Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Opis

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Wydawcy

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles

1 Effect of Heat Treatment T6 on Selected Properties and Structure of AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy with Addition of Mo, Zr, and Sr

M. Sýkorová , D. Bolibruchová , M. Brůna , K. Hradečný

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151304

Słowa kluczowe: Heat treatment Molybdenum Zirconium Strontium

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Abstrakt

The hypoeutectic aluminum alloy AlSi5Cu2Mg is used for the production of high-strength automotive components such as cylinder head castings. AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy is characterized by a specific chemical composition (low permitted Si and Ti content) determined by the supplier. Due to the low permitted Ti content it is impossible to refine the grain structure of this aluminum alloy using standard grain refiners based on Al-Ti-B. Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys are thermal stable up to the temperature 200°C, due to the presence of strengthening precipitates. Due to the downsizing, the operating temperature exceeds the temperature of 200°C, which leads to a decrease in the mechanical and physical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys. The aim of this study is to analyse influence the alloying elements and heat treatment on the selected properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloys that are crucial for cylinder head castings. The paper focuces on the evaluation of the influence of selected alloying elements Sr, Zr and Mo on mechanical and physical properties. The present work also analysis the effect of heat treatment T6 on selected properties and structure of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy modified by Sr, Zr or Mo. Sr, Zr and Mo were added into the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy in the form of master alloys AlMo10, AlSr10 or AlZr20. According to the findings, the incorporation of the chosen alloying elements did not result in a substantial improvement in the mechanical and physical characteristics of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy, which would be critical for its practical application. Physical and mechanical properties noted positive increase due to the effect of thermal processing T6.

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Bibliografia

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Czerwinski, F. (2021). Current trends in automotive lightweighting strategies and materials. Materials. 14(21), 6631, 1-27. DOI: 3390/ma14216631.
Zhang, M., Wang, J., Wang. B., Xue, Ch. & Liu, X. (2022). Improving mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys by mircroallying sc using thermodynamic calculations. 76, 102394, 1-12. DOI:10.1016/j.calphad.2022.102394.
Rakhmonov, J., Liu, K. & Chen, G. (2020). Effect of compositional variation on the thermal stability of θ´-Al2Cu precipitates and elevated temperature strengths in Al-Cu 206 alloys. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 29, 7221-7230. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-020-05227-5.
Czerwinski, F. (2020). Thermal stability of aluminum alloys. Materials. 13(15), 34441, 1-49. DOI: 10.3390/ma13153441.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Sýkorová

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Brůna

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Hradečný

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Zilina, Slovak Republik
VSB - Technical University of Ostrava: Ostrava, Czech Republik

2 The Boron Solubility in Al-Mg-B Alloys

J. Zeman , A. Herman , J. Šerák

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151305

Słowa kluczowe: Casting Aluminium Magnesium Boron Boron powder

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Abstrakt

This study deals with the effect of magnesium content in Al-Mg-B alloy (with a boron content of about 5 wt. %) on the formation of intermetallic phases and elimination of inclusions in the form of boron powder particles in the final structure. At first look, the high melting temperature difference between pure aluminium (660°C) and boron (2076°C) appears to be a potential problem. Moreover, boron has a minimal solubility in aluminium (0.055 wt.%) and the liquidus temperature increases very rapidly with increasing boron content (liquidus temperature approx. 1 160°C at 5 wt.% for Al-B binary alloy). Alloying with magnesium results in the transformation of the intermetallic phases AlB12 and AlB2 to the (Al, Mg)B2 phase and has a significant beneficial effect on the formation of intermetallic boron phases in the aluminium alloy without residual boron powder particles.

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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Zeman

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Herman

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Šerák

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Republic
University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Metal and Corrosion Engineering, Czech Republic

3 Design of Conformal Cooling of an Additively Printed Aluminium Die-Casting Mold Component

J. Sviželová , L. Socha , A. Mohamed , M. Pinta , K. Koza , T. Sellner , K. Gryc , M. Dvořák , M. Roh

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151306

Słowa kluczowe: HPDC Conformal cooling Temperature field Numerical simulation Mold design

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Abstrakt

The paper describes the design of conformal cooling of an aluminium die-casting mold component using numerical simulations along with validation under industrial conditions. The subject of modifications was the insert. The insert comes into direct contact with the metal during the filling of the mold and solidification of the casting and determines the internal shape of the casting. The aim was to optimize the operating temperatures of the insert, reduce thermal stress in the most exposed area, achieve a more even distribution of temperatures in its volume, and maintain the casting quality. Shape modifications were made by topology optimization to reduce the volume of the insert and achieve material savings. 3D printing was chosen as the production technology due to the wider possibilities regarding the variability of the shape of the internal cooling channels. Three geometric designs of the insert were created, and numerical simulations of the temperature field of the mold were carried out in ProCAST software for each variant. Numerical simulations were validated through the temperature field of the mold detected by a thermal camera during the casting cycle. Based on the results, the final design D was selected, for which a complete numerical simulation was performed, including the filling and solidification of the castings. The results were compared with the original variant A. By adjusting the cooling, temperatures were reduced in the most temperature-exposed area of the insert. The new insert variant D showed higher temperatures in the rest of the volume, resulting from material volume reduction. However, the temperatures became even, and the temperature gradients that existed in the original insert variant A were reduced. The simulation also showed that changes in the temperature field of variant D will not negatively affect the quality of the castings. The component will be manufactured and tested in operational conditions in the next research phase.

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Bibliografia

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Ranade, V.V. (2002) Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering. Cambridge: Elsevier.
(2022, October). PFO Series. Retrieved September 6^th, 2024, from https://www.colosiopresse.it/docs/PFO_Colosio_Datasheet_EN.pdf
(2018, May). Uddeholm Dievar. Retrieved September 3^rd, 2024, from https://www.uddeholm.com/app/uploads/sites/216/productdb/api/tech_uddeholm-dievar_en.pdf
ČSN EN 1706+A1. (2022). Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Castings – Chemical composition and mechanical properties. Prague: Czech Standardization Agency

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Sviželová

L. Socha

A. Mohamed

M. Pinta

K. Koza

T. Sellner

K. Gryc

M. Dvořák

M. Roh

Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
MOTOR JIKOV Fostron a.s., Tool Shop Division, Kněžskodvorská 2277/26, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic

4 Quality Assessment Method for Chromite Sand to Reduce the Number of Cast Steel Surface Defects

T. Wróbel , J. Jezierski , D. Bartocha , E. Feliks , A. Paleń

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151307

Słowa kluczowe: Moulding sand Chroimite sand Casting defects Cast steel SEM EDS

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Abstrakt

This paper discusses the ability to apply the test method using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) together with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis to assess the quality of fresh chromite sand delivered by various suppliers to Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o. The research was initiated due to the non-cyclical occurrence of surface casting defects, i.e. pitted skin and burn-on of chromite moulding sand for cast steel casting. The scope of studies comprised the quality assessment of sixteen chromite sand batches delivered for six months by two suppliers. The analysis of the results obtained was used to describe components of the tested chromite sand batches and develop criteria for their quality assessment, considering the chemical composition of chromite grains and the amount of impurities in the form of silica sand and the binder particles. Moreover, clear suggestions were developed concerning the ability to use the given chromite sand batch as the base of moulding sand made in Alphaset technology in Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o.

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Bibliografia

Lewandowski, J. (1997). Materials for the mould. Kraków: Akapit. (in Polish).
Sobczak, J. & et al. (2013). Foundrymens handbook – Modern foundry engineering. Kraków: STOP. (in Polish).
Holtzer, M., Urbaniec, E., Janas, A. & Dzieja, A. (1993). Interfacial reactions between Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu cast steel and silica sand or chromite sand. Transactions of the Japan Foundrymens Society. 12, 7-13.
Wróbel, J. (2016). The influence of binder content in chromite sand on the formation of gas defects in castings.Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 66(1-2), 32-35. (in Polish).
Wróbel, J. (2016). Chromite sand in furan moulding sand (i.e. what to pay attention to helped, not harmed). Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 66(9-10), 334-338. (in Polish).
Stachowicz M., Kamiński, M., Granat, K. & Pałyga, Ł. (2017). Effect of temperature on chromite-based moulding sands bonded with sodium silicate. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/1515/afe-2017-0058.
Liu, L., Shan, Z., Liu, F. & Lan, D. (2018). High-quality manufacturing method of complicated castings based on multi-material hybrid moulding process. China Foundry. 15(5), 343-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-018-8053-y.
Beňo, J., Poręba, M. & Bajer, T. (2021). Application of non-silica sands for high quality castings. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/24425/ amm.2021.134754.
Sertucha, J. & Lacaze, J. (2022). Casting defects in sand-mold cast irons - an illustrated review with emphasis on spheroidal graphite cast irons. Metals. 12(3), 504, 1-80. https://doi.org/3390/met12030504.
Kabasele, J. & Nyembwe, K. (2021). Assessment of local chromite sand as ‘green’ refractory raw materials for sand casting applications in a post-pandemic world. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering. 32(3), 65-74. http://doi.org/10.7166/32-3-2615.
Břuska, M., Beňo, J., Cagala, M. & Jasinková, V. (2012). Dilatometric characterization of foundry sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(2), 9-14. DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0027-8.
Stec, K., Podwórny, J., Psiuk, B. & Kozakiewicz, Ł. (2017). Determination of chromite sands suitability for use in moulding sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 107-110. https://doi.org/1515/afe-2017-0060.
Ignaszak, Z. & Prunier, J-B. (2016). Effective laboratory method of chromite content estimation in reclaimed sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 162-166. https://doi.org/1515/afe-2016-0071.
Delura, K. (2012). Chromitites from the Braszowice–Brzenica massif, Lower Silesia – potential chromium source for industry? Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi. 28(1), 19-43. (in Polish). https://doi.org/2478/v10269-012-0002-6.
Madziarz, M. & Sztuk, H. (2007). Exploitation of the chromit ledge in Tąpadła (Lower Silesia, Poland). Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie. 4, 42-43. (in Polish).
Holtzer, M., Drożyński, D., Bobrowski, A., Mazur, M. & Isendorf B. (2012). Influence of the chemical character of a sand grains and binder on properties of moulding sands with organic binding agents. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(spec.1), 69-74. (in Polish).
Bobrowski, A. & Holtzer, M. (2010). Determination of the SiO₂ content in a chromite sand by the infrared spectroscopy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(2), 19-22.
Bussolesi M., Grieco G., Eslami A. & Cavallo A. (2020). Ophiolite chromite deposits as a new source for the production of refractory chromite sands. 12(17), 7096, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177096

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

T. Wróbel

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Jezierski

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bartocha

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Feliks

A. Paleń

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o., Kolejowa 1, 46-040 Ozimek, Poland

5 The Role of Molybdenum in the Formation of the Microstructure and Properties of Al-Cu Alloys

S. Stąpór , M. Górny , Ł. Gondek , B. Gracz , M. Kawalec

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151308

Słowa kluczowe: Metallography Al-Cu alloys Tensile properties Thermal analysis

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Abstrakt

The subject of the presented research is the influence of molybdenum on selected properties of alloys that are based on the Al-Cu system. It could be observed that the introduction of molybdenum to the multi-component alloy at levels of up to 0.5 wt.% showed increases in the degrees of undercooling ΔT along with the increasing contents of the introduced element. The addition of molybdenum contributed to the reduction of the size of the primary grains of the α(Al) phase. Molybdenum improved the strength of the alloy while achieving elongation at a significant level. This is an element that occurs in the alloy – both in the iron-manganese phases and in the segregates inside the grains. Most of the iron-manganese phases occurred in a more spheroidal form. Additionally, tests were carried out on higher molybdenum content in the alloy. The addition of the tested chemical element at a level of 1 wt.% caused the precipitation of the phases that contained molybdenum, which did not dissolve after heat treatment.

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Bibliografia

Ding, J., Cui, Ch., Sun, Y., Zhao, L. & Cui, S. (2019). Effect of Mo, Zr and Y on the high-temperature properties of Al–Cu–Mn alloy. Journal of Materials Research. 34, 3853-3861. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2019.288.
Morri, A., Ceschini, L., Messieri, S., Cerri, E. & Toschi, S. (2018). Mo Addition to the A354 (Al–Si–Cu–Mg) casting alloy: effects on microstructure and mechanical properties at room and high temperature. 8(6), 393, 2-18. DOI: 10.3390/met8060393.
Gao, C., Zhang, B., Li, Y., Wang, Z.& Meng, X. (2024). Synergistic effect of Zr and Mo on precipitation and high-temperature properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys. China Foundry, 21(1), 71-81. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-024-2147-5.
Hajduch, P., Bolibruchova, D. & Djurdjevic, M. (2018). Influence of molybdenum on the thermal structural properties and micro hardness of AlSi10Mg(Cu) alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 19-24. DOI: 10.24425/123595.
Oghenekowho, P.A., Odo, J.U. & Nnuka, E.E. (2016). Effect of Nickel and Molybdenum on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminium- 4%Copper Alloy. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). 5(4), 740-748.
Liu, X,Y., Pan, Q.L., Lu, C.G., He, Y.B., Li, W.B. & Liang, W.J. (2009). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu–Mg–Mn–Zr alloy with trace amounts of Ag. Materials Science and Engineering A., 525(1-2), 128-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.06.042.
Liu, K., Ma, H. & Chen X.-Grant. (2017). Enhanced elevated-temperature properties via Mo addition in Al-Mn-Mg 3004 alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 694, 354-365. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.005.
Farkoosh, A.R., Grant Chen, X.; Pekguleryuz, M. (2015). Dispersoid strengthening of a high temperature Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloy via Mo addition. Materials Science & Engineering A. 620, 181-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.10.004.
Shaha, S.K., Czerwinski, F., Kasprzak, W., Friedman, J. & Chen, D.L. (2017). Ageing characteristics and high-temperature tensile properties of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys with micro-additions of Mo and Mn. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 684(27), 726-736. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.12.044.
Mondol, S., Kashyap, S., Kumar, S. & Chattopadhyay, K. (2018). Improvement of high temperature strength of 2219 alloy by Sc and Zr addition through a novel three-stage heat treatment route. Materials Science & Engineering A. 732, 157-166. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.003.
Bai, H.W., Zhao W., Huangfu, B.H., Cheng, S.H., Wu Z.Y., Liu, Y.J., Gao, Y.H., Liu, X.C. (2024). Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in an Al–Cu alloy via Cd-induced hybrid θ″+θ′ precipitation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 30, 1834-1842. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.03.209.
Czerwinski, F. (2020). Thermal stability of aluminum alloys. 13(15), 3441, 1-49. DOI: 10.3390/ma13153441.
Starke, E.A. Jr. &. Staley, J.T. (1996). Application of modern aluminum alloys to aircraft Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 32(1-2), 131-172. DOI: 10.1016/0376-0421(95)00004-6.
Czerwinski, F., Kasprzak, W., Sediako, D., Emadi, D., Shaha, S., Friedman,J. & Chen, D. (2016). Development of high-temperature aluminum alloys for automotive powertrains. Advanced Materials & Processes. 174(3), 16-20. 31399/asm.amp.2016-03.p016.
Stefanescu, D.M. (2015). Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification 3rd ed. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

S. Stąpór

M. Górny

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ł. Gondek

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Gracz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kawalec

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta St. 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Solid State Physics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

6 The Comparison of Chosen - Bonded with the Use of Classical and Dedicated for 3D Printing Furfuryl Binder - Molding Sands’ Properties as a Basis for Development a New Inorganic System

D.M. Halejcio , K.A. Major-Gabryś

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151309

Słowa kluczowe: Molding sands Furfuryl resin for 3D printing Viscosity Binder jetting Sand grains

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Abstrakt

Binder jetting technology (3D printing) in the production of foundry molds and cores is becoming more and more industrially used due to ensuring very good quality of the casting surface. In 3D printing technology as the matrix, quartz sand is mainly used, with a grain size of 0.14-0.25 mm. The binder is an organic binder - most often furfuryl resins. As part of this work, self-hardening molding sands with furfuryl resins dedicated to the classic production of molds and cores, as well as molding sands with resin dedicated to 3D printing, were tested. The aim of the research was to compare the viscosity of binders and the properties of molding sands prepared based on binding systems both dedicated to the classic production of molds and cores and for 3D printing. Tests were carried out on the binding kinetics, bench life, strength properties, permeability, abrasion and hot distortion of molding sands prepared on the basis of a standard medium grain matrix and sieved fine-grain matrix. The carried-out tests have shown that the binding system based on furfuryl resin elaborated for 3D printing of molding sands provides strength properties of the sands similar to the classic system of binding self-hardening molding sands with furfuryl resins. However, it ensures faster binding speed and greater thermal stability measured by the hot distortion parameter. The use of a fine-grained matrix results in a decrease in the strength properties of all the molding sands. On the basis of the results achieved for molding sands with organic binding system, a new inorganic binding system was elaborated.

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Bibliografia

Jandyal, A., Chaturvedi, I., Wazir, I., Raina, A. & Ul Haq, M.I. (2022). 3D printing – A review of processes, materials and applications in industry 4.0. Sustainable Operations and Computers. 3, 33-42. DOI: 0.1016/j.susoc.2021.09.004.
Upadyay, M., Sivarupan, T. & El Monsori, M. (2017). 3D printing for rapid sand casting – A review Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 29, 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.07.017.
Boborwski, A. Kaczmarska, K., Drożyński, D., Woźniak, F., Dereń, M., Grabowska, B., Żymankowska-Kumon, S. & Szucki, M. (2023). 3D printed (binderj jetting) furan molding and core sands – Thermal deformation, mechanical and technological properties. 16(9), 3339, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093339.
Hawaldar, N. & Zhang, J. (2018). A comparative study of fabrication of sand casting mold using additive manufacturing and conventional process. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 97(1-4), 1037-1045. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-018-2020-z.
Zhang, Z., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Ma, P., Lu, B. & Du, C. (2021). Binder jetting 3D printing process optimization for rapid casting of green parts with high tensile strength. China Foundry. 18(4), 335-343. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-021-1057-z.
Gawronová, M., Lichý, P., Kroupová, I., Obzina, T., Beňo, Nguyenová, I., Merta, V., Jezierski, J. & Radkovský, F. (2022). Evaluation of additive manufacturing of sand cores in terms of the resulting surface roughness. Heliyon. 8(10), e10751, 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10751.
Shangguan, H., Kang, J., Deng, C., Hu, Y. & Huang, T. (2017). 3D-printed shell-truss sand mold for aluminium casting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 250, 247-253. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.010.
Thiel, J., Ravi, S. & Bryant, N. (2016). Advancements in materials for three-dimensional printing of mold and cores. International Journal of Metalcasting. 11(1), 3-13. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-016-0082-y.
Snelling, D., Blount, H., Forman, C., Ramsburg, K., Wentzel, A., Williams, C., Druschitz, A. (2013). 3D printed molds and their effect on metal casting. In International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 12-14 August 2013 (pp. 827). University of Texas at Austin.
Sama, S.R., Monogharam, G. & Badano, T. (2019). Case studies on integrating 3D sand-printing technology into the production portfolio of a sand-casting foundry. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14(1), 12-24. DOI: /10.1007/s40962-019-00340-1.
Snelling, D., Williams, C. & Drushitz, A. (2019). Mechanical and material properties of casting produced via 3D printed molds. Additive Manufacturing. 27, 199-207. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.004.
Almaghariz, E., Conner, P., Lenner, L., Gullapalli, R., Monogharan, G., Lamoncha, B. & Fang, M. (2016). Quantifying the role of part design complexity in using 3D sand printing for molds and cores. International Journal of Metalcasting. 10(3) 240-252. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-016-0027-5.
Li, Y., Cheng, Y. & Tang, K. (2023). Recycled sand for sustainable 3D-printed sand mold processes. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 128, 4049-4060. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-023-12214-2.
Halejcio, D. & Major–Gabryś, K. (2024). The use of 3D printing sand molds and cores in the casting production. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 24(1), 32-39. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149249.
Jakubski, J. (2006). Tendency of selected moulding sands to deform at high temperature. Kraków: AGH University of Krakow. (in Polish).
Matonis, N. & Zych, J. (2023). Kinetics of binding process of furan moulding sands, under conditions of forced air flow, monitored by the ultrasonic technique. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(4), 93-98. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146683.
Dziubański, M., Kiljański, T., Sęk, J. (2014). Theoretical foundations and measurement methods of rheology. Łódź: Monografie Politechniki Łódzkiej. (in Polish).
Anwar, N., Major–Gabryś, K., Jalava, K. & Orkas, J. (2024). Effect of additives on heat hardened inorganic foundry binder. International Journal of Metalcasting. 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-024-01277-w.
Hutera, B. (2003). The effect of temperature on the viscosity of the selected foundry binder. Archives of Foundry. 3(9), 203-208. (in Polish).
Halejcio, D., Major-Gabryś, K. (2024). Selection of hardening parameters of inorganic binders intended for 3D printing of molding sands. In 51^st Szkoła Inżynierii Materiałowej,
8 – 9 May 2024, (pp. 20). Kraków (in Polish)

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

D.M. Halejcio

e-mail:

ORCID:

K.A. Major-Gabryś

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Non-ferrous Metals, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

7 Metallurgical Processing of CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy

P. Müller , A. Zadera , L. Čamek , M. Myška , V. Pernica

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151310

Słowa kluczowe: High-entropy alloys CoCrFeNi Decarburisation Deoxidation Desulphurisation

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Abstrakt

conventional alloys are based on a majority of a primary element with some number of added elements, HEAs are based on multiple (usually more than 5) elements that reach equimolar/equiatomic content. With the right combination of elements, properties can be achieved that could predispose HEAs for practical applications.
In the fabrication of HEAs in previous research, pure metals have been predominantly used as the charging material. However, the use of common industrial charge with limited purity is crucial for the more economically viable use of HEAs in industry. Such a charge material may contain accompanying elements which may have an undesirable effect on the properties of the alloy. In order to achieve optimum alloy properties, it is necessary to minimise their content using various metallurgical processes
The aim of the work was the metallurgical processing of CoCrFeNi alloy melted from scrap metal in an induction furnace. The desired reduction of carbon (to 100 ppm) and nitrogen content (from 660 to ~60 ppm) was reached by using carbon reaction under vacuum. Significant reduction in oxygen content (to ~120 ppm) was reached after a deoxidation with aluminium and slight reduction in sulphur content (~25%, to 120 ppm) was reached after a desulphurisation with rare earth metals.

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Bibliografia

Miracle, D.B. & Senkov, O.N. (2017). A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts. Acta Materialia. 122, 448-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.081.
Murty, B.S., Yeh, J.W., Ranganathan, S. & Bhattacharjee, P.P. (2019). High-entropy alloys: basic concepts. High-Entropy Alloys (Second Edition). 13-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816067-1.00002-3.
Alshataif, Y.A., Sivasankaran, S., Al-Mufadi, F.A., Alaboodi, A.S. & Ammar, H.R. (2020). Manufacturing methods, microstructural and mechanical properties evolutions of high-entropy alloys: a review. Metals and Materials International. 26(8), 1099-1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00565-z.
Chao, Q., Joseph, J., Annasamy, M., Hodgson, P., Barnett, M.R. & Fabijanic, D. (2024). AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloys from metal scrap: Microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 976, 173002, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.173002.
Hariharan, K. & Sivaprasad, K. (2022). Sustainable low-cost method for production of high-entropy alloys from alloy scraps. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 8(2), 625-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00523-x.
Baker, I. (2020). Interstitials in f.c.c. high entropy alloys. Metals. 10(5), 695, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050695.
Briant, C.L., Banerji, S.K. & Ritter, A.M. (1982). The role of nitrogen in the embrittlement of steel. Metallurgical Transactions 13(11), 1939-1950. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02645939.
Zhao, D., Yang, Q., Wang, D., Yan, M., Wang, P., Jiang, M., Liu, C., Diao, D., Lao, C., Chen, Z., Liu, Z., Wu, Y. & Lu, Z. (2020). Ordered nitrogen complexes overcoming strength–ductility trade-off in an additively manufactured high-entropy alloy. Virtual and Physical Prototyping. 15(sup1), 532-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2020.1840783.
Wang, R., Tang, Y., Lei, Z., Ai, Y., Tong, Z., Li, S., Ye, Y. & Bai, S. (2022). Achieving high strength and ductility in nitrogen-doped refractory high-entropy alloys. Materials & Design. 213, 110356, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110356.
da Costa e Silva, A.L.V. (2019). The effects of non-metallic inclusions on properties relevant to the performance of steel in structural and mechanical applications. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 8(2), 2408-2422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.01.009.
Choi, N., Lim, K.R., Na, Y.S., Glatzel, U. & Park, J.H. (2018). Characterization of non-metallic inclusions and their influence on the mechanical properties of a FCC single-phase high-entropy alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 763, 546-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.05.339.
Laurent-Brocq, M., Akhatova, A., Perrière, L., Chebini, S., Sauvage, X., Leroy, E. & Champion, Y. (2015). Insights into the phase diagram of the CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy. Acta Materialia. 88, 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.01.068.
Zhao, L., Jiang, L., Yang, L.X., Wang, H., Zhang, W.Y., Ji, G.Y., Zhou, X., Curtin, W.A., Chen, X.B., Liaw, P.K., Chen, S.Y. & Wang, H.Z. (2022). High throughput synthesis enabled exploration of CoCrFeNi-based high entropy alloys. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 110, 269-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.09.031.
Bůžek, Z. (1979). Metallurgical news: Basic thermodynamic data on metallurgical reactions and interactions of elements in systems important for metallurgical theory and practice. Hutnické Aktuality, 1. (in Czech).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

P. Müller

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Zadera

e-mail:

ORCID:

L. Čamek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Myška

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Pernica

e-mail:

ORCID:

Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

8 Optimization of 3D Printed Patterns for the Hybrid Investment Casting Technology

R. Štěpán , V. Krutiš , R. Jelínek , M. Petřík

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151311

Słowa kluczowe: Ceramic shell cracking Hybrid investment casting technology 3D printed model FFF technology

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Abstrakt

Currently, great emphasis is placed on the production of castings with complex shapes. The hybrid investment casting technology using 3D printed models offers new possibilities in the production of such complex and thin-walled castings. The motivation for this paper was to find a solution to the problem with ceramic shells cracking during the 3D model firing stage. The main factors affecting the shell cracking are the thermal expansion of the model and the shell material, and the newly considered pressure of the gas closed in the ceramic shell cavity.
First, thermal analyses were performed of a commercial material used for 3D printing - Polymaker PolyCast™. The characteristics yielded by the measurements helped establish the glass transition temperature, the autoignition temperature and the behaviour of the gas produced by the model burning. Suitable experimental models in the shape of tetrahedrons were designed and used for a number of experiments. The tests confirmed that cracks only occur during shock firing in models printed by the FFF technology with 0% of infill. A solution suggested for further experiments is purposeful venting of the models. Practical testing of the optimization has also been performed. The last step was measurement of the heat transfer through the ceramic shell after being placed in the annealing furnace. There were temperature evolution profiles in the system model-ceramic shell obtained.

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Bibliografia

Pacific Kiln. (2020). Flash Fire Dewax System. Retrieved February 27, 2024, from https://www.pacifickiln.com/investment-casting-products/flash-fire-dewax-system/
Horáček, M. (2009). Dimensional accuracy of castings produced by the fusible model method. Brno: Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. (in Czech).
Štěpán, R. (2022). Optimizing the properties of 3D printed models for ceramic shell casting technology. Brno: Diploma thesis, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. (in Czech).
Krutiš, V., Novosad, P., Záděra, A. & Kaňa, V. (2022). Requirements for hybrid technology enabling the production of high-precision thin-wall castings. 15(11), 3805, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113805.
Fedorov, K., Fayazbakhsh, K. & Ravindran, C. Surface roughness and dimensional tolerances in A319 alloy samples produced by rapid investment casting process based on fused filament fabrication. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 119, 4423-4437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-08644-5.
Kumar, P., Ahuja, I. S. & Singh, R. (2016). Effect of process parameters on surface roughness of hybrid investment casting. Progress in Additive Manufacturing. 1, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-016-0004-9.
Chen, X., Li, D., Wu, H., Tang, Y. & Zhao, L. (2011). Analysis of ceramic shell cracking in stereolithography-based rapid casting of turbine blade. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 55, 447-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-3064-x.
(2024). Polymaker PolyCast Product Information Sheet. Retrieved February 27, 2024, from https://polymaker.com/product/polycast/
Polymer Science Learning Center. (2024). Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Retrieved February 27, 2024, from https://pslc.ws/macrog/level5.html
Bednárik, M. (2021). Proposal to change the production of molded parts to the technology of casting into ceramic shells. Brno: Diploma thesis, Brno University of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. (in Czech).

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

R. Štěpán

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Krutiš

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Jelínek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Petřík

e-mail:

ORCID:

Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

9 Influence of Selected Factors on Penetration and Drying Kinetics of Protective Coatings into Sand Mould Surface Layer

Ł. Jamrozowicz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151312

Słowa kluczowe: Core Sand form Porous medium Moisture migration Protective coatings Resistance measurement

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Abstrakt

This paper presents the results of measuring moisture migration in the surface layer of a sand mould during the soaking and drying processes of protective coatings. In the introduction, the process of moisture exchange between the surroundings and the moulding sand is briefly introduced, and the flow of moisture in porous materials is presented. Since the aim of the research is to understand the mechanism of the penetration and drying processes of a protective coating that is applied to a core or mould, the purpose of protective coatings and the consequences of poor drying are presented. During the research, a novel test rig was used to measure the resistance of a porous medium due to moisture migration. An alcohol-based zirconia coating with a conventional viscosity of 20 s was used for the tests. The viscosity of the coating was determined by using a Ford cup with a mesh clearance of 4 mm. The cores for the tests were made from a phenol-formaldehyde resin moulding compound. The average grain size of the sand matrix was dL = 0.25 mm. During the core preparation, pairs of electrodes were placed in the mass at depths of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mm. The resistance was measured continuously. During the tests, the moisture-migration process in the top layer of the core was determined after the protective coating was applied to it. The tests were conducted in a climatic chamber with air temperatures of T = 25° and 35°C and humidity levels of H = 39 and 80%.

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Bibliografia

Pigoń, K., Ruziewicz, Z. (2005). Physical Chemistry. Phenomenological Foundations. Warszawa: PWN. (in Polish).
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Świrska-Perkowska, J. (2012). Adsorption and movement of moisture in porous building materials under isothermal conditions. Warszawa: Komitet Inżynierii Lądowej i Wodnej PAN. (in Polish).
Kubik, J. (2000). Moisture flows in building materials. Opole: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Opolskiej. (in Polish).
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Baranowski, J., Melech, S., Adamski, P. (2002). Temperature and humidity control systems for food drying processes. In VI Sympozjum Pomiary i Sterowanie w Procesach Przemysłowych, 13 December 2002. Zielona Góra. (in Polish).
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Zych, J. & Kolczyk, J. (2013). Kinetics of hardening and drying of ceramic moulds with the new generation binder – colloidal silica. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(4), 112-116. ISSN (1897-3310).
Kolczyk, J. & Zych, J. (2014). Curing kinetics and drying of ceramic molds with a new generation binder – colloidal silica. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 64(3-4), 84-92. (in Polish).
Zych, J., Kolczyk, J. & Jamrozowicz, Ł. (2015). The influence of the shape of wax pattern on the kinetics of drying of ceramic moulds. Metalurgija. 54(1), 15-18.
Jamrozowicz, Ł., Zych, J. & Kolczyk, J. (2015). The drying kinetics of protective coatings used on sand molds. Metalurgija. 54(1), 23-26
Jamrozowicz, Ł. & Zych, J. (2022). Humidity migration in surface layers of sand moulds during processes of penetration and drying of protective coatings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 22(4), 72-78. DOI 10.24425/afe.2022.143952.
Jamrozowicz, Ł. & Siatko, A. (2020). The assessment of the permeability of selected protective coatings used for sand moulds and cores. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 17-22. DOI 10.24425/afe.2020.131276.
Jamrozowicz, Ł., Kolczyk-Tylka, J. & Siatko, A. (2018). Investigations of the thickness of protective coatings deposited on moulds and cores. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(4), 131-136. DOI 10.24425/afe.2018.125182.
Zych, J. & Snopkiewicz, T. (2011). Drying and hardening of ceramic moulds applied in the investment casting technology – investigations of the process kinetics. Metallurgy and Foundry Engineering. 37(1), 41-51.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ł. Jamrozowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Cast Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

10 Ultrasonic Crystallization of Monotectic Zn-2%Bi Alloy

A. Szot , G. Boczkal , P. Pałka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151313

Słowa kluczowe: Monotectic alloys Ultrasonic casting Non-equilibrium crystallization

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Abstrakt

In current studies, the authors examined the influence of ultrasonic vibrations on the solidification of Zn – Bi 2% alloy. The research reveals that ultrasonic vibrations have a sufficient influence on the crystallization process. In the case of both groups of ingots (Zn and Zn-2%Bi), the differences in microstructure and mechanical properties could be observed. The methodology was based on the casting of two samples from the same ingot form with identical configurations. One of the samples was used as the reference (cast without ultrasonic) and the other to examine ultrasonic vibrations' influence. Casting with ultrasonic vibration was carried out with a frequency of 35 kHz. Sonotrode was located on the underside of the designed crucible. The samples were circular shape with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. A tensile compression test, Vickers microhardness test and microscopy analysis were performed. The results showed enhanced organization of microstructure and the fragmentation of grains in the case of the ingots with the ultrasonic vibration presence.

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Bibliografia

Adeleke, A.A., Oki, M., Anyim, I.K., Ikubanni, P.P., Adediran, A.A., Balogun, A.A., Orhadahwe, T.A. Omoniyi, P.O., Olabisi, A.S. & Akinlabi, E.T. (2022). Recent development in casting technology: a pragmatic review. Journal of Composite and Advanced Materials. 32(2), 91-102. DOI: 10.18280/rcma.320206.
Karthika, S., Radhakrishnan, T.K. & Kalaichelvi P, (2016). A review of classical and nonclassical nucleation theories. Crystal Growth & Design. 16(11), 6663-6681. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00794.
Kelton, K.F. Greer, A.L. (2010). Nucleation in condensed matter. Applications in materials and biology.
Qinghua Chen, Ruinan Chen, Jian Su, Qingsong He, Bin Tan, Chao Xu, Xu Huang, Qingwei Dai, & Jian Lu, (2022) The mechanisms of grain growth of Mg alloys: A review, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 10(9). 2384-2397.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.001.
Tammann, G. & Krige, G.J.B. (1925). Die Gleichgewichtsdrucke von Gashydraten. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 146(1), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19251460112. (in German).
Jian, X., Xu, H., Meek, T.T., Han, Q. (2005). Effect of power ultrasound on solidification of aluminum A356 alloy. Materials Letters. 59(2-3), 190-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.09.027.
Gang Chen, Ming Yang, Yu Jin, Hongming Zhang, Fei Han, Qiang Chen, & Zude Zhao (2019). Ultrasonic assisted squeeze casting of a wrought aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 266, 19-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.10.032.
Puga, H., Barbosa, J., Seabra, E., Ribeiro, S. & Prokic, M. (2009). The influence of processing parameters on the ultrasonic degassing of molten AlSi9Cu3 aluminium alloy. Materials Letters. 63(9-10), 806-808. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2009.01.009.
Kumar, R., Ansari, Md.S., Mishra, S.S. & Kumar, A. (2014). Effect of ultrasonic mould vibration on microstructure & mechanical properties of pure aluminium casting during solidification. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 3(4), 806-808. ISSN: 2278-0181.
Jian, X., Meek, T.T. & Han, Q. (2006). Refinement of eutectic silicon phase of aluminum A356 alloy using high-intensity ultrasonic vibration. Scripta Materialia. 54(5), 893-896. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.004.
Chebolu, R., Nallu, R. & Chanamala, R. (2022). Experimental investigation on mechanical behavior of as cast Zn-Al-Cu/SiC/TiB2 hybrid metal matrix composite by ultrasonic assisted stir casting technique. Engineering Research Express. 4(2), 025040, 1-9. DOI: 10.1088/2631-8695/ac71f7.
Zhai, W., Liu, H.M. & Wei B. (2015). Liquid phase separation and monotectic structure evolution of ternary Al62.6Sn28.5Cu8.9 immiscible alloy within ultrasonic field. Materials Letters. 141, 221-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.087.
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Karthikeyan, P. & Pramanik, S. (2018). Effect of vibration of moulding on the gravity casted specimen during pouring of molten aluminium in metallic mould. Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 402 012037, 1-9. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/402/1/012037.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

A. Szot

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Boczkal

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Pałka

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

11 Modelling the Movement of Concentrate Particles in a Flash Furnace

E. Kolczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151314

Słowa kluczowe: Flash furnace Movement of particles Modelling

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Abstrakt

Using the numerical modelling, the movement of the solid phase in the form of concentrate particles was analysed in the space of the reaction shaft and in the settler of the flash furnace. The calculations were carried out using a two-phase flow module. It was found that for all analysed concentrate particle sizes their share in the reaction shaft decreased over time. The particles moved in the form of one stream extending along the reaction shaft, accumulating on the side walls of the shaft and settler. Vortices were formed in the region of the settler tub containing particles to the upper spaces of the reaction shaft. The proportion of concentrate particles along the center of the reaction shaft after 60 s is 70 μm 1% - 3% for particles, 80 μm 0.1% - 0.7%, and for 100 μm 0,2m 0.2% - 0.7%. Along the side walls of the shaft, the shares of 70 μm particles varied between 40% and 9% over a shaft length of 5.5 m, and over 1.5 m from 12% to 10%. For 80 μm particles, the shares were 5% to 1%. The shares of 100 μm particles over a length of 1.5 m varied between 7% and 3%, and over a length of 5.5 m from 7% to 2%. Along the 70 μm reaction shaft, the concentrate particles moved the fastest at a speed of 8 m/s to 0.23 m/s. The 80 μm particles moved fastest in the range of 13 m/s to 3 m/s, and the 100 μm particles from 0.4 m/s to 2 m/s.

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Bibliografia

Piestrzyński, A. (1996). Monograph KGHM Polska Miedź. Lubin: Wyd. CBPM. (in Polish).
Miczkowski, Z. & Czernecki, J. (2007). The influence of the size of the suspension furnace settling tank on the amount of dust discharged. Rudy Metale. 52(4), 172-175. UKD 66.042.8:669.046:519.6. (in Polish).
Jylhä, P., Jokilaakso, A. (2019). CFD-DEM modelling of matte droplet behaviour in a flash smelting settler. In Copper International Conference, 18-21 August 2019 (pp. 1-14). Vanvcouver, Canada.
Wypartowicz, J., Łędzki, A., Drożdż, P., Stachura, R. (2014) Non-Ferrous Metallurgy. Lecture 3. Retrieved June 3, 2014, from http://home.agh.edu.pl/~zmsz/pl/pliki/mmn/mmn_w03_miedz2. (in Polish).
Jokilaakso, A., Taskinen, P. (2019). Towards a comprehensive model of the flash smelting furnace. . In Copper International Conference, 18-21 August 2019 (pp. 1-12). Vanvcouver, Canada.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

E. Kolczyk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland

12 Introduction of Powder Fluxes in Rotary Degassing System Towards Intensifying Refining Process of Aluminium Alloys

M. Piękoś , Z. Smorawiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151315

Słowa kluczowe: Casting Aluminium alloys Degassing process Rotary degassing Introduction of powder fluxes into metal

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Abstrakt

This paper presents and describes the research capabilities of a prototype experimental bench for realising the composite processing of liquid aluminium alloys by involving gas refining by rotary degassing technology and refining with salts (fluxes) in powder form.
The constructed unit was installed in the Experimental Foundry of the Faculty of Foundry Engineering at AGH in the Department of Moulding Processes, Mould Technology, and Non-Ferrous Metals Foundry; it is an integral part of a thyristor-based medium-frequency induction furnace with a melting capacity of up to 60 kg for aluminium alloys. The new experimental bench performs barbotage refining using a rotating head with the possibility of alternating the introduction of refiners/modifiers in powder form. This method can be used in casting lines: continuous in reactors, or batch in ladles.
The innovation of the design of the stand and the treatment of the liquid metal with powdered additives consists of dosing the refiner fluid deep into the metal bath through a channel that was made in the rotor axis and the head; this differs from conventional methods in the small amounts of introduced salts and, at the same time, in the very good metal-inert gas-salt homogeneity of the treated metal bath. This method of dosing the refining salts increases the efficiency of their use, reduces any losses, and limits the formation of post-refining slag (thus, minimising the negative environmental effect). The feedstock that was used for the test smelts consisted of recycled materials: aluminium 99.7 (in the form of wires of various cross-sections that were used in electrical engineering – so-called ‘SECTOR’), and the sub-eutectic AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy (in ingot form). The scope of the tests included verifying the technical solutions that were adopted for the dosing of the bulk materials in the form of a fluid, selecting the melting temperature, and dispersing (distributing) the materials in the bath via the rotor head. The results of the trials were reviewed in terms of the changes in the hydrogen content of the performed process and information on such powder-flux-introduction parameters as the type of the rotor head and the melting temperature of the powder flux. Preliminary trials showed that the performed complex refining (rotary degassing + refining with salts being blown as a fluid into the lower parts of the liquid metal) allowed us to reduce the hydrogen content to a level that could not be achieved by gas refining alone.

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Bibliografia

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Kozana, J., Piękoś, M. & Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2018). Issues concerning the structure and properties of AlSi7Mg alloys and die castings for the automotive industry. In F. Romankiewicz, R. Romankiewicz, R. Ulewicz (Eds.), Advanced manufacturing and repair technologies in vehicle industry (pp. 163-191). Zielona Góra. (in Polish).
Bonderek, Z., Piękoś, M., Smorawiński, Z., (2022). Casting of aluminum alloys: science and technology. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akapit.
Gursoy, O., Erzi, E., Tur, K., D. & Dispinar, D. (2020) Evolution of aluminium melt quality of A356 after several recycling. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(4), 61-66. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133348.
Orłowicz, W., Mróz, M. & Tupaj, M. (2006) Effect of modification with sodium or strontium on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlSi7Mg alloy. Archives of Foundry. 6(18), 117-124. ISSN 1642-5308.
Saternus, M. (2011). Refining of aluminium and its alloys by argon purging. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
Tupaj, M., Orłowicz, A.W., Trytek, A. & Mróz, M. (2019). Improvement of Al-Si alloy fatigue strength by means of refining and modification. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 61-66. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.129631.
Galarraga, H., de Cortazar, M.G., Arregi, E., Artola, A., Oncala, J.L. & Merchan, M., (2020) Gas blowing ultrasonic aluminium degassing assessment with the reduced pressure test (RPT) method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(2), 111-117. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131312.
Sigworth, G.K. (2021). Refining of secondary aluminum: important chemical factors. JOM. 73(9), 2594-2602. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-021-04774-z.
Saternus, M. (2012). Influence of impeller shape on the gas bubbles dispersion in aluminium refining process. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering. 55(2), 285-290.
Orłowicz, A.W., Mróz, M., Tupaj, M., Betlej, J. & Płoszaj, F. (2009). Use of barbotage refining of aluminum-silicon alloy to improve mechanical properties of high pressure die castings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(2), 41-44. ISSN (1897-3310).
P., Leszczyńska-Madej. B. (2023). Effect of barbotage refining time and recycled scrap content on the microstructure of EN AC 44200 alloy. Materials Today Communications. 37, 107038, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107038.
Poniewierski, Z. (1989). Crystallization, structure and properties of silumins. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
Jung, W.-G., Lee J.-W. & Kim, W.-Y. (2013). Magnesium removal from molten aluminum by Cl₂ Metals and Materials International. 19(6), 1275-1281. DOI: 10.1007/s12540-013-6020-0.
Zych, J.S., Janus, A. & Smorawiński, Z., (2022). Improvements of industrial AlSi alloys in a complex treatment of the degassing process. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 5-6, 248-255.
Gyarmati, G., Fegyverneki, G., Tokár, M. et al. (2021). The Effects of rotary degassing treatments on the melt quality of an Al-Si casting alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 15, 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00428-z.
Smorawiński, Z. (2020). MDS_3F – new quality of equipment for the barbotage degassing of aluminium and its alloy. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 7-8, 254-256. (in Polish).
Breton, F., Larouche, A., Waite, P., Côté, P. (2015). Rotary flux injector (RFI): Recent development towards an autonomous technology. Light Metals. 901-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_151.
Neff, D., Sigworth, G. & Gallo, R. (2018). Melting and melt treatment of aluminum alloys. In: J. G. K. Kevin Anderson, John Weritz (Eds.), ASM Handbook, Volume 2A, Aluminum Science and Technology (pp. 143-164). ASM International. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006535.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M. Piękoś

e-mail:

ORCID:

Z. Smorawiński

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Technologia & Technika Aluminium, Konin, Poland

13 Structure of ADI Cast Iron as a Cast “in situ” Composite Reinforced with TiC Ceramic Particles

J. Marosz , M. Kawalec , M. Górny

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151316

Słowa kluczowe: ADI cast iron „in situ” composites SHSB reaction MMCs composites titanium carbide TiC microstructures heat treatment

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Abstrakt

This paper presents a novel technology for the production of a casting material, which is an “in situ” composite on an ADI iron matrix reinforced with titanium carbide particles. As a result of the initiated Self-propagating High-temperature Synethesis reaction in Bath (liquid metal) of the type “solid Ti” – “solid C” type, led to the formation of ceramic phases in the form of titanium carbides. This method, allowed the synthesis of a cast composite based on ductile cast iron and, after subsequent heat treatment, the transformation of this material into ADI cast iron. The greatest advantage of “in situ” composites is that they are produced in a one-step metallurgical process, which is characterised, among other things, by: high thermodynamic stability, synthesis of a reinforcing phase in a metal bath, small size of ceramic particles with the possibility of controlling their dimensions by reaction kinetics parameters during the synthesis process. In this study, metallographic analysis of the composite obtained, both in the initial state and after heat treatment, was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. An analysis of the chemical composition in the micro-area was carried out using the EDS method, the chemical composition was studied using the XRF spark X-ray fluorescence method, and the proportion of graphite and the carbide phase, i.e. titanium carbide TiC, was determined. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of obtaining the composite material via the SHSB reaction route. The heat treatment results showed that the carbides are thermodynamically stable and do not dissolve at temperatures designed for the production of ADI cast iron. The SHSB reaction guarantees a uniform distribution of titanium carbides on the ADI cast iron matrix.

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Bibliografia

Guzik, E. (2006). Selected issues of forming the structure and properties of ausferritic cast iron. Wydawnictwo Komisja Odlewnictwa PAN Katowice. (in Polish).
Górny, M., Gondek, Ł., Tyrała, E., Angella, G. & Kawalec M. (2021). Structure homogeneity and thermal stability of austempered ductile iron. Metalurgical and Materials Transactions A. 52, 2227-2237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06214-8.
Guzik, E. (2001). Cast iron refining processes - selected issues. Wydawnictwo Komisja Odlewnictwa PAN Katowice. (in Polish).
Górny, M. (2017). Thin – wall gray iron castings. In D.Stefanescu (Eds.), Cast Iron Science and Technology. Volume 1A (pp. 575-582). ASM Handbook.
Angella, G., Ripamonti, D. & Górny, M. (2020). Comparison between ductility examination and a new approch based on strain hardening analysis to support the determination of proper austempering times. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 33(1), 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13640461.2020.1746041.
Opaliński, A. & Wilk–Kołodziejczyk, D. (2021). Information and decision system supporting the production of ADI cast iron products. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(2), 651-657. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.135903.
Jakubus, A. (2022). Initial analysis of the surface layer of AVGI cast iron subject to abrasion. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 22(2), 50-56. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140224.
Tyrała, E., Górny, M., Kawalec, M., Muszyńska, A. & Lopez, H. (2019). Evaluation of volume fraction of austenite in austempering process of austempered ductile iron. Metals. 9(8), 893, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080893.
Olejnik, E., Janas, A., Kolbus, A., Grabowska B. (2011). Composite layers fabricated by in situ technique in iron castings. Kompozyty. 11(2), 120-124.
Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Sobczak, J., Szala, M., Kurtyka, P., Tokarski, T. & Janas A. (2022). Dry sliding, slurry abrasion and cavitation erosion of composite layers reinforced by TiC fabricated in situ in cast steel and gray cast iron. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 308, 117688, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117688.
Fraś, E., Wierzbiński, S., Janas, A. & Lopez, H. (2001). SHSB processing and properties of Al/TiC "in situ" composites. Archives of Metallurgy. 46(4), 407-423.
Merzanov, A. G., Styschev (2002). Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Materials (vol.5). CRC Press.
Szymański, Ł., Olejnik, E., Sobczak, J. & Tokarski, T. (2022). Improvement of TiC/Fe in situ composite layer formation on surface of Fe-based castings. Materials Letters. 309, 131399, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.131399.
Kawalec, M. (2019). Forming the structure of thin-walled castings made of high-quality cast iron with vermicular graphite precipitations. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Komisja Odlewnictwa PAN. (in Polish).
Stefanescu, D., Huff, R., Alonso, G., Larranga, P., De La Fuente, E. & Suarez, R. (2016). On the crystalization of compacted and chunky graphite from liquid multicomponent iron-carbon-silicon-based melt. Metalurgical and Materials Transactions A. 47, 4012-4023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3541-4.
Zeng, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., He, H. & Hong, X. (2008). Characterization of titanium-containing compounds in gray iron. Tsinghua Science and Technology. 13(2), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(08)70022-1.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Marosz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kawalec

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Górny

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

14 Morphology of Welding Fume Derived from Stainless Steels Arc Welding

J. Wyciślik-Sośnierz , J. Matusiak , J. Adamiec , M. Lemanowicz , R. Kusiorowski , A. Gerle

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151317

Słowa kluczowe: welding fume morphology stainless steel arc welding laser diffraction scanning electron microscopy

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Abstrakt

The article presents the research results of fume morphology derived from arc welding of stainless steels of 1.4301 and 1.4828 grade. The analysis was performed using laser diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Welding fume has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a group of agents with proven carcinogenic effects to human. The assessment of the risk related to exposure to welding fume emission depends on the amount of fume generated, its chemical composition and morphology. The combined analysis of these factors determines the toxicity of fume and its impact on the human body. The results of the fume particle size distribution and the analysis of the shape and chemical composition using SEM with EDS in connection with the determination of the fume emission rate enable to obtain an overall assessment of the health risk as-sociated with welding fume. Such assessment is particularly important during welding processes of corrosion-resistant steels, due to the presence of chromium and nickel compounds in the fume, which are classified as substances with proven carcinogenic effects to human (Group 1 according to IARC guidelines). It was found that 15-17% of particles deriving from arc welding belong to the respirable and tracheal fractions, which are the most harmful due to the penetration beyond the larynx.

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Bibliografia

Juda-Rezler, K.. Toczko, B. (2016). Fine dust in the atmosphere Compendium of knowledge about air pollution with suspended dust in Poland. Warsaw: Environmental Monitoring Library. ISBN 978-83-61227-73-1. (in Polish).
Antonini, J.M., Lewis, A.B., Roberts, J.R. & Whaley, D.A. (2003). Pulmonary effects of welding fumes: review of worker and experimental animal studies. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 43(4), 350-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.10194.
Matusiak, J. (2007). The influence of technological conditions for stainless steel welding on fume toxicity. PhD thesis. Gliwice: Politechnika Śląska. (in Polish).
Gubenya, I.P. & Yavdoshchin, I.R. (2016). Mechanisms of formation of welding aerosol solid component and paths of its penetration into the living organism. Paton Welding Journal. No. 1. ISSN 0957-798X.
Tasak, E. (2008). Welding metallurgy. Kraków. ISBN 978-83-923191-1-5. (in Polish).
Lancaster, J.F. (1966). Metallurgy of welding processes. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).
Linnert, G.E. (1965). Welding metallurgy. vol. 1 Fundamentals. New York: American Welding Society.
Linnert, G.E. (1967). Welding metallurgy. vol. 2 Technology. New York: American Welding Society.
Welding Metallurgy Module 3. (2024). Retrieved May 9, 2024, from https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ ML1215/ML12157A607.pdf.
Ambroziak, A. (2010). Manufacturing techniques. welding. laboratory. Wrocław. ISBN 978-83-7493-592-0. (in Polish).
Spiegel-Ciobanu, V.E., Costa, L., Zschiesche, W. (2020). Hazardous substances in welding and allied processes. International Institute of Welding. ISBN 978-3-030-36928-6.
Cena, L.G., Chen, B.T. & Keane, M.J. (2016). Evolution of welding-fume aerosols with time and distance from the source. Weld Journal. 95(Suppl), 280-s–285-s.
Antonini, J.M., Roberts, J.R., Stone, S., Chen, B.T., Schwegler-Berry, D., Chapman, R., Zeidler-Erdely, P.C., Andrews, R.N. & Frazer, D.G. (2011). Persistence of deposited metals in the lungs after stainless steel and mild steel welding fume inhalation in rats. Archives of Toxicology. 85, 487-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-010-0601-1.
Mei, N., Belleville, L., Cha, Y., Olofsson, U., Odnevall, Wallinder, I., Persson, K.-A. & Hedberg Y.S. (2018). Size-separated particle fractions of stainless steel welding fume particles – A multi-analytical characterization focusing on surface oxide speciation and release of hexavalent chromium. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 342, 527-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.08.070.
Guha, N., Loomis, D., Guyton, K.Z., Grosse, Y., El Ghissassi, F., Bouvard, V., et al. (2017). Carcinogenicity of welding, molybdenum trioxide, and indium tin oxide. The Lancet Oncology. 18(5), 581-582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30255-3.
Rahul, M., Sivapirakasam, S.P., Sreejith, M., Vishnu, B.R. & Gomes, J.F.P. (2022). Study on mass concentration and morphology of SMAW fume particles with a new covered electrode using nano-CaTiO3 as an arc stabilizer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 84, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.10.015.
Popović, O., Prokić-Cvetković, R., Burzić, M., Lukić, U. & Beljić, B. (2014). Fume and gas emission during arc welding: hazards and recommendation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 37, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.076.
Arpem Steel (2024). Stainless steel AISI 304/ 1.4301 – useful information. Retrieved May 9, 2024, from https://siatkitkane.com.pl/blog/13_stal-nierdzewna-aisi-304-14301-przydatne-informacje.html
Arpem Steel. (2024). Description of 1.4301 steel. Retrieved May 9, 2024, from https://www.aperam.com/product/304-1-4301/
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Wyciślik-Sośnierz, J., Matusiak, J., Adamiec, J., Urbańczyk, M., Lemanowicz, M., Kusiorowski, R. & Gerle, A. (2024) Morphology of welding fume derived from stainless steel arc welding. Proceedings. 108(1), 8, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024108008.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

J. Wyciślik-Sośnierz

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Matusiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Adamiec

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lemanowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Kusiorowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Gerle

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Department of Metallurgy and Recycling, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland
Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Cracow, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów

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Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Zasady etyki publikacyjnej

Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Procedura recenzowania

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Recenzenci

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland