Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Content

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 4

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Abstract

The aim of the study was to select the optimal content of zirconium introduced as an alloying additive to obtain the best strength properties of Al-Si alloy. A technically important disadvantage is the tendency of silumins to form a coarse-grained structure that adversely affects the mechanical properties of castings. To improve the structure, modification processes and alloying additives are used, both of which can effectively refine the structure and thus increase the mechanical properties. According to the Hall-Petch relationship, the finer is the structure, the higher are the mechanical properties of the alloy. The proposed addition of zirconium as an alloying element has a beneficial effect on the structure and properties of silumins, inhibiting the grain growth. The starting material was an aluminium-silicon casting alloy designated as EN AC-AlSi9Mg (AK9). Zirconium (Zr) was added to the alloy in an amount of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% by weight. From the modified alloy, after verification of the chemical composition, samples were cast into sand moulds based on a phenolic resin.
The first step in the research was testing the casting properties of alloys with the addition of Zr (castability, density, porosity). In the next step, the effect of zirconium addition on the structure and mechanical properties of castings was determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Kamińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Angrecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Dudek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

In this work, 25 wheels were cast with three different grain refiners: Al5Ti1B, Al3Nb1B and MTS 1582. Samples were machined from the wheels to check the mechanical properties. It was found that Nb grain refinement had the lowest grain size (260 mm) and highest tensile properties (yield strength of 119-124 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 190-209 MPa). Al5Ti1B and MTS 1582 revealed quite similar results (110 MPa yield and 198 MPa ultimate tensile strength). The fading of the grain refining effect of Al5TiB1 master alloy was observed in both Nb and Ti added castings whereas during the investigated time interval, the fading was not observed when MTS 1582 was used.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Aydogan
1
K.C. Dizdar
2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Sahin
2
ORCID: ORCID
E. Mentese
1
D. Dispinar
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Doktas Wheels, Turkey
  2. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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Abstract

In the manufacturing sector, the processing of magnesium alloys through the liquid casting route is one of the promising methods to manufacture automotive and aircraft components, for their excellent mechanical properties at the lower weight. Investment casting process has the great cabaility to produce near net shape complex castings for automotive and aircraft applications. The distinct and attractive engineering properties of magnesium alloys have shown to be promising in terms of its potential to replace materials such as cast iron, steel, and aluminum In this regard, the efforts to develop processing technology for these alloys for their wide range of applications in industries have been reported by the scientific and engineering community. For successful production of magnesium alloy castings, it requires specialized foundry techniques because of the particular chemical and physical properties of magnesium; especially the reactive and oxidative nature of these alloys. The industry is young enough, to tap the potential.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.V. Vyas
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.P. Sutaria
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), Changa, Anand-388421, Gujarat, India
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Abstract

Material suppliers typically recommend different additive amounts and applications for foundry practices. Therefore, even in the production of the same standard materials, different results may be obtained from various production processes on different foundry floors. In this study, the liquid metal prepared with the addition of different proportions of a FeSi-based inoculation, which is most commonly used in foundries in the production of a cast iron material with EN-GJL-250 lamellar graphite cast iron, was cast into sand molds prepared with a model designed to provide different solidification times. In this way, the optimization of the inoculation amounts on the casting structure for different solidification times was investigated. In addition, hardness values were determined depending on solidification time in varying amounts of inoculation additions. SolidCast casting simulation software was used to determine the casting model geometry and solidification time. In the scope of the study, sand casting, modeling, microstructure analysis, image analysis, microstructure analysis, and hardness tests techniques were used. When the results are examined, the required amount of inoculation for the optimal structure is optimized for the application procedure depending on the casting module and the solidification time.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Çolak
1
ORCID: ORCID
E. Uslu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ç. Teke
1
ORCID: ORCID
F. Şafak
2
Ö. Erol
2
Y. Erol
2
Y. Çoban
2 3
M. Yavuz

  1. Bayburt University, Turkey
  2. Konya Technical University, Turkey
  3. Yavuzsan A.Ş., Turkey
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Abstract

High-pressure die casting results in a high quality surface and good mechanical properties of castings. Under the effect of pressure, integral and solid castings are achieved without a large number of foundry defects. The correct and proper setting of technological parameters plays a very important role in minimizing casting defects. The aim of the presented article is to determine the optimum maximum piston velocity for a casting in the high-pressure casting process with two height variants, depending on their internal quality. It is because the internal quality of particular castings is important in terms of proper functionality in operations where the biggest problem is the porosity of the casting. The main cause of porosity formation is the decreasing solubility of gases (most often hydrogen) during the melt solidification. Solubility represents the maximum amount of gas that can dissolve in a metal under equilibrium conditions of temperature and pressure. Macroporosity and microporosity were determined from the sections of the surfaces in the determined zones of the castings. Here, the results was that the macroporosity decreased with increasing piston velocity. Ideal microstructure was evaluated at a piston velocity of 3 m/s for both types of castings. On the other hand, the increase in tube size has shown that velocities of 3 m/s and higher, the tube is more prone to macroporosity formation. The highest hardness was achieved at the piston velocity of 2 m/s at both tube lengths.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchová
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Podprocká
2

  1. University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Slovak Republic
  2. Rosenberg-Slovakia s.r.o., Slovak Republic
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Abstract

This work is an experimental study of thermo-mechanical surface hardening of mild steel with trace elements like titanium in negligible concentrations. This is somewhat an advanced technique used to harden steel surface which can be hardened in many typical ways. The concept is combining the thermal as well as mechanical technique to attain better results. It is quite obvious that mechanical refers to the compressive loading during machining and thermal refers to producing heat on the surface of work piece. The ideal conditions are when the heat produced is enough to achieve austenite and then subsequent quick cooling helps in the formation of martensite, which is metallurgically the most highly strong phase of steel, in terms of hardness. The coolant used preferably is the emulsified oil which flows on the surface during machining with variable rate of flow as the optimum effect is. This process hardens the surface of steel and increases its resistance against wear and abrasion. Preference is to achieve surface hardening using the conventional equipment so that operational cost is kept low and better results are attained. This technique has been quite successful in the laboratory. It can be termed as friction hardening. Some improvements in the process scheme and working environment can be made to get better results.
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Bibliography

[1] Muñoz, J.A., Avalos, M., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.G. & Bolmaro, R.E. (2021). Comparison of a low carbon steel processed by Cold Rolling ( CR ) and Asymmetrical Rolling (ASR): Heterogeneity in strain path, texture, microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 64(February), 557-575. DOI: 10.1016/J.JMAPRO.2021.02.017.
[2] Hotz, H. & Kirsch, B. (2020). Influence of tool properties on thermomechanical load and surface morphology when cryogenically turning metastable austenitic steel AISI 347. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 52(August 2020), 120-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.043.
[3] Burke, J.J., Weiss, V. (1974). Advances in deformation processing. New York: Plenum Press.
[4] Bernardo, L., Tressia, G., Masoumi, M., Mundim, E., Regattieri, C. & Sinatora, A. (2021). Roller crushers in iron mining, how does the degradation of Hadfield steel components occur ? Engineering Failure Analysis. 122(February), 105295, 1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal. 2021.105295.
[5] Fedorova, L.V., Fedorov, S.K., Serzhant, A.A., Golovin, V.V. & Systerov, S.V. (2017). Electromechanical surface hardening of tubing steels. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 59(3-4), 173-175. DOI: 10.1007/s11041-017-0123-z.
[6] Vafaeian, S., Fattah-Alhosseini, A., Mazaheri, Y. & Keshavarz, M.K. (2016). On the study of tensile and strain hardening behavior of a thermomechanically treated ferritic stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering A. 669, 480-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.050.
[7] Shi, F., Yin, S., Pham, T.M., Tuladhar, R. & Hao, H. (2021). Pullout and flexural performance of silane groups and hydrophilic groups grafted polypropylene fibre reinforced UHPC. Construction and Building Materials. 277, 122335, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122335.
[8] Gao, J., Yu, M., Liao, D., Zhu, S., Zhu, Z. & Han, J. (2021). Foreign object damage tolerance and fatigue analysis of induction hardened S38C axles. Materials & Design. 202, 109488, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109488.
[9] Bedford, G.M., Vitanov, V.I. & Voutchkov, I.I. (2001). On the thermo-mechanical events during friction surfacing of high speed steels. Surface and Coatings Technology. 141, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01129-X.
[10] Ahmed, W., Hegab, H., Mohany, A. & Kishawy, H. (2021). On machining hardened steel AISI 4140 with self-propelled rotary tools : experimental investigation and analysis. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 11-12, 113, 3163–3176.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali R. Sheikh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the paper is experimental verification of the influence of the composition of the ceramic mixture on the mechanical properties of cast ethyl silicate cores. Cast ceramic cores have a great potential in the production of complex castings, especially in the field of hydropower. However, the disadvantage of the cast ceramic cores is their low strength during cores removing from the core box and handling with them. The research is focused mainly on the possibilities of increasing the handling strength of the cores during removal from the core box and after their ignition. The paper investigates different ways of increasing the strength of cast ceramic cores by adjusting the composition of the ceramic mixture. Further, the research verifies the possibility of increasing the strength of ceramic cores by adding synthetic fibers to the ceramic mixture. The paper also contains the results of measuring the strength of the cores after impregnation with a solution of phosphorous binder and subsequent annealing.
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Bibliography

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[6] Wagh, A.S. (2004). Chemically BondedPhosphate Ceramics. 21st Century Materials with Diverse Applications. Oxford: Elsevier. Retrieved March 15, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044505-2/50006-5
[7] Wagh, A.S. & Jeong, S.Y. (2003). Chemically bonded phosphate ceramics: i, A dissolution model of formation. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 83(11). 1838-1844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03569.x
[8] Hlaváč, J. (1988). Fundamentals of silicate technology. Prague: SNTL. (in Czech)
[9] Lü, K., Liu, X., Du, Z., & Li, Y. (2016). Bending strength and fracture surface topography of natural fiber-reinforced shell for investment casting process. China Foundry, 13, 211-216. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-016-5100-4.
[10] Lü, K., Liu, X., & Duan, Z. (2018). Effect of firing temperature and time on hybrid fiber-reinforced shell for investment casting. International Journal of Metalcasting. 13(3), 666-673. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-018-0280-x.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Bořil
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Kaňa
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Myška
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Krutiš
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Sand molding casting has been widely used for a long time. But, one of its main drawbacks is that surface quality of the castings is not good enough for some applications. The purposes of this research were to investigate the effect of addition of sawdust ash of rubber wood (SARW) on molding sand properties and the surface quality of iron castings and to find an appropriate level of SARW with the appropriate properties of the iron castings. The molding sand compositions for making a sand mold consisted of the recycled molding sand, bentonite, water and SARW. The percentage levels of SARW were 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%. The different proportions of molding sand samples were investigated for the molding sand properties including permeability, compression strength and hardness. The results showed that addition of SARW had an effect on the molding sand properties. The appropriate percentage proportion of molding sand was obtained at 95.8% recycled molding sand, 0.8% bentonite, 3% water and 0.4% SARW. There were statistically significant differences of mean surface roughness and hardness values of the iron castings made from molding sand samples without SARW addition and the appropriate percentage proportion of molding sand. In addition, the average surface roughness value of the iron castings made from the sand mold with the appropriate percentage proportion of molding sand was ~40% lower than those of the iron castings made from molding sand samples without SARW addition.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Khuengpukheiw
1
S. Veerapadungphol
1
V. Kunla
1
C. Saikaew
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Industrial Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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Abstract

The paper addresses the microsegregation of Mn, Mo, Cr, W, V, Si, Al, Cu and P in the white cast iron. Eutectic alloy with the content of 4.25% C was studied. The white cast iron was directionally solidified in the vacuum Bridgman-type furnace at a constant pulling rate v = 83 μm/s and v = 167 μm/s and at a constant temperature gradient G = 33.5 K/mm. The microstructural research was conducted using light and scanning electron microscopy. The microsegregation of elements in ledeburite was evaluated by EDS measurements. Content of elements in ledeburitic cementite and ledeburitic pearlite was determined. The tendency of elements to microsegregation was found dependent on the solidification rate. Microsegregation of elements between pearlite and cementite structural constituents has been specified. The effect of solidification rate on the type and intensity of microsegregation in directionally solidified eutectic white cast iron was observed. A different type of microsegregation was observed in the components of ledeburite in cementite and pearlite.
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Bibliography

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[4] Pietrowski, S. & Gumienny, G. (2006). Crystallization of nodular cast iron with additions of Mo, Cr, Cu and Ni. Archives of Foundry. 6(22), 406-413. (in Polish)
[5] Pietrowski, S. & Gumienny, G. (2012). Microsegregation in nodular cast iron with carbides. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(4), 127-134. DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0120-z.
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[7] Malinochka, Ya.N., Maslenkov, S.B. & Egorshina, T.V. (1963). Investigation of microsegregation in cast iron using electron microprobe. Liteinoe Proizvodstvo, 1, 22-25. (in Russ.)
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[9] Charbonnier, J. & Margerie, J.C. (1967). Nouvelle contribution al’etude generale des mikrosegregation dans les alliages Fe-C du type ”fonte”. Fonderie. 259, 333-344.
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[11] Park, J.Y. and other (2002). Effect of Mn negative segregation through the thickness direction on graphitization characteristics of strip-cast white cast iron. Scripta Materialia 46(3), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(01)01220-9
[12] Dojka, M. & Stawarz, M. (2020). Bifilm defects on Ti-inculated chromium white cast iron. Materials. 13(14), 3124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143124
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[15] Chang, W.S. & Lin, C.M. (2013). Relationship between cooling rate and microsegregation in bottom-chilled directionally solidified ductile irons. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy. 49(3)B, 315-322. https://doi.org/10.2298/JMMB120702034C.
[16] Trepczyńska-Łent, M. Boroński D. & Maćkowiak P. (2021). Mechanical properties and microstructure of directionally solidified Fe-4.25%C eutectic alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A, 822(3) 141644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141644.
[17] Trepczyńska-Łent, M. (2017). Interphase spacing in directional solidification of white carbide eutectic, METAL 2017 - 26th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Paper, Conference Proceedings Volume 2017-January 254-260. ISBN: 978-808729479-6.
[18] Trepczyńska-Łent, M. (2017). Directional solidification of Fe-Fe3C white eutectic alloy. Crystal Research and Technology 52(7) July 2017, 1600359, version of record online: 26 JUN 2017. DOI: 10.1002/crat.201600359.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trepczyńska-Łent
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Seyda
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The results of investigations of humidity migration in near surface layers of sand mould during processes of penetration and drying of protective coatings are presented in the hereby paper. The process of the humidity exchanging between surroundings and moulding sands as porous materials, is widely described in the introduction. In addition, the humidity flow through porous materials, with dividing this process into stages in dependence of the humidity movement mechanism, is presented. Next the desorption process, it means the humidity removal from porous materials, was described. Elements of the drying process intensity as well as the water transport mechanisms at natural and artificial drying were explained. The innovative research stands for measuring resistance changes of porous media due to humidity migrations was applied in investigations. Aqueous zirconium coatings of two apparent viscosities 10s and 30s were used. Viscosity was determined by means of the Ford cup of a mesh clearance of 4mm. Coatings were deposited on cores made of the moulding sand containing sand matrix, of a mean grain size dL = 0.25 mm, and phenol-formaldehyde resin. Pairs of electrodes were placed in the core at depths: 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12 and 16 mm. Resistance measurements were performed in a continuous way. The course of the humidity migration process in the core surface layer after covering it by protective coating was determined during investigations. Investigations were performed in the room where the air temperature was: T = 22˚C but the air humidity was not controlled, as well as in the climatic chamber where the air temperature was: T = 35˚C and humidity: H = 45%. During the research, it was shown that the process of penetration (sorption) of moisture into the moulding sand is a gradual process and that the moisture penetrates at least 16 mm into the sand. In the case of the drying (desorption) process, moisture from the near-surface layers of the moulding sand dries out much faster than moisture that has penetrated deeper into the sand. Keywords: Core, Sand mould, Porous medium, Humidity migration, Protective coatings, Resistance measurement
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Bibliography

[1] Pigoń, K., Ruziewicz, Z. (2005). Physical chemistry. Phenomenological foundations. Warszawa: PWN, (in Polish) [2] Zarzycki, R. (2005). Heat transfer and mass movement in environmental engineering. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Techniczne. (in Polish) [3] Płoński, W., Pogorzelski, J. (1979). Building physics. Warszawa: Arkady. (in Polish) [4] Świrska-Perkowska, J. (2012). Adsorption and movement of moisture in porous building materials under isothermal conditions. Warszawa: Komitet Inżynierii Lądowej i Wodnej PAN. (in Polish) [5] Kubik, J. (2000). Moisture flows in building materials. Opole: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Opolskiej. (in Polish) [6] Gawin, D. (2000). Modeling of coupled hygrothermal phenomena in building materials and elements. Łódź: Politechnika Łódzka. (in Polish) [7] Rose, D. (1963). Water movement in porous materials. Part 1: isothermal vapour transfer. British Journal of Applied Physics. (14), 256-262. DOI:10.1088/0508-3443/14/5/308. [8] Rose, D. (1963): Water movement in porous materials. part 2: the separation of the components of water movement. British Journal of Applied Physics. (14), 491-496. DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/14/8/310. [9] Marynowicz, A., Wyrwał, J. (2005). Testing the moisture properties of selected building materials under isothermal conditions. Warszawa: INB ZTUREK. (in Polish) [10] Kiessl, K. (1983) Kapillarer und dampffoermiger Fauchtetransport in mahrschichtigen Bauteilen. Essen: Dissertation. University Essen. [11] Politechnika Gdańska. The process of drying food substances - laboratory exercises. Retrieved January, 2022, from https://mech.pg.edu.pl/documents/4555684/4565480/suszenie.pdf (in Polish). [12] Baranowski, J., Melech, S., Adamski, P. (2002). Temperature and humidity control systems in the processes of drying food products. Zielona Góra: VI Sympozjum Pomiary i Sterowanie w Procesach Przemysłowych. (in Polish) [13] Ważny, J., Karyś, J. (2001). Protection of buildings against biological corrosion. Warszawa: Arkady. (in Polish) [14] Brooker, D., Bakker-Arkema, F., Hall, C. (1992). Drying and Storage of Grains and Oilseeds. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. [15] Reeds, J. (1991). Drying. ASM International Handbook Committee. 131-134. [16] Pel, L., Sawdy, A. & Voronina, V. (2010). Physical principles and efficiency of salt extraction by poulticing. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 11(1), 59-67. DOI:10.1016/j.culher. 2009.03.007. [17] Hii, C., Law, C. & Cloke, M. (2008). Modelling of thin layer drying kinetics of cocoa beans during artificial and natural drying. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. 3(1), 1-10. [18] Zych, J. & Kolczyk, J. (2013). Kinetics of hardening and drying of ceramic moulds with the new generation binder – colloidal silica. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 112-116. DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0093. [19] Kolczyk J. & Zych J. (2014). The kinetics of hardening and drying of ceramic molds with a new generation binder - colloidal silica. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 64(3-4), 84-92. (in Polish) [20] Zych, J., Kolczyk, J. & Jamrozowicz, Ł. (2015). The influence of the shape of wax pattern on the kinetics of drying of ceramic moulds. Metalurgija. 54(1), 15-18. ISSN 0543-5846. [21] Jamrozowicz, Ł., Zych, J. & Kolczyk, J. (2015). The drying kinetics of protective coatings used on sand molds. Metalurgija. 54(1), 23-26. ISSN 0543-5846. [22] Jamrozowicz, Ł. & Siatko, A. (2020). The assessment of the permeability of selected protective coatings used for sand moulds and cores. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 17-22. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131276. [23] Jamrozowicz, Ł., Kolczyk-Tylka, J. & Siatko, A. (2018) Investigations of the thickness of protective coatings deposited on moulds and cores. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(4), 131-136. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2018. 125182. [24] Zych, J. & Snopkiewicz, T. (2010). Drying and hardening of ceramic moulds used in a modern investemnt casting technique – investigations of the process kinetics. Foundry Journal of the Polish Foundrymen's Association. 9-10, 506-512. [25] Zych, J., Snopkiewicz, T. (2018). Method for study the drying process self-hardening molding sand or core compound. Patent PL 228373 B1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Jamrozowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Zych
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Cast Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The formation process of one of the most common casting defects, a shrinkage depression concerned to shrinkage cavity, was studied. The methodology, device and the experimental set up were developed to study the shrinkage cavity growth. The kinetics of vacuum formation in the cavity of the spherical casting of Al-Si-Mg alloy at its solidification in the sand-and-clay form was investigated. The data were analysed taking in mind the temperature variation in the centre of crystallizing casting. The causes of the shrinkage depression in castings were clarified. It was determined that atmospheric pressure leads to the retraction and curvature of metal layer on the surface of the casting with lower strength below which the shrinkage cavity is formed. To avoid such defects it was recommended to use the external or internal chills, feeders and other known technological methods. Deep shrinkage cavities inside the castings could be removed with an air flow through a thin tubular needle of austenitic steels for medical injections.
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Bibliography

[1] DSTU 9051:2020. Castings of cast iron and steel. Defects. Terms and definitions. Since 01.04.2021. Pg. 15. (in Ukrainian) http://ptima.kiev.ua/images/stories/Standart/IRONSTEEL/dstu19200-80.pdf
[2] Rowley, M.T. (2007). International Atlas of Casting Defects. American Foundry Society. ISBN: 978-0874330533.
[3] GOST 19200-80. Castings of cast iron and steel. Terms and definitions of defects. (1980). (in Russian).
[4] Atlas of foundry defects. (2004). 136 Summit avenue. Montvale, NJ 07645-1720. Institute of Foundry Casting. Technopark. Pg. 23.
[5] Reisa, A., Xub, Z., Tolb, R.V. & Netoc, R. (2012). Modelling feeding flow related shrinkage defects in aluminum castings. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 14(1), 1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2011.05.003
[6] Voronin, Y.F., Kamaev V.A. (2005). Atlas of foundry defects. Moscow: Mechanical Engineering. Pg. 327. (in Russian). https://www.twirpx.com/file/914318/
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[9] Khrychikov, V.E., Semenov, O.D., Menyaylo, O.V., Shalevskaya, I.A., & Myanovskaya, Ya.V. (2021). Elimination of weights in artistic castings with different wall thickness (Removal of shrinkage depression in art castings with different wall thickness). Casting processes (Затвердіння сплавів). 4(146). 14-21. (in Ukrainian). https://plit-periodical.com.ua/en/arhiv/removal-shrinkage-depression-art-castings-different-wall-thickness
[10] GOST R ISO 9626-2020. (2021). Stainless steel needle pipes for the manufacture of medical devices. Requirements and test methods. Pg. 28. (in Russian).
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[14] Khrychikov, V.E., Semenov, O.D., Menyaylo, O.V. (2021). Application for the patent № a202101129. Ukraine. IPC (2021.01) B22D 27/13 (2006.01), B22D 25/00. Method of removing weights in castings with thickened parts of wall. (in Ukrainian). https://base.uipv.org/searchInvStat/showclaimdetails.php?IdClaim=336807&resId=1

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Authors and Affiliations

V. Khrychikov
1
ORCID: ORCID
O. Semenov
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Meniailo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Aftandiliants
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Gnyloskurenko
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Ukraine
  2. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
  3. Physical and Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
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Abstract

Quantitative evaluation of the microstructure obtained in a product is nowadays commonly required both in R&D activities and during routine quality control of materials and components.
This paper presents an assessment of the quality of ductile cast iron, based on investigations of the effect of chemical composition on the distribution of ductile graphite precipitates in low-alloy cast iron EN-GJS-500-7. The size of graphite precipitates was expressed in terms of equivalent cross-sectional diameter, which made it possible to describe the distribution of graphite precipitates with a function simulating the log-normal distribution of graphite. The resulting U, W and Z parameters were statistically analysed, including the effect of chemical composition on graphite distribution. In the studied cast iron, the components that increase the U parameter are silicon, manganese and phosphorus, thus favourably affecting the total graphite number. In contrast, the constituents that decrease the U parameter are carbon, chromium and aluminium.
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Bibliography

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[8] Stefanescu, D.M. & Suárez, R. (2020). 90 years of thermal analysis as a control tool in the melting of cast iron. China Foundy. 17(2), 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-020-0039-x
[9] Friess, J., Bührig-Polaczek, A., Sonntag, U. & Steller, I. (2020). From individual graphite assignment to an improved digital image analysis of ductle iron. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14, 1090-1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00416-3
[10] Bartocha, D. (2006). The structure of EN-GJS-500-7 cast iron depending on the feedstock materials. Archives of Foundry. 6(22), 27-32. ISSN 1642-5308
[11] Materials of Śrem Cast Iron Foundry based in Śrem. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from http://www.proservicetech.it/itacax-thermal-analysis-final-iron-quality-control/
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Pacha-Gołębiowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Akademia Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Amosa Komeńskiego w Lesznie, ul. Mickiewicza 5, 64-100 Leszno, Poland
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Abstract

In many application fields, thin-walled ductile iron castings can compete with castings made from aluminium alloys thanks as their show superior mechanical properties higher stiffness, vibrations damping as well as properties at higher temperatures. As problematic criterion in thin-walled cast-iron castings can be seen the graphitization ability and high sensitivity of the structure and the mechanical properties to the solidification rate.
The tests were curried on plate castings with wall thicknesses of 3, 5, and 8 mm, using inoculants based on FeSi70 with different contents of nucleation-active elements as aluminium, calcium, zirconium and magnesium. The inoculation was made by the in-mould method. In the experiments structures were achieved, differing by the graphite dispersity, structure and mechanical properties. The experiments have proved particularly a high sensitivity of the structure and the mechanical properties to the cooling rate of the sample castings. The influence of the inoculant type is less important than the influence of solidification rate.
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Bibliography

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[2] Stefanescu, D.M., Dix, :.P., Ruxanda, R.E., Corbitt-Coburn, C. & Piwonka, T.S. (2002). Tensile properties of thin wall ductile iron. AFS Transactions. 02-178, 1149-1162 Schaumburg USA: AFS Society.
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[5] Sulamet-Ariobimo, R.D., Soedersono, J.W. & Soemardi,T.P. (2017). Thin wall ductile iro and n castings. IntechOpen 72117. Advanced Casting Technologies. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72117
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Roučka
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Kaňa
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Kryštůfek
1
A. Chýlková
1

  1. Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Republic
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Abstract

The paper presents the application of the casting method for the production of porous composites, called syntactic foams, of the casting alloy - solid particles type. This method was used to produce composites based on Al alloys reinforced with particles of clinoptilolite, a natural mineral from the zeolite group. Before the casting process, tests were carried out on the morphology, physicochemical properties and chemical composition of the zeolite, which was obtained from a rock called zeolite tuff, mined in a quarry in Kucin, (VSK PRO-ZEO s.r.o., Slovakia). Observations of the microstructure of the produced composites were also carried out using a scanning electron microscope. Diffractometric tests of zeolite rock as delivered for research and of the produced samples reinforced with zeolite particles were also carried out. Initial studies of the density and porosity of the produced composites were performed. The usefulness of the presented method of composite production was assessed on the basis of the conducted structural tests, with particular emphasis on the particle distribution in the alloy matrix.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

J.M. Borowiecka-Jamrozek
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kargul
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a methodology of modeling relationships between chemical composition and hardenability of structural alloy steels using computational intelligence methods, that are artificial neural network and multiple regression models. Particularly, the researchers used unidirectional multilayer teaching method based on the error backpropagation algorithm and a quasi-newton methods. Based on previously known methodologies, it was found that there is no universal method of modeling hardenability, and it was also noted that there are errors related to the calculation of the curve. The study was performed on large set of experimental data containing required information on about the chemical compositions and corresponding Jominy hardenability curves for over 400 data steel heats with variety of chemical compositions. It is demonstrated that the full practical usefulness of the developed models in the selection of materials for particular applications with intended performance in the area of application.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Sitek
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Trzaska
1
ORCID: ORCID
W.F. Gemechu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of research concerning the evaluation of tribological properties of graphite materials used, among others, for crystallisers for continuous casting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys. Graphite materials differing not only in their physical properties but also in the technology of their production were selected from a wide range of commercially available products. Wear resistance investigations of the tested graphite materials were carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer under technically dry friction conditions on a sliding distance of 1000 m. A constant load but variable speed was used in the tests. The mean value of the coefficient of friction and the wear of the material were determined based on the tribological tests carried out. It was observed that as the speed increases, the average value of the coefficient of friction decreases, while the wear increases. A microstructural analysis of the wear track showed that the friction mechanism depends mainly on the graphite formation technology, which is related to the microstructure of the tested materials, and to a lesser extent to their physical and mechanical properties. Varying the speed values made it possible to trace changes in the wear mechanism, on the basis of which it is possible to predict the durability and reliability of graphite crystalliser operation.
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Bibliography

[1] Kwaśniewski, P., Strzępek, P., Kiesiewicz, G., Kordaszewski, Sz., Franczak, K., Sadzikowski, M., Ściężor, W., Brudny, A., Kulasa, J., Juszczyk, B., Wycisk, R. & Śliwka, M. (2021). External surface quality of the graphite crystallizer as a factor influencing the temperature of the continuous casting process of ETP grade copper. Materials. 14(21), 6309, 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/ma14216309.
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[13] Pérez-Mayoral, E., Matos, I., Bernardo, M. & Fonesca, I.M. (2019). New and advanced porous carbon materials in fine chemical synthesis. Emerging precursors of porous carbons. Catalysts. 9 (2), 133, 1-35. DOI: 10.3390/catal9020133.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Brudny
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kulasa
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Juszczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Myalski
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Roskosz
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Wycisk
3
P. Kwaśniewski
4
ORCID: ORCID
P. Strzępek
4
ORCID: ORCID
M. Poręba
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Poland
  3. Carbo-Graf Sp. z o.o., Poland
  4. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland
  5. Rzeszów University of Technology, The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents the results of a research on the behavior of NiCrAlY coating obtained by the LENS method on austenitic stainless steel type 316L under long-term annealing conditions at 1000°C for 25, 100 and 250 hours. The morphology of the NiCrAlY layer as a function of annealing time and temperature was characterized. The chemical composition and distribution of alloying elements were eval-uated using scanning microscopy and micro-area chemical composition analysis. It was revealed that NiCrAlY coatings deposited by LENS method are characterized by good metallurgical quality. The long-term annealing of the NiCrAlY coating led to microstructural changes in the form of the disappearance of the original dendritic structure and the formation of a solid solution of nickel with chromium and a small amount of aluminum, as well as chromium α-Cr precipitates and Ni-Y-type phases. The effect of increasing iron concentration in the coating due to diffusion-to-core processes was also found
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Bibliography

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[2] Taylor, M.P. & Evans, H.E. (2003). Formation of diffusion cells in LPPS MCrAlY coatings. Materials at High Temperature. 20(4), 461-465. DOI: 10.1179/mht.2003.053.
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[5] Zhu, C., Li, P., Javed, A., Liang, G.Y. & Xiao, P. (2012). An investigation on the microstructure and oxidation behavior of laser remelted air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings. Surfaces and Coatings Technology 206(18), 3739-3746. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.03.026.
[6] Ghasemi, R., Razavi, R.S., Mozafarinia, R., Jamali, H., Oghaz, M.H. & Pidani, R.A. (2014). The influence of laser treatment on hot corrosion behavior of plasma-sprayed nanostructured yttria stabilized zirconia thermal barrier coatings. Journal of European Ceramic Society. 34(8), 2013-2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.01.031.
[7] Nowotny, S., Berger, L.-M. & Spatzier, J. (2014). Coatings by laser cladding. Comprehensive hard materials. Editors: V.K. Sarin. Elsevier. 507-525. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096527-7.00018-0.
[8] Moskal, G., Niemiec, D., Chmiela, B., Kałamarz, P., Durejko, T., Ziętala, M. & Czujko, T. (2020). Microstructural characterization of laser-cladded NiCrAlY coatings on Inconel 625 Ni-based superalloy and 316L stainless steel. Surface & Coatings Technology 387, 125317. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.- 2019.125317.
[9] Ma, K. Tang, F., & Schoenung, J.M. (2010). Investigation into the effects of Fe additions on the equilibrium phase compositions, phase fractions and phase stabilities in the Ni-Cr-Al system. Acta Materialia. 58(5), 1518-1529. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2009.10.059.
[10] Zhang, P., Li, X., Moverare, J. & Peng, R. (2019). The iron effect on oxidation and interdiffusion behaviour in MCrAlX coated Ni-base superalloys. Materials & Design. 166(15), 107599. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107599.
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Authors and Affiliations

K.K. Szymański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian Technical University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Recycling, ul. Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
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Abstract

One of the main problems of machining of moulds is the need for an effective monitoring system of wear of cutting tools. This paper presents the results of coordinate measurements of a cutting tool which were obtained by using the non-contact measuring system based on the ACCURA II coordinate measuring machine equipped with the LineScan laser measuring probe and the Calypso metrology software. Inves-tigations were carried out for several measurement strategies including different measurement resolutions and scanning speeds. The results of the coordinate measurements obtained by using the above-mentioned coordinate measuring system were compared to the reference data measured by means of the InfiniteFocus microscope. The measurement results were analysed by means of two software packages: Focus Inspection and Zeiss Reverse Engineering. The point clouds measured by using the LineScan probe were characterized by the selected deviation statistics equal to 4-6 μm when a good match between measurement points and the reference data was obtained. Moreover, these statistics mainly depend on the measurement resolution. The results of the performed experimental research allowed for drawing conclusions concerning the significance of the effect of the adopted measurement strategies on the results of the non-contact coordinate measurements of the selected cutting tool. The application of the non-contact coordinate measurements to the above-mentioned measurement task may contribute to the development of regeneration methods for cutting tools applied for mould manufacturing.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Bazan
1
M. Magdziak
1
B. Jamuła
1

  1. Department of Manufacturing Techniques and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

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The Journal does not have submission charges.


The APC Article Processing Charge is 110 euros (500zł for Polish authors). In some cases, the APC is paid as a part of the scientific conference fee, for which the AFE journal is a supportive one. If not, it is payable after the acceptance of the final article by direct money transfer.


Bank account details:


Account holder: Stowarzyszenie Wychowankow Politechniki Slaskiej Kolo Odlewnikow
Account holder address: ul. Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Account numbers: BIC BPKOPLPW IBAN PL17 1020 2401 0000 0202 0183 3748


Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy


Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure


Review Procedure


The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.


The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject


5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors


Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject


The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


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