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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Description

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.


Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.7

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.7

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2022: 0.256

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.431

ISSN
eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Grzegorz Borowik, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Secretary
Michał Ramotowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

 

 

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.


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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2

1 Detection of human finger joints in ultrasound images: structure and optimization
Artur Bąk , Kamil Wereszczyński , Jakub Segen , Paweł Mielnik , Marcin Fojcik , Marek Kulbacki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 271-276 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149541
Keywords: SVM USG SURF synovitis feature extraction classification
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Abstract

Synovitis is the inflammation of a synovial membrane surrounding a joint. Its assessment is an important step in the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Joint detection is the first stage of an automated method of assessment of a degree of synovitis, from an Ultrasound (USG) image of a finger joint and its surrounding area. A joint detector consists of three parts: image preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Each part contains adjustable parameters that must be set experimentally to ensure the proper operation of the detector. Both the structure of a joint detector and a procedure for finding a near-optimal configuration of the adjustable parameters are described. The optimization process is based on two evaluation measures: Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) and False Positive Count (FPC). The optimization process decreases the number of pictures with multiple detections, which was the main point of works presented in this paper. This was achieved by increasing the number of components of the homogeneous mixed-SURF descriptor which has the greatest influence on the final result. Non-SURF descriptors achieve poorer classification results. Our research led to the creation of a better joint detector which could positively influence the final results of inflammation level classification.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Bąk
1
Kamil Wereszczyński
2
Jakub Segen
1
Paweł Mielnik
3
Marcin Fojcik
4
Marek Kulbacki
1
  1. Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Informatics, Gliwice, Poland
  3. Department for Neurology, Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, Helse Forde, Forde, Norway
  4. Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
2 Current trends on the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease by means of neural computation methods
Carmen Paz Suarez-Araujo , Ylerm Cabrera-Leon , Pablo Fernandez-Lopez , Patricio Garcıa Baez
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 277-283 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149542
Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease Mild Cognitive Impairment Computer-Aided Diagnosis Artificial Neural Network Deep Learning
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Abstract

Abstract—The prevalence of dementia is expected to increment in the next decades as the elderly population grows and ages. Hence, Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), as the most frequent dementia, will be more problematic from a socioeconomic point of view. Different diagnostic criteria have been proposed by clinicians for the early diagnosis of AD. After discarding the longitudinal and prognosis articles, a selection of articles from the last decade and based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was collated from the PubMed database, and complemented with researches extracted from others. The latest trends on this field were discovered in these selected articles, which were later discussed. Only articles based whether on shallow ANNs, Deep Learning (DL) or a mix of both were included. The total number of cross-sectional articles that complied with our selection criteria was 154. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) combined with neuroimaging has been the most popular approach, yielding very good performance results. Approaches based on nonneuroimaging techniques, such as gait, genetics, speech and neuropsychological tests, were less common but have their own advantages. Multimodality solutions may become even more prevalent in the near future. Similarly, novel diagnostic criteria will appear and the popularity of currently not-so-common ones will expand. A new proposal emerged from these trends, which is based on ontogenetic ANNs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Carmen Paz Suarez-Araujo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ylerm Cabrera-Leon
ORCID: ORCID
Pablo Fernandez-Lopez
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patricio Garcıa Baez
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Instituto Universitario de Cibernetica, Empresa y Sociedad, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Parque Cientıfico Tecnologico, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, CN, Spain
  2. Departamento de Ingenierıa Informatica y de Sistemas, Universidad de La Laguna, Escuela Superior de Ingenierıa y Tecnologıa, San Cristobal de La Laguna, CN, Spain
3 Campylobacteriosis a single center experience - literature review and own research
Gerard Pasternak , Anna Cieślak , Mateusz Walkowiak , Wojciech Borawski , Aleksandra Lewandowicz-Uszyńska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 285-291 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149543
Keywords: Campylobacter spp. Campylobacteriosis Children Diarrhea
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Abstract

Campylobacteriosis is the most common acute bacterial diarrheal disease in our population. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Campylobacter species whose prevalence in the environment and ease of transmission make these infections a serious epidemiological problem. Although the disease usually has a picture of mild self-limiting diarrhea in some cases there is a more severe course with the need for hospital care. Colonization by Campylobacter spp. also plays on of the main role in the pathogenesis of other diseases. The study was conducted using data from the records of 67 patients aged 3 months to 10 years hospitalized for acute diarrheal illness caused by Campylobacter spp. Microbiological culture yielded growth of C. coli in 14 cases and C. jejuni in 52 patients. The isolated pathogens showed significant antibiotic resistance variable depending on the bacterial strain. The least susceptibility to the drugs occurred with erythromycin and was mainly related to C jejuni. In 42 children it was necessary to implement antibiotic therapy during which azithromycin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, or Biseptol were used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gerard Pasternak
1
Anna Cieślak
2
Mateusz Walkowiak
1
Wojciech Borawski
3
Aleksandra Lewandowicz-Uszyńska
1
  1. 3rd Department and Clinic of Paediatrics, Immunology and Rheumatology of Developmental Age, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Immunology and Paediatrics, Provincial Hospital J. Gromkowski, Wroclaw, Poland
  2. Department of Paediatrics, Provincial Hospital J. Gromkowski, Wroclaw
  3. Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
4 Spatial sound and emotions: A literature survey on the relationship between spatially rendered audio and listeners’ affective responses
Antonina Stefanowska , Sławomir K. Zieliński
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 293-300 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149544
Keywords: spatial sound emotions affective responses
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Abstract

With the development of the entertainment industry, the need for immersive and emotionally impactful sound design has emerged. Utilization of spatial sound is potentially the next step to improve the audio experiences for listeners in terms of their emotional engagement. Hence, the relationship between spatial audio characteristics and emotional responses of the listeners has been the main focus of several recent studies. This paper provides a systematic overview of the above reports, including the analysis of commonly utilized methodology and technology. The survey was undertaken using four literature repositories, namely, Google Scholar, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and AES E-Library. The overviewed papers were selected according to the empirical validity and quality of the reported studies. According to the survey outcomes, there is growing evidence of a positive influence of the selected spatial audio characteristics on the listeners’ affective responses. However, more data is required to build reliable, universal, and useful models explaining the above relationship. Furthermore, the two research trends on this topic were identified. Namely, the studies undertaken so far can be classified as either technology-oriented or technology-agnostic, depending on the research questions or experimental factors examined. Prospective future research directions regarding this topic are identified and discussed. They include better utilization of scene-based paradigms, affective computing techniques, and exploring the emotional effects of dynamic changes in spatial audio scenes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antonina Stefanowska
1
Sławomir K. Zieliński
1
  1. Faculty of Computer Science, Białystok University of Technology, Poland
5 Switching-mode audio amplifier based on a ΔΣ A/D converter
Jarosław Jabłoński , Marcin Lewandowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 301-306 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149545
Keywords: Acoustic amplifier Switching-mode amplifier Digital amplifier ΔΣ modulation Class D
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Abstract

The article describes the design and implementation of a modular hardware platform intended for testing and measuring various configurations of switching-mode audio amplifiers based on sigma-delta modulation. Two single-channel power amplifier modules were designed and manufactured, along with a stereophonic module serving as the basic source of modulated signals. Additionally, measurements were conducted on the fundamental parameters of the completed amplifier, such as harmonic distortion level, dynamic range, and output power. The developed platform serves as a foundation for modifications and further advancement in the technology of building switching-mode audio amplifiers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Jabłoński
1
Marcin Lewandowski
2
  1. HEM Ltd
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
6 Ambisonics’ setup quality assessment through measurements and computations based on ITD and ILD functions using subbands and a Gammatone Filter Bank
Marcin Dąbrowski , Jan Skorupa , Wojciech Raszewski , Maciej Głowiak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 307-313 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149546
Keywords: immersive audio sound localization ambisonics
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Abstract

Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center (PSNC) developed an ambisonic installation and workflow as part of audio-visual 8K VR 360° immersive media experiments. This work aimed to investigate the quality of performance of the PSNC setup through both subjective tests as well as simulations providing objective parameters of interaural characteristics in a real-life scenario of PSNC studio. For the objective part, an algorithm for angle estimation has been proposed and computations were performed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Dąbrowski
1
Jan Skorupa
1
Wojciech Raszewski
1
Maciej Głowiak
1
  1. Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center, Poland
7 End-To-End deep neural models for Automatic Speech Recognition for Polish Language
Karolina Pondel-Sycz , Agnieszka Paula Pietrzak , Julia Szymla
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 315-321 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149547
Keywords: Automatic Speech Recognition Deep Neural Networks End-To-End Polish Language
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Abstract

This article concerns research on deep learning models (DNN) used for automatic speech recognition (ASR). In such systems, recognition is based on Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) acoustic features and spectrograms. The latest ASR technologies are based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and Transformers. The article presents an analysis of modern artificial intelligence algorithms adapted for automatic recognition of the Polish language. The differences between conventional architectures and ASR DNN End-To-End (E2E) models are discussed. Preliminary tests of five selected models (QuartzNet, FastConformer, Wav2Vec 2.0 XLSR, Whisper and ESPnet Model Zoo) on Mozilla Common Voice, Multilingual LibriSpeech and VoxPopuli databases are demonstrated. Tests were conducted for clean audio signal, signal with bandwidth limitation and degraded. The tested models were evaluated on the basis of Word Error Rate (WER).
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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Pondel-Sycz
1
Agnieszka Paula Pietrzak
1
Julia Szymla
1
  1. Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
8 EMD-based time-frequency analysis methods of audio signals
Marcin Lewandowski , Qizhang Deng
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 323-329 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149548
Keywords: empirical mode decomposition nonstationary audio data time-frequency analysis
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Abstract

Using appropriate signal processing tools to analyze time series data accurately is essential for correctly interpreting the underlying processes. Commonly employed methods include kernel-based transforms that utilize base functions and modifications to depict time series data. This paper refers to the analysis of audio data using two such transforms: the Fourier transform and the wavelet transform, both based on assumptions regarding the signal's linearity and stationarity. However, in audio engineering, these assumptions often do not hold as the statistical characteristics of most audio signals vary over time, making them unsuitable for treatment as outputs from a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system. Consequently, more recent methods have shifted towards breaking down signals into various modes in an adaptive, data-specific manner, potentially offering benefits over traditional kernel-based methods. Techniques like empirical mode decomposition and Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis are examples of this. The effectiveness of these methods was tested through simulations using speech signals for both kernel-based and adaptive decomposition methods, demonstrating that these adaptive methods are effective for analyzing audio data that is both nonstationary and an output of the nonlinear system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Lewandowski
1
Qizhang Deng
2
  1. Warsaw University of Technology
  2. University of New South Wales Sydney
9 Non-intrusive method for audio quality assessment of lossy-compressed music recordings using convolutional neural networks
Aleksandra Kasperuk , Sławomir Krzysztof Zieliński
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 331-339 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149549
Keywords: objective audio quality assessment non-intrusiveaudio quality evaluation convolutional neural networks
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Abstract

Most of the existing algorithms for the objective audio quality assessment are intrusive, as they require access both to an unimpaired reference recording and an evaluated signal. This feature excludes them from many practical applications. In this paper, we introduce a non-intrusive audio quality assessment method. The proposed method is intended to account for audio artefacts arising from the lossy compression of music signals. During its development, 250 high-quality uncompressed music recordings were collated. They were subsequently processed using the selection of five popular audio codecs, resulting in the repository of 13,000 audio excerpts representing various levels of audio quality. The proposed non-intrusive method was trained with the data obtained employing a well-established intrusive model (ViSQOL v3). Next, the performance of the trained model was evaluated utilizing the quality scores obtained in the subjective listening tests undertaken remotely over the Internet. The listening tests were carried out in compliance with the MUSHRA recommendation (ITU-R BS.1534-3). In this study, the following three convolutional neural networks were compared: (1) a model employing 1D convolutional filters, (2) an Inception-based model, and (3) a VGG-based model. The last-mentioned model outperformed the model employing 1D convolutional filters in terms of predicting the scores from the listening tests, reaching a correlation value of 0.893. The performance of the Inceptionbased model was similar to that of the VGG-based model. Moreover, the VGG-based model outperformed the method employing a stacked gated-recurrent-unit-based deep learning framework, recently introduced by Mumtaz et al. (2022).
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Kasperuk
1
Sławomir Krzysztof Zieliński
1
  1. Faculty of Computer Science, Białystok University of Technology, Poland
10 Procedurally generated AI compound media for expanding audial creations, broadening immersion and perception experience
Grzegorz Samson
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 341-348 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149550
Keywords: procedural generation generative media multimodal art audiovisual perception text-to-image transformers large language models latent diffusion models
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Abstract

Recently, the world has been gaining vastly increasing access to more and more advanced artificial intelligence tools. This phenomenon does not bypass the world of sound and visual art, and both of these worlds can benefit in ways yet unexplored, drawing them closer to one another. Recent breakthroughs open possibilities to utilize AI driven tools for creating generative art and using it as a compound of other multimedia. The aim of this paper is to present an original concept of using AI to create a visual compound material to existing audio source. This is a way of broadening accessibility thus appealing to different human senses using source media, expanding its initial form. This research utilizes a novel method of enhancing fundamental material consisting of text audio or text source (script) and sound layer (audio play) by adding an extra layer of multimedia experience – a visual one, generated procedurally. A set of images generated by AI tools, creating a story-telling animation as a new way to immerse into the experience of sound perception and focus on the initial audial material. The main idea of the paper consists of creating a pipeline, form of a blueprint for the process of procedural image generation based on the source context (audial or textual) transformed into text prompts and providing tools to automate it by programming a set of code instructions. This process allows creation of coherent and cohesive (to a certain extent) visual cues accompanying audial experience levering it to multimodal piece of art. Using nowadays technologies, creators can enhance audial forms procedurally, providing them with visual context. The paper refers to current possibilities, use cases, limitations and biases giving presented tools and solutions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Samson
1
  1. Feliks Nowowiejski Academy of Music in Bydgoszcz, Poland
11 Timbra: An online tool for feature extraction, comparative analysis and visualization of timbre
Filip Szymański , Ewa Łukasik , Magdalena Chudy
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 349-354 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149551
Keywords: timbre audio descriptors feature extraction comparative analysis visualization
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Abstract

Dariah.lab is a research infrastructure created for digital humanities, consisting of state-of-the-art hardware and dedicated software tools. One of the tools developed for digital musicology is Timbra, a web-based application for conducting research on sound timbre. The aim was to create an easy-touse online tool for non-programmers. The tool can be used to calculate, visualise, and compare different timbre characteristics of uploaded audio files and to export the extracted parameters in CSV format for further processing, e.g. by classification tools. The application offers extraction and visualisation of scalar features such as zero crossing rate, fundamental frequency, spectral centroid, spectral roll-off, spectral flatness, band energy ratio, as well as feature vectors (e.g. chromagram, spectral contrast, spectrogram, and MFCCs). An interested user can compare selected sound characteristics using various types of plots and run dissimilarity analysis of timbre parameters by means of 2D or 3D multidimensional scaling (MDS). The paper showcases potential applications of the tool based on presented case studies. In terms of implementation, the calculations are performed at the backend Django server using Librosa and standard Python libraries. Dash library is used for the frontend. By offering an easy-to-use tool accessible anytime and anywhere through the Internet, we want to facilitate timbre analysis for a broader group of researchers, e.g. sound engineers, luthiers, phoneticians, or musicologists.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Szymański
1
Ewa Łukasik
1
Magdalena Chudy
2
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poznan
  2. Institute of Art, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
12 Sound localisation definition in parametrically and non-parametrically decoded first-order ambisonic systems
Jacek Majer
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 355-360 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149552
Keywords: ambisonics spatial audio parametric decoding psychoacoustics
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Abstract

This study assessed sound localisation definition in ambisonic systems using two-non-parametric and three parametric decoders, in a two-dimensional format. The sound samples were played back through eight loudspeakers arranged in a circle. The participants compared pairs of sound samples to determine which sample offered a more precise perception of the sound source’s location. The data analysis, using a Bradley-Terry probability mode, revealed that parametric decoders were preferred with a 60–83% probability. Among the parametric decoders, the COMPASS method, which utilizes the Multiple Signal Classification algorithm for sound source direction estimation, received the highest scores for sound localisation judgements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Majer
1
  1. Chopin University of Music, Department of Sound Engineering, Chair of Musical Acoustics and Multimedia, Warszawa, Poland
13 Comparative analysis of natural and synthesized Polish speech
Michał Daniluk , Agnieszka Paula Pietrzak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 361-366 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149553
Keywords: synthesized speech AB test MOS MUSHRA logatom articulation
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Abstract

In the evolving field of speech synthesis, not only intelligibility, but also naturalness remains an important factor. This paper presents a comparative analysis of natural versus synthesized Polish speech. Speech synthesizers: Ivona, Mekatron, Notevibes, and ttsmp3 were explored. Four methods for assessing synthesized speech quality and comparing it to natural speech were presented: the AB test, MOS, logatom articulation test, and MUSHRA. Sentence databases and a database of logatoms were generated for each synthesizer and recorded for natural speech. Results indicated natural speech was consistently better than synthesized speech. Among the synthesizers, Notevibes performed best in all comparisons, while Mekatron ranked lowest.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Daniluk
1
Agnieszka Paula Pietrzak
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Radiocommunication and Multimedia Technology
14 Exploring music listening patterns: an online survey
Barbara Szyca , Bartosz Wejda , Marta Muchewicz , Bożena Kostek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 367-372 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149554
Keywords: way of listening to music musical preference music streaming radio
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Abstract

An online survey was carried out to explore how respondents listen to music recordings. It was anticipated that the listener’s preferences would be influenced by various factors, such as age, music genre, the contexts in which they listen, and their favored methods of music consumption. Consequently, the data were collected to analyze these relationships. The survey, structured as a web application, encompassed 23 questions, with seven specifically aimed at defining the respondents and the remainder contributing to the dataset for analysis. The results reveal a prevailing preference for listening to music via streaming platforms. Respondents predominantly engage in passive listening, where music becomes a background presence without commanding their focused attention. Moreover, the data also highlight a noteworthy correlation between preferred music genres and the age of the listeners.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Szyca
1
Bartosz Wejda
1
Marta Muchewicz
1
Bożena Kostek
1
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics
15 Reverberation divergence in VR applications
Patryk Rolkowski , Piotr Odya , Bartłomiej Mróz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 373-380 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149555
Keywords: Ambisonics VR 360-degree recordings
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Abstract

This project aimed to investigate the correlation between virtual reality (VR) imagery and ambisonic sound. With the increasing popularity of VR applications, understanding how sound is perceived in virtual environments is crucial for enhancing the immersiveness of the experience.
In the experiment, participants were immersed in a virtual environment that replicated a concert hall. Their task was to assess the correspondence between sound scenes (which differed in reverberation times and their characteristics) and the observed invariant visual scene. The research was conducted using paired tests. Participants were asked to identify the sound scene they considered more closely matched the concert hall seen in the VR goggles for each pair. Each sound scene differed in the employed impulse response. All the impulse responses were recorded in real venues such as concert halls, auditoriums, churches, etc. To provide a realistic auditory experience, the sound scenes were processed using third-order ambisonics and decoded using binaural techniques with HRTFs. The virtual concert hall was generated using the Unreal Engine and was the same for all the tests.
One of the major conclusions drawn from the conducted research was confirming the role of spatial sound in creating immersive VR experiences. The study demonstrated that appropriately matching spatial sound to the VR visual scene is essential for achieving complete immersion. Additionally, expectations and preferences regarding reverberation characteristics in different types of spaces were discovered. These findings have significant implications for the design of virtual environments, and understanding these aspects can contribute to improving VR technology and creating more immersive and realistic virtual experiences for users.

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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Rolkowski
1
Piotr Odya
1
Bartłomiej Mróz
1
  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
16 Ant algorithms for finding weighted and unweighted maximum cliques in d-division graphs
Krzysztof Schiff
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 381-387 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149556
Keywords: d-division graph ant algorithm maximum clique machine control object tracking
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Abstract

This article deals with the problem of finding the maximum number of maximum cliques in a weighted graph with all edges between vertices from different d-division of a graph with the minimum total weight of all these cliques, and the problem of finding the maximum number of maximum cliques in a nonweighted graph with not all edges between vertices from different d-division of the graph. This article presents new ant algorithms with new desire functions for these problems. These algorithms were tested for their purpose with different changing input parameters, the test results were tabulated and discussed, the best algorithms were indicated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Schiff
1
  1. Cracow University of Technology, Poland
17 Formation of Models for Registering Systemic Processes in The Digital Educational Environment of the University Based on Log File Analysis
Valerii Lakhno , Bakhytzhan Akhmetov , Kaiyrbek Makulov , Bauyrzhan Tynymbayev , Svitlana Tsiutsiura , Mikola Tsiutsiura , Vitalii Chubaievskyi
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 389-396 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149557
Keywords: digital educational environment digital footprints log files data mining (or intellectual data analysis) algorithm model
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Abstract

It has been demonstrated that technologies and methods of intelligent data analysis (IDA) in the educational domain, particularly based on the analysis of digital traces (DT) of students, offer substantial opportunities for analyzing student activities. Notably, the DT of students are generated both during remote learning sessions and during blended learning modes. By applying IDA methods to DT, one can obtain information that is beneficial for both the educator in a specific discipline and for the educational institution's management. Such information might pertain to various aspects of the functioning of the digital educational environment (DEE) of the institution, such as: the student's learning style; individual preferences; the amount of time dedicated to a specific task, among others. An algorithm has been proposed for constructing a process model in the DEE based on log analysis within the DEE. This algorithm facilitates the description of a specific process in the DEE as a hierarchy of foundational process elements. Additionally, a model based on cluster analysis methods has been proposed, which may prove beneficial for analyzing the registration logs of systemic processes within the university's DEE. Such an analysis can potentially aid in detecting anomalous behavior of students and other individuals within the university's DEE. The algorithms proposed in this study enable research during log file analysis aimed at identifying breaches of information security within the university's DEE.
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Authors and Affiliations

Valerii Lakhno
1
Bakhytzhan Akhmetov
2
Kaiyrbek Makulov
3
Bauyrzhan Tynymbayev
3
Svitlana Tsiutsiura
4
Mikola Tsiutsiura
4
Vitalii Chubaievskyi
4
  1. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  3. Caspian University of Technology and Engineering named after Sh.Yesenova, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  4. State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
18 Emerging Challenges in Technology-based Support for Surgical Training
Minsik Hong , Jerzy W. Rozenblit
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 397-404 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149558
Keywords: Surgical training minimally invasive surgery virtual coaching force guidance haptics mixed reality optimization
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Abstract

This paper stipulates several technological research and development thrusts that can assist in modern day approaches to simulated training of minimally invasive laparoscopic and robot surgery. Basic tenets of such training are explained, and specific areas of research are enumerated. Specifically, augmented and mixed reality are proposed as a means of improving perceptual and clinical decision-making skills, haptics are proposed as mechanism not only to provide force feedback and guidance, but also as a means of reflecting a tactile feel of surgery in simulated training scenarios. Learning optimization is discussed to fine tune the difficulty levels of various exercises. All the above elements can serve as the foundation for building computer-based virtual coaching environments that can reduce the training costs and provide a broader access to learning highly complex, technology driven surgical techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

Minsik Hong
1
Jerzy W. Rozenblit
1
  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
19 Electronic footprint analysis and cluster analysis techniques for information security risk research of university digital systems
Valerii Lakhno , Myroslav Lakhno , Kaiyrbek Makulov , Olena Kryvoruchko , Alona Desiatko , Vitalii Chubaievskyi , Dmytro Ishchuk , Viktoriya Kabylbekova
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 405-412 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149559
Keywords: cluster analysis digital footprints hierarchical classification k-means method information security risks university digital educational environment
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Abstract

In the article there are presented results of the study of the state of user competencies for different specialties of the university digital educational environment (UDEE) on issues related to information security (IS). The methods of cluster analysis and analysis of digital (electronic) traces (DT) of users are used. On the basis of analyzing the DTs of different groups of registered users in the UDEE, 6 types of users are identified. These types of users were a result of applying hierarchical classification and k-means method. Users were divided into appropriate clusters according to the criteria affecting IS risks. For each cluster, the UDEE IS expert can determine the probability of occurrence of high IS risk incidents and, accordingly, measures can be taken to address the causes of such incidents. The algorithms proposed in this study enable research during log file analysis aimed at identifying breaches of information security within the university's DEE.
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Authors and Affiliations

Valerii Lakhno
1
Myroslav Lakhno
1
Kaiyrbek Makulov
2
Olena Kryvoruchko
3
Alona Desiatko
3
Vitalii Chubaievskyi
3
Dmytro Ishchuk
4
Viktoriya Kabylbekova
2
  1. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Caspian University of Technology and Engineering named after Sh.Yesenova, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  3. State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
  4. Zhytomyr Politechnic State University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
20 Cyber threats to the Private Academic Cloud
Valerii Lakhno , Bakhytzhan Akhmetov , Olena Kryvoruchko , Vitalyi Chubaievskyi , Alona Desiatko , Madina Bereke , Maria Shalabaeva
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 413-420 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149560
Keywords: information security private academic cloud cyber threats
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Abstract

The potential breach of access to confidential content hosted in a university's Private Academic Cloud (PAC) underscores the need for developing new protection methods. This paper introduces a Threat Analyzer Software (TAS) and a predictive algorithm rooted in both an operational model and discrete threat recognition procedures (DTRPs). These tools aid in identifying the functional layers that attackers could exploit to embed malware in guest operating systems (OS) and the PAC hypervisor. The solutions proposed herein play a crucial role in ensuring countermeasures against malware introduction into the PAC. Various hypervisor components are viewed as potential threat sources to the PAC's information security (IS). Such threats may manifest through the distribution of malware or the initiation of processes that compromise the PAC's security. The demonstrated counter-threat method, which is founded on the operational model and discrete threat recognition procedures, facilitates the use of mechanisms within the HIPV to quickly identify cyber attacks on the PAC, especially those employing "rootkit" technologies. This prompt identification empowers defenders to take swift and appropriate actions to safeguard the PAC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Valerii Lakhno
1
Bakhytzhan Akhmetov
2
Olena Kryvoruchko
3
Vitalyi Chubaievskyi
3
Alona Desiatko
3
Madina Bereke
2
Maria Shalabaeva
4
  1. National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  3. State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
  4. Kazakh University Ways of Communications, Almaty, Kazakhstan
21 Field trial and performance evaluation of IoT poultry farm monitoring system
Marga AJ Mulya , Suryadi Suryadi , Heri Nugraha , Endang Suwandi , Jayadi Jayadi , Agus S Wismogroho
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 421-428 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149561
Keywords: IoT poultry farming monitoring humidity temperature sensors
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Abstract

IoT technology revolutionizes poultry farming by enabling real-time data collection and analysis. Traditional manual methods for monitoring temperature, humidity, and AC voltage are being replaced with automated systems. The IoT setup includes three sensor nodes, CCTV, an IoT gateway, and a web server. Temperature ranges from 27 to 35°C in offfattening periods and consistently above 30°C during fattening. Humidity fluctuates between 60% to 90% in both periods. The CPU temperature remains within safe limits. Uplink data rates exceed 2 Mbps, while AC voltage initially falls below standards but improves over time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marga AJ Mulya
1
Suryadi Suryadi
1
Heri Nugraha
1
Endang Suwandi
1
Jayadi Jayadi
1
Agus S Wismogroho
1
  1. National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia
22 Performance evaluation of microservices communication with REST, GraphQL, and gRPC
Muhammad Niswar , Reza Arisandy Safruddin , Anugrayani Bustamin , Iqra Aswad
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 429-436 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149562
Keywords: Microservices API gRPC REST GraphQL
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Abstract

Microservice architecture has become the design paradigm for creating scalable and maintainable software systems. Selecting the proper communication protocol in microservices is critical to achieving optimal system performance. This study compares the performance of three commonly used API protocols: REST, GraphQL, and gRPC, in microservices architecture. In this study, we established three microservices implemented in three containers and each microservice contained a Redis and MySQL database. We evaluated the performance of these API protocols using two key performance metrics: response time and CPU Utilization. This study performs two distinct data retrieval: fetching flat data and fetching nested data, with a number of requests ranging from 100 to 500 requests. The experimental results indicate that gRPC has a faster response time, followed by REST and GraphQL. Moreover, GraphQL shows higher CPU Utilization compared to gRPC and REST. The experimental results provide insight for developers and architects seeking to optimize their microservices communication protocols for specific use cases and workloads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Niswar
1
Reza Arisandy Safruddin
1
Anugrayani Bustamin
1
Iqra Aswad
1
  1. Department of Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
23 The ambiguity of frequency determination in digital microwave frequency discriminators
Hubert Stadnik , Bronisław Stec
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 437-442 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149563
Keywords: microwave frequency discriminator microwavephase discriminator instantaneous frequency measurement ambiguity of frequency determination
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Abstract

Instantaneous frequency measurement devices are designated for very fast measurements of the current frequency value of microwave signals, even if they are very short in the time domain. Fast measurements of frequency temporary values may be based on the evaluation of the phase difference of signal propagating through the microwave transmission lines with unequal, but known, lengths. This paper presents the principle of determination of temporary values of the microwave signal frequency using the digitalized signals and the binary value of them eventually. In the purpose of increase the frequency discrimination resolution, additional tracks with lines with a larger length are proposed. For the system with elements with analytical model transmission characteristics it is typical that bands of ambiguity of frequency measurement occurs. To tackle this problem in addition to 4 x 4 Butler matrix implementation the method of using combination sine and cosine signals is proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hubert Stadnik
1
Bronisław Stec
1
  1. Polish Air Force University, Faculty of Aviation, Dęblin, Poland
24 Measurement of nonlinear and Doppler distortion in Distributed Mode Loudspeakers
Karol Czesak , Piotr Kleczkowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 443-448 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149564
Keywords: DML loudspeaker characteristics loudspeaker measurements nonlinear distortion Doppler effect
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Abstract

Distributed Mode Loudspeakers (DMLs), as other electroacoustic transducers with electrodynamic excitation, are susceptible to the occurrence of nonlinear distortion. The literature on nonlinear distortion in DMLs is scarce. The vibrations of the DML panel are very small in amplitude, thus the coil excursion of the exciter is low, which is a favorable condition for low nonlinear distortion. The scope of this paper covers investigation of harmonic and intermodulation distortion, occurring in the DML. The harmonic distortion was examined with two methods and the intermodulation distortion – with three, including one author’s proposed method. The result indicate, that nonlinear distortion in DMLs may be a bigger problem than those in diaphragm loudspeakers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Czesak
1
Piotr Kleczkowski
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30,. 30-059 Kraków
25 Detection using Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and SMS Gateway Controller
Muhammad Arhami , Akhbar Arianda , Akmalul Fata , Yassir , Anita Desiani , Muhammad Arifai
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 449-453 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149565
Keywords: Iptables Sms gateway Bash script Snort
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Abstract

Intrusion Detection System and SMS controller with Snort using SMS Gateway on public networks. The need for an attack detection system that can assist administrators in monitoring the network, so that administrators can cope with threats quickly and the network can operate optimally again, the purpose of this study is to facilitate network administrators in preventing and detecting attacks. this has been tested against ping of death attacks, sql injection, sysflooding attacks and port scanning. From the results of testing the system that has been tested, the system has been able to detect and prevent it quickly via SMS controller integrated with gammu as an sms gateway, as for information sent to the network administrator in the form of attack alerts in real time via SMS, the result of attack detection in the form of 4 (four) types of information, namely attack time, attack type, destination IP, and source IP. Blocking attacks is done by sending blocking commands via an sms controller that is integrated with php scripts, bash scripting and iptables, blocking attacks successfully executed after the gammu server receives an SMS reply from the network administrator in an average period of 40 seconds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Arhami
1
Akhbar Arianda
1
Akmalul Fata
1
Yassir
2
Anita Desiani
3
Muhammad Arifai
3
  1. Department of Information and Computer Technology, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
  3. Department l of Mathematics, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
26 CNN ensemble approach for early detection of sugarcane diseases – a comparison
K J Kavitha , K Krishna Prasad
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 455-464 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149566
Keywords: Sugarcane diseases CNN KNN Soil quality quality metrics
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Abstract

This paper mainly concentrates and discusses on sugarcane crop, the variety of cane seeds available for sowing; various cane diseases and its early detection using different approaches. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques are used to analyze agricultural data like temperature, soil quality, yield prediction, selling price forecasts, etc. and avoid crop damage from a variety of sources, including diseases. In the proposed work, with particular reference to eight specific sugarcane crop diseases and including healthy crop database, the neural network algorithms are tested and verified in terms quality metrics like accuracy, F1 score, recall and precision.
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Authors and Affiliations

K J Kavitha
1
K Krishna Prasad
2
  1. GM Institute of Technology, VTU
  2. Srinivas University, Mangalore
27 Ensemble learning approach to enhancing binary classification in Intrusion Detection System for Internet of Things
Soni , Muhammad Akmal Remli , Kauthar Mohd Daud , Januar Al Amien
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 465-472 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149567
Keywords: Binary classification XGBoost ToN IoT dataset ensemble technique
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Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced significant growth and plays a crucial role in daily activities. However, along with its development, IoT is very vulnerable to attacks and raises concerns for users. The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) operates efficiently to detect and identify suspicious activities within the network. The primary source of attacks originates from external sources, specifi-cally from the internet attempting to transmit data to the host network. IDS can identify unknown attacks from network traffic and has become one of the most effective network security. Classification is used to distinguish between normal class and attacks in binary classification problem. As a result, there is a rise in the false positive rates and a decrease in the detection accuracy during the model's training. Based on the test results using the ensemble technique with the ensemble learning XGBoost and LightGBM algorithm, it can be concluded that both binary classification problems can be solved. The results using these ensemble learning algorithms on the ToN IoT Dataset, where binary classification has been performed by combining multiple devices into one, have demonstrated improved accuracy. Moreover, this ensemble approach ensures a more even distribution of accuracy across each device, surpassing the findings of previous research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Soni
1
Muhammad Akmal Remli
2
Kauthar Mohd Daud
3
Januar Al Amien
4
  1. Faculty of Computer Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau Indonesia and Faculty of Data Science and Computing, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Data Science and Computing, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan and Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
  3. Center for Artificial Intelligence Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia
  4. Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau Indonesia and Faculty of Data Science and Computing, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, City Campus, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
28 Extreme learning machine approach on heart abnormalities identification in ECG images
Anandhini Medianty Nababan , Umaya Rhamadhani Putri Nasution , Tito Daniel Pandiangan , Farhad Nadi , Al-Khowarizmi , Rahmat Budiarto , Romi Fadillah Rahmat
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 473-480 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149568
Keywords: Heart abnormality Electrocardiogram Image Processing Extreme Learning Machine Invariant Moments
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Abstract

Heart abnormalities are atypical heart conditions that can lead to chronic heart disease. Heart abnormalities can be severe if not treated directly due to the crucial function of the heart as the blood circulation center. Heart abnormalities cannot be seen with the naked eye so it requires the recording of a heartbeat wave or electrocardiogram (EKG) for the disease to be detected. Therefore, a strategy that uses image processing and artificial neural networks to detect anomalies in the heart is strongly advocated. The proposed methods for feature extraction and identification are Invariant Moments and Extreme Learning Machine respectively. The testing procedure for this research employed a total of 386 ECG images as training data. and 44 ECG images for test data, and the heart condition was classified into 4 classes, namely Atrial Fibrillation, T-Wave, ST-Segment, and normal heart conditions. The test was carried out using 3 choices of extreme learning machine activation functions, namely sigmoidal, sine and hard-lim. The test also applied the parameter of hidden neurons in which amounting to 10, 30, 50, 100 and 500. The system accuracy in identifying heart abnormalities achieved 95.45% by the application of the sigmoid function with the total number of hidden neurons equal to 500.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anandhini Medianty Nababan
1
Umaya Rhamadhani Putri Nasution
1
Tito Daniel Pandiangan
1
Farhad Nadi
2
Al-Khowarizmi
3
Rahmat Budiarto
4
Romi Fadillah Rahmat
5
  1. Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
  2. School of Information Technology, UNITAR International University, Malaysia
  3. Department of Information Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
  4. College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
  5. Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
29 DNA recognition using Novel Deep Learning Model
Musab T.S. Al-Kaltakchi , Hasan A. Abdulla , Raid Rafi Omar Al-Nima
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 481-487 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149569
Keywords: DNA Recognition Deep Learning DNA Identification
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Abstract

DNA, a significant physiological biometric, is present in all human cells like hair, blood, and skin. This research introduces a new approach called the Deep DNA Learning Network (DDLN) for person identification based on their DNA. This novel Machine Learning model is designed to gather DNA chromosomes from an individual’s parents. The model’s flexibility allows it to expand or contract and has the capability to determine one or both parents of an individual using the provided chromosomes. Notably, the DDLN model offers quick training in comparison to traditional deep learning methods. The study employs two real datasets from Iraq: the Real Iraqi Dataset for Kurds (RIDK) and the Real Iraqi Dataset for Arabs (RIDA). The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed DDLN model achieves an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0 for both datasets, indicating highly accurate performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Musab T.S. Al-Kaltakchi
1
Hasan A. Abdulla
2
Raid Rafi Omar Al-Nima
2
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
  2. Technical Engineering College of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Iraq
30 A novel edge computing approach to astronomical image data processing based on sCMOS camera using SoC
Paweł Zienkiewicz , Katarzyna Karpińska , Mikołaj Jamroży , Bartłomiej Juszczyk , Dmytro Pochapskyi , Tomasz Przedpełski , Jerzy Łukasiewicz , Natalia Czortek , Grzegorz Brona
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 489-494 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149570
Keywords: sCMOS camer astronomical camera Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) FPGA edge computing SoC
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Abstract

The ever-growing deluge of astronomical data challenges traditional server-based processing, hindering real-time analysis and scientific discovery. This paper proposes a novel approach: edge computing directly on an sCMOS camera using a System-on-Chip (SoC) architecture currently developed at Creotech Instruments. We present a custom-designed camera equipped with an FPGA-based SoC, enabling on-board preprocessing and feature extraction of astronomical images. This significantly reduces data transmission, minimizes latency, and empowers real-time decision-making for critical observations. We showcase the camera's capabilities through real-world scenarios, demonstrating its usability in astronomy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Zienkiewicz
1
Katarzyna Karpińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikołaj Jamroży
1
Bartłomiej Juszczyk
1
Dmytro Pochapskyi
1
Tomasz Przedpełski
1
Jerzy Łukasiewicz
2
Natalia Czortek
1
Grzegorz Brona
1
  1. Creotech Instruments S.A., Poland
  2. Air Force Institute of Technology (ITWL), Poland
31 Synthesis of an electronic control module for a selected technological node with a focus on its automation
Zbigniew Szcześniak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 495-499 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149571
Keywords: analysis of technological processes system graph algorithmic method programming sequential systems
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Abstract

The article presents problems related to the design of sequential control systems using algorithmic design method. Based on a graph describing the functions of signal processing, the method of fast programming of sequential electro-pneumatic systems and systems with logic elements is presented.
The developed sequential system was verified through simulation using the FluidSim computer-aided design software from Festo.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Szcześniak
1
  1. University of Technology In Kielce, Department of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Computer Science, Poland
32 Designing of Reversible Functions in Classical and Quantum Domains
Andrzej Skorupski , Ryszard Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 501-508 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149572
Keywords: reversible logic reversible circuits reversible gate CNT set of the gates
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Abstract

First sections of the paper contain some considerations relevant to the reversibility of quantum gates. The Solovay-Kitayev theorem shows that using proper set of quantum gates one can build a quantum version of the nondeterministic Turing machine. On the other hand the Gottesmann-Knill theorem shows the possibility to simulate the quantum machine consisting of only Clifford/Pauli group of gates. This paper presents also an original method of designing the reversible functions. This method is intended for the most popular gate set with three types of gates CNT (Control, NOT and Toffoli). The presented algorithm leads to cascade with minimal number CNT gates. This solution is called optimal reversible circuits. The paper is organized as follows. Section 5 recalls basic concepts of reversible logic. Section 6 contain short description of CNT set of the reversible gates. In Section 7 is presented form of result of designing as the cascade of gates. Section 8 describes the algorithm and section 9 simple example.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Skorupski
1
Ryszard Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Computer Science, and Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland
33 Students’ view of Quantum Information Technologies, part 3
Anna Twarowska , Justyna P. Wietczak , Kamil Ł Szydłowski , Michał Kaczmarczyk , Maciej L. Kaczkowski , Oliwia Pawlak , Bartłomiej Mastej , Maciej Stranz , Kinga Hacaś , Bartłomiej Sweklej , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 509-518 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149573
Keywords: ICT QIT biomedical engineering electronics andcommunications engineering sensors quantum Internet quantum computing cybersecurity quantum networks quantum metrology cloud computing
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Abstract

The article is part of a course on Quantum Information Technologies QIT conducted at the Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology of the Warsaw University of Technology. The subject includes a publishing workshop exercised by engineering students. How do ICT engineers see QIT from their point of view? How can they implement quantum technologies in their future work? M.Sc. students usually have strictly declared topics for their master’s theses. The implementation of some works is at an advanced stage. The potential areas of application of QIT are defined and narrow if they are to intellectually expand the area of the completed theses. This is the idea of incorporating QIT components or interfaces into classic ICT solutions at the software and hardware level. It is possible to propose a solution in the form of a functional hybrid system. QIT systems should be functionally incorporated into the existing ICT environment, generating measurable added value. Such a task is quite demanding, but practice shows that it interests students. Solutions don’t have to be mature or even feasible. They can be dreams of young engineers. The exercise is a publication workshop related to the fast development of QIT. The article is a continuation of publication exercises conducted with previous groups of students participating in QIT lectures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Twarowska
1
Justyna P. Wietczak
1
Kamil Ł Szydłowski
Michał Kaczmarczyk
1
Maciej L. Kaczkowski
1
Oliwia Pawlak
1
Bartłomiej Mastej
1
Maciej Stranz
1
Kinga Hacaś
1
Bartłomiej Sweklej
1
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
34 Bandwidth enhancement for QMSIW antenna by using dual cavity and triangle slot
Dian Widi Astuti , Juprida Parrona Purba , Muslim Muslim , Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak , Yuliza Yuliza , Fina Supegina , Syah Alam , Setiyo Budiyanto
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 519-524 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149574
Keywords: dual resonant frequencies QMSIW dual cavity triangle slot bandwidth enhancement
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Abstract

The miniaturization of substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna suffers from the narrow impedance bandwidth. It occurs on the quarter mode substrate integrated waveguide (QMSIW) antenna that has 75% miniaturization of the full mode SIW. This research proposed the bandwidth enhancement for QMSIW antenna by using dual cavity and triangle slot. The QMSIW antenna feeds in a single port. The impedance bandwidth simulation has an 8.6% fractional bandwidth improved with dual resonant frequencies. The simulation result was validated with the measured impedance bandwidth.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dian Widi Astuti
1
Juprida Parrona Purba
1
Muslim Muslim
1
Imelda Uli Vistalina Simanjuntak
1
Yuliza Yuliza
1
Fina Supegina
1
Syah Alam
2
Setiyo Budiyanto
1
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta, Indonesia
  2. Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia
35 A comprehensive review of wearable antenna design for On-Body and Off-Body communication
Gaurav Kumar Soni , Dinesh Yadav , Ashok Kumar
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2024 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 525-532 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2024.149575
Keywords: Wearable Device Qearable Antenna On body Off body SAR Portable Device WBAN WPAN Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ISM MICS
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Abstract

Today age of advancement one of the fastest growing fields of the technology is wearable electronics and device. In the recent advancement the wearable devices for on and off body communication is going expeditiously. For the wearable wireless communication, wearable antennas are mostly used due to its compact size, self powered, light weight, low profile, portable wireless communication and sensing. This paper throws light on wearable antennas for on body and off body communication including their applications, advantages and disadvantages. A comparative study is conducted on designing of different on body and off body wearable antennas and parameters of designed antenna such as their size, shape, gain, SAR have been compared and analyzed. In this paper also discussed the impact of the wearable antenna on human body and impact of human body on antenna.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gaurav Kumar Soni
1
Dinesh Yadav
1
Ashok Kumar
2
  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
  2. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government Mahila Engineering College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India

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