, J. (2019). Indicator wso: a new parameter for characterization of protective coating efficiency against humidity. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3960-3965.
[5] Bae, M.A., Lee, M.S. & Baek, J.H. (2020). The effect of the surface energy of water glass on the fluidity of sand. Journal of Korean Institute of Metals and Materials. 58(5), 319-325.
[6] Peng, Q.S., Wang, P.C., Huang, W., & Chen, H.B. (2020). The irradiation-induced grafting of nano-silica with methyl silicone oil. Polymer. 192(4), 122315.
[7] Stachowicz, M., Granat, K., & Payga. (2017). Influence of sand base preparation on properties of chromite moulding sands with sodium silicate hardened with selected methods. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(1), 379-383.
[8] Zhu, C. (2007). Recent advances in waterglass sand technologies. China Foundry. 4(1), 13-17.
[9] Huafang, W., Wenbang, G. & Jijun, L. (2014). Improve the humidity resistance of sodium silicate sands by ester-microwave composite hardening. Metalurgija. 53(4), 455-458.
[10] Masuda, Y., Tsubota, K., Ishii, K., Imakoma, H. & Ohmura, N. (2009). Drying rate and surface temperature in solidification of glass particle layer with inorganic binder by microwave drying. KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU. 35(2), 229-231.
[11] Kosuge, K., Sunaga, M., Goda, R., Onodera, H. & Okane, T. (2018). Cure and collapse mechanism of inorganic mold using spherical artificial sand and water glass binder. Materials transactions. 59(11), 1784-1790.
[12] Zhang, Y.H., Liu, Z.Y., Liu, Z.C. & Yao, L.P. (2020). Mechanical properties of high-ductility cementitious composites with methyl silicone oil. Magazine of Concrete Research. 72(14), 747-756.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Huafang Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiang Gao
1
Lei Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wei He
1
Jijun Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China
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Abstrakt

There are mainly two different ways of producing sand cores in the industry. The most used is the shooting moulding process. A mixture of sand and binder is injected by compressed air into a cavity (core), where it is then thermally or chemically cured. Another relatively new method of manufacturing cores is the use of 3D printing. The principle is based on the method of local curing of the sand bed. The ability to destroy sand cores after casting can be evaluated by means of tests that are carried out directly on the test core. In most cases, the core is thermally degraded and the mechanical properties before and after thermal exposure are measured. Another possible way to determine the collapsibility of core mixtures can be performed on test castings, where a specific casting is designed for different binder systems. The residual strength is measured by subsequent shake-out or knock-out tests. In this paper, attention will be paid to the collapsibility of core mixtures in aluminium castings.
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Bibliografia

[1] Dietert, H.W. (1950). Core knock-out, in Foundry Core Practice, 2nd ed. Chicago: American Foundrymen’s Society.
[2] Jorstad, J.L. (2008). Expendable-mold casting processes with permanent patterns, in ASM Handbook Vol. 15 Casting, 10th ed. ASM International
[3] Almaghariz, E.S., Conner, B.P., Lenner, L., Gullapalli, R., Manogharan, G.P. (2016). Quantifying the role of part design complexity in using 3D sand printing for molds and cores. International Journal of Metalcasting. 10, 240-252. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-016-0027-5.
[4] Vykoukal, M., Burian, A., Přerovská, M., Bajer, T., Beňo, J. (2019). Gas evolution of GEOPOL® W sand mixture and comparison with organic binders. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(2), 49-54.
[5] Steinhäuser, T. (2017). Inorganic binders-Benefits, State of the art, Actual use. In World Cast in Africa, Innovative for Sustainability, Proceedings of the South African Metal Casting Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa, 13–17 March 2017; WFO: Johannesburg, South Africa, p. 26
[6] Ramrattan, S. (2019). Evaluating a ceramic resin-coated sand for aluminum and iron castings. International Journal of Metalcasting. 13(3), 519-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0269-5
[7] Ettemeyer, F., Schweinefuß, M., Lechner, P., Stahl, J., Greß, T., Kaindl, J., Durach, L., Volk, W. & Günther, D. (2021). Characterisation of the decoring behaviour of inorganically bound cast-in sand cores for light metal casting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 296, 117201, ISSN 0924-0136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021. 117201.
[8] Dobosz, P., Jelínek, K., Major-Gabryś, K. (2011). Development tendencies of moulding and core sands. China Foundry. 8, 438-446.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

T. Obzina
1
V. Merta
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Rygel
1
P. Lichý
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Drobíková
1

  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Abstrakt

Nowadays, the best castings’ manufacturers have to meet very demanding requirements and specifications applicable to mechanical properties and other characteristics. To fulfill those requirements, more and more sophisticated methods are being used to analyze the internal quality of castings. In many cases, the commonly used Non-Destructive Methods, like X-ray or ultrasonic testing, are not enough to ensure precise and unequivocal evaluation. Especially, when the properties of the casting only slightly fail the specification and the reasons for such failures are very subtle, thus difficult to find without the modern techniques. The paper presents some aspects of such an approach with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to analyze internal defects that can critically decrease the performance of castings. The paper presents the so-called bifilm defects in ductile and chromium cast iron, near-surface corrosion caused by sulfur, micro-shrinkage located under the risers, lustrous carbon precipitates, and other microstructure features. The method used to find them, the results of their analysis, and the possible causes of the defects are presented. The conclusions prove the SEM is now a powerful tool not only for scientists but it is more and more often present in the R&D departments of the foundries.
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Bibliografia

[1] Mehta, N.D., Gohil, A.V. & Doshi, J.S. (2018). Innovative support system for casting defect analysis – a need of time. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5, 4156-4161. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.677.
[2] Petrus, Ł., Bulanowski, A., Kołakowski, J., Brzeżański, M., Urbanowicz, M, Sobieraj, J., Matuszkiewicz, G., Szwalbe, L & Janerka, K. (2020). The influence of selected melting parameters on the physical and chemical properties of cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 1, 105-110. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131290.
[3] Garbacz-Klempka, A., Karczmarek, Ł., Kwak, Z., Kozana, J., Piękoś, M., Perek-Nowak, M. & Długosz, P. (2018). Analysis of a castings quality and metalworking technology. treasure of the bronze age axes. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 3, 179-185. DOI: 10.24425/123622.
[4] Bogner, A., Jouneau, P.-H., Thollet, G., Basset, D. & Gauthier, C. (2007). A history of scanning electron microscopy developments: Towards ‘‘wet-STEM’’ imaging. Micron. 38, 390–401. DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008.
[5] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Sobula, S. & Tęcza, G. (2019). The effect of CaSiAl modification on the non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties of low-carbon microalloyed cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 1, 47-52. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2018.125190.
[6] Gawdzińska, K. (2017). Methods of the detection and identification of structural defects in saturated metallic composite castings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 3, 37-44. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0087.
[7] Nicoletto, G., Konecna, R. & Fintova, S. (2012). Characterization of microshrinkage casting defects of Al–Si alloys by X-ray computed tomography and metallography. International Journal of Fatigue. 41, 39-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.01.006.
[8] Li, J., Chen, R., Ma, Y. & Ke, W. (2014). Characterization and prediction of microporosity defect in sand cast WE54 alloy castings. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 30(10), 991-997. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2014.03.011.
[9] Velasco, E., Rodríguez, A., González, J.A., Talamantes, J., Colás, R. & Valtierra, S. (2003). Use of microscopical techniques in failure analysis and defect control in automotive castings. microscopy and microanalysis 9 (Suppl 2), 160-161. DOI: 10.1017/S1431927603440713.
[10] Staude, A., Bartscher, M., Ehrig, K., Goebbels, J., Koch, M., Neuschaefer-Rube, U. & Notel, J. (2011). Quantification of the capability of micro-CT to detect defects in castings using a new test piece and a voxel-based comparison method. NDT&E International. 44, 531-536.
[11] Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin, A., Paulraj, G. & Prabhakar, M. (2019). Inspection of casting defects and grain boundary strengthening on stressed Al6061 specimen by NDT method and SEM micrographs. Journal of Materials Research Technology. 8(3), 2674-2684. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.029.
[12] Haguenau, F., Hawkes, P. W., Hutchison, J.L., Satiat–Jeunemaître, B., Simon, G. T. & Williams, D. B. (2003). Key events in the history of electron microscopy. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 9, 96-138. DOI: 10.1017/S1431927603030113.
[13] Davut, K., Yalcin, A. & Cetin, B. (2017). Multiscale microstructural analysis of austempered ductile iron castings. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 23(1), 350-351. DOI: 10.1017/S1431927617002434.
[14] Bedolla-Jacuinde, A. Correa, R., Quezada, J.G. & Maldonado, C. (2005). Effect of titanium on the as-cast microstructure of a 16% chromium white iron. Materials Science and Engineering A. 398, 297–308. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.03.072.
[15] Bedolla-Jacuinde, A., Aguilar, S.L. & Hernandez, B. (2005). Eutectic modification in a low-chromium white cast iron by a mixture of titanium, rare earths, and bismuth: i. effect on microstructure. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 14, 149-157. DOI: 10.1361/10599490523300.
[16] Bedolla-Jacuinde, A., Aguilar, S.L. & Maldonado, C. (2005). Eutectic modification in a low-chromium white cast iron by a mixture of titanium, rare earths, and bismuth: part ii. effect on the wear behavior. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 14, 301-306. DOI: 10.1361/10599490523300.
[17] Chung, R.J., Tang, X., Li, D.Y., Hinckley, B. & Dolman, K. (2013). Microstructure refinement of hypereutectic high Cr cast irons using hard carbide-forming elements for improved wear resistance. Wear. 301, 695-706. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.079.
[18] Guo, E., Wang, L., Wang, L. & Huang, Y. (2009). Effects of RE, V, Ti and B composite modification on the microstructure and properties of high chromium cast iron containing 3% molybdenum. Rare Metals. 28, 606-611. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-009-0116-1.
[19] Siekaniec, D., Kopyciński, D., Szczęsny, A., Guzik, E., Tyrała, E. & Nowak, A. (2017). Effect of titanium inoculation on tribological properties of high chromium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 4, 143-146. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0146.
[20] Kopyciński, D. & Piasny, S. (2016). Influence of inoculation on structure of chromium cast iron. in characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, Ikhmayies, S.J., Ed.; Springer Science and Business Media LLC: Berlin, Germany, 705-712.
[21] Kopyciński, D. (2009). Inoculation of chromium white cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9, 191-194.
[22] Tiryakioglu, M. (2020). On the heterogeneous nucleation pressure for hydrogen pores in liquid aluminium. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 33(4-5), 153-156. DOI: 10.1080/13640461.2020.1797335.
[23] Tiryakioglu, M. (2020). The effect of hydrogen on pore formation in aluminum alloy castings: myth versus reality. Metals. 10, 368. DOI: 10.3390/met10030368.
[24] Dojka, M. & Stawarz, M. (2020). Bifilm defects in Ti-inoculated chromium white cast iron. Materials. 13, 3124. DOI: 10.3390/ma13143124.
[25] Campbell, J. (2015). Complete Casting Handbook. Metal Casting Processes, Metallurgy, Techniques and Design. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[26] Jonczy, I. (2014). Diversification of phase composition of metallurgical wastes after the production of cast iron. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59 (2), 481-485. DOI: 10.2478/AMM-2014-0079.
[27] Campbell, J. (2009). A Hypothesis for cast iron microstructures. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 40(6), 786-801. DOI: 10.1007/s11663-009-9289-0.
[28] Mihailova I., Mehandjiev, D. (2010). Characterization of fayalite from copper slags. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy. 45(3), 317-326.
[29] Presnall, D.C. (1995). Phase diagrams of Earth-forming minerals. Mineral Physics & Crystallography – A Handbook of Physical Constants. 2, 248–268.
[30] Lide, D.R. (2004). Handbook of chemistry and physics. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton.
[31] Irons, G.A. & Guthrie, R.I.L. (1981). Kinetic aspects of magnesium desulfurization of blast furnace iron. Ironmaking and Steelmaking. 8, 114-21.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Jezierski
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Dojka
1
M. Stawarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Dojka
2

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o.o., 1 Staszica, 47-420 Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
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Abstrakt

The possibilities of using an inorganic phosphate binder for the ablation casting technology are discussed in this paper. This kind of binder was selected for the process due to its inorganic character and water-solubility. Test castings were made in the sand mixture containing this binder. Each time during the pouring liquid alloy into the molds and solidification process of castings, the temperature in the mold was examined. Then the properties of the obtained castings were compared to the properties of the castings solidifying at ambient temperature in similar sand and metal molds. Post-process materials were also examined - quartz matrix and water. It has been demonstrated that ablation casting technology promotes refining of the microstructure, and thus upgrades the mechanical properties of castings (Rm was raised about approx. 20%). Properties of these castings are comparable to the castings poured in metal moulds. However, the post-process water does not meet the requirements of ecology, which significantly reduces the possibility of its cheap disposal.
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Bibliografia


[1] Puzio, S., Kamińska, J., Angrecki, M. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2020). The Influence of Inorganic Binder Type on Properties of Self-Hardening Moulding Sands Intended for the Ablation Casting Process. Journal of Applied Materials Engineering. 60(4), 99-108.
[2] United States Patent No. US 7,159,642 B2.
[3] Dudek, P., Fajkiel, A., Reguła, T. & Bochenek, J. (2014). Research on the ablation casting technology of aluminum alloys. Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa, LIV(2). (in Polish).
[4] Ananthanarayanan, L., Samuel, F. & Gruzelski, J. (1992). Thermal analysis studies of the effect of cooling rate on the microstructure of 319 aluminium alloy. AFS Trans., 100, 383-391.
[5] Thompson, S., Cockcroft, S. & Wells, M. (2004). Advanced high metals casting development solidification of aluminium alloy A356. Materials Science and Technology, 20, 194-200.
[6] Jordon, L.W.J.B. (2011). Monotonic and cyclic characterization of five different casting process on a common magnesium alloy. Inte Natl, Manuf. Sci. Eng. Conf. MSE. Proceeding ASME.
[7] Jorstad, J. & Rasmussen, W. (1997). Aluminium science and technology. American Foundry Society. (368), 204-205.
[8] Weiss, D., Grassi, J., Schultz, B. & Rohagti, P. (2011). Ablation of hybrid metal matrix composites. Transactions of American Foundry Society. (119), 35-42.
[9] Taghipourian, M., Mohammadalihab, M., Boutorabic, S. & Mirdamadic, S. (2016). The effect of waterjet beginning time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminium alloy during the ablation casting process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 238, 89-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.05.004
[10] Rooy, E., Van Linden, J. (2015). ASM Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials. 2, 3330-3345.
[11] Bohlooli, V., Shabani Mahalli, M. & Boutorabi, S. (2013). Effect of ablation casting on microstructure and casting properties of A356 aluminium casting alloy. Acta Metallurgica Sininca (English letters). 26(1), 85-91.
[12] Grassi, J., Campbell, J. (2010). Ablation casting. A Technical paper, pp. 1-9.
[13] Jordon, L. (2011). Characterization of five different casting process on a common magnesium alloy. Inte Natl, Manuf. Sci. Eng. Conf. MSEC. Proceeding ASME.
[14] Wang, L., Lett, R. (2011). Microstructure characterization of magnesium control ARM castings. Shape Casting, pp. 215-222.
[15] Yadav , S., Gupta, N. (2017). Ablation casting process – an emerging process for non ferrous alloys. International Journal of Engineering, Technology, Science and Research. 4(4).
[16] Acura. (2015). Ablation Casting. Retrieved from: https://www.acura.com/performance/modals/ablation-casting
[17] Honda. (2015). New technical details next generation nsx revealed at SAE 2015 World Congress. Retrieved from: https://honda.did.pl/pl/samochody/nasza-firma/aktualnosci/450-nowe-szczegoly-techniczne-dot-kolejnej-generacji-modelu-nsx-ujawnione-na-sae-2015-world-congr.html
[18] Technology, F.M. (2015). Ablation-cast parts debut on new acura NSX. Retrieved from: https://www.foundrymag.com/meltpour/ablation-cast-parts-debut-new-acura-nsx
[19] Holtzer, M. (2002). Development directions of molding and core sand with inorganic binders in terms of reducing the negative impact on the environment. Archives of Foundry. 2(3), 50-56. (in Polish).
[20] Major-Gabryś K. (2016). Environmentally friendly foundry molding and core sand. Kraków: Archives of Foundry Engineering. (in Polish)
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

S. Puzio
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kamińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Major-Gabryś
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Angrecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Foundry Research Institute, Zakopianska 73, 30-418 Cracow, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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Abstrakt

The production of high pressure die casts also brings difficulties regarding the processing of the waste material. It is mainly formed by runners, overflows and other foundry supplements used and, in the case of machines using the cold chamber, also the remainder from this chamber. As this material is often returned to the production process, we refer to it as return material. In the production process, it is therefore essential to deal with the proportion issue of return material against primary material that can be added to the melt to maintain the required cast properties. The submitted article monitors the quality properties of the alloy, selected mechanical properties of casts and porosity depending on the proportion of the return material in the melt. At the same time, the material savings are evaluated with regards to the amount of waste and the economic burden of the foundries. To monitor the above-mentioned factors, series of casts were produced from the seven melting process variants with a variable ratio of return to the primary material. The proportion ratio of return material in the primary alloy was adjusted from 100% of the primary alloy to 100% of the return material in the melting process. It has been proven that with the increasing proportion of the return material, the chemical composition of the melt changes, the mechanical properties of the alloy decrease and the porosity of the casts increases. Based on the results of the tests and analyzes, the optimal ratio of return and primary material in the melting process has been determined. Considering the prescribed quality of the alloy and mechanical properties, concerning the economic indicator of the savings, the ratio is set at 70:30 [%] in favor of the primary material.
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Bibliografia

[1] ČSN 04 6509. Pressure die-casting. Terminology (Tlakové lití: Názvosloví). Praha: Český normalizační institut, 1978. 71 p.
[2] ČSN 42 1431. Pressure die castings. Technical conditions (Odlitky tlakové: Technické podmínky). Praha: Český normalizační institut, 1982. 57 p.
[3] Ružbarský, J., Paško, J. & Gašpár, Š. (2014) Techniques of Die casting. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag. ISBN: 978-3-942303-29-3.
[4] Gaspar, S. & Pasko, J. (2016). Technological Aspects of Returnable Material Introducing within Die Casting Technology. Tem Journal-Technology Education Management Informatics. 5(4), 441-445. DOI: 10.18421/TEM54-05.
[5] Majerník, J., Podařil, M., Socha, L., Gryc, K. (2019). Implementation aspects of the remelting material in the production of high pressure die casts on the aluminum based alloys. In 28th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, 22-24 May 2019 (pp. 1652-1657). Brno, Czech Republic: TANGER Ltd.
[6] Paško, J. & Gašpár, Š. (2014). Technological factors of die casting. Lüdenscheid: RAM-Verlag. ISBN: 978-3-942303-25-5.
[7] Capuzzi, S. & Timelli, G. (2018). Preparation and melting of scrap in aluminum recycling: A review. Metals. 8(4), 249. DOI: 10.3390/met8040249.
[8] Mwema F.M. et al. (2019). Wear characteristics of recycled cast Al-6Si-3Cu alloys. Tribology in Industry. 41(4), 613-621. DOI: 10.24874/ti.2019.41.04.13.
[9] Lazaro-Nebreda J., Patel, J.B., Chang, I.T.H., Stone, I.C., Fan Z. (2019). Solidification processing of scrap Al-alloys containing high levels of Fe. In Joint 5th International Conference on Advances in Solidification Processes, ICASP 2019 and 5th International Symposium on Cutting Edge of Computer Simulation of Solidification, Casting and Refining, CSSCR 2019, 17-21 June 2019 (Article number 012059). Salzburg: Institute of Physics Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/529/1/012059.
[10] Noga, P., Tuz, L., Żaba, K., & Zwoliński, A. (2021). Analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties of alsi11 after chip recycling, co-extrusion, and arc welding. Materials. 14(11), 3124. DOI: 10.3390/ma14113124.
[11] Bolibruchová, D. & Matejka, M. (2018). Analysis of microstructure changes for AlSi9Cu3 Alloy caused by remelting. Manufacturing Technology. 18(6), 883-888. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/195.2018/a/1213-2489/mt/18/6/883.
[12] Bjurenstedt, A., Seifeddine, S. & Jarfors, A.E.W. (2016). The effects of Fe-particles on the tensile properties of Al-Si-Cu alloys. Metals. 6(12), 314. DOI: 10.3390/met6120314.
[13] Fu, J., Yang, D. & Wang, K. (2018). Correlation between the liquid fraction, microstructure and tensile behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy processed by recrystallization and partial remelting (RAP). Metals. 8(7), 508. DOI: 10.3390/met8070508.
[14] Krolo, J., Lela, B., Ljumović, P. & Bagavac, P. (2019). Enhanced mechanical properties of aluminium alloy EN AW 6082 recycled without remelting. Technicki Vjesnik. 26(5), 1253-1259. DOI: 10.17559/TV-20180212160950.
[15] Wang, K. at al. (2018). Characterization of microstructures and tensile properties of recycled Al-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn alloys with individual and combined addition of titanium and cerium. Scanning. 2018, 3472743. DOI: 10.1155/2018/3472743.
[16] Matejka, M., Bolibruchová, D. & Kuriš, M. (2021). Crystallization of the structural components of multiple remelted AlSi9Cu3 alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(2), 41-45. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136096.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

S. Gaspar
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Majerník
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Trytek
3
ORCID: ORCID
M. Podaril
2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Benova
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies of the Technical University of Košice with the seat in Prešov, Slovak Republic
  2. Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
  3. The Faculty of Mechanics and Technology in Stalowa Wola, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów

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Zasady etyki publikacyjnej


Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

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Procedura recenzowania


Review Procedure


The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

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Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
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scientific achievements,
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The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
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Recenzenci

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


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