Archives of Environmental Protection is the oldest Polish scientific journal of international scope that publishes articles on engineering and environmental protection. The quarterly has been published by the Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences since 1975. The journal has served as a forum for the exchange of views and ideas among scientists. It has become part of scientific life in Poland and abroad. The quarterly publishes the results of research and scientific inquiries by best specialists hereby becoming an important pillar of science. The journal facilitates better understanding of environmental risks to humans and ecosystems and it also shows the methods for their analysis as well as trends in the search of effective solutions to minimize these risks.
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0000-0003-2698-5437 0000-0001-9534-7426 0000-0002-1883-3356 0000-0002-2192-8647 0000-0003-0628-6735 0000-0002-1242-3364 0000-0002-1242-3364 0000-0002-7328-461X 0000-0002-3921-7472 0000-0001-7435-5646 0000-0002-7697-2514 0000-0003-2954-8347 0000-0001-6122-3169 0000-0002-8188-042X 0000-0001-8777-4989 0000-0003-4441-7409 0000-0003-1909-285X 0000-0003-1925-680X 0000-0002-2340-8020 0000-0002-1864-1143 0000-0001-6660-9992 0000-0002-3572-6050 0000-0001-9778-4283 0000-0002-8892-5117 0000-0002-1805-2189 0000-0002-7980-4137 0000-0002-5155-0593 0000-0002-5859-7335 0000-0002-3978-2420 
The investigations were carried out in order to assess the effect of thermophilic fermentation on
changes in concentration of seven congeners with codes: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180 in sewage sludge.
The total concentration of PCBs was the highest before the process of thermophilic fermentation. On the tenth
day of the process of fermentation it was found that the total concentration of LCB doubled the previous level,
whereas in higher chlorinated PCBs this value decreased twice. After the process of thermophilic digestion,
all the determined congeners of PCBs were still present. However, their total concentration was reduced by
84% on the fourteenth day of the process. Low concentration of heavy metal ions in the liquid phase of sewage
sludge was observed. The metal ions precipitated and remained bound throughout the stabilization process.
Metal speciation analysis was performed, and revealed some changes in the chemical forms of the metals during the stabilization process of sludge. The highest increase of zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, and chromium
concentration was observed in the organic-sulfide fraction, whereas the highest increase of lead was found in
the residual fraction. Thermophilic methane fermentation did not cause the accumulation of heavy metals in the
mobile fractions of sludge.
Sewage and solid waste can be a valuable source of materials used directly or indirectly in manufacturing of usable products. These processes are associated with elimination of pollutants from liquid and
solid wastes. The best-known methods of waste management are production of biogas and composting. This
paper focuses on the possibility of obtaining biomass as a source of protein feed (whose value, in terms of the
composition of aminoacids and microelements, is comparable with conventional feed, e.g. soymeal, bonemeal
or fishmeal). Sewage components for bacterial, fungal, algal and vascular plants’ culture are characterized as
a source of protein feed. Methods of industrial scale production of enzymes, mainly proteases and lipases that
have broad applications in various industries, are discussed. Development perspectives of inexpensive methods
of usable products from waste production are showed. Interdisciplinary nature of presented issues, which requires cooperation of specialists in biology, chemistry and technology, is emphasized.
The article presents the results of the research on the water samples taken from the Krakow water
distribution system and their pollution by haloacetic acids: monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, bromochloroacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid. The water samples were
taken from the extremities of the distribution systems (Raba and Bielany) in the city of Krakow. Both analyzed
plants use the chlorination as the water treatment process, however, water for Raba and Bielany comes from
different surface waters and differs in quality and organic matter concentration. These plants also apply different
water treatment processes and their distribution systems have a different size. The objective of this study was
to measure the haloacetic acids levels in these two water distribution systems, asses the correlation between the
total trihalomethanes and the sum of six haloacetic acids, determine if trihalomethanes can be a good indicator
to predict haloacetic acids concentration in water distribution systems.
This paper addresses the issue of antibacterial drugs, estrogens and cytostatic drugs’ presence in
surface waters and their influence on animals. The ecotoxicity and the impact of three active compounds: ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and 5-fluorouracil on protozoa, crustaceans and fish were examined. Acute
tests (crustaceans’ immobilization test, fish survival test, enzymatic test on Daphnia magna) and chronic tests
(growth test on protozoa, reproduction test on crustaceans and juvenile growth test on two species of fish) were
performed. Acute toxicity studies revealed diversified species - sensitivity to the tested compounds. Crustaceans Artemia salina were the most resistant to all three pharmaceuticals. Fish also demonstrated low sensitivity
to ciprofloxacin and 5-fluorouracil (LC(EC)50-96h > 100 mg/l). In the survival tests, the greatest harm in respect
to fish and crustaceans was demonstrated by 17α-ethinylestradiol, and in the enzymatic tests - by ciprofloxacin.
In all chronic tests, the toxic effects of drugs were proven. Tested compounds limited reproduction of crustaceans and growth of protozoa and fry. The risk assessment, conducted on the basis of the PEC/PNEC quotient,
showed a significant risk in relation to aquatic animals caused by the presence of 17α-ethinylestradiol and
5-fluorouracil in concentrations detected in surface waters.
Fruit and vegetables constitute an essential part of human diet and that is why they should be “safe”.
Chemical contaminants of plant origin in food, including the pesticide residues, are defined as critical differentiators of quality and food safety. Pesticide residues are found in fruits, vegetables, cereals and herbs chemically
protected at low concentrations, but they are one of the elements that affect the quality of healthcare.
The aim of this study was to assess the pesticide residues in apples from the north-eastern Poland (Lubelskie,
Podlaskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie provinces) and get an answer whether any contamination in fruit from the
region is similar to that in other countries and whether it can lead to exposure of consumer’s health. Also assessed compliance of used pesticides with applicable law and found residues were compared with the Maximum
Residue Levels (MRLs). The study showed that 59% of the samples of apples from the north-eastern Poland
contain pesticide residues below the MRL, and 7% above the limits. The estimated dietary intake has shown
the chronic dietary exposure of the most vulnerable groups - children and adults to the pesticide residues in
Polish apples was relatively low and does not constitute a health risk to. The results show that apples from
north-eastern Poland are safe.
In the paper toxicity assessment of hospital wastewaters samples was performed using direct-contact
tests consisting of five species, which represent three different trophic levels of the food chain. IC50 or EC50 values were estimated for each tested organism: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata IC50/72h 18.77%, Daphnia magna
EC50/48h 20.76%, Thamnocephalus platyurus EC50/24h 22.62%, Artemia salina EC50/24h 59.87% and Vibrio fisheri
EC50/15min 46.17%. Toxic potential of hospital wastewater was described using a system of wastewater toxicity
classification. The toxic units (TU) values estimated for each test indicate that hospital wastewaters are toxic
(Class III). The variable results of the tests’ sensitivity confirmed the need of application of microbiotests battery with organisms of different trophic levels.
Compared to other European countries, Poland has scarce drinking water resources and exhibits
significant variation in annual runoff. On the other hand, the geothermal water resources present in sedimentary/structural basins, mostly in the Polish Lowlands and the Podhale geothermal system, not only provide a
valuable source of renewable energy, which is utilized, although only to a limited extent, but can also be used
for many other purposes. The paper presents the results of studies related to the desalination of low dissolved
mineral content geothermal waters from the Bańska IG-1 well using a dual hybrid system based on ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. The desalination of geothermal waters may be considered a possible solution leading
to the decentralization of drinking water supply. In many cases, using cooled waters for drinking purposes may
be considered an alternative method of disposing of them, in particular for open drain arrangements, i.e. where
cooled water is dumped into surface waters.
Over the two-year study (2008–2009) we monitored the influence of integrated and conventional
production systems on microbiological activity in soil and strawberry yield. The experiment also involved
fertilizers applied in three variants of treatment. The studied parameters were monitored over 2008 and 2009 by
determining the total number of soil microorganisms, the number of ammonifying bacteria and the strawberry
yield. The results of the study suggest the pronounced inhibitory effect of insecticides on number of studied
microorganism groups in all three conventionally treated variants, over the both years of study, which further
infers negligible stimulative influence of strawberry plants on yield.
The object of the investigation was metal contamination of bottom sediments of the Skroda and
Chwaliszówka rivers, which are the right contributaries of the Lusatian Neisse river, draining the territory of
the so called “anthropogenic lake district”. The district came into existence as a result of mining activities in the
border of Silesia and Lusatia, which date from the half of 19th century to 1974. The district includes about 100
reservoirs, of the total area of over 150 ha, which are from about 30 to 100 years old.
The rocks accompanying the Miocene coal-bearing formations were deposited on waste dumps. The dumps
form embankments of the aquifers arising as a result of post-exploitation mining subsidence. The streams dewatering waste dumps inflow directly or indirectly to the Chwaliszówka and Skroda rivers. The pyrite is the
mineral present in mine waste material. The pyrite weathering products inflow into surface waters and affect
adversely the water quality. In the last stage of migration the pollutants are accumulated in the bottom sediments
of rivers and lakes. The samples of bottom sediments of the two rivers were analysed by means of a five-step
sequential extraction procedure performed for the partitioning of selected trace metals (Fe, Mn, As, Cr and Al).
It was determined that the bottom sediments of the two analysed rivers contain significant concentrations of
aluminium and iron. The concentrations of other metals (Mn, Cr and As) are in the range of geochemical background of water sediments in Poland. Concentrations of arsenium, chromium and manganese, which are bound
to easy-available fractions (I – exchangeable and II – bound to carbonates) are not significant, so it could be
assumed that they are not expected to be released and they do not threaten the river ecological system. There is,
however, the possibility of the aluminium and iron re-mobilisation, taking into account the high concentrations
of easy-available fractions of these metals in the sediment. Fe and Al are potential source of water contamination, and re-mobilisation of these metals will produce the aggravation of quality parameters of river waters.
Zinc (II) removal using low-cost sorbents requires a proper process parametric study to determine
its optimal performance characteristics. In this respect, the present study proposes a new modeling and simulation procedure for heavy metal removal system and is carried out to optimize input variables such as initial pH,
adsorbent dosage, and contact time for biosorption of Zinc (II) by using bentonite. The proposed experimental
system is cost-effective and requires less calculation for determining optimal values, i.e., input variables and
their related removal capacity, Rem%. To optimize the adsorption process, cubic spline curve fitting and numerical differentiation techniques are used for required calculations. According to the proposed calculations, the
removal capacity is calculated as 98.66%, while the optimal values are calculated as initial pH – 6.76, adsorbent
dosage – 1.14 g L-1, contact time – 13 minutes. To evaluate the results, full factor experimental design and 3 way
ANOVA test are used for comparison.
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