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International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

Description

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications (IJET, eISSN 2300-1933, untill 2013 also print ISSN 2081-8491) is a periodical of Electronics and Telecommunications Committee of Polish Academy of Sciences and it is published by Warsaw Science Publishers of PAS. It continues tradition of the Electronics and Telecommunications Quarterly (ISSN 0867-6747) established in 1955 as the Rozprawy Elektrotechniczne. The IJET is a scientific periodical where papers present the results of original, theoretical, experimental and reviewed works. They consider widely recognized aspects of modern electronics, telecommunications, microelectronics, optoelectronics, radioelectronics and medical electronics.

The authors are outstanding scientists, well‐known experienced specialists as well as young researchers – mainly candidates for a doctor's degree. The papers present original approaches to problems, interesting research results, critical estimation of theories and methods, discuss current state or progress in a given branch of technology and describe development prospects. All the papers published in IJET are reviewed by international specialists who ensure that the publications are recognized as author's scientific output.

The printed periodical is distributed among all those who deal with electronics and telecommunications in national scientific centers as well as in numeral foreign institutions, and it is subscribed by many specialists and libraries. Its electronic version is available at http://ijet.pl.

The papers received are published within half a year if the cooperation between author and the editorial staff is efficient. The papers may be submitted to the editorial office by the journal web page http://ijet.pl.


Journal Metrics:

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.5

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2023: 1.5

SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023: 0.200

Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2022: 0.364

Citation Indicator (JCI): 0.15

ISSN
eISSN 2300-1933 (since 2013), ISSN 2081-8491 (until 2012)
Publishers
Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications

Editor-in-Chief
Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Managing Editor
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Technical Editors
Maciej Linczuk, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Poland

Secretary in-Charge
Danuta Ojrzenska-Wojter, Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Telecommunications, Poland

Administrative Assistant
Danuta Sobczak-Bartosiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland


Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Victor-Valeriu Patriciu, Director Doctoral School of Electronics, Informatics and Communications for Defense and Security, Military Technical Academy Bucharest, Romania, Romania

Prof. Bart Scheers, Royal Military Academy, Belgium

Dr. Eli Winjum, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Norway

Wladyslaw Skarbek, Warsaw University of Technology, IRE, Poland

Christian Napoli, University of Catania, Italy

Rosario Giunta, University of Catania, Italy

Christopher Chiu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Prof. Emiliano Tramontana, University of Catania, Italy

Prof Robin Braun, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr David Davis, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

dr Brian Culshaw, University of Strathclyde, UK, United Kingdom

Grzegorz Chmaj, University of Nevada, United States

Giuseppe Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy

Michael Affenzeller, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria

Prof. Stavros Hatzopoulos, Laboratory of Hearing Science Audiology Dept., University of Ferrara, Italy, Italy

Prof Nikita M Ryskin, Saratov State University, Russian Federation

Prof. Adam Wolisz, Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Telecommunication Networks

Prof. Edmundo Monteiro, Departamento de Engenharia Informatica Universidade de Coimbra Portugal, Portugal

Prof. Zoubir Mammeri, IRIT, Université Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 FRANCE, France

Dr Paul D Polishuk, IGI, Boston, MA, USA

Giuseppe Macchiarella, Politecnico di Milano,Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Italy

Prof. Bernd Steinbach, Bergakademie Freiberg Fakultät für Mathematik und Informatik Institut, Germany

Jan Szmidt, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zenon Chaczko, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Józef Modelski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Wiesław Woliński, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Ryszard Klempous, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Radomir Stanković, University of Niš, Serbia

Javier Poncela, University of Malaga, Spain

Marek Turowski, CFD Research Corporation, United States

Dawid Zydek, NV Energy, United States

Wojciech Szpankowski, Purdue University, United States

Jacek Żurada, University of Louisville, United States

Tadeusz Luba, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Stefan Hahn, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Gilbert De Mey, Ghent University, Belgium

Svetlana Yanushkevich, University of Calgary, Canada

Viktor Krozer, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Adam Morawiec, European Electronic Chips & Systems Design Initiative, France

Herman Rohling, Technical University of Hamburg, Germany

Franco Davoli, University of Genowa, Italy

Michał Mrozowski, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland

Włodzimierz Janke, Koszalin University of Technology, Poland</

Principal Contact
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
Professor
Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, room 217, Nowowiejska 15/19, Warsaw 00-665, Poland
Phone: +48222345110
Fax: +48228252300
Email: ryszard.romaniuk@pw.edu.pl

Support Contact
Danuta Bartosiewicz
Email: danuta.bartosiewicz@pw.edu.pl

 

 

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.


The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.


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Content

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1

1 Experiment on nearest level modulation algorithm for FPGA based Modular Multilevel Converters
Van Son Nguyen , Cuong Tran Hung , Pham Viet Phuong , Dung Hoang Anh , Giang Nguyen Hoai , Nghia Hoang Trong
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 5-10 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153537
Keywords: Experimental for MMC FPGA for MMC Nearest Level Modulation Modular Multilevel Converter Sub-Modules
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Abstract

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) has been applied to medium and high - voltage power systems recently because it has many advantages over other multilevel converters. This paper will present the algorithms of Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) and capacitor voltage balancing to greatly reduce the switching frequency as well as producing an output voltage at the AC side with very low harmonic distortion. The experimental system for the MMC converter requires a large amount of I/O signals ports. However, Digital Signal Processor (DSP) only provides up to 24 I/O signals ports while the experimental system of the MMC converter needs more than that. In this paper, the experimental system used FPGA to embed the proposed methods and applied to an MMC with 12 Sub-Modules (SM) to generate a 13-level AC voltage waveform. In this case, FPGA is the most suitable choice to develop the control circuit for the experimental system of MMC. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified by simulations and tested using a laboratory – scale prototype.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van Son Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cuong Tran Hung
2
Pham Viet Phuong
3
Dung Hoang Anh
1
Giang Nguyen Hoai
1
Nghia Hoang Trong
1
  1. Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hanoi Open University (HOU), Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
  2. Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thuyloi University, Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
  3. Department of Automation Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Ha Noi 100000, Viet Nam
2 LLM-Based multi-agent system for individual investment in energy and natural resources
Alexander Zaleski , Jaroslaw A. Chudziak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 11–18 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153538
Keywords: Multiagent systems Energy Minerals Market Investment Advisory System Autonomous LLM Agents Lang-Graph
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Abstract

Recent advancements in large language models and multiagent large language model based systems show that these technologies can be applied to a large number of problems. They can automate complex tasks and perform advanced analyses that would take an expert a significant amount of time. This article describes a multiagent large language model (LLM) based platform for investment advisory in the energy natural resources sector. The system integrates multiple types of investment analyses e.g. technical analysis, fundamental analysis, sentiment analysis and stock price prediction. The approach of integrating multiple types of analyses in one system allows the investor to save significant amount of time on analyzing potential investments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Alexander Zaleski
1
Jaroslaw A. Chudziak
1
  1. Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
3 A computer scientist’s perspective on approximation of IFS invariant sets and measures with the random iteration algorithm—proofs and examples
Tomasz Martyn
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 19–24 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153539
Keywords: IFS Discrete Space Markov Chain Approximation Invariant Set Invariant Measure
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Abstract

We present proofs of the theorems and lemmas demonstrated previously in our paper [1]. We also display some visual examples of minimal absorbing sets and their basins of attractions generated by δ-roundoffs of two-dimensional linear contractions as well as visualizations of DIFS stationary probability measures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Martyn
1
  1. Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
4 Application of a Machine Learning Model to the realization of a wireless communication system
Wieslaw Citko , Adam Trzebiatowski , Wieslaw Sienko
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 25-30 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153540
Keywords: wireless communication systems machinelearning Massive-MIMO-OFDM systems
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Abstract

This paper presents the author's proposal for a neural detector realization of a Massive-MIMO-OFDM system using extended Hopfield neural circuits. An important feature of such an implementation is that the system can be learned without the need to solve multi-parameter optimization tasks requiring high computational power.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wieslaw Citko
1
Adam Trzebiatowski
1
Wieslaw Sienko
1
  1. Department of Marine Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
5 Efficiency analysis of parallel swarm intelligence using rapid range search in Euclidean space
Łukasz Michalski , Andrzej Sołtysik , Marek Woda
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 31–37 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153541
Keywords: swarm intelligence parallel computing rangesearch CUDA
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Abstract

Swarm intelligence algorithms are widely recognized for their efficiency in solving complex optimization problems. However, their scalability poses challenges, particularly with large problem instances. This study investigates the time performance of swarm intelligence algorithms by leveraging parallel computing on both central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). The focus is on optimizing algorithms designed for range search in Euclidean space to enhance GPU execution. Additionally, the study explores swarm-inspired solutions specifically tailored for GPU implementations, emphasising improving efficiency in video rendering and computer simulations. The findings highlight the potential of GPU-accelerated swarm intelligence solutions to address scalability challenges in large-scale optimization, offering promising advancements in the field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Michalski
1
Andrzej Sołtysik
1
Marek Woda
1
  1. Department of Computer Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
6 Maximizing the practical achievability of quantum annealing attacks on factorization-based cryptography
Olgierd Żołnierczyk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 39–46 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153542
Keywords: Cryptography Integer Factorization Problem Number Field Sieve Hybrid quantum computations Quantum annealing QUBO B-smooth numbers
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Abstract

This work focuses on quantum methods for cryptanalysis of schemes based on the integer factorization problem and the discrete logarithm problem. We demonstrate how to practically solve the largest instances of the factorization problem by improving an approach that combines quantum and classical computations, assuming the use of the best publicly available special-class quantum computer: the quantum annealer. We achieve new computational experiment results by solving the largest instance of the factorization problem ever announced as solved using quantum annealing, with a size of 29 bits. The core idea of the improved approach is to leverage known subexponential classical method to break the problem down into many smaller computations and perform the most critical ones on a quantum computer. This approach does not reduce the complexity class, but it assesses the pragmatic capabilities of an attacker. It also marks a step forward in the development of hybrid methods, which in practice may surpass classical methods in terms of efficiency sooner than purely quantum computations will.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olgierd Żołnierczyk
1
  1. Faculty of Cybernetics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
7 Transformation of the discrete logarithm problem over F2n to the QUBO problem using normal bases
Michał Wroński , Mateusz Leśniak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 47–53 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153543
Keywords: Discrete Logarithm Problem Quantum Annealing Binary Fields
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Abstract

Quantum computations are very important branch of modern cryptology. According to the number of working physical qubits available in general-purpose quantum computers and in quantum annealers, there is no coincidence, that nowadays quantum annealers allow to solve larger problems. In this paper we focus on solving discrete logarithm problem (DLP) over binary fields using quantum annealing. It is worth to note, that however solving DLP over prime fields using quantum annealing has been considered before, no author, until now, has considered DLP over binary fields using quantum annealing. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to bridge this gap. We present a polynomial transformation of the discrete logarithm problem over binary fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem, using approximately 3n2 logical variables for the binary field F2n. In our estimations, we assume the existence of an optimal normal base in the given fields. Such a QUBO instance can then be solved using quantum annealing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Wroński
1
Mateusz Leśniak
1
  1. Department of Cryptology, NASK - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
8 The generalized method of solving ECDLP using quantum annealing
Łukasz Dzierzkowski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 55–60 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153544
Keywords: cryptology cryptanalysis elliptic curves discretelogarithm ECDLP Quantum annealing
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Abstract

This paper presents a generalization of a method allowing the transformation of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over prime fields to the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problem. The original method requires that a given elliptic curve model has complete arithmetic. The new one has no such restriction, which is a breakthrough. Since the mentioned obstacle is no longer a problem, the latest version of the algorithm may be used for any elliptic curve model. As a result, one may use quantum annealing to solve ECDLP on any given model of elliptic curves.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Dzierzkowski
1
  1. Faculty of Cybernetics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
9 Quantum-safe forward secure password authenticated key life-cycle management scheme with key update mechanism
Mariusz Jurkiewicz
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 61–68 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153545
Keywords: Forward security q-ary lattices password authentication random-oracle model SIS problem
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Abstract

In this paper we construct and consider a new password authenticated key life-cycle management scheme (PAKMS) with key update mechanism, which uses random q-ary lattices as its domain. We justify that the scheme is existentially forward unforgeable under a chosen password attack (fu-cpwda). To this end, we show that breaking this scheme let us to construct a polynomial-time adversary that is able to solve small integer solution (SIS) problem. Since the security of the scheme is based on computational hardness of SIS problem, it tuns out to be resistant to both classical and quantum computations. The keyupdating mechanism is based on some properties of binary trees, with a number of leaves being the same as a number of time periods in the scheme. The forward-security is gained under the assumption that one out of two hash functions is modeled as a random oracle.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Jurkiewicz
1
  1. Faculty of Cybernetics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
10 Speech signal security scheme based on multiple chaotic maps with deoxyribonucleic acid coding algorithm
Sura F. Yousif , Hussein A. Abdulkadhim
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 69-78 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153546
Keywords: communication speech security chaotic maps DNA coding security analysis
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Abstract

This article presents a novel speech cryptosystem by using chaotic maps and Deoxyribonucleic Acid coding. Initially, the speech signal is divided into four equal blocks. Then the speech samples in each block are submitted to confusion/diffusion via four different chaotic maps. The gained ciphered speech samples and the obtained chaotic sequence from Sine map are encoded via DNA rules. The consequent coded sequences from the previous step are merged via DNA/XNOR to get the coded DNA signal. Ultimately, the resulted signal is decoded to acquire the definitive ciphered signal. The experiments prove the efficiency and robustness of the suggested method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sura F. Yousif
1
Hussein A. Abdulkadhim
1
  1. University of Diyala, College of Engineering
11 Syndrome decoding with MRHS solver
Miloslav Smičík , Pavol Zajac
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 79–85 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153547
Keywords: Cryptography Decoding problem MRHS equationsystems
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Abstract

The syndrome decoding problem (SDP) is an NPcomplete problem that has important applications in the development of post-quantum cryptography. Currently, the most efficient algorithms for SDP are based on the Information Set Decoding (ISD) approach that leverages efficiently time-memory and probability trade-offs. In our contribution, we explore a different approach based on transforming an instance of the SDP problem into a so-called Multiple Right-Hand-Sides (MRHS) Equation system. The MRHS system is then solved with a specialized MRHS solver. We explore how difficult is to solve (small) instances of SDP in MRHS form, and which trade-offs and parametric selections lead to the best results. Although our practical results are worse than those obtained by ISD, we believe that they show a better understanding of the connection between SDP and its MRHS representation, and can be a basis for future improvements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miloslav Smičík
1
Pavol Zajac
1
  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
12 Digital image encryption with validation by ECC and embedding at low frequency region using the genetic approach
Kartikey Pandey , Deepmala Sharma
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 87–93 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153549
Keywords: image processing Elliptical Curve Cryptography Genetic Algorithm
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Abstract

Abstract—In the current internet era, the security of digital images has become increasingly important due to their numerous applications and uses. Although many researchers have proposed end-to-end security and authenticity against various attacks, achieving security, validation, and robustness together has been a challenge. This paper proposes a model called Low-Frequency Embedding and Elliptical Curve Cryptography (LFE-ECC), which provides all the necessary requirements for image security. The proposed model achieves image validation for the authentic sender by embedding a secret signature in the low-frequency region of the image. The robustness of the image is achieved by embedding a secret signature at a selected coefficient of the DWT feature. The moth flame optimization genetic algorithm is used for coefficient selection, and the additional security of embedded images is achieved using the elliptical curve cryptography technique. ECC provides encryption and validation for both parties. An experiment is conducted on real and artificial datasets under ideal and attack environments, and the results demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed LFE-ECC model against a range of attacks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kartikey Pandey
1
Deepmala Sharma
1
  1. Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Techonology Raipur, Raipur Chhattisgarh, India
13 Differential properties of LRX-analogues of small constant multiplication
Serhii Yakovliev
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 95–100 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153550
Keywords: symmetric cryptography ARX-cryptosystems LRX-cryptosystems differential cryptanalysis
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Abstract

In this work, we consider a class of mappings over bit vectors which imitate the multiplication by small constants with pure logic operations and non-cyclic shifts. Such mappings can provide non-linearity and strengthen the design of LRXcryptosystems, which are widely used in lightweight cryptography, due to their apparent benefits: a simple implementation and the absence of internal rotational symmetry, which increases security against rotational attacks. We examine the security of these mappings against differential cryptanalysis. We provide an explicit easy-to-calculate expression of differential probabilities for several versions of LRX-analogues of small constant multiplication with different operations and shift values.
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Authors and Affiliations

Serhii Yakovliev
1
  1. Institute of Physics and Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine
14 Detection of XSS vulnerabilities in OJS
Serhii Buchyk , Ruslana Ziubina , Tetiana Yuzhakova , Anastasiia Shabanova
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 101-106 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153548
Keywords: OJS (Open Journal System) vulnerabilities XSS website web applications XSS attacks detection of vulnerabilities
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Abstract

This article analyzes XSS vulnerabilities in OJS (Open Journal Systems) and develops a model for protecting against these attacks. It discusses different types of XSS attacks, vulnerabilities in OJS, methods of detecting them, and potential consequences for system security. The article describes a specific vulnerability that can be exploited to inject malicious code through user input of specially generated data. Based on the analysis, a protection model is developed, which includes the introduction of restrictions for vulnerable fields, encoding, and filtering of data before displaying it on the page. This article is essential for OJS administrators and developers to ensure high security and protection against potential XSS attacks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Serhii Buchyk
1
Ruslana Ziubina
2
Tetiana Yuzhakova
1
Anastasiia Shabanova
1
  1. Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. University of Bielsko-Biala, Bielsko-Biala, Poland
15 Biodegradable shellac-based substrates of various types for transient printed electronics
Radosław Cichocki , Beata Synkiewicz-Musialska , Piotr Zachariasz , Grzegorz Kołaszczyński , Kiranmai Uppuluri , Karolina Kula , Agata Skwarek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 107-112 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153551
Keywords: biodegradable electronics shellac dielectric substrates printed electronics
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Abstract

This work reports on the synthesis and properties of various shellac-based substrates for microelectronics applications. The analysis of the materials included temperature resistance and water solubility inspection. Low dielectric constant and dissipation factor as same as good integration of screen printed electrodes observed during SEM analysis, confirmed potential of shellac-based materials as substrates for transient, environmentally friendly electronic devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Radosław Cichocki
1
Beata Synkiewicz-Musialska
2
Piotr Zachariasz
1
Grzegorz Kołaszczyński
1
Kiranmai Uppuluri
1
Karolina Kula
2
Agata Skwarek
1
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – the Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Cracow, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow, Poland
16 Manufacturing and design practices: a review of crosstalk reduction in electronic circuit
Suleyman Coskun , Merih Yildiz , Temel Sonmezocak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 113-121 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153552
Keywords: crosstalk noise signal integrity circuit design printed circuit manufacturing techniques
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Abstract

Electronic circuit boards are components widely used in applications requiring modern high-speed signal transmission. This study aims to comprehensively examine various methods used in the design and manufacturing stages of electronic circuit boards and to focus on strategies for reducing crosstalk. In addition, the effects of these methods are thoroughly analyzed by comparing simulation results and laboratory tests found in the literature. Effectively managing crosstalk can aid in preserving signal integrity in circuits characterized by high speed and density.
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Authors and Affiliations

Suleyman Coskun
1
Merih Yildiz
1
Temel Sonmezocak
1
  1. Dogus University, Turkiye
17 The influence of construction parameters and the type of substrate on the conductivity value of multilayer structures made of NiFe and SiO2
Aleksandra Wilczyńska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 123-129 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153553
Keywords: multilayer nanocomposites magnetron sputtering AC measurements surface roughness
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Abstract

This article presents a method of obtaining multilayer NiFe-SiO2 nanocomposites by non-reactive magnetron sputtering. Structures with different numbers and thicknesses of layers were made on two different types of dielectric substrates. Electrical parameters were tested in the frequency range from 4 Hz to 8 MHz, as well as measurements of the surface roughness of the substrates. Based on the results, the influence of design parameters and the aging effect on the AC properties of the structures was determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Wilczyńska
1
  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
18 DTMOS Based Bandgap Reference Design in CMOS 28nm Process
Filip Księżyc , Piotr Kmon
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 131-137 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153554
Keywords: bandgap reference DTMOS CMOS 28nm
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Abstract

This paper describes design and simulation results of the bandgap reference source in CMOS 28nm technology. Proposed bandgap reference utilizes DTMOS transistors for providing currents of negative and positive temperature coefficients and is equipped with various techniques for process variation minimization such as common centroid element design and user controlled trimming resistors. This circuit achieves temperature coefficient equal to -18.87 ppm/(°C) with temperature ranging from -20°C to 100°C at 1V power supply, occupies 0.38 mm2 of silicon area, and consumes 3.66 μW of power.
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Authors and Affiliations

Filip Księżyc
1
Piotr Kmon
1
  1. Department of Measurement and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krakow
19 Phase change materials as integrated functional components in modern electroceramics
Piotr Zachariasz , Bartłomiej Sikora , Elżbieta Szostak , Radosław Cichocki , Beata Synkiewicz-Musialska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 139-144 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153555
Keywords: electroceramics phase-change materials thermoregulators thermal conductivity
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Abstract

Cordierite and Li2CuPO4 synthesis were endeavored using the solid-phase reaction or wet chemistry methods. Excellent microencapsulation of the [Erythritol]-HDPE composite was demonstrated, while the [Luxolina]-TEOS system exposes low affinity to the core-shell structure. The thermal properties of electroceramics and PCM (phase change material) composite were characterized by the heating rate index (fh), heating lag factor (jh), and temperature stability time (ts).
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Zachariasz
1
Bartłomiej Sikora
1
Elżbieta Szostak
2
Radosław Cichocki
1
Beata Synkiewicz-Musialska
1
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Cracow, Poland
  2. Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
20 Mobile information and communication system to support building of therapy groups in addiction treatment using a trust mechanism
Krzysztof Tadeusz Perlicki , Tomasz Mrozek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 145-152 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153556
Keywords: mHealth Information and Communications Technology; trust mobile application addiction treatment decision tree
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Abstract

Addiction is a physiological or emotional dependence on a substance, activity, or mode of action that is so severe that it causes harmful physical or emotional effects and prevents the individual from coping effectively with life and interacting with society. The most effective method of treating addiction is group therapy. However, the traditional building of a therapy group, based solely on periodic meetings and discussions, is a timeconsuming, labour-intensive, and costly process. We propose a method and tools to support the therapist in building an effective therapy group. This support is based on the use of a mechanism of mutual trust. Our proposed use of information and communication solutions and the machine learning method reduces the timeconsumption of the whole process and, thus, the workload and costs of building a therapy group. We use mobile applications to collect the necessary data from therapy participants. This data, via wireless networks, is sent to a data center. There, they are processed using machine learning. The method presented, and the information and communication environment prepared for it can be applied to a specific substance and behavioural addictions, as well as mixed addictions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Tadeusz Perlicki
1
Tomasz Mrozek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology
21 Mixed signal controller for an experimental magnetotherapy device
Paweł Pawłowski , Marek Portalski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 153-159 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153557
Keywords: controller digital signal generation magnetotherapy reconstruction filter
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Abstract

The article presents the design of a controller for an experimental magnetotherapy device. The controller realizes precise, digital generation of a 3-phase sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 1 Hz to 5 kHz and slowly variable frequency modulation of 1 Hz to 5 Hz, which is a novelty in the field of magnetotherapy. The structure and operation of the analog filter path and the regulation of the amplitude and the DC component are discussed. A fast STM32F334 microcontroller was used to generate the signal, and an ATmega2560 microcontroller was used to operate the user interface with a color touch display. Laboratory and therapeutic tests confirmed proper operation of the controller.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Pawłowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Portalski
  1. Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
22 Integrating Project-Based Learning into Innovative Studies in IoT Engineering
Andrzej Kraśniewski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 161-169 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153558
Keywords: engineering education Internet of Things (IoT) project-based learning (PBL) interdisciplinarity
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Abstract

The programme in Internet of Things Engineering, offered by the Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, is presented. To the best of the Author’s knowledge this the first attempt in Poland to apply the project-based learning (PBL) throughout the entire engineering curriculum, for both the first-cycle (bachelor’s) and second-cycle (master’s) studies. This paper is focussed on the first-cycle programme, in particular on the unique structure of its curriculum, the way it was developed and initial observations coming out of its implementation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kraśniewski
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology
23 Integrating technology in social science research: emerging trends and ethical considerations
Miłosz W. Romaniuk , Jan Gierzyński , Magdalena Pietrzak , Julia Zbróg
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 171-179 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153559
Keywords: ICT social media open science generative AI digital competencies
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Abstract

The paper is a result of a complementary advanced publication workshop accompanying the curriculum course exercises for PhD students, on the role of ICT in the research work of a scientist. This article examines the impact of digital technologies on social research, focusing on social media, open science, and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). It discusses the benefits and challenges of recruiting research participants through social media, open science practices, and the application of GenAI in academic research. It also presents ethical and methodological aspects of these technologies, emphasizing the need to update ethical guidelines. The article concludes with recommendations for the integration of digital technologies in research, with an emphasis on developing technological competences and maintaining scientific standards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miłosz W. Romaniuk
1
Jan Gierzyński
1
Magdalena Pietrzak
1
Julia Zbróg
1
  1. The Maria Grzegorzewska University (APS), Warsaw, Poland
24 Enhancing research practices: digital technologies in the social sciences and practical tools for doctoral students
Miłosz W. Romaniuk , Patrycja Mika , Jagoda Apanasewicz , Ewa Duda-Maciejewska
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 181-188 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153560
Keywords: ICT CAQDAS transcription tools Digital Zettelkasten digital competencies
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Abstract

The paper is a result of a complementary advanced publication workshop accompanying the curriculum course exercises for PhD students, on the role of ICT in the research work of a scientist. This article discusses the impact of digital technologies on research practices in the social sciences, focusing on tools supporting qualitative data analysis, interview transcription, and knowledge management. It presents a detailed analysis of CAQDAS programs such as NVivo, MAXQDA, and ATLAS.ti, and transcription tools such as Trankriptor and Word. It also discusses the use of the digital Zettelkasten system in knowledge management and academic writing. The article highlights the benefits and challenges of integrating these technologies, offering practical advice for doctoral students.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miłosz W. Romaniuk
1
Patrycja Mika
1
Jagoda Apanasewicz
1
Ewa Duda-Maciejewska
1
  1. The Maria Grzegorzewska University (APS), Warsaw, Poland
25 Information and Analytical System for Monitoring Gender Equality among university lecturers
Kaiyrbek Makulov , Daryna Chernyshova , Kateryna Bogatyrova , Nataliia Geseleva , Viktoriia Miniailo , Ihor Karpunin
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 189-195 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153561
Keywords: digital educational environment digital footprints log files data mining (or intellectual data analysis) algorithm model
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Abstract

The authors offer the structure of the informationanalytical system (IAS) for monitoring gender equality (MGE) among university staff (lecturers). The proposed architecture of the IAS MGE represents an integrated approach to collecting, analyzing and monitoring personnel data considering gender aspects. An additional criterion for monitoring gender equality in the selection of candidates for vacant positions in universities is proposed, which will reduce the likelihood of prejudiced decisions at the recruitment stage and create a more equitable university environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kaiyrbek Makulov
1
Daryna Chernyshova
2
Kateryna Bogatyrova
2
Nataliia Geseleva
2
Viktoriia Miniailo
2
Ihor Karpunin
2
  1. Caspian University of Technology and Engineering named after Sh.Yesenova, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  2. State University of Trade and Economics, Kyiv, Ukraine
26 Design of Ultra Compact Optical T Flip Flop in Two Dimensional Photonic Crystals
Mahesh V. Sonth , Jyoti B , Sanjaykumar C Gowre , Savita Soma , Juhi Nishat Ansari
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 197–202 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153562
Keywords: T flip-flop Photonic crystals FDTD PWE Contrastratio
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Abstract

The research in the field of quantum electronics is gaining more momentum over the solid state physics device design. In the proposed research we have designed an ultra compact optical T flip-flop in two dimensional (2-D) photonic crystals (PhCs) on a rectangular lattice with 16 × 9 dielectric rods in air configuration. The principle mechanism used here is adding an extra input called reference input to achieve logic high for no power applied at the input of T flip-flop. The two junctions are created for guiding the light wave towards the output. The reference input and one refractive index varied dielectric rod placed near the junction to confine the ouput power along with T input. At the junction of the input-output we have used the constructive and destructive interference method to achieve maximum light confinement in the output. The plane wave expansion (PWE) method is used to compute the photonic band gap (PBG) and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to analyze electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation inside the waveguides. The time for input arrival at the output also significantly improved with reduction in the chip size. The response time for the proposed T flip-flop is 0.0049 ps and contrast ratio achieved is 13.60 dB with a chip area of 49.5 μm2.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mahesh V. Sonth
1
Jyoti B
2
Sanjaykumar C Gowre
3
Savita Soma
4
Juhi Nishat Ansari
5
  1. School of Electrical and Communication Sciences, JSPM University, Pune-412207, Maharashtra, India
  2. Department of ECE, Bheemanna Khandre Institute of Technology, Bhalki-585328, Karnataka, India
  3. School of Electrical & Communication Sciences, JSPM University Pune -412207, Maharashtra, India
  4. Department of ECE, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar-585403, Karnataka, India
  5. Department of ECE, K.C.T. Engineering College, Kalaburagi-585104, Karnataka, India
27 Determination of Brillouin backscattering strain and temperature coefficients in telecommunication optical fibers
Mateusz Łakomski , Bartłomiej Guzowski , Mateusz Plona , Krzysztof Pęczek
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 203-208 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153563
Keywords: Brillouin scattering distributed sensor optical fiber temperature
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Abstract

Abstract—In this paper, the Brillouin spectra of silica-based optical fibers were investigated, and their temperature and strain dependence were determined. The values of the thermal coefficients are more diverse than those of the strain, based on the twelve commercially available optical fibers. The values ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 MHz/°C and from 0.043 to 0.053 MHz/με for the thermal and strain coefficients, respectively. Furthermore, the temperature influence on Brillouin frequency shift was measured for tight buffer and loose tube type cables. Long-term measurements of the outside ambient temperature were carried out to determine the absolute error in comparison to thermocouple.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Łakomski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Guzowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Plona
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Pęczek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices, Łódź, Poland
28 High – gain and wide – bandwidth patch antenna for fifth generation communication applications at K – Band
Safa N. Nafea , Nasser N. Khamiss
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 209-214 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153564
Keywords: Gain Microstrip Patch Antenna Millimeter Wave Communications Operating Bandwidth Side Lobe Levels 5G
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Abstract

The patch antenna usually used for many wireless applications, and fifth generation (5G) is the most attracting application in the field of millimeter wave communications recently. The researchers worked on solving problems those considered milestones against using patch antenna for 5G applications such as being an antenna with moderate gain and narrow operating bandwidth with high side lobe levels. In this article a microstrip patch antenna had been presented to operate over the n258 – Band for 5G communications at 26 GHz with an operating bandwidth around than 7 GHz. The proposed antenna was printed on Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. A high gain of 8.10 dB had been achieved with high Front – to – Back ratio of 24.47 dB and very low side lobe levels far field radiation pattern around -17 dB. The proposed antenna covered the operating bandwidth n258 for fifth generation applications in range of (24.25 – 27.50) GHz. The Computer simulation Technology (CST) had been used as a simulation environment for this design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Safa N. Nafea
1
Nasser N. Khamiss
2
  1. Department of Computer Networks Eng., College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
  2. Department of Systems Eng., College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
29 Students’ view of Quantum Information Technologies, part 4
Maciej Kowalczyk , Urszula Wardzyńska , Ewelina Borkowska , Karina Klekowiecka , Mateusz Kłodnicki , Siarhei Kuzmich , Rafał Łuszczyński , Filip Mańka , Tomasz Żarnovsky , Kinga Hacaś , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 215–224 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153565
Keywords: ICT QIT biomedical engineering electronics and communications engineering sensors quantum Internet quantum computing cybersecurity quantum networks quantum sensors
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Abstract

Students attending the lecture on quantum information technology are mostly at the level of completing their master’s theses in the disciplines of AEEiTK or ITT. The task is to write a short essay by each student on the hypothetical addition of a narrowly applicable QIT layer to the actual implementation of the thesis, if possible. In most cases, this is possible because QITs cover a very wide range of potential technical applications. Where this is not possible, or in the case of an undefined thesis topic, students should write a more general essay or write their personal opinion on what they think about the future of QIT. The current article is another part of a series of works on this topic with subsequent student groups.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kowalczyk
1
Urszula Wardzyńska
1
Ewelina Borkowska
1
Karina Klekowiecka
1
Mateusz Kłodnicki
1
Siarhei Kuzmich
1
Rafał Łuszczyński
1
Filip Mańka
1
Tomasz Żarnovsky
1
Kinga Hacaś
1
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
30 Influence of IQT on research in ICT, part 2
Piotr Suszyński , Jan Dubiński , Adam Ignaciuk , Pedro Jimenez-Soler , Emil W. Pituła , Piotr Wójtowicz , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | 225–234 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153566
Keywords: ICT QIT biomedical engineering electronics and communications engineering sensors quantum machine learning quantum Internet quantum computing cybersecurity quantum networks quantum sensors
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Abstract

The advanced Quantum Information Technologies subject for Ph.D. students in Electronics Engineering and ICT consists of three parts. A few review lectures concentrate on topics which may be of interest for the students due to their fields of research done individually in their theses. The lectures indicate the diversity of the QIT field, resting on physics and applied mathematics, but possessing wide application range in quantum computing, communications and metrology. The individual IQT seminars prepared by Ph.D. students are as closely related to their real theses as possible. Important part of the seminar is a discussion among the students. The task was to enrich, possibly with a quantum layer, the current research efforts in ICT. And to imagine, what value such a quantum enrichment adds to the research. The result is sometimes astonishing, especially in such cases when quantum layer may be functionally deeply embedded. The final part was to write a short paragraph to a common paper related to individual quantum layer addition to the own research. The paper presents some results of such experiment and is a continuation of previous papers of the same style.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Suszyński
1
Jan Dubiński
1
Adam Ignaciuk
1
Pedro Jimenez-Soler
1
ORCID: ORCID
Emil W. Pituła
1
Piotr Wójtowicz
1
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
31 Influence of IQT on research in ICT, part 3
Daniel Al-Burgan , Zinelabidine Leghelimi , Zan Li , Łukasz Nowicki , Mehdi Raji , Szymon K. Sendłak , Minyu Zhang , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 235–243 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153567
Keywords: ICT QIT biomedical engineering electronics and communications engineering sensors quantum machine learning quantum Internet quantum computing cybersecurity quantum networks quantum sensors
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Abstract

The advanced Quantum Information Technologies subject for Ph.D. students in Electronics Engineering and ICT consists of three parts. A few review lectures concentrate on topics which may be of interest for the students due to their fields of research done individually in their theses. The lectures indicate the diversity of the QIT field, resting on physics and applied mathematics, but possessing wide application range in quantum computing, communications and metrology. The individual IQT seminars prepared by Ph.D. students are as closely related to their real theses as possible. An important part of the seminar is a discussion among the students. The task was to enrich, possibly with a quantum layer, the current research efforts in ICT. And to imagine, what value such a quantum enrichment adds to the research. The result is sometimes astonishing, especially in such cases when quantum layer may be functionally deeply embedded. The final part was to write a short paragraph to a common paper related to individual quantum layer addition to the own research. The paper presents some results of such an experiment and is a continuation of previous papers of the same style.
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Authors and Affiliations

Daniel Al-Burgan
1
Zinelabidine Leghelimi
1
Zan Li
1
Łukasz Nowicki
1
Mehdi Raji
1
Szymon K. Sendłak
1
Minyu Zhang
1
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
32 Influence of IQT on research in ICT, part 4
Kamil Ber , Taofeek Hammed , Amirmohammad Qanbari , A. Rahman , Mariusz Staniak , Ryszard S. Romaniuk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 245–254 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153568
Keywords: ICT QIT biomedical engineering electronics and communications engineering sensors quantum machine learning quantum Internet quantum computing cybersecurity quantum networks quantum sensors
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Abstract

The advanced Quantum Information Technologies subject for Ph.D. students in Electronics Engineering and ICT consists of three parts. A few review lectures concentrate on topics which may be of interest for the students due to their fields of research done individually in their theses. The lectures indicate the diversity of the QIT field, resting on physics and applied mathematics, but possessing wide application range in quantum computing, communications and metrology. The individual IQT seminars prepared by Ph.D. students are as closely related to their real theses as possible. Important part of the seminar is a discussion among the students. The task was to enrich, possibly with a quantum layer, the current research efforts in ICT. And to imagine, what value such a quantum enrichment adds to the research. The result is sometimes astonishing, especially in such cases when quantum layer may be functionally deeply embedded. The final part was to write a short paragraph to a common paper related to individual quantum layer addition to the own research. The paper presents some results of such experiment and is a continuation of previous papers of the same style.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamil Ber
1
Taofeek Hammed
1
Amirmohammad Qanbari
1
A. Rahman
1
Mariusz Staniak
1
Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
33 Optimization of railway microgrid operation under conditions of minimizing energy outflow to the grid
Piotr Obrycki , Krzysztof Perlicki
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 255-263 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153569
Keywords: photovoltaic battery energy storage railway microgrid optimal design Particle Swarm Optimization
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Abstract

The railway energy microgrid, in terms of both photovoltaic installation and energy storage, should be dimensioned so that there is no or minimal energy outflow. Only under this assumption - that there is no energy flow outside the microgrid - can the consumer freely define the microgrid without the risk of disagreement from the grid operator. The article presents an optimization analysis of microgrid operation to minimize the energy exported to the grid. The microgrid operation was analysed regarding the load generated by one of Poland's railway traction substations. The Particle Swarm Optimization method was used to optimize microgrid operation. Different photovoltaic panel orientations, values for the maximum energy export, and depth of discharge of energy storage were considered. The results show that it is possible to significantly reduce the value of energy export to the grid and use excess energy to charge the designed optimal battery energy storage. An analysis of the green energy used to power the traction substation was also carried out. The results indicate that it can represent a significant percentage of the energy used to power a traction substation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Obrycki
1
Krzysztof Perlicki
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Office of Research, Development and Aid Financing, PGE Energetyka Kolejowa S.A.
  2. Warsaw University of Technology
34 Space 4.0 – a common, democratic European space, part 3
Ryszard S. Romaniuk , Piotr Orleański
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 265-275 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153570
Keywords: space policies Space 4.0 project European Space Agency space democratization space and satellite engineering
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Abstract

Building a common, democratic European space is not only a huge economic, industrial and social undertaking. This is a very complex civilizational and political undertaking, of a global nature, but generated in our European space giga-region coordinated by ESA and strongly coupled with the American space giga-region of NASA. Policies for the implementation of common democratic space over other giga-regions are slightly different, so the globalization of the idea of space development is politically and economically highly hybrid. Various space giga-regions are more or less politically and economically susceptible to cooperation and acceptance of certain general principles as a lasting common denominator. In the NASA and ESA giga-regions we have the slogans NewSpace and Space 4.0, which we call together as OpenSpace. A very strong common basis of these giga-regions, but also of China and India, is the emphasis on developing and strengthening the private space sector. It is about the creation, strengthening and development of large companies capable of producing rockets, transport systems for people and goods, as well as numerous SME sector companies that can provide a significant variety of space infrastructure services. The development of space and satellite technologies in Europe is very uneven. Only a few countries have their own infrastructure of a self-sustaining space eco-system. The idea of Space 4.0 includes equalizing space opportunities in Europe. To become globally competitive, Europe must carefully implement its policy of equalizing the development of space technologies in its territory. A version of this paper in Polish was published in Elektronika Monthly by SEP.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard S. Romaniuk
1
Piotr Orleański
2
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Institute ofElectronic Systems, Poland
  2. Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences,Poland
35 Development of a mapping system on an autonomous vehicle using a Fully Convolutional Neural Network and Fast SLAM Algorithm
Bhakti Yudho Suprapto , Abeng Yogta , Suci Dwijayanti
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 277-284 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153571
Keywords: autonomous vehicles FastSLAM FCNN mapping
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Abstract

There are many challenges when it comes to autonomous vehicle movement, one of which is developing an accurate and precise internal mapping system. Autonomous vehicles use internal maps to move from a starting point to destination point. Many methods are used in creating these maps, but because they still display weaknesses, further development is required. This research combines the FastSLAM 2.0 algorithm with a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) model using the road features recognized by the FCNN algorithm as the object of observation of the FastSLAM 2.0 algorithm. This method was tested to form a map of the environment around the Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University, Inderalaya Campus. In the training, the Adam optimizer and Adam combined with batch normalization (BN) model showed good accuracy: 82.07% and 78.08%, respectively. The application of this method succeeded in forming a map similar to Google Maps using the FCNN observation model. The map that was successfully formed had an IoU of 0.159 against the Google Maps map obtained with the Adam + BN model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bhakti Yudho Suprapto
1
Abeng Yogta
1
Suci Dwijayanti
1
  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia
36 Differentiated service quality analysis based on QoS traffic prioritisation
Dariusz Strzęciwilk
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 285–292 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153572
Keywords: DiffServ Quality of Service transmission quality QoS ITU-T methodology Y.1564 EtherSAM
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a transmission quality study in a network with a DiffServ architecture. The impact of differentiated services based on traffic prioritisation was studied. A carrier network model in a differentiated services architecture with traffic prioritisation was designed and tested. The operator network used the OSPF protocol, while the client networks communicated using the EIGRP protocol. Different traffic classes in the queueing systems were studied, influencing delay and delay variation. Traffic generated with Exfo FTB-860 test equipment was introduced into the designed network. The measurement equipment used supported the ITUT Y.1564 measurement methodologies. The transmission quality was tested according to the EtherSAM methodology and carried out in bidirectional mode. The tests carried out showed the influence of different data lengths on the quality of transmission in the test network. The results proved that the correct implementation of QoS mechanisms in the network makes it possible to ensure the required quality of service. It was shown that for delaysensitive traffic which fluctuates beyond its nominal speed, queuing systems allow transmission quality to be achieved with guaranteed bandwidth and delay.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Strzęciwilk
1
  1. Institute of Information Technology, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
37 Analysis and measurements of the characteristics of fading in the DAB+ single-frequency network
Igor Michalski , Ryszard J. Zielinski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 293-299 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153573
Keywords: Single Frequency Network (SFN); Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB+) fade analysis fade measurements
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Abstract

In this article the measurement results and their comparison with simulation results will be shown. The obtained measurement results prove for the first time in the technical literature the real occurrence of many selective fading in the DAB + signal band. The high compliance of the measurement results of the fade characteristics with the simulation results, which were also presented in the article, indicates the possibility of predicting the areas and characteristics of fades on the basis of simulation tests. Thus, on their basis, it will be possible to determine the places where this phenomenon occurs and take it into account in the process of planning the SFN network.
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Authors and Affiliations

Igor Michalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard J. Zielinski
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. National Institute of Telecommunications
  2. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
38 Wavelet Neural Network based adaptive event triggered control scheme for a class of nonlinear systems with uncertain dynamics
Ajay Kulkarni , Nitesh Kumar Soni , Neha Kapil , Sachin Puntambe
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 301-308 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153574
Keywords: Networked control systems Event triggered control Zeno behaviour Wavelet neural network
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Abstract

In this paper, an adaptive event-triggered control approach for a class of unknown dynamics networked stringent feedback nonlinear systems is developed. The approximation of system uncertainties by a wavelet neural network (WNN) frequently presents a significant obstacle in the development of a precise control strategy. In order to guarantee the specified system performance and Zeno-free behaviour of networked control systems, we build an adaptive event triggering mechanism that is enhanced with WNN and outfitted with predetermined event triggering circumstances. In order to ensure the uniform ultimate boundedness (UUB) of all closed loop signals, the controller works to reduce the amount of information exchanged between the sensor and the controller. We offer numerical simulations to demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested plan.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ajay Kulkarni
1
Nitesh Kumar Soni
1
Neha Kapil
1
Sachin Puntambe
1
  1. Department of Electronics Engineering, Medi-Caps University, Indore, MP, India
39 Implementation of deep belief neural network on energy efficient Routing Algorithm in WSN
Habibulla Mohammad
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 309-315 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153575
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) Ant Colony (AC) Deep belief Neural Network Cluster head Sink
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Abstract

WSNs (Wireless sensor networks) have lately gained popularity such as remote tracking, a wide range of applications where information transfer through nodes to base stations necessitates a substantial amount of power. As a consequence, efficient routing methods for forwarding data to the base station should be used to decrease energy utilization and thus prolong the network's life span. Thus, Deterministic energy efficient protocol enhanced with deep learning model is proposed to obtain optimal routing that indirectly improves the life span of WSN. Ant Colony (AC) Environment is considered for system optimization with the goal of picking the proper conceivable clusters in the shortest amount of duration in a feasible cluster. Furthermore, in routing optimization to increase the effectiveness of service, a Newly Designed Enhanced Ant Colony has been suggested, where premier operators were used to increase speed of iteration and choose the shortest path. Ultimately, a Deep Convolution Classifier is used to discover the optimal path. Consequently, compared to other existing methods, our suggested model enhances QoS, reduces energy consumption, and provides superior routing to the sensor nodes, all of which mobile nodes increase their lifespan.
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Authors and Affiliations

Habibulla Mohammad
1
  1. PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology
40 Gaussian Mixture Model with Bayesian approach for maximizing RSS-based localization in underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Kiruthiga V , Narmatha V
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 317–323 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153576
Keywords: Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Localization Received Signal Strength Gaussian Mixture Model Bayesian Approach Localization Error
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Abstract

Source localization is a highly challenging and complex task in underwater environments due to uncertainties and unknown sound propagation speed profiles i n underwater channels, as well as increased Doppler effects and constraints on the energy sources of the sensor nodes. To address these issues, we propose an energy-efficient J oint G aussian M ixture Model with a Bayesian approach for localization algorithms, aiming to improve Received Signal Strength (RSS) accuracy. In this article, we represent the additive noise using a Gaussian Mixture Model to calculate the maximum likelihood estimation. The Bayesian statistical approach solves the convex optimization problem to find effective globally optimal solutions. These joint methods help mitigate the underwater Doppler spread effects and improve the estimation of sensor node positions. The simulated results are analyzed, and the performance metrics show that the proposed GMM-Bayesian approach is very close to the Cram´er-Rao Lower Bound and this method also outperforms other existing localization algorithms in terms of lower Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) relative to anchor nodes and a better Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) for localization errors. From the simulation results, it is evident that the proposed approach achieves substantial performance gains in the localization of underwater wireless sensor networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kiruthiga V
1
Narmatha V
1
  1. Department of computer & Information Science, Annamalai university, Chidamabaram, India
41 Design of an efficient energy harvesting rectifier circuit for powering Wireless Sensor Nodes
Wisam A. Younis , Shamil H. Hussein
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2025 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 325-331 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2025.153577
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Rectifier circuits Schottky diodes and RF Energy harvesting system
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Abstract

With the recent development in wireless communication systems and wireless sensors, Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) have drawn worldwide attention to control and monitor the physical environment away from places that could be dangerous or challenging to access. The sensor nodes have no power supply. Therefore, the energy harvesting technique is a key solution that has shown good potential instead of their battery dependency. This paper presents a design and simulation of an efficient RF energy harvesting rectifier circuit for powering WSNs nodes. The single and multi-stages of the voltage doubler rectifier (VDR) circuit based on HSMS 2860 Schottky barrier diode (SBDs) has been simulated using layout and investigated at the operating frequency of 5.8 GHz using ADS software. The simulated results achieve a good performance at the optimum load (RL) of 2.2k. The conversion efficiency and DC output voltage of single stage VDR are about 74% and 3.85 V respectively at the RF input power of 20dBm. Finally, the simulation results of the proposed circuit have been obtained using layout EM Co-Simulation, lumped element LC, and Microstrip transmission line MTL are better matched.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wisam A. Younis
Shamil H. Hussein
1
  1. Faculty of Engineering University of Mosul, Iraq

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