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Analysis of reducing common mode noise of conducted emission in a switching power converter considering parasitic effects

G. V. Aswini S. Chenthurpandian
Opto-Electronics Review | 2023 | 31 | 3 | e147039 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2023.147039
Keywords conducted emission radiated emission electromagnetic interference electromagnetic compatibility EMI filter
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Abstract

Most automotive electronic components can cause electromagnetic interference, that can cause power electronic circuits to become unstable. As per electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards, these electronic circuits should meet the specifications which are not achieved under some conditions. In this paper, the conducted emissions (CEs) are generated due to the switching of a buck converter, which often occurs in automotive electronics. The noise source was found to be due to the presence of common mode currents which largely affects the performance of EMC. Two types of filtering techniques were analysed and designed, and the results were compared to find an effective filtering solution to mitigate the effects of CE due to a common mode noise for the frequency range from 150 kHz to 108 MHz according to the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR25) standard. The capacitive and parasitic impedance were calculated and then used in the simulation. Finally, the simulated and measured results are presented. The noise level can be minimized by as much as 50 dB, which is an efficient noise reduction value.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. V. Aswini
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Chenthurpandian
1
  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore-641035, India

Practical aspects of testing superconducting electromagnets by the capacitor discharge method taking into account the non-linearity of circuit parameters

Michał Michna Andrzej Wilk Marek Wołoszyk Michał Ziółko Stanisław Galla Piotr Szwangruber
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 2 | 323-338 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.145411
Keywords diagnostic discharge method superconducting electromagnets
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Abstract

The article presents selected issues related to the development and testing of the diagnostics systems dedicated for superconducting electromagnets. The systems were constructed to assess the production quality of superconducting electromagnets of the SIS100 synchrotron, a new accelerator being built as part of the Facility of Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). One of the systems is used for automatic checking of electrical connection parameters and the continuity of electric circuits. The role of the second device is to assess the quality of winding insulation and to estimate circuit parameters of electromagnet coils using the capacitor discharge method. The work presents measurements and analysis of current and voltage waveforms acquired during discharges on a magnet coil simulator and on the SIS100 main dipole electromagnet.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Michna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Wilk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Wołoszyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Ziółko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Galla
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Szwangruber
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza str. 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
  2. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt 64291, Germany

Effect of polarized signals on the performance of adaptive antenna arrays

Amin H. Al Ka'bi
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2020 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 857-872 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.134635
Keywords adaptive arrays antennas electromagnetics mutual coupling polarization
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Abstract

The polarized electromagnetic waves have significant impact on the performance of adaptive antenna arrays. In this paper we investigate the effect of polarized desired and undesired signals on the performance of electronically steered beam adaptive antenna arrays. To achieve this goal, we built an analytical signal model for the adaptive array, in order to analyze, and compare the effect of polarized signals on the output SINRs (signal to interference plus noise ratios) of single-dipole, and cross-dipole adaptive antenna arrays. Based on a proof-of-concept experiment, and on MATLAB simulation results, it will be shown that cross-dipole adaptive antenna arrays exhibit better performance in comparison with single-dipole adaptive antenna arrays in presence of randomly polarized signals. However, single-dipole arrays show better performance under certain operating conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Amin H. Al Ka'bi

Safety assessment of electromagnetic exposure for adult and child passengers standing on the subway platform

Jin Li Mai Lu
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 3 | 755-773 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.141683
Keywords electromagnetic exposure safety assessment SAR subway platform
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Abstract

The objective of this work is to evaluate the safety of adult and child passengers exposed to a radio frequency (RF) source, i.e., a leaky coaxial cable (LCX) on the subway platform. An adult model, a child model, and an LCX model have been numerically designed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The distributions of the induced electric field (E-field), specific absorption rate (SAR), magnetic field ( H-field) and the head temperature increase in adult and child passenger models were calculated at 900 MHz. The induced fields in the passengers were compared with that without screen doors. The results show that the E-field, SAR and H-field in the whole body of the child are 2.00 × 10 -2 V/m, 1.07 × 10 -7 W/kg, and 2.94 × 10 -4 A/m, respectively. The E-field, SAR and H-field in the central nervous system of the child are 1.00e × 10 -2 V/m, 2.44 × 10 -8 W/kg, and 2.41 × 10 -4 A/m, respectively. The maximum values of the E-field, SAR and H-field in the adult passenger are 1.49–2.34 times higher than those of the child. The E-field, SAR, and H-field in the passenger models without a screen door are larger than those with a screen door. The screen door has a partial shielding effect on the RF electromagnetic field. The values of the maximum temperature that increases in adult and child head tissue are 0.2114 and 0.2111℃ after waiting 6 minutes exposure, respectively. All calculated results are well below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) limits for general public exposure, indicating that RF electromagnetic exposure caused by the LCX on the subway platform is not a threat to passenger’s health.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mai Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Gansu Province, China

Two-stage bacteriophage production process supported by the electromagnetic field

Rafał Rakoczy Maciej Konopacki Marian Kordas Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
Chemical and Process Engineering | 2022 | vol. 43 | No 4 (3rd Seminar on Practical Aspects of Chemical Engineering PAIC 2022, 7–8 June 2022, Zaniemyśl, Poland. Guest editor: Prof. Marek Ochowiak) | 491-506 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2022.142289
Keywords bioreactor biotechnology bacteriophage production electromagnetic field
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Abstract

The practical applications of bacteriophages are associated with the problems related to the intensification, optimization of process production of this biomaterial and the search for new methods of production. The production of bacteriophages requires a fine balance between the dynamic growth of the bacteriophage and the host. The electromagnetic field (EMF) is a promising biotechnological method for the process production of bacteriophages. This study evaluates the use of various types of EMF to enhance the process. It was found that the process production of bacteriophages is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the influence of various types of EMF on the proliferation process of bacteria (host) was analyzed. Secondly, the process production of bacteriophage was implemented for the optimal infection conditions under the action of the various types of EMF. Moreover, the study demonstrated that the most effective bacteriophage production was the process with the application of the rotating magnetic field (RMF), pulsed magnetic field (PMF) and the static magnetic field (SMF) with negative polarity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Konopacki
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Kordas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartłomiej Grygorcewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, al. Piastów 42,71-065 Szczecin, Poland
  2. Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, al. Powstanców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland

Impact of IT Equipment Location in Buildings on Electromagnetic Safety

Leszek Nowosielski
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2020 | vol. 66 | No 3 | 481-486 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2020.134002
Keywords IT equipment EMC electromagnetic compatibility compromising emanations
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Abstract

Signal attenuation caused by the propagation path between the compromising emanation source (the location of secured IT equipment) and the location of the antenna of the potential infiltrating system has a direct influence on the electromagnetic safety of IT equipment. The article presents original analytical relationships necessary to estimate the attenuation values introduced by the propagation path of the potential compromising emanation signal, which correspond to the most probable locations of IT equipment in relation to the location of the potential infiltrating system. The author of the article analyzes various location scenarios for IT equipment – a potential source of compromising emanations – with a potential infiltrating system located either within or outside the boundaries of a building, in which said IT equipment is located. The aforementioned scenarios are characterized by the lowest propagation path attenuation of potential compromising emanation generated by the secured IT equipment and provide for location masking of the potential infiltrating system. Example design of protective solutions for IT equipment elaborated by article author in the form of a shielding enclosure is presented in the article as well.

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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Nowosielski

Checkweigher using an EMFC weighing cell with magnetic springs and air-bearings

Hyun-Ho Lee Kyung-Taek Yoon Young-Man Choi
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2021 | vol. 28 | No 3 | 465-478 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.137135
Keywords checkweigher magnetic spring electromagnetic force compensation
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Abstract

A dynamic weighing system or a checkweigher is an automated inspection system that measures the weight of objects while transferring them between processes. In our previous study, we developed a new electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) weighing cell using magnetic springs and air bearings. This weighing cell is free from flexure hinges which are vulnerable to shock and fatigue and also eliminates the resonance characteristics and implements a very low stiffness of only a few N/m due to the nature of the Halbach array magnetic spring. In this study, we implemented a checkweigher with the weighing cell including a loading and unloading conveyor to evaluate its dynamic weighing performances. The magnetic springs are optimized and re-designed to compensate for the weight of a weighing conveyor on the weighing cell. The checkweigher has a weighing repeatability of 23 mg (1σ) in static situation. Since there is no lowfrequency resonance in our checkweigher that influences the dynamic weighing signal, we could measure the weight by using only a notch filter at high conveyor speeds. To determine the effective measurement time, a dynamic weighing process model is used. Finally, the proposed checkweigher meets Class XIII of OIML R51-1 of verification scale e 0.5 g at a conveyor speed of up to 2.7 m/s.
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Bibliography

[1] Schwartz, R. (2000). Automatic weighing-principles, applications and developments. Proceedings of XVI IMEKO, Austria, 259–267.
[2] Yamazaki, T., & Ono, T. (2007). Dynamic problems in measurement of mass-related quantities. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference, Japan, 1183–1188. https://doi.org/10.1109/SICE.2007.4421164.
[3] Mettler-Toledo GmbH. (2021, June 13). https://www.mt.com/.
[4] Yamakawa, Y., Yamazaki, T., Tamura, J., & Tanaka, O. (2009). Dynamic behaviors of a checkweigher with electromagnetic force compensation. Proceedings of the XIX IMEKO, Portugal, 208– 211. https://www.imeko.org/publications/wc-2009/IMEKO-WC-2009-TC3-184.pdf.
[5] Yamakawa, Y., & Yamazaki, T. (2010). Dynamic behaviors of a checkweigher with electromagnetic force compensation (2nd report). Proceedings of the XIX IMEKO, Portugal. https://www.imeko.org/publications/tc3-2010/IMEKO-TC3-2010-001.pdf.
[6] Yamakawa, Y., & Yamazaki, T. (2013). Simplified dynamic model for high-speed checkweigher. International Journal of Modern Physics. 24, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010194513600367.
[7] Yamakawa, Y., & Yamazaki, T. (2015). Modeling and control for checkweigher on floor vibration. Proceedings of the XXI IMEKO, Czech Republic. https://www.imeko.org/IMEKO-WC-2015- TC3-093.pdf.
[8] Yamazaki, T., Sakurai, Y., Ohnishi, H., Kobayashi, M., & Kurosu, S. (2002). Continuous mass measurement in checkweighers and conveyor belt scales. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference, 470–474. https://doi.org/10.1109/SICE.2002.1195446.
[9] Sun, B., Teng, Z., Hu, Q., Lin, H., & Tang, S. (2020). Periodic noise rejection of checkweigher based on digital multiple notch filter. IEEE Sensors Journal, 20(13), 7226–7234. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2978232.
[10] Piskorowski, J., & Barcinski, T. (2008). Dynamic compensation of load cell response: A timevarying approach. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 22(7), 1694–1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2008.01.001.
[11] Pietrzak, P., Meller, M., & Niedzwiecki, M. (2014). Dynamic mass measurement in checkweighers using a discrete time-variant low-pass filter. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 48(1–2), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.02.013.
[12] Umemoto, T., Sasamoto, Y., Adachi, M., Kagawa, Y. (2008). Improvement of accuracy for continuous mass measurement in checkweighers with an adaptive notch filter. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference, 1031–1035. https://doi.org/10.1109/SICE.2008.4654807.
[13] Boschetti, G., Caracciolo, R., Richiedei, D., & Trevisani, A. (2013). Model-based dynamic compensation of load cell response in weighing machines affected by environmental vibrations. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 34(1–2), 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2012.07.010.
[14] Sun, B., Teng, Z., Hu, Q., Tang, S., Qiu, W., & Lin, H. (2020). A novel LMS-based SANC for conveyor belt-type checkweigher. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 70, 1– 10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2020.3019618.
[15] Niedzwiecki, M., Meller, M., & Pietrzak, P. (2016). System identification -based approach to dynamic weighing revisited. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 80, 582–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.04.007.
[16] Choi, I. M., Choi, D. J., & Kim, S. H. (2001). The modelling and design of a mechanism for micro-force measurement. Measurement Science and Technology, 12(8), 1270–1278. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/12/8/339.
[17] Hilbrunner, F., Weis, H., Fröhlich, T., & Jäger, G. (2010). Comparison of different load changers for EMFC-balances. Proceedings of the IMEKO TC3, TC5, and TC22 Conferences Metrology in Modern Context, Thailand. https://www.imeko.org/publications/tc3-2010/IMEKO-TC3-2010-016.pdf.
[18] Yoon, K. T., Park, S. R., & Choi, Y. M. (2020). Electromagnetic force compensation weighing cell with magnetic springs and air bearings. Measurement Science and Technology, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/abae8e.
[19] Zhang, H., Kou, B., Jin, Y., & Zhang, H. (2014). Modeling and analysis of a new cylindrical magnetic levitation gravity compensator with low stiffness for the 6-DOF fine stage. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(6), 3629–3639. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2014.2365754.
[20] Choi, Y. M., & Gweon, D. G. (2010). A high-precision dual-servo stage using Halbach linear active magnetic bearings. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 16(5), 925–931. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2010.2056694.
[21] Lijesh, K. P., & Hirani, H. (2015). Design and development of Halbach electromagnet for active magnet bearing. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 56, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC15011411.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyun-Ho Lee
1
Kyung-Taek Yoon
1
Young-Man Choi
1
  1. Ajou University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea

AEGIS – Mobile Device for Generating Electromagnetic Curtain for Special Applications and Countering the Threats of RCIED

Piotr Rajchowski Krzysztof K. Cwalina Jarosław Magiera Alicja Olejniczak Paweł T. Kosz Agnieszka Czapiewska Robert Burczyk Krzysztof Kowalewski Jarosław Sadowski Sławomir J. Ambroziak
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2020 | vol. 66 | No 1 | 187-192 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2020.131862
Keywords electromagnetic curtain generator IED jammer RCIED
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Abstract

In the article, the concept, design and realization of the technological demonstrator of a mobile device for generating an electromagnetic curtain (with a name AEGIS) were presented, both in the hardware and software areas. The device is designed to block the radio communication which allow detonating the Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIEDs). The preliminary laboratory tests of the demonstrator for generating the jamming signal, that were presented in the paper, aimed at assessing the correctness of the device operation and verification of generated signal parameters. On the basis of the obtained results, the ability to jam the cellular systems as well as other radio devices operating in the frequency band from 400 MHz to 2700 MHz was assessed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Rajchowski
Krzysztof K. Cwalina
Jarosław Magiera
Alicja Olejniczak
Paweł T. Kosz
Agnieszka Czapiewska
Robert Burczyk
Krzysztof Kowalewski
Jarosław Sadowski
Sławomir J. Ambroziak

Measurements of the responsivity of FET‐based detectors of sub‐THz radiation

P. Kopyt B. Salski A. Pacewicz P. Zagrajek J. Marczewski
Opto-Electronics Review | 2019 | vol. 27 | No 2 | 123-129
Keywords Lenses Electromagnetic analysis Submillimeter wave detectors Responsivity
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Abstract

This article describes a novel approach to measure responsivity of a FET-based sub-THz detector using on-wafer probes to directly feed a bare antenna-less detecting device. Thus, the approach eliminates the need to know beforehand the detector’s effective aperture, which can be a source of large variation between responsivity measurements of various FET-based detectors often cited in the literature. It seems that the presented method can be useful at making direct comparisons between responsivity of various devices (e.g., MOSFETs, HEMTs etc.). As a demonstration, the sub-THz responsivity of a pHEMT device fabricated using a commercial GaAs process has been measured in a WR-3 frequency band. Additionally, the results have been compared against data obtained using an alternative approach. The verification method consisted in integrating exactly the same device with a broad-band antenna and a carefully selected high-resistivity silicon lens and comparing its performance with that of a commercial calibrated detector based on Schottky diodes.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Kopyt
B. Salski
A. Pacewicz
P. Zagrajek
J. Marczewski

A novel method for separability of signal components to estimate radiation from a high-frequency subsystem

Milad Daneshvar Naser Parhizgar Homayoon Oraizi
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 497-510 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.129337
Keywords electromagnetic interference electromagnetic radiation parameter estimation multi-component signals frequency response radio frequency
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Abstract

Specific requirements are designed and implemented in electronic and telecommunication systems for received signals, especially high-frequency ones, to examine and control the signal radiation. However, as a serious drawback, no special requirements are considered for the transmitted signals from a subsystem. Different industries have always been struggling with electromagnetic interferences affecting their electronic and telecommunication systems and imposing significant costs. It is thus necessary to specifically investigate this problem as every device is continuously exposed to interferences. Signal processing allows for the decomposition of a signal to its different components to simulate each component. Radiation control has its specific complexities in systems, requiring necessary measures from the very beginning of the design. This study attempted to determine the highest radiation from a subsystem by estimating the radiation fields. The study goal was to investigate the level of radiations received and transmitted from the adjacent systems, respectively, and present methods for control and eliminate the existing radiations.

The proposed approach employs an algorithm which is based on multi-component signals, defect, and the radiation shield used in the subsystem. The algorithm flowchart focuses on the separation and of signal components and electromagnetic interference reduction. In this algorithm, the detection process is carried out at the bounds of each component, after which the separation process is performed in the vicinity of the different bounds. The proposed method works based on the Fourier transform of impulse functions for signal components decomposition that was employed to develop an algorithm for separation of the components of the signals input to the subsystem.

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Authors and Affiliations

Milad Daneshvar
Naser Parhizgar
Homayoon Oraizi

Control of complex dynamic nonlinear loading process for electromagnetic mill

Szymon Ogonowski Dariusz Bismor Zbigniew Ogonowski
Archives of Control Sciences | 2020 | vol. 30 | No 3 | 471-500 | DOI: 10.24425/acs.2020.134674
Keywords predictive control pole placement nonlinear dynamics neural modelling electromagnetic mill
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Abstract

Electromagnetic mill installation for dry grinding represents a complex dynamical system that requires specially designed control system. The paper presents model-based predictive control which locates closed loop poles in arbitrary places. The controller performs as gain scheduling prototype where nonlinear model – artificial recurrent neural network, is parameterized with additional measurements and serves as a basis for local linear approximation. Application of such a concept to control electromagnetic mill load allows for stable performance of the installation and assures fulfilment of the product quality as well as the optimization of the energy consumption.

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Ogonowski
Dariusz Bismor
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Ogonowski

Calculations and measurements of torque and inductance of switched reluctance motors with laminated and composite magnetic cores

Marek Przybylski
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 1 | 125-138 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2022.140201
Keywords electromagnetic torque measurements inductance measurements simulations switched reluctance motors
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Abstract

The performance of drives with switched reluctance motors (SRMs) depends on magnetic materials used in their construction which influence static parameters such as inductance and electromagnetic torque profiles. The paper deals with simulations of switched reluctance motors in the finite element method and their comparison with measurements. Two kinds of switched reluctance motors were analysed, the modified Emerson Electric motor with a laminated steel core and a prototype, the one with a magnetic core made of iron-based powder composite materials. In the first part of the research, magnetization curves of magnetic materials were measured for static and dynamic conditions with 50 Hz. Next, simulations and measurements of inductance and developed torque were compared and analysed. In the last part of the research, simulations of magnetic flux density in motors were conducted. As the result of the research, it occurred that the simulations and measurements are quite close and two kinds of motors exhibit similar performance.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przybylski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland

Controlling magnetic inductance by air-gap configuration in power electronics applications

Rafal Kasikowski
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 3 | 677 –695 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.146044
Keywords Air gaps electromagnetic modelling magnetic cores power electronics
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Abstract

Gapped magnetic components are inherent to applications where conversion of power would force magnetic flux density beyond the saturation point of magnetic materials. A physical discontinuity in a magnetic path, which an air gap represents, signifies a drastic change in its reluctance to magnetic flux. This gives rise to a phenomenon referred to as the fringing effect, which impacts the performance of magnetic components. The fringing flux also affects the physical properties of magnetic components, such as magnetic reluctance and inductance. Since inductance of gapped magnetic components is a function of the size of the air gap, a relatively simple change to the configuration of the air gap or splitting a single gap into a plurality of gaps entails, frequently, a radical change to the magnetic circuit of the component. This paper examines the way the air-gap configuration affects the distribution of the fringing flux and, by extension, magnetic reluctance and inductance. A method to aid the design of multigap inductors is presented based on 3-D electromagnetic modelling as well as measurements. An analytic expression, which closely approximates the required length of quasi-distributed gaps substituting a single gap, is developed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafal Kasikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland

Modified blind naked mole-rat algorithm applied to electromagnetic design problems

Mohammad Taherdangkoo
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 2 | 367-380
Keywords electromagnetic design problems global optimization meta-heuristic algorithm
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Abstract

In this paper,we proposed a modified meta-heuristic algorithm based on the blind naked mole-rat (BNMR) algorithm to solve the multiple standard benchmark problems. We then apply the proposed algorithm to solve an engineering inverse problem in the electromagnetic field to validate the results. The main objective is to modify the BNMR algorithm by employing two different types of distribution processes to improve the search strategy. Furthermore, we proposed an improvement scheme for the objective function and we have changed some parameters in the implementation of the BNMR algorithm. The performance of the BNMR algorithm was improved by introducing several new parameters to find the better target resources in the implementation of a modified BNMR algorithm. The results demonstrate that the changed candidate solutions fall into the neighborhood of the real solution. The results show the superiority of the propose method over other methods in solving various mathematical and electromagnetic problems.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad Taherdangkoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam

Morphology and Distribution of α-Al and Mn-rich Phases in Al-Si-Mn Alloys under an Electromagnetic Stirring

P. Mikolajczak
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 74-87 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146665
Keywords Casting microstructure aluminum alloys Electromagnetic stirring Solidification Manganese phases
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Abstract

Convection caused by gravity and forced flow are present during casting. The effect of forced convection generated by a rotating magnetic field on the microstructure and precipitating phases in eutectic and hypoeutectic AlSiMn alloys was studied in solidification by a low cooling rate and low temperature gradient. The chemical composition of alloys was selected to allow joint growth or independent growth of occurring α-Al, α-Al15Si2Mn4 phases and Al-Si eutectics. Electromagnetic stirring caused instead of equiaxed dendrites mainly rosettes, changed the AlSi eutectic spacing, decreased the specific surface Sv and increased secondary dendrite arm spacing λ2 of α-Al, and modified the solidification time. Forced flow caused complex modification of pre-eutectic and inter-eutectic Mn-phases (Al15Si2Mn4) depending on the alloy composition. By high Mn content, in eutectic and hypoeutectic alloys, stirring caused reduction in the number density and a decrease in the overall dimension of pre-eutectic Mn-phases. Also across cylindrical sample, specific location of occurring phases by stirring was observed. No separation effect of Mn-phases by melt flow was observed. The study provided an understanding of the forced convection effect on individual precipitates and gave insight of what modifications can occur in the microstructure of castings made of technical alloys with complex composition.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Mikolajczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Poznan University of Technology, Poland

Spectrum Awareness in Cognitive Radio Systems

M. Suchański P. Kaniewski K. Kosmowski M. Kustra J. Romanik
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2020 | vol. 66 | No 4 | 665-670 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2020.134025
Keywords sensing Electromagnetic Environment Radio Environment Map Situational Awareness
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Abstract

The paper addresses the issue of the Electromagnetic Environment Situational Awareness techniques. The main focus is put on sensing and the Radio Environment Map. These two dynamic techniques are described in detail. The Radio Environment Map is considered the essential part of the spectrum management system. It is described how the density and deployment of sensors affect the quality of maps and it is analyzed which methods are the most suitable for map construction. Additionally, the paper characterizes several sensing methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Suchański
P. Kaniewski
K. Kosmowski
M. Kustra
J. Romanik

A reliability-operational analysis of a track-side CCTV cabinet taking into account interference

Jacek Paś Adam Rosiński Kamil Białek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 2 | e136747 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.136747
Keywords operation reliability electromagnetic interference modelling closed-circuit television
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Abstract

The paper presents issues associated with the impact of electromagnetic interference on track-side cabinets of a closed-circuit television system (CCTV) functioning in a railway transport environment. The measurements of an electromagnetic field emitted by a track-side CCTV cabinet were presented. Designs of this kind are operated in railway facilities; therefore, they should not disturb the functioning of other equipment, the rail traffic control systems, in particular (so-called inner compatibility). An analysis of the obtained results enabled developing a research model, and a further reliability and operational analysis, taking into account electromagnetic interference. This enabled determining a relationship allowing the determination of the probability of a track-side CCTV cabinet staying in a state of full ability. The presented discussions regarding a track-side CCTV cabinet, taking into account electromagnetic interference, allow for the numerical assessment of different types of solutions (technical and organizational), which can be implemented in order to mitigate the impact of electromagnetic interference on a system’s functioning.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Paś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Rosiński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kamil Białek
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Military University of Technology, ul. gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Railway Institute, ul. Chłopickiego 50, 04-275 Warsaw, Poland

Electromagnetic AC and impulse levitations of conductive, dielectric, and magnetic ball

Dariusz Spałek
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | No. 1 | e136040 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.136040
Keywords levitation forces ball AC and impulse electromagnetic fields power losses
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Abstract

The paper presents an analytical solution of levitation problem for conductive, dielectric and magnetically anisotropic ball. The levitation exerts either an AC or impulse magnetic field. Both the Lorentz and material electromagnetic forces (of magnetic matter) could lift the ball in a gravitational field. The electromagnetic field distribution is derived by means of variables separation method. The total force is evaluated by Maxwell stress tensor (generalized), co-energy and Lorentz methods. Additionally, power losses are calculated by means of Joule density and the Poynting vector surface integrals. High frequency asymptotic formulas for the Lorentz force and power losses are presented. All analytical solutions derived could be useful for rapid analysis and design of levitations systems. Finally, some remarks about considered levitations are formulated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dariusz Spałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Silesian University of Technology, Electrical Engineering Faculty, ul. Akademicka 10, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Dynamics of autonomous rock electromagnetic radiation measurement instrumentation

Remigiusz Mydlikowski Krzysztof Maniak
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 5 | e138567 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.138567
Keywords electromagnetic fields EM receiver rock destruction dynamics of operation
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Abstract

The paper analyzes the operation of innovative composite measurement instrumentation for spontaneous electromagnetic emission. The designed receiver measures and records both components of the EM field emitted by rocks subjected to increased mechanical stress. The range of signals transmitted by the receiver system and its dynamics were determined. A receiver was used to observe electromagnetic signals generated during a hard coal sample crushing in laboratory conditions. Test results confirmed the high dynamic range of the system at 98 dB and the ability to observe signals over a range of frequencies up to 50 kHz. The experimental results confirm the signal bandwidth characteristic of coal mine EM field emission obtained in earlier studies. The constructed autonomous receiver can be used in mine workings as a complementary warning system for emerging mine hazards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Remigiusz Mydlikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Maniak
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, ul. Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
  2. National Institute of Telecommunications, ul. Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland

Optimization design of a new hybrid magnetic circuit motor

Mingling Gao Shilong Yan Chenglong Yu Wenjing Hu Huihui Geng Hongbin Yin Mingjun Xu Yufeng Zhang
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 1 | 201-218 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2024.148865
Keywords combination of electromagnetic and permanent magnets hybrid magnetic circuit optimization of rotor structure
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Abstract

The combination of permanent magnets and electrically excited windings creates an air gap magnetic field. The development of a hybrid magnetic circuit motor with an adjustable magnetic field is of great significance. This article introduces a hybrid magnetic circuit motor design that combines salient pole electromagnetic and permanent magnets. A tubular magnetic barrier has been designed to reduce inter-pole leakage and enhance the usage rate of permanent magnets in the hybrid magnetic circuit motor. The optimum eccentricity of the rotor has been accurately designed, resulting in an improved sinusoidal distribution of the air gap magnetic density waveform. An analysis of the static composite magnetic field under various excitation currents has been conducted, showcasing the capability of the hybrid magnetic circuit motor to stably adjust the air gap flux density level and output torque. A prototype has undergone comprehensive trial production and testing, conclusively confirming the machine’s superior output performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mingling Gao
1
Shilong Yan
1
Chenglong Yu
2
Wenjing Hu
1
Huihui Geng
1
Hongbin Yin
1
Mingjun Xu
1
Yufeng Zhang
1
  1. Shandong University of Technology 266 Xincun West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong Province, China
  2. Zibo Yongtai Motor Co., Ltd Zichuan District, Zibo, Shandong, China

Influence of physical properties of a soil medium on locating with the use of geo-radar of underground installations

Wiesław Nawrocki Zbigniew Piasek
Geodesy and Cartography | 2005 | vol. 54 | No 2 | 69-79
Keywords Geo-radar locating underground installations depth range dielectric constant suppression of electromagnetic waves
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Abstract

A geo-radar method is used for detection of underground installations with the use of electromagnetic waves. Results of investigations of installations depend on physical properties of soil media, which properties result in suppression, reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves. Three parameters, electric permittivity E, magnetic permittivity μ and the medium conductivity a play the major role in establishing electric features of a material medium. Suppression of the electromagnetic wave has the basic influence on detection of underground installations with the use of the geo-radar, and, in particular, on the depth range of the method. Relation between designing parameters of the geo-radar equipment and its depth range is determined by the basic equation of the geo-radar method. Solution of the basic equation of the geo-radar method for the needs of detection of underground installations requires performing experimental measurements. Measurements of the maximum depth of detection of underground installations with the use of the geo-radar have been performed in media of known physical properties, i.e. in the air, water and water solutions of NaCl of various concentrations. Two steel pipes of diameters of</!= 0.03 m and O. l Om were the objects for testing. Measurements were performed with the use of antennae of frequencies of !OOO MHz and 200 MHz. The results obtained in the form of echograms were analysed in order to determine the maximum distances for which the tested pipes were recorded. Experiments allowed to state that the maximum measurements of the depth range of the geo-radar equipment is rapidly decreased with the decrease of the background's specific resistance below 50 Qm. An increase of the soil resistance above 500 Q m results in slight increase of the depth range of measurements. Tests and analyses performed concerned homogenous media, i.e. metal installations, for which the electromagnetic wave is fully reflected.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Nawrocki
Zbigniew Piasek

A dual-stator brushless doubly-fed generator for wind power application

Hao Liu Yakai Song Chunlan Bai Guofeng He Xiaoju Yin
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 4 | 1073-1087 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2023.147427
Keywords doubly-fed machines dual-stator Electromagnetic analysis operational characteristics modes wind power generation
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Abstract

A novelty dual-stator brushless doubly-fed generator (DSBDFG) with magneticbarrier rotor structure is put forward for application in wind power. Compared with a doublyfed induction generator, the DSBDFG has virtues of high reliability and low maintenance costs because of elimination of brush and sliprings components. Therefore, the proposed structure has tremendous potential as a wind power generator to apply in wind power. According to the operating principle of electric machine, the DSBDFG is studied in wind power application. At first, the topology, the winding connecting, the rotor structure, the power flow chart of different operating models and the variable speed capability of electric machine are discussed and analyzed. Then, a 50 kW DSBDFG is designed. Based on the principal dimension of the design electric machine, the electromagnetic characteristics of the DSBDFG with different running modes are analyzed and calculated to adopt the numerical method. From the result, it meets the requests of electromagnetic consistency and winding connecting in the design electric machine. Meanwhile, it confirms the proposed DSBDFG has the strong ability of speed regulation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Liu
1
Yakai Song
1
Chunlan Bai
2
Guofeng He
1
Xiaoju Yin
3
  1. School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Longxiang Avenue, Xincheng District, Pingdingshan, China
  2. School of Surveying and Urban Spatial Information, Henan University of Urban Construction, Longxiang Avenue, Xincheng District, Pingdingshan, China
  3. Department of Renewable Energy, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, No. 18 Puchang Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, China

Biological risk assessment of high-voltage transmission lines on worker’s health of electric society

Manel Bidi
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2020 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 57-68 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2020.131758
Keywords biological risk electromagnetic fields extremely low frequency induced current overhead lines
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Abstract

A probable risk for different diseases has been reported due to exposure of peoples living in the vicinity of electrical substations and electrical workers. The aim of this paper is to examine and reduce the induced current density due to the power system field acting on human beings in the working environment, by using the spheroidal calculation model. The results obtained by means of computer programs developed by the author in the MATLAB environment are compared with the limit values given by the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for demonstrating the degree of danger due to the induced current and have a certain guidance function for worker’s health to ensure their safety.

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Authors and Affiliations

Manel Bidi

Design of a rotor with a starter-generator integrated into an aero car

Zaixin Wu Ruiguang Yu
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2019 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 357-371 | DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.128273
Keywords aero motor air-gap flux density axial segmentation electromagnetic and heatflux coupling Halbach array structure
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Abstract

The Halbach array structure rotor of the aero motor can satisfy the requirements of high power density and high air-gap flux for aeronautical motors. The size parameters of the rotor are determined by the power rating of the motor based on an analytic method. Producing a Halbach array structure is difficult. Comparison and analysis of the structure of the aero motor showthat the overall structure of the rotor adopts a three-axial-section classic Halbach-array hollow structure, and the rotor magnetic steel adopts a discrete structure of 4 blocks per pole and a single 45◦ magnetisation mode, which reduces the processing difficulty of the rotor magnetic steel. The finite element method was used to analyse the magnetic flux density distribution of the aeronautical motor under various working conditions. The results show that the motor can produce uniform air-gap flux density at various working conditions and present good sinusoidal periodicity. Furthermore, the axial segment did not produce obvious magnetic flux leakage. Finally, considering the eddy current loss of the stator under the rated power-generation condition with high-frequency magnetic field, we conducted coupling analysis of electromagnetic and heat flows to verify that the thermal characteristics of the rotor magnetic steel material could meet the requirements for the aero motor.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zaixin Wu
Ruiguang Yu

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