Applied sciences

Archives of Thermodynamics

Content

Archives of Thermodynamics | 2024 | vol. 45 | No 2

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Abstract

The paper concerns a numerical analysis of cooling of the hybrid photovoltaic (PV) modules dedicated to Building-Inte-grated Photovoltaic/Thermal (BIPV/T) systems. Attention was focused on the photovoltaic roof tiles, using a jet impinge-ment technique, in which the intensification of heat transfer is ensured by streams of air hitting the heat exchange partition. A series of numerical simulations were carried out to assess an influence of the distance of the nozzle outlet from the absorber surface on the values of selected thermal-hydraulic performance indicators and the electrical parameters of the roof tile. The results confirmed the high effectiveness of the proposed method. The best effect was obtained for the case in which the relative distance of the nozzle from the partition to the nozzle diameter was equal to 1. For the mentioned configuration, an over 4 times increase in the value of the heat transfer coefficient was obtained in relation to the reference variant of cooling roof tiles. At the same time, the relative increase in the value of the generated electrical power was from 2.9 to 7.8%, depending on the value of the Reynolds number characterising the flow.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Wajs
1
Jakub Lukasik
1

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

Flow structure maps are the most useful tool in the process of identifying structures formed in multiphase flows. They can be defined as a graphical way to present the transition boundaries of flow structures, depending on the characteristic pa-rameters of the phase transformation or flow, such as the vapor quality, the void fraction, the mass flow density, or the velocities of individual phases. Maps are usually two-dimensional drawings, described with a minimum of two selected parameters or quantities describing the phenomenon. The oldest maps of flow structures concerned adiabatic flows, mainly two-phase water-air systems or three-phase water-oil-air systems in conventional channels. Maps of nonadiabatic flow structures are simple and allow the selection of an appropriate model to determine the heat transfer coefficient as well as the flow resistance of the refrigerant. This has a major impact on the design of flow devices, where two- and even three-phase flows. This paper includes reviews of proposed maps of multiphase flow structures by various authors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Sikora
1
Tadeusz Bohdal
1
Stanisław Witczak
2
Grzegorz Ligus
2

  1. Politechnika Koszalińska, Katedra Energetyki, ul. Śniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
  2. Katedra Inżynierii Procesowej i Środowiska, Politechnika Opolska, ul. St. Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents experimental results of boiling heat transfer during FC-770 flow in a group of five minichannels with a common heated wall. The flow orientation was changed from 0º to 180º, with a 15° increment. During the experiments, the temperature of its outer heated wall surface was measured by an infrared camera. At the same time, flow patterns were captured through the glass plate opposite the heated wall using a high-speed camera. The purpose of the calculations was to determine local heat transfer coefficients on the contact surface between the working fluid and the heated surface in the central minichannel, using a simplified 1D calculation method. The results in the form of dependences of the temperature of the heated wall and the heat transfer coefficient as a function of the distance from the channel inlet for various flow orientations were analysed. Furthermore, typical boiling curves and two-phase flow patterns were presented. The mean relative error of the heat transfer coefficient was determined for various flow orientation. The dependence of the void fraction as a function of heat flux was illustrated for various angles of minichannel inclination to the horizontal plane. It was observed that the void fraction increased with heat flux and with increasing angle of inclination of the minichannel to the horizontal plane.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Piasecka
1
Kinga Strąk
1

  1. Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, PL-25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The heat transfer measurements were conducted during pool boiling of water on surfaces with microchannels. Parallel grooves were made on a copper surface with widths ranging from 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm at intervals of 0.1 mm. The inclination angle of the grooves to the horizontal was set at 30° and 60°, and the depth of the microchannel grooves was 0.3 mm. The achieved heat flux ranged from 25 kW/m>² to 1730 kW/m², and the heat transfer coefficients ranged from 12 kW/(m²K) to 475 kW/(m²K). The influence of geometric parameters such as width, inclination angle of the microchannel, surface ex-tension, and Bond number on heat exchange efficiency was examined. A nearly sixfold increase in α (heat transfer coeffi-cient) and a twofold increase in critical heat flux were observed compared to a smooth surface.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Mikołaj Kaniowskia
1

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

Understanding thermodynamics can be challenging due to its dealing with abstract concepts such as entropy and energy transfer. This paper outlines six principles of thermodynamics, whose application necessitates a coherent overarching phi-losophy. The problems studied often entail complex mathematical equations, relying on a strong foundation in physics and mathematics. Moreover, comprehending thermodynamics requires a shift in thinking, focusing on macroscopic properties of matter rather than microscopic interactions, as in other branches of physics. Thermodynamics also introduces a new philosophy in science – the concept of irreversible phenomena, rooted in the heat flow theory, which is currently being extrapolated to other scientific domains. Notably, this involves extending the concept of work to systems performing var-ious types of work beyond volume change.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Mikielewicz
1
Dariusz Mikielewicz
2

  1. Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, 80-231 Gdańsk, ul. Fiszera 14
  2. Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, ul. Narutowicza 11/12
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of experimental investigation and the new statistical method for the determination of pre-liminary thermal characteristics of a prototype compact minichannel heat exchanger with laminar flows and significant heat transfer in the manifolds. The exemplary heat exchanger consists of 9 straight, parallel, square-shaped channels and two rectangular-shaped manifolds milled on both sides of the single aluminium plate. The design of the investigated heat exchanger is quite particular, as the heat transfer area of both pairs of manifolds provides almost 1/3 of the total heat transfer area. In the new statistical method presented in this paper, the manifolds’ and channels’ heat flows are considered separately. The heat exchanger’s thermal characteristic was obtained statistically on the basis of the experimental results and is presented in the form of the overall heat transfer rate. The developed thermal characteristic model accounts for two effects, among many others, which may affect heat transfer in the exchanger, i.e. the heat loss to the ambient and the significant heat transfer in the manifolds. It is proved that the heat transfer to the surroundings was negligible due to the suitable thermal insulation. In order to demonstrate that the heat transfer in the manifolds is significant, two calculation variants are presented. The relative differences (residuals) between the experimental and statistically corrected heat transfer rates and the coefficient of determination R2 are determined in both variants. In the first variant the heat transfer in the manifold pairs is neglected and in the second model it is included. It was observed that the lack of consideration of the heat transfer in the manifold pairs provides drastic dispersion between the experimental and statistical results. In turn, in the second model, where the manifolds are accounted for, a significant enhancement in the consistency of the results is noticed. The relative residuals are much lower, and the corresponding coefficient R2 is improved from R2 = 0.8827 in the first variant to R2 = 0.9335 in the second one, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Karolina Tychanicz-Kwiecień
1
Witold Rajmund Rybiński
2

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Science, ul. Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract

During flow boiling in a system with small (mini/micro) channels, several instabilities may occur at the same time, which overlap each other  such a phenomenon complicates the analysis of boiling dynamics. The above mentioned processes cause that the fluctuation of recorded signals occur on various time scales. Although many criteria for the stability of two-phase flows are available, their practical application is limited (they need many recorded parameter of two phase flow). Methods which we are looking for should allow flow pattern identification based on a small number (or single) recorded signals. The paper presents a new approach to the recurrence plot method combined with Principal Component Analysis and Self-Organ-izing Map analysis. The single signal of pressure drop oscillations has been analyzed and used for flow pattern identification. New method of correlation analysis of flow patterns on video frames has been presented and used for flow pattern identifica-tion. The obtained results show that pressure drop oscillations and high speed video contain enough information about flow pattern for flow pattern identification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Romuald Mosdorf
1
Gabriela Rafałko
1
Iwona Zaborowska
1
Paweł Dzienis
1
Hubert Grzybowski
1

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wiejska 45C, Bialystok 15-351, Poland
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Abstract

Two-phase flow in channels of small dimensions is often a non-stationary process, the nature of such flow is oscillatory. Due to small channel dimensions, high heat flux, parallel channels interactions, pressure and temperature oscillations, the character of the phenomena occurring during boiling is complex. The changes of the measured signals are observed in different time scales. In order to examine in detail two-phase flow parameters changes, many acquisition devices are often installed. This solution becomes challenging concerning mini and microchannel heat-exchangers due to space limitation and modifications of an experimental setup. This paper presents a novel application of multiscale entropies for spatial and temporal analysis of two-phase flow based on only one registered parameter. This analysis is performed based on pixel brightness changes in photo frames registered by a high speed camera during two-phase flow. The spatial changes of pixel brightness are observed on single frames and temporal changes are examined using a set of frames (in time). The Composite Multiscale Sample Entropy is applied to identify two-phase flow patterns and to analyze the complexity of phase distribution. Using Multivariate Mul-tiscale Sample Entropy the most rapid changes of phase distribution in a multichannel heat exchanger are determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gabriela Rafałko
1
Romuald Mosdorf
1
Hubert Grzybowski
1
Paweł Dzienis
1
Grzegorz Górski
1

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wiejska 45A, Bialystok 15-351, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of experimental investigations of the basic thermal property – the specific heat capacity of selected heterogeneous materials – graphene oxide rubber composites. The value of specific heat capacity was measured with a PerkinElmer DSC 8000 differential scanning calorimeter using modulated temperature mode of operation. The heterogeneous material under investigation was the graphene oxide/rubber composite, which is used in the production of roller bearing seals. Two types of rubber have been used as the basic matrix of composites: the hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and the fluoroelastomer. Graphene oxide reduced with sodium hypophosphite was applied as a compo-site filler. The main goals of the work was to expand the database of thermophysical properties of materials and to inves-tigate the influence of material heterogeneity on the results of specific heat capacity measurements obtained with small-sized test samples.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Gałek
1
Joanna Wilk
1

  1. Department of Thermodynamics, Rzeeszów University of Technology, Al.Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, various repowering methods commonly employed in practice today are discussed. A particular emphasis is put on the hot wind-box repowering method, which is examined in greater detail. This method stands out for its simpler solution and lower investment costs compared to other repowering methods. Most research and analyses on repowering, taking into account the ecological problems and the possibilities of repowering existing old steam cycle power plants, have focused on the effect of repowering on thermodynamic parameters and emission reduction․ However, there are still many important questions that remain open and unexplored when it comes to analyze the selection of the right technology of the repowering and the right gas turbine for such a combined cycle power plant. For that purpose, based on the oxygen fraction in the gas turbine exhaust gases, nine different gas turbine models were tested for a 200 MW steam cycle power plant model. Calculations were carried out using the GateCycle modelling program. As a result of investigations, a GE Energy Oil & Gas MS9001E SC (GTW 2009 ‒ with 123 MW power) gas turbine was selected as the best one for such a combina-tion, in which case the increase of total net power output by 97.69% and the improvement of efficiency by 6.67% were registered, compared to the results before repowering, while carbon dioxide emissions were decreased by 0.29% per meg-awatt electrical power generated. The conducted research underscores the importance of selecting the right gas turbine for such a gas-steam system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Badyda
1
Artur Harutyunyan
1
Marcin Wołowicz
1

  1. Institute of Heat Engineering, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 21/25, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Changes in energy fuel markets, the rise of renewables and the aging of existing coal-fired units are leading to increased popularization of research on potential pathways for restructuring power systems. One proposed concept is the Coal-to-Nuclear path, which involves the partial use of existing coal-fired power plant infrastructure in favor of the construction of nuclear units, which can reduce investment costs. An additional benefit is the ability to manage the workforce competencies identified within the coal-fired power unit, and which are also required for the effective operation of the nuclear unit. The article considers the possibility of repowering the Kozienice power plant in Poland from the perspective of the availability of water used to cool the power units. Three different nuclear reactor technologies that are potentially being considered for the construction of the first nuclear units in Poland were analyzed. The study showed that the lowest water flows in the Vistula river recorded in 2022, equal to 146 m3/s, make it impossible to simultaneously cool the nuclear units and ensure sufficiently low water temperatures from an environmental perspective. Nuclear units were shown to require about 1.55−1.67 times more water for cooling than typical coal-fired units.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Ochmann
1
Henryk Łukowicz
1
Sebastian Lepszy
1
Łukasz Bartela
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The topic of waste incineration/co-incineration is critical, given the increasingly stringent regulations on environmental aspects. The widespread use of polymeric materials generates significant waste, posing an ecological problem. Current regulations mandate a reduction in the landfilling of plastic waste, which should be replaced by recycling, with the possi-bility of exploiting the energy potential due to its high calorific value. The electricity generation in Poland is mainly based on coal, so using polymers as alternative fuels is an important research issue. The research results presented in this paper make it possible to compare the properties of selected waste plastics and coal and their behavior during thermal processes, considering the quality of the gases released. Based on the thermal analyses, a FuzzyTherm model was introduced based on one of the fuzzy logic methods, one of the main artificial intelligence modeling approaches. The model predicts the temperatures corresponding to endothermic and exothermic reactions. The model achieved good accuracy. The maximum relative error between measured and calculated data is lower than 11%. These aspects constitute an innovative element of this paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Kijo-Kleczkowska
1
Adam Gnatowski
1
Marcin Gajek
2
Jaroslaw Krzywanski
3
Magdalena Szumera
2
Krzysztof Knaś
1
Dariusz Kwiatkowski
1

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Dabrowskiego 69, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, Poland
  3. Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Faculty of Science and Technology, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

A review of the available literature shows that analyses of organic Rankine cycle systems with a zeotropic mixture working medium practically concern single-circuit systems. In these works, it has been shown that the standing of zeotropic mix-tures in organic Rankine cycle systems makes it possible to achieve higher power and efficiency compared to organic Rankine cycle systems with pure fluids. In this article, the authors present an analysis of the efficiency of a two-circuit organic Rankine cycle (binary) power plant with a zeotropic mixture in the upper cycle of this power plant. The proposed binary power plant system uses a zeotropic mixture circulating medium in the upper organic Rankine cycle circuit, while the lower circuit uses a homogeneous low-boiling medium. The results of this analysis showed that with properly selected parameters of the binary power plant system, i.e. with appropriate selection of the pressure during the evaporation trans-formation in the upper and lower circuits, the power obtained in it is higher than for a single-circuit power plant in the same temperature range (for the same heat source and the same condensing temperature). The increase in the power of the binary power plant system was achieved by using the heat contained in the water stream to preheat the medium in the bottom circuit. For example, for the binary organic Rankine cycle power plant with R413A refrigerant in the upper circuit, the generated power is 17.8 kWe, which is 20% higher than for a single-circuit power plant (for the reference power plant, the power is 14.8 kWe).
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Wiśniewski
1
Michał Bańkowski
1

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, 19 Piastów Avenue, Szczecin
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Abstract

In this study, a new physical model has been created to look into the behaviour of transient incompressible unsteady flow between two infinite parallel plates exposed to high temperatures. The model takes into consideration thermal radiation flux, chemical reaction, and mass diffusion at the boundaries. To handle non-integer behaviour, the model incorporates the Caputo notion of time fractional derivative. To solve this complex physical fractional order fluid model, a novel optimal homotopy asymptotic method and semi-analytical methodology is extended and utilized successfully. This method pro-vides a third-order highly approximate solution, offering valuable insights into the behaviour within the system. The study comprehensively examines the effects of varied flow characteristics and fractional order on the dynamics of the system. The results are visually presented through graphs, offering a clear understanding of the system's response under different conditions. The effectiveness and ease of use of the optimal homotopy asymptotic method make it a valuable tool for solving boundary value fractional order problems encountered in scientific fields. The developed physical model and its fractional extension contribute significantly to the understanding of unsteady flow phenomena with thermal and chemical effects, advancing knowledge in this area of research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sadia Irshad
1
Shah Jahan
1
Ahmed Zubair Jan
2
Krzysztof Kędzia
2
Afraz Hussain Majeed
3
Fiza Khan
4

  1. Institute of Mathematics, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab 64200, Pakistan
  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
  3. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
  4. Department of Mathematics, Air University, PAF Complex E-9, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Abstract

In this paper, a solar absorption cooling system with a chilled water storage tank and peak load compression system was considered for cooling the Instituto Superior Tecnico Tower building in Lisbon, Portugal. To fulfill this task, a dynamic simulation of the building was performed using the DesignBuilder software, then a solar collector field was designed. The next step was to build a computational model of the absorption chiller in the Engineering Equation Solver software, which allowed for further simulation of the annual operation of the system supported by the chilled water tank and the backup system with compressed air conditioning. The last stage of the work was the economic analysis of such a system in com-parison with conventional compressed air conditioning. The simulation results and economic analysis showed that the solar absorption cooling system could be a beneficial cooling solution for the Instituto Superior Tecnico Tower building. How-ever, it would have to operate with an energy storage system and a peak load compression backup system to be able to cool the building efficiently all year round. Additionally, such a solution could have a significant positive impact on climate through considerable annual savings in electricity consumption. Results revealed that the proposed system meets the cool-ing demand of the building, mainly by solar-energy-driven absorption chiller. The annual contribution of a backup com-pression chiller ranges from 20% to 36% depending on the size of chilled water storage tanks. Financial calculations re-vealed discounted payback periods in the range of 4.5 to 12.5 years depending on the system configuration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Kalina
1
Michał Rabiej
1
Carlos Santos Silva
2

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Technical University of Lisbon, Mechanical Engineering Department, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract

The paper presents the design of a heat exchanger immersed in a water-ice reservoir and the determination of its heat capacity as a lower heat source for the heat pump. This is an innovative solution, the first project on this scale in Poland. Heat absorption from the water-ice tank took place in three stages: from water at a temperature range of 20oC to 0oC, from the water-ice phase change at 0oC, and from ice at a temperature range of 0oC to 10oC. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis of a heat exchanger performance was performed. It required simulation of water natural convection, water-ice phase change, and heat transfer from the ground. The heat flux absorbed in the designed exchanger was calculated based on the current glycol temperature and the implemented COP (Coefficient of Performance) characteristic of the heat pump. This was done via the user-defined function (UDF) available in Ansys FLUENT. The compiled internal software subroutine was defined based on the DEFINE_ADJUST macro. Moreover, the thermal resistance of ice forming on the pipes was included. The numerical analysis indicated that 66097 kWh of heat would be absorbed from the reservoir in 500 hours of exploitation. The volume fraction of water at the end of the simulation was equal to 26.7% and the volume fraction of ice was equal to 73.3%. The CFD simulation confirmed the heat capacity value of the water-ice storage tank which fulfilled the design requirements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Tarnawskia
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Plac Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

It has been three decades since pulsating heat pipes were first introduced and garnered more attention due to their uncom-plicated structural design and superior heat transfer capabilities. The pulsating heat pipe of the original design is strongly affected by space orientation, which is connected with the influence of gravity. Even though more turns will hold pulsating heat pipe operational in any orientation, more space is needed to handle pulsating heat pipes, limiting its potential in space and the power electronics industry. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of pulsating heat pipe's progress based on the most recent findings of both experimental and theoretical investigations of parametric influence on pulsating heat pipe thermal performance in horizontal and top heating modes. It aims to identify research gaps in pulsating heat pipe functioning in different orientations. Additionally, a comparative analysis of pulsating heat pipe design features described in the existing literature is conducted to determine the most promising designs for orientation-independent pulsating heat pipe systems. It is concluded that the integration of design attributes, encompassing an uneven-turn design, a channel struc-ture featuring alternating shapes and size of cross-section, and the utilization of nanofluids and binary mixtures as heat carriers are expected to serve as the basic reference for researchers aiming to achieve a stable pulsating heat pipe operation devoid of gravitational influences.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kishor Vishwanath Mane
1
Yevhenii Alekseik
2

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi, University of Mumbai, India
  2. Educational and Scientific Institute of Atomic and Thermal Energy, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Abstract

The present study involves computational investigation of effusion cooling over a flat plate through the different shaped holes. The interaction between the film jet and the mainstream flow creates a counter-rotating vortex pair, resulting jet detachment from the surface and insufficient film cooling coverage over the surface. To enhance the effusion cooling performance, shaped holes are used in place of standard cylindrical holes to reduce the effects of the counter-rotating vortex pair. Two different shaped holes i.e., conical-shaped and fan-shaped holes are used in the investigation and compared to the cylindrical holes. A commercial finite element method package COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 is used to simulate and analyse the three-dimensional combustor liners of gas turbine. Data is presented for total 10 rows of effusion holes with injection angles 30o at blowing ratios 0.25, 1.0 and 3.2. The shaped holes provide better cooling effectiveness by increasing the lateral spread of coolant over the surface wall. The results show that both the shaped hole geometries can generate additional anti-counter rotating vortex pairs, which contribute to reducing the strength of the counter-rotating vortex pair. The coolant penetration and strong shear zones at the interaction of coolant jet and main stream in shaped holes are greatly reduced in comparison with cylindrical holes. For a low blowing ratio of 0.25, the conical-shaped holes exhibited adiabatic effectiveness that was 25% and 19% greater than the cylindrical and trapezoidal-shaped holes respectively. On the other hand, fan-shaped holes provide enhanced adiabatic effectiveness at increased blowing ratios. At higher value of blowing ratio 3.2, the adiabatic effectiveness increased by 13% compared to cylindrical holes and 4% compared to conical-shaped holes. In addition, velocity profiles and two-dimensional streamlines have been examined in order to study the flow be-havior on the surface.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yellu Kumara
1
Adnan Qayoum
1
Shahid Saleem
1

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
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Abstract

An experiment was conducted to analyze a tubular heat exchanger's turbulent heat transfer characteristics. The heat ex-changer was equipped with a newly designed perforated (rectangular) conical baffle plate consisting of two rectangular opposite-oriented flow deflectors with adjustable tilt angles. The baffle plate was installed at the entrance of the heat ex-changer, resulting in a counter-swirling flow pattern downstream. Three baffle plates were installed along the flow direction with different pitch ratios (spacing between baffle plates divided by the diameter of the heat exchanger). The experiment examined the effects of pitch ratio (ranging from 0.6 to 1.2), deflector tilt angle (ranging from 30° to 50°) and Reynolds numbers (ranging from 16 500 to 30 000) on the heat transfer performance. The results showed that the pitch ratio and tilt angle significantly affected the performance of the heat exchanger. In particular, a configuration with a tilt angle of 30° and a pitch ratio of 1 resulted in an average improvement of 26.9% in the heat exchanger's performance compared to a heat exchanger without a conical baffle plate under similar operating conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Md Atiqur Rahman
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand 835215, India
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Abstract

Nanofluids represent a novel category of advanced heat transfer fluids composed of nanoparticles within a size range of 1-20 nm dispersed in a base fluid such as water. Contemporary research predominantly focuses on incorporating nanoparticles like Al2O3 and ZnO into the water at a 0.1% volume fraction to create nanofluids. Recent investigations aim to optimize thermal performance by introducing nanoparticles into the base fluids and inducing turbulence through various macro-inserts. Key factors influencing heat exchanger efficiency enhancement include geometric parameters, thermal conductivity and volume fraction. This study en-deavours to analyse the thermal and fluid flow characteristics of a proposed nanofluid, augmenting thermal transfer through computational simulations and experimental validation, achieving an error margin of 3%-5%. The impact of rectangular micro inserts, with dimensions of 4 cm in height and longitudinal spacings of 5 cm and 11.5 cm, on the heat transfer rate is examined to enhance fluid flow turbulence. Results indicate that among different geometric profiles, the insert with a spacing of 11.5 cm demonstrates superior performance, yielding higher heat transfer rates and Nusselt numbers. This research holds significant im-plications for various industries including thermal, power, aviation, space and automotive sectors, particularly in the utilization of concentric tube heat exchangers across diverse applications. By exploring novel geometrical and fluid domains within heat exchangers, this study unveils promising avenues for enhancing the heat transfer efficiency compared to conventional methods, highlighting the potential for further investigation into alternative materials and configurations for heat elimination enhancement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shivasheesh Kaushik
1
Vikas Singh Mahar
2
Satyendra Singh
3
Rahul Kshetri
4
Bhupendra Kumar
4
Jagdish Singh Mehta
5
Ashwarya Raj Paul
6
Satish Kumar
6
Samriddhi Vashisth
6
Raj Singh Pundir
6
Amit Kumar
7
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. C. E. Dehradun, India.
  2. Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, S. C. E. Dehradun, India.
  3. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.T.K.I.T. Dwarahat, India.
  4. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. A.P.J.A.K.I.T. Tanakpur, India.
  5. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, India.
  6. Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, S. C. E. Dehradun, India.
  7. Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, G.B.P.I.E.T., Pauri, India
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Abstract

World widely, efforts of governments and industry focus on the global sustainability. Facing global warming and rapidly growing electricity demand, it is crucial to develop technologies that will allow humanity use planet resources in the most efficient way, which is possible. Energy storage systems are vast and common concepts nowadays, concerning also small residential energy systems with renewable energy sources like photovoltaic installations. This paper describes different so-lutions for this issue. Characteristics of mentioned methods include basic features and values, advantages and disadvantages, estimated investing (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs for the investors and issues related with environment like effi-ciency and emissions. As researched in the document, current technologies base on well-known solutions implemented in residential installations but also there is also possibility to develop new methods and combine few of them to use any possible energy surplus, later when it is needed the most. Description of various energy storage system includes both technical and commercial aspects. As most of storage applications differ from each other, choosing proper energy storage system implies economic and environmental benefits. The review has provided sufficient information to conclude that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to store electricity. Suitable solution should be selected based on size of the installation, geographical condi-tions as well as economic possibilities. For examined energy storage systems there is still necessity of further research and development but overview of those presented in the article, makes it possible to deduce comparison and conclusion.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Mzyk
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Department of Energy, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, statistical methods (Taguchi, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and grey relational analysis (GRA)) are used to evaluate the impact, contribution ratios, and order of importance of parameters on the energy and exergy efficiencies of the simple organic Rankine cycle (SORC) and dual pressure organic Rankine cycle (DORC). The parameters being investigated are the working fluid (A), pinch point temperature difference of the evaporator (B) and condenser (C), degree of superheating (D), evaporator temperature (E), condenser temperature (F), turbine isentropic efficiency (G), pump isentropic efficiency (H), and low-pressure evaporator temperature (J, for DPORC only). Whereas the Taguchi method determines the optimum parameter combination for maximum system performance, ANOVA weighs the influence of individual parameters on the performance of the target function, and GRA optimizes the multi-response characteristic function. The condenser and evap-orator temperatures, pinch point temperature difference of the condenser and turbine isentropic efficiency are revealed as the major process parameters for multi-response performance characteristics of SORC, with an influence factor of 44.79%, 20.96%, 14.81% and 10.69%, respectively. While considering three different working fluids: HFE7000 (1), R245fa (2), and R141b (3), the combination A1B1C1D3E2F1G3H3 is determined as the optimum operating condition for multi-response per-formance characteristic of SORC with first- (energy) and second- (exergy) law efficiencies calculated as 18.64% and 51.69%, respectively. For DPORC, the turbine isentropic efficiency, condenser temperature, and pinch point temperature difference of the condenser and evaporator are the main process parameters for multi-response performance with 41.90%, 17.80%, 14.75%, and 10.47% impact factors, respectively. The best operating condition is obtained as A1B1C1D3E2F1G3H3J2 with first- and second-law efficiencies computed as 13.17% and 57.33%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dodeye Ina Igbong
1
Mafel Obhuo
2
Oku Ekpenyong Nyong
1

  1. University of Cross River State, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
  2. Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
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Abstract

This work aims to study the combined effects of concentration and thermal radiation on a steady flow of Jeffrey nanofluid under the Darcy-Forchheimer relation over a flat nonlinear stretching sheet of variable thickness. A varying magnetic field influences normal to the flow movement is considered to strengthen the Jeffery nanofluid conductivity. However, a little effect of the magnetic Reynolds number is assumed to eliminate the impact of the magnetic field range. The higher-order nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) and convective boundary conditions are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by applying corresponding transformations. Then the ODEs are numerically solved with Runge-Kutta method via shooting technique. This process is applied for convergent relations of nanoparticle temperature, concentration, and velocity distributions. The influence of different fluid parameters like thermophoresis, melting param-eter, Deborah number, chemical reaction parameter, Brownian motion parameter, inertia parameter and Darcy number on the flow profiles is explained through graphical analysis. Thermal radiation is emitted by accelerated charged particles, and the enhanced particle motion at higher temperatures causes a more significant discharge of radiation. Also, it was concluded that the heat generation parameter enhances the momentum boundary layer thickness and reduces the thermal and solutal boundary layer thickness over a Jeffrey nanofluid.
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Authors and Affiliations

Saravanan Jagadha
1
Batina Madhusudhan Rao
2
Putta Durgaprasad
3
Degavath Gopal
4
Putta Prakash
5
Naikoti Kishan
6
Krishnan Muthunagai
7

  1. Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad, T.S. 500043, India
  2. Department of IT, Mathematics section, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat 324, Oman
  3. Vellore Institute of Technology, Kelambakkam - Vandalur Rd, Rajan Nagar, Chennai 600127, India
  4. Department of Mathematics, CMR Engineering College, Medchal, T.S. 501401, India
  5. Mohan Babu University, Sree Vidyanikethan Sree Sainath Nagar, Andhra Pradesh, Tirupati 517102, India
  6. Osmania University, Main road, Amberpet, Hyderabad, Telangana T.S. 500007, India
  7. Vellore Institute of Technology, Kelambakkam - Vandalur Rd, Rajan Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127, India
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Abstract

Femoral fractures are frequent in adolescents and children, and most fractures occur within the centre of the bone, typically referred to as the femur shaft. Plate and screws are ideal fixation methods for femoral fractures close to the articular sur-faces. When using plates and screws, estimating the load on the plates and screws before starting treatment is important. The primary focus of this paper is the examination of fixation plates utilized in the treatment of femur bone fractures. The study employs the finite element method to conduct this analysis. Initial modelling of the femur bone is executed through the utilization of CATIA V5 software. Subsequently, the investigation transitions to the ANSYS R14.5 environment, where more in-depth analysis is carried out. The modelling of the fracture fixation plates is done on commercially available CAD software CATIA V5. The stress distribution of different biomaterials in the bone plate system is calculated when the system is subjected to compressive loads with varying healing times. Here we have used stainless steel (SS316-L), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and magnesium alloy (AZ31). More focus was given to the magnesium alloy. Here a fracture gap of 1mm gap was taken for analysis. A comprehensive compressive force amounting to 750 N was applied to the bone-plate assembly during the simulation. This force magnitude corresponds to the approximate weight of an average human body.
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Authors and Affiliations

Pranjal Sarmah
1
Ravi Kumar
1
Amrit Thakur
1
Mohit Sharma
1
Surendra Kumar Yadav
2
Virendra Kumar
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122001, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur 208002, India
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Abstract

Measurements of thermal diffusivity, heat capacity and thermal expansion of hot work tool steel 32CrMoV12-28 have been carried out in the temperature range from room temperature (RT) to 1000℃. 32CrMoV12-28 steel has been tested for military applications as steel for gun barrels. The thermophysical properties of this steel can be used as input data for numerical simulations of heat transfer in gun barrels. Both the LFA 427 laser flash apparatus in the RT1000℃ temperature range and the LFA 467 light flash apparatus in the RT500℃ temperature range were used for thermal diffusivity tests. Specific heat capacity was investigated in the range RT1000℃. The specific heat was determined by two methods, i.e. the classical method, the so-called continuous-scanning method and the stepwise-scanning method according to EN ISO 11357-4. The paper compares both methods and assesses their suitability for testing the specific heat capacity of barrel steels. Thermal expansion was investigated in the range RT1000℃. Inconel 600 was selected as the reference material during the thermal diffusivity test using LFA 467. Light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Vickers microhardness measurements were performed to detect changes in the microstructure before and after thermo-physical measurements. We compared the results of measurements of the thermophysical properties of 32CrMoV12-28 steel with the results of our tests for other barrel steels with medium carbon content, i.e. X37CrMoV5-1 (1.2343), 38HMJ (1.8509) and 30HN2MFA. The comparison was made in terms of shifting the effect of material shrinkage towards higher temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Koniorczyka
1
Mateusz Zielińskia
1
Judyta Sienkiewicza
1
Janusz Zmywaczyka
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics, Armament and Aerospace, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

To investigate the performance of an irreversible direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell, the direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell based on oxygen ion conductivity was modeled using finite time thermodynamic theory. First, mathematical expressions for the output power, output efficiency, ecological objective function and ecological coefficient of performance of the direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell were derived. Further, the effects of parameters such as operating tempera-ture, operating pressure, fuel utilization, and electrolyte thickness on the performance of direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell were numerically investigated. The results show that as the operating temperature of direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell increases, the performance of direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell including output power, output effi-ciency, ecological objective function and ecological coefficient of performance will be improved. Under certain conditions, increasing fuel utilization can improve output power, output efficiency and ecological performance. Increasing the elec-trolyte thickness will decrease the finite time thermodynamic performance of direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell. Moreover, the microstructure of the electrode also affects the performance of direct ammonia-fed solid oxide fuel cell, and the ecological objective function is increased by 16.9% when the electrode porosity is increased from 0.4 to 0.8.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanlin Song
1
Zhanghao Lu
2
Zheshu Ma
1
Xinjia Guo
1
Qilin Guo
1

  1. College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
  2. School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Jinken College of Technology, Nanjing, 211156, China
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Abstract

Electric vehicles are the future of mobility. Electric vehicles have batteries to store energy and the most common type of batteries used in electric vehicle’s battery packs are lithium-ion cells. These cells have very high energy density and dissi-pate heat during charging and discharging cycles. There is a need to have an efficient cooling system to dissipate this heat. Bigger-size batteries in four-wheelers use liquid cooling to ensure faster charging and longer battery life. Surface cooling and tab cooling are two popular types of liquid cooling systems for battery packs. Surface cooling is a preferred type of cooling system as it is less complex and cheaper, but it creates a temperature gradient inside the cell which is detrimental to cell life. This work proposes tab cooling as a solution to improve the life cycle of lithium-ion cells. Two sets of the battery pack, one with tab cooling and the other without a cooling system were tested under different conditions for multiple fast charging and discharging cycles until their initial capacity was reduced by 30%. The results show that with tab cooling the battery performed better and battery degradation was reduced.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Muthukrishnan
1
C. Ramesh Kumar
1

  1. Automotive Research Center, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Abstract

Based on the electromagnetic thermal coupling analysis method, the cooling performance of different motor cooling models and the influence of key parameters of the cooling system on the cooling effect of the motor are investigated. First, the losses of various parts of the permanent magnet synchronous motors are obtained through electromagnetic calculations; the analysis results show that the stator core loss, winding copper loss, and eddy current loss of permanent magnets exceed 95% of the total loss of the motor. Second, the cooling performance of the three motor was compared and analyzed. The axial housing liquid cooling and oil spray cooling (Model B) has a better cooling performance and a higher cooling efficiency. Compared with the other two motor models, Model B can reduce the time to reach steady-state temperature by about 81.8%.Then the effects of coolant volume flow rate, coolant inlet temperature, and ambient temperature on the cooling effect of the motor are investi-gated. The results show that within a certain range, the rate of coolant inlet temperature change is approximately proportional to the internal temperature rise of the motor. The oil spray cooling system of Model B is less affected by ambient temperature and can be used for motor cooling in complex environments. The results of this study can provide a useful guidance for the design of the cooling system and the selection of coolant volume flow rate for oil-cooling motor with hairpin windings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Y.X. Liu
1
H. Wu
2
J. Zhang
2
P.X. Xu
3
S. Chen
3
X.H. He
1
Z.D. Sun
4

  1. School of Smart Health, Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing, 401331, China
  2. Department of Technology, Chongqing Tsingshan Industrial Co. Ltd., Chongqing, 402776, China
  3. College of Mechanical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400044, China
  4. Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan Hubei, 442002, China
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Abstract

To boost the efficacy of a refrigeration system, researchers have imported nanoparticles into refrigerants in recent years. This paper comprehensively reviewed the properties, heat transfer performance, and system performance of nano-added refriger-ants in recent years. This article likewise assists with recognizing the gap in past research works and explores the possibilities for additional work. Refrigerant R134a charged with the nanoparticles TiO2 has the highest value of coefficient of perfor-mance which is 63.5% higher than that of Al2O3 nanoparticle charged R134a. Charging of the nano-refrigerants has enhanced the heat transfer performance of vapour compression refrigeration systems, particularly in the pool and nucleate boiling heat transfer. The heat transfer coefficient of R134a-based nano-refrigerant is enhanced by 42% and 30.2% with CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles respectively. The inclusions of nanomaterials, concerning their physical phenomena, influencing the vapour compression refrigeration system are confined in this paper
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Authors and Affiliations

B.S. Bibin
1
Elena Ionela Chereches
2
Arkadiusz Mystkowski
3
Kamil Śmierciew
4
Adam Dudard
4
Edison Gundabattinia
1

  1. Department of Thermal and Energy Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632 014, India
  2. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University ˮGheorghe Asachi” of Iasi, Iasi, Romania
  3. Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45D,15-351, Bialystok, Poland
  4. Department of Thermal Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C,15-351, Bialystok, Poland

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The list should begin with Latin symbols in alphabetical order followed by Greek symbols also in alphabetical order and with a separate heading. Subscripts and superscripts should follow Greek symbols and should be identified with separate headings. Physical quantities should be expressed in SI units ( Système International d’Unités). In the template a dedicated area is created to put the nomenclature.

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The references should be placed after the acknowledgment section. The references citation in the manuscript body should be numbered: [1], [2], etc. Please use the following style of references in bibliography APA – 7th ed:

Journal citation (APA – 7th ed):
[1] Król, J., & Ocłoń, P. (2019). Sensitivity analysis of hybrid combined heat and power plant on fuel and CO2 emission allowances price change. Energy Conversion and Management, 196, 127–148.
doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.090

[2] Zhou, Y., Bi, H., & Wang, H. (2023). Influence of the primary components of the high-speed train on fire heat release rate. Archives of Thermodynamics, 44(1), 37–61.
doi.org/10.24425/ather.2023.145876

When citing scientific papers, it is needed to provide a DOI identifier if available.
Example of citation:
• Król and Ocłoń [1] studied a hybrid CHP sensitivity on fuel and CO2 emission allowances price change.
• Zhou et al. [2] studied the influence of the primary components of the high speed train on fire heat release rate.

Book citation (APA – 7th ed):
[3] Ocłoń, P. (2021). Renewable energy utilization using underground energy systems (1st ed.). Springer Nature.
Example of citation:
• Ocłoń et al. [3] presented renewable energy systems for heating cooling and electrical energy production in buildings.

Book chapter citation (APA – 7th ed):
[4] Ciałkowski, M., & Frąckowiak, A. (2014). Boundary element method in inverse heat conduction problem. In Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses (pp. 424–433). Springer Netherlands.
Example of citation:
• Ciałkowski and Frąckowiak [4] presented a Boundary element method application for solving inverse heat conduction problems.

Conference proceedings (APA – 7th ed):
[5] Pourghasemi, B., & Fathi, N. (2023). Validation and verification analyses of turbulent forced convection of Na and NaK in miniature heat sinks. ASME 2023 Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification Symposium, 17-19 May, Baltimore, USA.
Example of citation:
• Pourghasemi and Fathi [5] validated and verified turbulent forced convection of Na and NaK in miniature heat sinks.
For works originally published in a language other than English, the language should be indicated in parentheses at the end of the reference. Authors are responsible for ensuring that the information in each reference is complete and accurate, including the DOI number.

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