Applied sciences

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Content

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2024 | vol. 31 | No 3

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Abstract

Obtaining the characteristics at a characteristic point of the outputs is a key step to the geomagnetic attitude measurement method of the spinning projectile. However, actual outputs usually have some noise that causes the characteristic points to deviate from the theoretical position or produce multiple fake characteristic points, resulting in the increase of solution error and even the failure of solution. In addition, the coning motion and inaccurate initial alignment of the spinning projectile increase the number of unknown parameters and the computational complexity. In this study, several improved particle swarm optimization strategies are proposed. The actual outputs are fitted to the geomagnetic output equations under the coning motion, and the supervised learning effect of each strategy is analysed and compared. The algorithm can be flexibly adjusted according to different needs in actual use by selecting appropriate strategies, which has a wide applicability in data fitting.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zilu He
1
Yiji Liu
1
Qi Liang
1
Yundong He
1
Xin Chen
1
Xiongzhu Bu
2
Miaomiao Xu
3

  1. Shanghai Electro-Mechanical Engineering Institute, Shanghai, China
  2. Nanjing University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing, China
  3. Nantong University, School of Information Science and Technology, Nantong, China
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Abstract

The paper introduces and assesses the Eigenvalue Covariance Intersection (EVCI) algorithm for data fusion in Wireless Sensor Networks. The EVCI aims to enhance information fusion efficiency, reduce transmitted data, and potentially extend network lifespan. By conducting the eigendecomposition of covariance matrices, the EVCI evaluates the utility of eigenvectors and strategically employs only those positively impacting estimate accuracy. Through simulations and comparisons with the Covariance Intersection (CI) algorithm, the study demonstrates EVCI’s ability to maintain accuracy alongside with significant energy savings. The paper provides insights into popular data fusion algorithms, the concept of the EVCI, used formulas, and selected simulation results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Pasek
1
Piotr Kaniewski
1

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The presence of channel mismatches in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADCs) seriously degrades the performance of the acquisition system. This paper presents a digital background calibration method to address gain and time skew mismatches. The spurious signals caused by gain and time skew mismatches can be represented by the frequency-shifted signals produced by modulating the TIADC output. To create frequency-shifted signals, the Hadamard transform is adopted. The advantage of the proposed calibration method is that it does not require any filters or complex signal processing structures, thus considerably decreasing the complexity of the calibration circuit. We have employed a four-channel TIADC system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed calibration technique. Moreover, it is demonstrated in a commercial 12.5 GSPS four-channel TIADC system, that this method improves the spurious free dynamic range of the system by 25 dB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yanze Zheng
1
Sitao Mei
1
Sicheng Sun
1
Yijiu Zhao
1 2

  1. School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
  2. Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Abstract

To solve the problem of inaccurate estimation of relative errors in real-time monitoring of charging pile meters, a model is proposed based on the wavelet transform and damped recursive least squares (WT-DRLS) method to assess the measurement error and uncertainty of electric meters. An energy conservation equation for the charging pile power system is established, along with two variables representing energy conversion efficiency and measurement error. The estimated value of the energy conversion efficiency is obtained by using wavelet transform for noise reduction. Subsequently, a damped recursive least square method with a sliding window is developed to exclude disturbances from circuit load flow and external environmental factors, which enables the calculation of the measurement uncertainty of electric meters. The proposed method supports online monitoring of charging pile meter performance. Data from an actual DC charging station are collected for validation. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and stable and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bo Li
1 2
Yaohua Liao
1 2
Renjie Guo
1 2
Zhengxing Li
1 2
Zhiming Gu
1 2
Xuanding Dai
3

  1. Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
  2. Yunnan Key Laboratory of Green Energy, Electric Power Measurement Digitalization, Control and Protection, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  3. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract

With the rapid development of the wind energy industry, there is an increasing concern about operation safety and reliability of high-strength wind turbine bolts. The aim of this paper is to monitor the strain change around the cracks in wind turbine bolts by means of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for crack detection. Firstly, the strain distributions of wind turbine bolts’ cracks with different locations and angles in the service condition are simulated using finite element analysis (FEA). Then, three-point grating string FBG sensors were pasted on the surface of wind turbine bolts with fatigue cracks to monitor the strain changes around the cracks in real time. By analysing the monitored strain data elaborately, the location of the crack on the bolt surface was successfully detected by identifying the location of the maximum strain detected by FBG sensors. In addition, the strain distributions in the vicinity area of the crack at different angles (0°, 45° and 90°) were also monitored and analysed in depth. The different types of crack angles could be distinguished based on of different strain distribution of the vicinity of the crack tip at different angles. The experimental results show that the FBG sensing technology has a high degree of sensitivity and accuracy in crack detection of high-strength wind turbine bolts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yu-Tao Chen
1
Peng Zhou
2
Li-Yun Chen
2
Guo-Qing Gu
3
Yong-Qing Wang
1
Li-Ya Dai
3

  1. School of Electrical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
  2. Yancheng Institute of Supervision & Inspection of Product Quality, Yancheng 224056, China
  3. School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
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Abstract

Low frequency oscillations (LFOs) threaten the stability of power systems. The estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariant techniques can analyse LFOs with high accuracy only when the model order of the analysed signal is known. This paper proposes a novel model order estimation method for modal analysis of LFOs. The method first builds a singular energy spectrum to inspect whether the measurement data is being polluted by complex interferences (e:g:, impulsive noises). Then, a tailored Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoother is utilized to alleviate the impact of complex interferences. Afterwards, the mean value of the singular energies is adopted to determine a rough estimation of the model order of dominant modes in LFOs. Finally, the reconstruction quality indicator of the reconstructed signal is introduced for detecting and correcting overestimation and fake modes. The proposed solution is experimentally evaluated via simulations and field measurement data obtained from the phasor measurement unit installed at a generating station in North America. Results show that the method is accurate, robust, and suitable for field applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hanjun Deng
1
Mouhai Liu
1
Minqi Yu
1
Dezhi Xiong
1

  1. Hunan State Grid Electric Power Limited Company Power Supply Service Center (Metrology Center), Changsha, China
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Abstract

With rapid updating of semiconductor technology and continuous development of large-scale integrated circuits, the device under test has higher and higher requirements for the resolution, accuracy, and waveform modulation of the stimulation signal source. The traditional method of creating digital waveforms involves employing direct digital synthesis technology. However, the sampling rate and memory depth easily limit the adjustment range and resolution of its waveform timing parameters, and it is not easy to adjust the internal parameters of the waveform. Therefore, it is essential for modern electronic technology to further improve the programmability of synthesized waveforms under the condition of a limited sampling rate and memory. This paper presents a real-time waveform synthesis method using phase-amplitude mapping. The proposed method allows for arbitrary waveform generation without memory constraints and improved timing resolution. The sampling rate no longer limits the resolution of the device. It offers amplitude, frequency, phase, and pulse-width modulation for the test device. In addition, a low-cost, no-memory, full-phase, parallel waveform synthesizer is realized on the hardware platform of “FPGA+DAC”. Finally, in this paper, the resolution of the synthesized waveforms based on a Xilinx FPGA and a DAC is improved by a factor of 4 compared to the sampling time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xin Ai
1
Zaiming Fu
1
Hanglin Liu
1
Dexuan Kong
1

  1. University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, School of Automation Engineering, Chengdu 611731, China
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Abstract

The Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique is widely employed across various industrial sectors due to its high speed and measurement selectivity. It is mainly used for measuring soil moisture or electrical conductivity. In this paper, the possibility of using this technique to measure moisture content of various seeds is analyzed. For this purpose, a commercial TDR meter – FOM2/mts with FP/mts – field TDR probe was used to measure dielectric permittivity for different seed species. The obtained results were then correlated with seed moisture content and calibration curves were proposed for each seed species. In addition, the effect of temperature on the dielectric permittivity readout was studied and a correction factor was proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Majcher
1

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Smart Technologies, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In this article, a new low-cost measurement system for measuring the electric component of electromagnetic field is presented. For the initial calibration of the new measurement system, a reference meter was used, and based on its readings, calibration was carried out using a machine learning model. Initial calibration was carried out in a GTEM 1000 with a Teseq ITS 6006 generator connected. Five models were compared, among which the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model had the highest accuracy. The model was tested on 5 types of aircraft, and its readings were compared with a reference sensor. Test measurements were carried out in five types of aircraft: Cessna C172, Aero AT-3 R100, Tecnam P2006T, PZL M28 Bryza and the Mi-8 helicopter with the developed new measurement system and a reference meter (NHT3DL) with an 01E probe. The new measurement system is small in size and fits anywhere in the aircraft cockpit. To compare the models, the following metrics were used: the coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, mean square error and root mean square error. The Two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used for analysis, and the Bag of Words and Bag of Patterns methods were applied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Michałowska
1
Paweł Tomiło
2

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering and Superconductivity Technologies, Lublin University of Technology, 38A Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Faculty of Management, Lublin University of Technology, 38 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the lanthanide doping effect on the possibility of producing Bragg resonators using a UV excimer laser is presented. To fabricate the optical fibre preform, modified chemical vapour deposition (MCVD) technology equipped with a doping system using organometallic lanthanide compounds produced by Optocore was used. The efficiency of the fibre Bragg grating (FBG) inscription process was examined. Inscription of gratings was performed using manufactured fibre subjected and not subjected to hydrogen loading. The changes in three parameters characterizing the FBG spectra during exposure to the UV laser beam were determined. The efficiency of grating inscription on the produced lanthanide-doped fibres was compared to those on SMF-28 and NUFERN GF1 fibres. Since the spectral response is a key parameter determining the possibility of using FBGs for fibre laser construction, the temperature sensitivity for FBGs inscribed in the considered fibres was determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Skorupski
1
Piotr Miluski
2
Damian Harasim
1
Jacek Klimek
1
Patryk Panas
1
Piotr Kisała
1

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 45D Wiejska Street, 15-351, Bialystok, Poland
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Abstract

Accurate characterization of optical fibers is crucial for numerous applications in telecommunications, sensing, and medical diagnostics. In this study, a novel method of sizing of step-index fibers is presented on the basis of the analysis of data on light scattering. This approach integrates mathematical modeling of light scattering by step-index fibers with signal processing and correlation algorithms to extract information on the layered structure of the fiber under test. Practical measurements use of a novel optical system for laboratory-level tests. The results show a clear route to improve non-destructive and efficient fiber characterization in online industrial process control.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Swirniak
1

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics, Photonics, and Microsystems, Chair of Electronic and Photonic Metrology, B. Prusa 53/55, 50-317 Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper aims to analyse the reason for the relatively large length difference of the diagonal of Vickers indentation on the tested material with mechanical anisotropy and propose a feasible method to reduce it. The Vickers hardness test results of the tested material with mechanical anisotropy have shown that the length difference of the diagonal of Vickers indentation on the tested material with mechanical anisotropy would be more than 5% very likely, which is against the test requirement of the related test standard and would affect the test accuracy and effectiveness of the Vickers hardness test. The finite element simulation results of the Vickers hardness test of the tested material with mechanical anisotropy have also shown that the anisotropy of mechanical properties of tested material would affect the length recovery of the diagonal of Vickers indentation on the surface of tested material, thereby affecting the difference of the diagonal length of Vickers indentation. This paper has proposed a method to decrease of diagonal length difference of Vickers indentation through rotating the indenter or the tested material properly and conducting a multiple Vickers hardness test, thereby improving the accuracy and effectiveness of the Vickers hardness test according to the related test standards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mingyang Yu
1
Qingdong Zhang
2
Bin Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hao Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China

Instructions for authors



Sample article with Author guidelines



Author guidelines



Types of contributions

Metrology and Measurement Systems welcomes submissions of the following article types:

• invited special issue or review papers presenting the current stage of the knowledge within scope of the journal (about 20 edited pages, approximately 3000 characters each),
• research papers reporting high-quality original scientific or technological advancements (max. 12 pages),
• papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences (max. 12 pages),
• short notes, i.e. book reviews, conference reports, short news (max. 2 pages).


Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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