Applied sciences

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Content

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1

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Abstract

To study the anti-seismic performance of steel structure under high temperature, the finite element analysis software ABAQUS was used to study the seismic performance of Q235 steel welded box section column at service stage under normal temperature and high temperature fire. The effects of welding residual stress, slenderness ratio, width thickness ratio and axial load level on the hysteretic behavior of columns were analyzed and the stable bearing capacity and hysteretic performance of the column under high temperature were investigated. The results show that the maximum bearing capacity of the column decreases with the increase of the residual stress peak value. With the increase of temperature, a decrease in the maximum bearing capacity of columns under constant axial force and horizontal cyclic load and an increase in the ductility occur.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yadi Fu
1
Xueyu Dai
2
Huidi Zhang
2
Yimin Wang
1

  1. Beijing Construction Engineering Group Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
  2. Department of Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abstract

In the present research, we used molecular dynamics simulation to determine the effect of cutting parameters on micro-grain boundary structures and Burgers vector distribution in single crystal iron and polycrystalline iron materials. The result showed that the destruction of the lattice in polycrystalline iron caused by the cutting tool was restricted to the contact surface area. In addition, in the precision machining process, a higher refining grain was observed on the iron surface. During the cutting process of single crystal iron, large-scale slip occurred along the <111> crystal direction on the {110} crystal plane. And the slip presented an annular shape.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhiming Liu
1
Qiang Zhang
2
Fangying Liu
2
Hezhe Zhang
2

  1. China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  2. Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, China
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Abstract

The numerical solutions of stress and strain components on the critical plane of tungsten carbide coating were solved based on the critical plane method in three-dimensional coordinate system, and accordingly three strain energy density parameters (Smith-Watson-Topper, Nita-Ogatta-Kuwabara and Chen parameters) were determined to reveal the fretting fatigue characteristics of tungsten carbide coating. In order to predict the fretting fatigue life based on the strain energy density criterion, the expressions between the strain energy density parameter and the fretting fatigue life was obtained experimentally. After the comparison of the three strain energy parameters, it was found that all three parameters could accurately predict the crack initiation position, but only the Smith-Watson-Topper parameters could accurately predict the crack initiation angle. The effects of cyclic load, normal load and friction coefficient on fretting fatigue damage behaviors were discussed by using the Smith-Watson-Topper criterion. The results show that the fretting fatigue life decreases with the increase of cyclic load; an increase in the normal contact load will cause the Smith-Watson-Topper damage parameters more concentrated at the outer edge of the bridge foot; a decrease in the friction coefficient will increase the Smith-Watson-Topper damage parameters in the middle of the contact surface.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xin Zeng
1 2
Xiaoxiao Wang
1 2
Xuecheng Ping
1 2
Renjie Wang
1 2
Tao Hu
3

  1. Tianjin University of Science and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin 300222, China
  2. Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Integrated Design and Online Monitoring of Light Industry and Food Engineering Machinery and Equipment, Tianjin 300222, China
  3. Shanghai Xifa Business Consult ing Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200232, China
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Abstract

This study aimed to prepare Zr55Cu30Al10Ni5 bulk amorphous alloys by spark plasma sintering of raw amorphous alloy powders and investigate their microstructure and micromechanical behaviors. When the sintering temperature ( Ts) was 675K, which was lower than the glass transition temperature ( Tg) of the material, the sintered sample was almost fully amorphous but the density was lower. However, when Ts was 705K, which was higher than Tg, partial crystallization occurred, but the density was higher. The hardness of the bonding zone of the sintered sample at 675K was 5.291 GPa due to the lower density, which was lower than that at 705K, and the hardness at 705K was 8.836 GPa. The generation of thermodynamically stable intermetallic phases, the hardness, and the elastic modulus of the samples sintered above Tg were higher due to the higher density.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yaqiong Ge
1
Zexin Chang
1
Wenxian Wang
1
Qingling Hou
1

  1. Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Abstract

Surface coating technology, as the main technology to improve the fatigue life of mechanical systems, has been well applied in mechanical equipment. The present study aimed to explore low-cost surface coating preparation technology using inexpensive rice husk as the research object, and the pyrolysis process behavior of rice husk was analyzed. The Ni60/SiO 2 coating was prepared on the surface of the 45# steel substrate using the pyrolysis product SiO 2 fiber as the reinforcing phase and supersonic plasma-spraying equipment. The results showed no defects such as cracks, pores, and inclusions in the prepared coating. The nanohardness of the Ni60/SiO 2 coating reached 6506 μN, and the average friction coefficient reached 0.42. In the friction-and-wear experiment, the Ni60/SiO 2 coating was manifested as an abrasive wear mechanism.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chunxue Wei
1
Hongbing Li
1

  1. Henan Light Industry Vocational College, Zhengzhou, 450002, P.R. China
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Abstract

Directed energy deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing process wherein an energy source is focused on a substrate on which a feedstock material is simultaneously delivered, thereby forming a small melt pool. Melting, solidification, and subsequent cooling occur at high rates with considerable thermal gradients compared with traditional metallurgical processes. Hence, it is important to examine the effects of cooling rates on the microstructures and properties of the additive manufactured materials. In this study, after performing DED with various energy densities, we investigated the changes in the microstructures and Vickers hardness of cast Al-33 wt.% Cu alloy, which is widely used to estimate the cooling rate during processing by measuring the lamellar spacing of the microstructure after solidification. The effects of the energy density on the cooling rate and resultant mechanical properties are discussed, which suggests a simple way to estimate the cooling rate indirectly. This study corresponds to the basic stage of the current study, and will continue to apply DED in the future.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yeon-Joo Lee
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Do-Hun Kwon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eun-Ji Cha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Wook Song
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Joo Choi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hwi-Jun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Research Institute of Advanced Manufacturing & Materials Technology, 156, Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea 21999
  2. Kookmin University Dept. of Advanced Materials Engineering, Seoul, KS013, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, the effects of heat-treatment conditions of Fe powder compacts on densification, microstructure, strength and magnetic properties were investigated. The prepared Fe powder was compressed in a mold of diameter 20 mm at a pressure of 800 MPa for 30 sec. This Fe powder compact was heat-treated under different atmospheres (air and 90% Ar + 10% H2 and heat-treatment temperatures (300 and 700℃). The Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an Ar+H2 mixed gas atmosphere showed a denser microstructure and higher density than the Fe powder compacts heat-treated in an air atmosphere. Oxygen content in the heat-treatment conditions played a significant role in the improvement of the densification and magnetic properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyo-Sang Yoo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Ho Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cheol-Woo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Taek Son
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Automotive Materials & Components R&D Group, 1110-9 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Fixed beds were adopted for removal of organic dye from water by photocatalytic decomposition or adsorption. To this end, macroporous titania or silica micro-particles were synthesized from emulsions as micro-reactors and packed in the bed. During feeding aqueous methylene blue solution, UV light was irradiated for generation of active radicals for removal of dye by photocatalytic decomposition. Porous silica particles were also used as adsorbents in the bed for continuous adsorption of organic dye. For regeneration of the porous titania or silica particles, rinsing with fresh water was carried out before repeated cycles.
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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Sang Cho
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sohyeon Sung
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Tech University of Korea, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 15073, 237 Sangidaehak-ro, Siheung-si, Korea
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Abstract

The paper presents a summary of research on the possibility of influencing the state of residual stresses in railway rails by changing the pass design of vertical and horizontal straightener rollers and optimising their distribution on the rail perimeter. The presented results are devoted to the influence of profiled rollers on the level of residual stresses. A wide range of theoretical considerations were carried out based on the use of the finite element method using the commercial Forge software package. In order to verify the results of the theoretical considerations most reliably, a series of “in situ” experiments were conducted in industrial conditions on an existing production line. The tests were carried out on 120 meters long 60E1 railway rails. A significant reduction in the level of residual stresses compared to the standard requirements was achieved.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Żak
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Woźniak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ArcelorMittal Poland S.A., Al. Józefa Piłsudskiego 92, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
  2. Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, ul. Karola Miarki 12, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Cu-Sn alloys have been known as bronze since ancient times and widely used as electrode materials, ornaments, tableware and musical instruments. Cu-22Sn alloy fabrication by hot forging process is a Korean traditional forged high-tin bronze. The tin content is 22 percent, which is more than twice that of bronze ware traditionally used in China and the West. Copper and tin have a carbon solubility of several ppm at room temperature, making Cu-Sn-C alloys difficult to manufacture by conventional casting methods. Research on the production of carbon-added copper alloys has used a manufacturing method that is different from the conventional casting method. In this study, Cu-22Sn-xC alloy was fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. The carbon solubility was confirmed in Cu-Sn alloy through mechanical alloying. The lattice parameter increased from A0 to C2, and then decreased from C4. The microstructural characteristics of sintered alloys were determined using X-ray diffraction and microscopic analysis. As a result of comparing the hardness of Cu-22Sn alloys manufactured by conventional rolling, casting, and forging and Cu-22Sn-xC alloy by sintered powder metallugy, B0 sintered alloy was the highest at about 110.9 HRB.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gwanghun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jungbin Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hee-Soo Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
  2. Chosun University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The austenitic stability and strain-induced martensitic transformation behavior of a nanocrystalline FeNiCrMoC alloy were investigated. The alloy was fabricated by high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering. The phase fraction and grain size were measured using X-ray diffraction. The grain sizes of the milled powder and the sintered alloy were confirmed to be on the order of several nanometers. The variation in the austenite fraction according to compressive deformation was measured, and the austenite stability and strain-induced martensitic transformation behavior were calculated. The hardness was measured to evaluate the mechanical properties according to compression deformation, which confirmed that the hardness increased to 64.03 HRC when compressed up to 30%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jungbin Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Junhyub Jeon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Namhyuk Seo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gwanghun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seung Bae Son
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Gil Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Research Center for Advanced Materials Development, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The effects of different types of balls on spark plasma sintering (SPS) characteristics of high energy ball milled Ti-48wt% Al-4wt% Nd powders were investigated. After ball milling with STS balls and zirconia balls at 800 rpm for 3 h in argon atmosphere, both powders showed shape factors of about 0.8, but their average powder sizes differed respectively at approximately 11 µm and 5 µm. From XRD results, only the peaks of pure Ti, Al and Nd were detected in both powders. The obtained Ti-Al-Nd powders were consolidated by SPS technique at 1373 K for 15 min under a pressure of 50 MPa in vacuum, resulting in high density over 99%. EDS and XRD analyses indicated the formation of binary phases such as TiAl3, TiAl, Ti3Al5, and NdAl3 after SPS in both cases of STS and zirconia balls, while the ternary Ti-Al-Nd phase was detected only in the case of zirconia balls. The size of second phases was slightly smaller in the case of zirconia balls. The microhardness of the sample was 790 Hv with zirconia balls and 540 Hv with STS balls.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyunseung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hoseong Rhee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sangsoo Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Si Young Chang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Aerospace University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Goyang, Korea
  2. Korea Aerospace University, Advanced Materials Research Institute, Goyang, Korea
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Abstract

In present study, Fe-22Cr-4.5Al oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys were fabricated using a pre-alloyed powder with different minor alloying elements, and their microstructures and tensile properties were investigated to develop the advanced structural materials for high temperature service components. Planetary-typed mechanical alloying and uniaxial hot pressing processes were employed to fabricate the Fe-Cr-Al oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys. Microstructural observation revealed that oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys with Ti, Zr additions presented extremely fine micro-grains with a high number density of nano-scaled oxide particles which uniformly distributed in micro-grains and on the grain boundaries. These oxide particles were confirmed as a fine complex oxide, Y2Zr2O7. These favorable microstructures led to superior tensile properties than commercial ferritic stainless steel and oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloy with only Ti addition at elevated temperature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Minha Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jaeyoon Bae
2
ORCID: ORCID
Byung Jun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bu-An Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sanghoon Noh
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Dongnam Regional Division, Busan, 46938, Korea
  2. Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan, 48513, Korea
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Abstract

In this study, the effect of calcium treatment on the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of low carbon steel material is investigated. By applying calcium treatment after aluminum deoxidation for steel cleanliness, the aim is to transform the inclusions into harmless structures and produce cleaner liquid steel. As a result of the study, calcium treated material’s tensile strength slightly increases while fatigue life decreases. SEM studies were conducted to evaluate the results and it was observed that while elongated inclusions were observed as well as spherical shapes in the untreated sample, the inclusions generally had a spherical shape in the calcium treated sample. After the steel cleanliness process, the mechanical properties of the samples were improved. The tensile strength of the calcium treated sample increased slightly. However, a significant decrease in fatigue strength was observed depending on brittle inclusions that occur as a result of the calcium treatment process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barış Karabayrak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sinem Baskut
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dilek Turan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Department of Airframe and Power Plant Maintenance, Eskisehir, Turkey
  2. Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Abstract

The forming limit of AZ31 alloy, a representative Mg-Al-Zn-based wrought alloy, and the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by examining the microstructure change caused by dynamic recrystallization led by high temperature and high dislocation density at 300℃ using a biaxial alternate forging (BAF) were investigated in this study. As a result of BAF test for AZ31 Mg alloy, significant cracks on the ends of workpieces occurred after 7 passes. The microstructure of as-extruded specimen showed the non-uniform distribution of the relatively coarse grains and the fine grains considered to be sub-grains. However, as the number of passes increases, the area of coarse grains gradually disappeared and the fine grains became more dominant in the microstructures. The result of tensile test for workpieces with each forging pass showed an increase in strength depending on pass number was shown with a slight increase of elongation. The Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) results exhibited that, the microstructure showed the presence of coarse grains and twins after only 1 pass, while the grains appeared to be significantly refined and uniformly distributed after 3 pass, at which the strength and elongation began to increase, simultaneously.
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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Chul Shin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Wahid Shah
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Molding & Metal Forming R&D Department, 156 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, a rare earth composite precipitation (NaREE(SO 4) 2H 2O, REE: Ce, La, Nd, Pr) powder was prepared from spent nickel hydride batteries, and cerium hydroxide was separated from its constituent rare earth elements. As Ce(OH) 3 can be oxidized more easily than other rare earth elements (La, Nd, and Pr), Ce 3+ was converted to Ce 4+ by injecting air into the leachate at 80°C for 4 h. The oxidized powder was leached using sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Because Ce(OH) 4 has low solubility, it can be separated from other elements. Therefore, the pH of the leaching solution was adjusted for selective precipitation. To determine the crystalline phase, recovery, and grade of the recovered Ce(OH) 4, the powders were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The grade and recovery rates of the Ce(OH) 4 powder recovered from the rare earth composite precipitate using sulfuric acid as the solvent were 95% and 97%, respectively, whereas those of the powder recovered using hydrochloric acid were 96% and 95%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Boram Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dae-Weon Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hee Lack Choi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute for Advanced Engineering, Advanced Material & Processing Center, 175-28 Goan-ro, 51 Beon-gil, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi, 17180, Korea
  2. Pukyong National University, Department of Material Science & Engineering, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

CM247LC alloy was manufactured by using selective laser melting (SLM) process, one of the laser powder bed fusion ­(L-PBF) methods. The hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process was additionally conducted on the SLM-built CM247LC to control its microstructures and defects. The high temperature oxidation property was investigated, and it was compared with conventional DS247LC sample (reference) prepared via the directional solidification process. The L-PBF HIP sample showed blocky-type MC carbides generated along the grain boundary with average size of about 200 nm. A semi-spherical primary γ' phase of size 0.4-1.0 μm was also observed inside the grains. Moreover, the DS247LC sample displayed a coarse eutectic γ' phase and many script-type MC carbides. Furthermore, cuboidal-type γ' with an average size of about 0.5 μm was detected. High-temperature oxidation tests were conducted at 1000°C and 1100°C for 24 hours. The results at 1100°C oxidation temperature showed that the measured oxidation weight gains for HIP and DS247LC were 1.96 mg/cm2 and 2.26 mg/cm2, respectively, indicating the superior high-temperature oxidation resistance of the L-PBF HIP sample. Based on the above results, a high-temperature oxidation mechanism of the CM247LC alloys manufactured by the SLM process and the directional solidification process has been proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jung-Uk Lee
1
Young-Kyun Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Moon Seo
2
Kee-Ahn Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The lap joint welding of Al 3003 alloy by stationary shoulder friction stir welding (SSFSW) was performed under the conditions of tool rotation and welding speed, and it was confirmed that the welding was performed under all conditions. The tunnel defects and pores were formed in the weld zone at the lowest tool rotation and welding speed, and it is increased, the weld surface has been improved. At the same tool rotation speed at the welding speed is increased, the grain size was refined in the stir zone (SZ) and thus the hardness increased by about 14% compared to the base metal. The tensile shear strength is measured to be 10 kN or more under most conditions, and in the 4000 rpm with high heat input, the shear tensile strength was measured relatively lower than other conditions due to excessive heat input of the material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Woo-Chul Jung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joo-Heon Park
1
Sang-Min Yoon
1
Young Kyun Kim
1

  1. Advanced Material & Processing Center, Institute for Advanced Engineering, 175-28 Goan-ro, 51 beon-gil, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi, 17180, Korea
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Abstract

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and impact toughness property of AISI D2 manufactured with direct energy deposition (DED) and compared the results with conventional wrought material. The fracture crack propagation behavior was examined in connection with microstructures through fracture surface analysis. AISI D2 manufactured with DED had a eutectic structure that turned into a net-type carbide after heat treatment, and Cr-rich needle-type secondary carbide was observed. Impact toughness of DED AISI D2 measured 2.0 J/cm2 in the as-built sample and 1.1 J/cm2 in the heat-treated sample. Compared to a wrought heat-treated AISI D2, DED AISI D2 had relatively low impact toughness. DED AISI D2 and wrought material had different crack propagation mechanisms. In DED AISI D2, the eutectic structure and net-type carbide boundary were identified as the major microstructural factor decreasing impact toughness.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jung-Hyun Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kyu-Sik Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Mo Koo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jin-Young Kim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Chul Kim
4
Kee-Ahn Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon 22212, Korea
  2. Changsung Corp., Incheon, 21628, Korea
  3. Maxrotech Corp., Daegu, 42703, Korea
  4. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Korea
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Abstract

This study was conducted to treat radioactive acidic wastewater, which contained radioactive 60Co and 152Eu. The wastewater can be generated during a decommissioning project to reduce the volume of radioactive concrete waste from nuclear facilities. With a variety of methods for separating the radioactive nuclides available, we evaluated the separation applicability of the solvent extraction method. From our results, Co and Eu could be easily extracted from the Ca rich wastewater using Cyanex301 (Co extraction (%) 99.8, Eu extraction (%) 99.6) without Ca extraction. On the other hand, Eu could be selectively separated by Cyanex272 (Eu extraction (%) 99.1) without Co and Ca extraction at pH 2~3. Therefore, the extraction method can be tailored according to the target radionuclides present in the wastewater and be selectively applied to the overall treatment process. By extracting radioactive Co and Eu from acidic wastewater to below the discharge criteria, treated wastewater could be regarded as non-radioactive industrial waste, to be economically and easily handled. Moreover, it may be possible to reuse separated Co and Eu for research and industrial applications by realizing waste valorization.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maengkyo Oh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Keunyoung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Richard I. Foster
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
Ik-Soo Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chang-Ha Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Decommissioning Technology Research Division, 111, Daedeok-Daero 989 Beon-Gil, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
  2. Yonsei University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
  3. Seoul National University, Nuclear Research Institute for Future Technology and Policy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

A TiC-Mo 2C-WC-Ni alloy cermet was fabricated by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and consolidation through spark plasma sintering. The TiC-based powders were synthesized with different milling times (6, 12, 24, and 48 h) and subsequently consolidated by rapid sintering at 1300°C and a load of 60 MPa. An increase in the HEBM time led to improved sinterability as there was a sufficient driving force between the particles during densification. Core-rim structures such as (Ti, W)C and (Ti, Mo)C (rim) were formed by Ostwald ripening while inhibiting the coarsening of the TiC (core) grains. The TiC grains became refined (2.57 to 0.47 µm), with evenly distributed rims. This led to improved fracture toughness (11.1 to 14.8 MPa·m 1/2) owing to crack deflection, and the crack propagation resistance was enhanced by mitigating intergranular fractures around the TiC core.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jeong-Han Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jae-Cheol Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kuk Park
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Automotive Materials & Component R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 6, Cheomdan-gwagiro 208-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61012, Korea
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Abstract

Fusion welding of Ti-Cu is difficult because of big difference of melting points and formation of brittle intermetallic compounds. Friction stir welding is carried out by solid-state joining, thermo-mechanical stirring, and friction heat. Ti-Cu FSW dissimilar welding can supply a very sound joint area with a few intermetallic compounds. Optimized welding process conditions are essential to obtain suitable microstructure and mechanical properties of welded zones. Different welding speeds affect the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties due to changes of input heat and internal stored deformation energy. The correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-Cu welded zone according to welding speeds were investigated and analyzed. As the higher the welding speed, the lower the heat input and the lower the temperature rise. Ti-Cu 75 has the smallest grain size at 13.9 μm, but the optimum mechanical properties and the integrity of welding were shown in Ti-Cu 50.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yong-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Won-Ki Jeong
1
Seung-Jun Lee
2
Hidetoshi Fujii
3
Se Eun Shin
1
Dong-Geun Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Sunchon National University, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Polytechnic University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Siheung, 15073, Republic of Korea
  3. Osaka University, Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Abstract

This study aimed to develop Fe/Al multilayered metallic/intermetallic composites produced by hot pressing under an air atmosphere. Analyses were carried out on the composite plates made up of alternatively situated sheets of AA1050 aluminum alloy and DN04 low carbon steel, which were annealed at 903 K for 2, 5, and 10 h. Annealing was performed to obtain reaction layers of distinct thickness. The samples were examined using X-Ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometer. To correlate the structural changes with mechanical properties, microhardness measurements in near-the-interface layers were performed. All the reaction layers grew with parabolic kinetics with η-Al5Fe2 intermetallic phase as the dominant component. After annealing for 5 and 10 hours, a thin sublayer of θ-Al13Fe4 phase was also detected.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Kowalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Paul
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Mania
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Petrzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Czaja
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Góral
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Szlezynger
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The mechanical response of interpenetrating co-continuous composite Al-Si12/SiC3D was described for uniaxial tension and compression. The internal structure of the IPC was examined by optical microscopy and micro-CT. The apparent density and Young’s modulus were assessed theoretically and experimentally. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed using the prismatic samples of dimensions 1 mm × 2 mm × 30 mm. Cylindrical samples of diameters ϕ = 5 mm and height h = 10 mm were subjected to quasi-static uniaxial compressive loading. During tests, the side surfaces of the specimen were observed using a digital image correlation system (DIC) to find strain fields and to monitor the surface cracks development in the complex internal microstructure of the IPC.
The analyzed two-phase ICP was manufactured using ceramic foam SiC infiltrated by alloy Al-Si12. This material finds application in cosmic, airplane, or automobile industries, due to their excellent tribological, heat distribution, and ballistic properties.
Obtained results show different modes of microcracking and fracture of cylindrical and prismatic samples. They indicate the substantial influence of the ceramic skeleton on the behavior of the IPC under uniaxial states of loading. Different modes of damage related to the tension or compression loading were described in detail. The results can find application in the designing process of modern co-continuous IPCs and further development of the numerical models of degradation processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Pietras
1
T. Sadowski
1
M. Boniecki
2
E. Postek
3

  1. Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, 38D Nadbystrzycka Str., Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics , 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

A Si-Fe-Al ternary oxide-based micropowder coating was used to prevent the formation of a Zn coating on steel during the hot-dip Zn galvanizing process to reduce the welding fume and defects generated during the welding of Zn-galvanized steel. The composition ratio of the oxide powder was optimized and its microstructure and weldability were evaluated. The optimized oxide coating was stable in the hot-dip galvanizing bath at 470°C and effectively inhibited the formation of Zn coating. The Zn residue could be easily removed with simple mechanical impact. The proposed coating reduced Zn fume and prevented the residual Zn from melting in the weld bead during high-temperature welding, thus reducing the number of welding defects. The results indicated that this pretreatment can simplify the manufacturing process and shorten the process time cost-effectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seong-Min So
1
Ki-Yeon Kim
1
Il-Song Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seok-Jae Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Jin Yoo
2
Yeon-Won Kim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Suk Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
  2. Jeonbuk National University, Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering Of Graduate School, Department of Life Science, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
  3. Mokpo National Maritime University, Division of Marine Mechatronics, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Surface melting and alloying of Copper-Nickel (Cupronickel) alloy by preplacing aluminum powder and using tungsten inert gas process (TIG) in shielded atmosphere of argon gas were investigated. Surface melting resulted in the formation of a fairly porous dendritic microstructure. Surface alloying with aluminum resulted in the formation of Al 2Cu and Al 4Cu 9 intermetallic compounds along with Cu-rich matrix and unstable martensitic structure. Surface melting reduced the hardness from 140 HV 0.1 (substrate) to 70 HV 0.1, mainly due to the loss of cold work effect of the initial substrate. On the other hand, surface alloyed zone showed a hardness of 300 HV 0.1, mainly due to the formation of intermetallic compound. Tafel polarization results indicated improvement in corrosion resistance of cupronickel alloy after surface melting and alloying.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fatemeh Koeini
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mahmoud Heydarzadeh Sohi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Parham Pirayesh
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Tehran, College of Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Tehran, Iran
  2. Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran
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Abstract

An attempt has been made to synthesize the aluminium based ex-situ (Al-SiC) and in-situ (Al-TiB2) formed metal matrix composites with varying weight percentage of reinforcement contents such as 4wt.%, 6wt.% and 8wt.%. Synthesized composites were subjected to a cold extrusion process followed by heat treatment according to the ASTM B 918-01 standards. The mechanical properties of in-situ composites were evaluated as per the ASTM guidelines and compared with ex-situ formed composites and base metal properties. Superior properties were noticed in the in-situ formed composites and the mechanical properties such as yield strength, Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Hardness for both ex-situ and in-situ composites were found to increase with increasing the reinforcement addition. Cold extruded Al-8 wt.% SiC composite properties such as hardness, yield strength and UTS are 87 RB, 152 MPa, 216 MPa respectively. Whereas, for Al-8 wt.% TiB2 composite, the corresponding properties are 94 RB, 192 MPa, 293 MPa. The morphology of the composites is analysed by Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) whereas presence of reinforcement particles such SiC and TiB2 along with intermetallic phases Mg2Si and Al5FeSi are confirmed by EDX, XRD and Element Mapping analyses.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Gobalakrishnan
1
C. Rajaravi
2
Gobikrishnan Udhayakumar
3
P.R. Lakshminarayanan
4

  1. CARE College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trichy-620 009, Tamil Nadu, India
  2. Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore – 641 032, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Sona College of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Salem – 636 005, Tamil Nadu, India
  4. Annamalai University, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract

The effect of plasma-radical change on the surface properties of Zn-Mg-Al ternary-alloy-coated steel sheets during atmospheric-pressure (AP) plasma treatment using different process gases: O 2, N 2, and compressed air was investigated. The plasma-induced radicals promoted the formation of chemical particles on the surface of the Zn-Mg-Al coating, thereby increasing the surface roughness. The surface energy was calculated using the Owen-Wendtgeometric equation. Contact angle measurements indicated that the surface free energy of the alloy sheets increased upon AP plasma treatment. The surface properties of the Zn-Mg-Al coating changed more significantly in the order air > O 2 > N 2 gas, indicating that the plasma radicals facilitated the carbonization and hydroxylation of the Mg and Al components during the AP plasma treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chang-U Jeong
1
Jae-Hyeon Kim
1
Je-Shin Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Su Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sung-Jin Kim
3
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Suk Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jeonbuk National University, Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gimje, Republic of Korea
  3. Sunchon National University, Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Sunchon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Impacts of precursor solution recipe, processing parameters, and pellet thickness on the lithium ionic conductivity of the ceramic materials with perovskite structure of Li 0.3La 0.57TiO 2 0.3La 0.57TiO 2 0.3La 0.57TiO 22 (i.e., TiO 2 sol) and then Li+ and La+ were added to the colloidal TiO 2 was on the order of 10-5 S/cm. It also showed that the temperatures corresponding to a full decomposition for Li 0.3La 0.57TiO 2 is about 750°C and materials start forming perovskite structure when temperature reaches about 900°C and the lithium ionic conductivity gains about 21% increase when the pellet thickness is reduced to about ¼.
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Authors and Affiliations

C.K. Rhee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y.B. Chun
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.H. Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
W.W. Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Cao
2

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
  2. University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract

In this study, the bio state of the alloy produced in the modified metal injection system was monitored after sintering. A new system operating with high gas pressure, far from the traditional injection model, has been established for material production. In this system, 316L stainless steel powders were molded using a PEG/PMMA/SA polymer recipe. During molding, approximately 60% 316L and 40% binder by volume were used. The samples obtained were sintered at different temperatures (1100-1300°C) after de-binding. Density measurement (Archimedes) and hardness tests (HV1) of the samples were measured as 6.74 g/cm3 and ~285 HV1, respectively. A potentiodynamic corrosion test was applied to monitor the effect of the amount of oxide in the structure of the 316L stainless steel produced. Corrosion tests were carried out in artificial body solutions. The corrosion rate was measured at the level of 17.08×10–3 mm/y. In terms of biocompatibility, a cytotoxicity test was applied to the samples and the life course of the bacteria was monitored. For the 316L alloys produced, the % vitality reached approximately 103%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bünyamin Çiçek
1
Yavuz Sun
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hitit University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Machine and Metal Technologies Department, Corum, Turkey
  2. Karabuk University, Engineering Faculty, Turkey
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Abstract

In this study, a research was conducted to recover metallic zinc and pig iron and to improve the purity and the recovery rate through a reduction process for zinc and iron in the byproducts that are generated after steelmaking dust treatment. As the result of the calcination, it was confirmed that Cl (6.06%) and K (3.37%) decreased to Cl (2.75%) and K (0.22%), respectively. For the zinc powder that was recovered with reaction temperature of 1100°C, reaction time of 4 hours, and argon gas of 1L/min as the optimal conditions. The measurement for the purity of zinc was 99.8% and the recovery rate was 92.14%. The melt reduction for recovering pig iron from the residue was reacted under reaction temperature of 1600°C, flux composition (CaO:SiO2) of 1:1, and reducing agent infusion ratio (residue: C) of 14:1, and the pig iron was measured to have a purity of 87.7% and a recovery rate of 91.81%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jei-Pl Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pukyong National University, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Marine Convergence Design Engineering (Advanced Materials Engineering), Busan 48513, Korea
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Abstract

Azo dye is widely used in the textile industry since it is cost effective and simple to use. However, it becomes a continuous source of environmental pollution due to its carcinogenicity and toxicity. Various methods had been used to remove the azo dye in solution. One of the famous and frequently used is the Fenton process. The Fenton process is one of the advanced oxidation processes where iron catalysed hydrogen peroxide to generate hydroxyl radical. Treating azo dyes in solution requires a catalyst to enhance the process of degradation. Herein, high entropy alloys (HEAs) have been proposed as a catalytic material to enhance the performance of Fenton process for azo dye degradation. HEAs have been reported as a promising catalyst due to its high surface area. The higher the number of active sites, the higher the rate of azo dye degradation as more active sites are available for adsorption of azo dyes. The results have shown that HEAs can be used as a catalyst to fasten the Fenton reaction since the degradation time is proven to be shorter in the presence of HEAs. The method derived from the result of this study will contribute in treating azo dyes for wastewater management in the Fenton process.
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Authors and Affiliations

N.H.A. Hassan
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.S.M. Nasir
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.N.A. Rahman
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.R. Irfan
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
N.H. Nordin
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. International Islamic University Malaysia, Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

Structural, magnetic, and magnetostrictive properties of two-sublattice Tb 0.27Dy 0.73 (Fe 1−xAl x) 2 polycrystalline intermetallic ferrimagnets ( x = 0−0.2 and 1.0) were studied using X-ray powder diffraction, magnetometry, and strain gauge magnetostriction measurements. Temperature dependences of magnetization starting from 80 K were presented, and Curie temperatures were estimated. Coercive force, residual, and saturation magnetizations were determined from the magnetic hysteresis loops at room temperature. Longitudinal, transversal, form and volume magnetostrictions were investigated against the x parameter and the intensity of the magnetic field. The piezomagnetic coefficients were determined and the maximum value at the field below 1 kOe, even enhanced than that in Terfenol-D, was observed for the material Tb 0.27Dy 0.73 (Fe 0.9Al 0.1) 2. It means that this compound is promising for use in magnetoelectric composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Winiarska
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Guzdek
2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kuciakowski
3 4
ORCID: ORCID
W. Tokarz
3
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sikora
4
ORCID: ORCID
J. Pszczoła
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, ul. Malczewskiego 29, 26-600 Radom, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  4. Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology AGH, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Metal network compounds have primary properties. The use of lightweight and low vitality is a testament to the growing interest in the automotive industry. Aluminum alloys, due to their advanced physical, mechanical and tribological properties, have become a highly emerging material for a variety of industrial applications and the importance of efficient material selection is explained. In this paper, an Al8011 hybrid metal matrix composite is developed through the stir casting process. The different weight proportions of B 4C (3%, 6%, 9% & 12%) and fixed proportions of 2% MoS2 have been used. Composite developed are subjected to mechanical properties evaluation and seawater corrosion studies following standard procedures. To study the porosity of the composite samples, theoretical density and actual density are calculated. An acoustic emission system-assisted tensile test is carried out to report the strength of the composite. From this experimental method, adding reinforcement can increase the tensile strength and hardness of the composites. Under sea water, the increase in reinforcement found an increase in corrosion resistance. Fractured surfaces were perused using SEM and EDS analysis.
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Authors and Affiliations

C.R. Kannan
1
S. Suresh
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Navaneetha Krishnan
3

  1. Universal College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vallioor, Tamilnadu, India
  2. University College of Engineering, Nagercoil, Department of Mechanical Engineering Tamilnadu, India
  3. Amrita College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amritagiri, Erachakulam (Po), Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of testing samples of shield-centering elements from medium-voltage surge arresters. The elements were made of TSE glass textolite. The elements have been dismantled from different operated surge arresters, which were subjected to discharge currents (short-circuit currents) of different intensity and duration. The discharge currents led to degradation of the tested elements with various degrees of advancement. The degradation was investigated using microscopic methods and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Changes in the content of elements of the surface of textolite materials – as the degradation progresses – were documented.
It was found that high discharge current flows resulted in melting of the organic binder, epoxy resin, especially its surface layer. Partial charring and even burning of the resin was noticeable. Furthermore, it was found that with increasing degradation on the surface of the TSE laminate, the carbon and oxygen content, which are part of the organic resin, decreases. Simultaneously the amount of silicon, calcium and aluminium, which are present in the glass fibres, increases. The charring effect of the resin and the formation of conductive paths result in a decrease in the performance of surge arresters and their subsequent failure.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Papliński
1
H. Śmietanka
1
P. Ranachowski
2
Z. Ranachowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Wieczorek
3
S. Kudela Jr
4

  1. Institute of Power Engineering – Research Institute, 8 Mory Str., 01-330 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAS, 5b Pawińskiego Str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Wrocław University of Science And Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  4. Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9/6319, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Abstract

TiO2 is one of the most widely used metal oxide semiconductors in the field of photocatalysis for the self-cleaning purpose to withdraw pollutants. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is recommended as a stabilizer and booster during preparation of water-soluble TiO2. Preparation of SnO2/TiO2 thin film deposition on the surface of ceramic tile was carried out by the sol-gel spin coating method by adding different amount of PEG (0g, 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g, 0.8g) during the preparation of the sol precursor. The effects of PEG content and the annealing temperature on the phase composition, crystallite size and the hydrophilic properties of SnO2/TiO2 films were studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed different phases existed when the films were annealed at different annealing temperatures of 350°C, 550°C and 750°C with 0.4 g of PEG addition. The crystallite sizes of the films were measured using Scherrer equation. It shows crystallite size was dependent on crystal structure existed in the films. The films with mixed phases of brookite and rutile shows the smallest crystallite size. In order to measure the hydrophilicity properties of films, the water contact angles for each film with different content of PEG were measured. It can be observed that the water contact angle decreased with the increasing of the content of PEG. It shows the superhydrophilicity properties for the films with the 0.8 g of PEG annealed at 750°C. This demonstrates that the annealed temperature and the addition of PEG affect the phase composition and the hydrophilicity properties of the films.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dewi Suriyani Che Halin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Azliza
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Kamrosni Abdul Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Albakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd Salleh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Juyana A Wahab
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
V. Chobpattana
3
ORCID: ORCID
L. Kaczmarek
4
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
5
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis Malaysia
  3. Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Thailand
  4. Lodz University of Technology (TUL), Institute of Materials Science and Engineering,1/15, Stefanowskiego Str., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  5. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The effect of additions of silver or titanium (0.5 or 3 vol.%) microparticles on the microstructure, as well as some physical properties of Al2O3-based composites, were studied. The processing method for the manufacturing of alumina-based composites was a combination of RBAO and SPS processes. After the SPS process, bodies with almost full density were obtained. Observations by optical microscopy show a very fine and homogenous microstructure in all samples. Concerning mechanical properties, the addition of metals on alumina increases its fracture toughness significantly (112% for the sample with additions of silver, while the composite with additions of titanium fracture toughness increases by 72%). In terms of optical properties, both silver and titanium improve the absorbance in the visible range.
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Authors and Affiliations

Enrique Rocha-Rangel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Carlos A. Calles-Arriaga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Juan López-Hernández
1
ORCID: ORCID
José A. Rodríguez-García
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad Politécnica de Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, México
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Abstract

The purpose of the research was to examine the influence of boron on the selected properties of low-alloy cast steels. The chemical compositions of the cast steels were designed especially for this study to contain different alloy elements. The first composition lacked significant alloying elements. The subsequent grades of cast steels had the addition of chrome, chrome with vanadium, and chrome with titanium. It was decided to investigate the influence of boron in the presence of such alloying additives on the temperature of phase transformations. On the basis of dilatometric curves, the characteristic temperatures of the phase transformations were determined. Additionally, to assess the influence of the cooling rate on the structure of cast steels, an analysis of their microstructure, after full annealing and quenching, was carried out.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Białobrzeska
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Dziurka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Vehicle Engineering, Smoluchowskiego Str. 25, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
  2. University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Sciences, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Zeolite has been successfully synthesized from clay and rice husk ash in the form of powder by using the hydrothermal method with variations in chemical compositions of alkaline solution and the amount of rice husk ash. The clay raw material was obtained from the Sidrap area of South Sulawesi and rice husk ash is obtained from the burning pile of rice husks. Sidrap clay and rice husk ash were activated using an alkaline solution of NaOH and varied rice husk ash and the addition of AlCl3. The addition of AlCl3, an alkaline solution of NaOH and H2O was used in the amount of 25.5 grams and variations of rice husk ash were 2.5 grams and 6.5 grams. Meanwhile, without the addition of AlCl3, an alkaline solution of NaOH and H2O was used for 20.5 grams and variations of rice husk ash from 2.5 grams and 6.5 grams. Then the mixture was then put into an autoclave with a temperature of 100°C for 3 hours. The basic material used in the manufacture of zeolite is carried out by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) characterization to determine the constituent elements of basic material, which showed the content of SiO2 was 45.80 wt% in the clay and 93.40% in the rice husk ash. The crystalline structure of the zeolite formed was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). It was found the resulting zeolite were identified as Zeolite-Y, Hydrosodalite, and ZSM-5. The microstructure properties of the resulting zeolite were determined by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Armayani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Musdalifa Mansur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Reza Asra
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muh Irwan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dhian Ramadhanty
1
ORCID: ORCID
Subaer Subaer
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ikmal Hakem A. Aziz
3
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
4
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidenreng Rappang, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Jl. Angkatan 45 lt. Salo No. 1A Macarowalie Rappang 91651, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Negeri Makassar, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jl. Mallengkeri Raya Parang Tambung Kec Tamalate Kota Makassar 90224, Indonesia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlish (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Diffusion multiple method was applied to investigate the alloying elements distribution and interface diffusion reactions in Co-Al-X system, in order to accelerate the alloy development. The diffusion regions of Co-Al-X system at 1173 K were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nanoindentation. SEM images show that phases of Co-Al-Ni diffusion interface consisted of β-CoAl + γ Co, γ Co, γ + γ'-(Co, Ni)3Al and γ Ni, while Co-Al-Cr diffusion interface is shaped with δ + γ + β, γ and σ region. TiNiX diffusion layer with high Ni-content was formed in Co-Al-Ti diffusion interface. The diffusion layers during diffusion multiple play an important role in mechanical properties in these alloying systems. The γ + γ' diffusion layer in Co-Al-Ni diffusion interface presented the best comprehensive performance, while the highest hardness (17.48 GPa) was confirmed in Co-Al-Cr diffusion interface due to a large number of brittle phases. Darken method was applied to determine the interdiffusion coefficients of alloying elements in pseudo-binary phase, accordingly the diffusion capacities of alloying elements can be ordered as Al > Ni > Cr in Co-based alloys.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hang Shang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Qiuzhi Gao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yujiao Jiang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Qingshuang Ma
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Huijun Li
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hailian Zhang
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, School of Resources and Materials, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
  2. Northeastern University, Shenyang, School of Materials Science and Engineering, 110819, China
  3. Tianjin University, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tianjin, 300354, China
  4. Daotian High Technology Co., Ltd., Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
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Abstract

The paper aims to review the corrosion properties of selected aluminum alloys applied in the automotive industry which are used in heat exchangers, bodyworks and car wires. Particular attention was focused on application of selected chemical compounds which added to corrosive environment in certain amounts lead to decrease of corrosion rate of protected aluminium alloy. Considered different environmental conditions which are simulating real vehicle exploitation. At review analyzed ability to application mentioned compounds on automotive parts, because there is needed fill of following requirements: environmentally friendly, relatively inexpensive and characterized by long-term performance under certain conditions. Main conclusion of review is that there are needed extension of research regarding to application of inhibitive compounds especially on the surface of cars wires.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Jakóbczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Kowalik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. UST AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, Department of Physical Chemistry and Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Mating electrodes made of copper alloys are commonly used for welding galvanized steel sheets used in the production of car bodies. These alloys are characterized by high mechanical properties, a high level of electrical and thermal conductivity as well as the stability of these properties under changing conditions of current, thermal and mechanical load. Much careful attention was paid to the essence of the ongoing structural changes as well as to the mechanical properties in the welding process (RSW – Resistant Spot Welding) of steel sheets, including high-strength ones. There is a lack of research on structural changes and the related mechanical properties occurring in welding electrodes made of copper alloys caused by the welding process.
This study is devoted to these issues and contains a critical review of the research results enabling a better understanding of the relationships between the structure and properties of welding electrodes caused by the cyclic welding process. In order to illustrate the phenomena occurring during the welding process, both in the material to be welded and in the tip electrodes, hardness and structural tests were carried out on electrode samples before and after their exploitation. The data collected in the article supplements a certain lack of information in the literature regarding the microstructural aspects of the welding process of galvanized steel sheets for the production of car bodies. The conducted research may be the starting point for the search for more effective materials for the tip electrodes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Rdzawski
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Kwaśniewski
2
ORCID: ORCID
W. Głuchowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Łagoda
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Maleta
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Boczkal
3
ORCID: ORCID
K. Franczak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 5 Sowińskiego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  3. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Light Metals Division, 19 Piłsudskiego Street, 32-050 Skawina, Poland
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Abstract

The study aims to investigate the effect of semisolid structure and strontium (Sr) addition on the wear behavior of hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy. Semisolid hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy was prepared using cooling slope casting with addition of 0 to 0.93 wt.% Sr. Microstructural study was done using an optical microscope. Vicker microhardness and pin on disc tribometer were used for microhardness and wear testing. When compared to conventional casting, the microhardness of the semisolid hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy improved by 9.8%. Sr addition at 0.43 wt.% resulted in a refined eutectic structure with a 17% increase in hardness over conventional casting. The globular structure α-Al formed during semisolid casting reduced porosity, and the addition of Sr refined the eutectic silicon into a fine fibrous structure that is tightly bound with the Al matrix. These are the primary factors that contribute to the high wear resistance in modified-Sr semisolid alloys.
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Authors and Affiliations

N.M. Anas
1
ORCID: ORCID
S.A. Zakaria
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.S. Anasyida
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Mohamad
1
ORCID: ORCID
B.K. Dhindaw
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Structural Niche Area. School of Mat erials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang
  2. Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302, India
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Abstract

In this paper, the microstructural and texture changes in polycrystalline CuZn30 alloy, copper, and AA1050 aluminium alloy have been studied to describe the crystal lattice rotation during shear bands formation. The hat-shaped specimens were deformed using a drop-hammer at the strain rate of 560 s –1. Microstructure evolution was investigated using optical microscopy, whereas texture changes were examined with the use of a scanning electron microscope equipped with the EBSD facility. The microstructural observations were correlated with nanohardness measurements to evaluate the mechanical properties of the sheared regions. The analyses demonstrate the gradual nature of the shear banding process, which can be described as a mechanism of the bands nucleation and then successive growth rather than as an abrupt instability. It was found that regardless of the initial orientation of the grains inside the sheared region, a well-defined tendency of the crystal lattice rotation is observed. This rotation mechanism leads to the formation of specific texture components of the sheared region, different from the one observed in a weakly or non-deformed matrix. During the process of rotation, one of the {111} planes in each grain of the sheared region ‘tends’ to overlap with the plane of maximum shear stresses and one of the <110> or <112> directions align with the shear direction. This allows slip propagation through the boundaries between adjacent grains without apparent change in the shear direction. Finally, in order to trace the rotation path, transforming the matrix texture components into shear band, rotation axis and angles were identified.
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Authors and Affiliations

I. Mania
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Paul
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chulist
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Petrzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Miszczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Prażmowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanics, 76 Prószkowska Str., 45-758 Opole, Poland
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Abstract

Mechanical, electronic, thermodynamic phase diagram and optical properties of the FeVSb half-Heusler have been studied based on the density functional theory (DFT) framework. Studies have shown that this structure in the MgAgAs-type phase has static and dynamic mechanical stability with high thermodynamic phase consistency. Electronic calculations showed that this compound is a p-type semiconductor with an indirect energy gap of 0.39 eV. This compound’s optical response occurs in the infrared, visible regions, and at higher energies its dielectric sign is negative. The Plasmon oscillations have occurred in 20 eV, and its refraction index shifts to zero in 18 eV.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Bagheri
1
A. Boochani
2
S.R. Masharian
1
F.H. Jafarpour
3

  1. Department of Physics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
  2. Department of Physics, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
  3. Physics Department, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65174-4161 Hamedan, Iran
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Abstract

17-4PH stainless steel finds application in the aerospace industry owing to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In the literature, this steel is described as good for welding, but research shows that it may be problematic due to the formation of defects. In this study, the welded joints were made by the robotic TIG welding method with various welding speeds (2 and 3 mm/s). The joints were subjected to non-destructive testing and were free from defects. The microstructure was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the microstructure of the heat affected zone were observed and discussed. Based on the observation of the microstructure and the change in the hardness profile, the heat affected zone was divided into 4 characteristic regions. δ-ferrite and NbC were observed in the martensite matrix. The welded joints were subjected to heat treatment consisting of solution and aging in 550°C for 4 h. The microstructure of the heat affected zone become homogenized as a result of the heat treatment. The content of stable austenite in the welded joint after the heat treatment was about 3%.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Mrowka-Nowotnik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

Innovative procedure of microalloying continuous cast aluminum strip, thickness 10 mm, by Be, Zr and Mn using 3C Pechiney technology (no. 39762, P-377/76), and modifying the existing parameters for strip casting and crystallization was implemented under industrial conditions with two randomly selected batches 2×8 tones, without previous selection of standardized quality of aluminum, purity Al 99.5%, obtained by electrolysis. The application of microalloying and overall structural modification of the technology resulted in obtaining nanoscale, ultra-thin, compact oxide high-gloss film with uniform surface of continuous cast strip, instead of the usual thick and porous oxide film. The outcome of microalloying the obtained equiaxed fine-grained nano/micro structure was avoiding anisotropic and dendritic microstructure of the strip, and improving deformation and plastic properties of modified continuous cast strip subjected to the technology of plastic treatment by rolling until the desired foil thickness of 9 μm was obtained. The invention of microalloying and structural modification, including multiplying effect of several components, directly or indirectly, changed numerous structurally-sensitive properties. The obtained nano/micro structure of crystal grains with equiaxed structure resulted in the synergy of undesirable <111> and inevitable <100> and <110> textures. Numerous properties were significantly enhanced: elastic modulus was improved, and intensive presence of cracks in warm forming condition was prevented due to rapid increase of the number of grains to 10000 grains/cm2 in as-cast state.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.M. Purenović
1
J.M. Purenović
2
J.Č. Baralić
2

  1. University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Serbian Academy of Inventors and Scientists, Serbia
  2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Technical Sciences Cacak, Department of Physics and Materials, Serbia
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Abstract

The technology of producing castings of high-quality inoculated cast iron with flake graphite particles in the structure is a combination of the melting and inoculation process. Maintaining the stability of the strength and microstructure parameters of this cast iron is the goal of a series of studies on the control of graphitization and austenitic inoculation (increasing the number of primary austenite dendrites), and which affects the type of metal matrix in the structure. The ability to graphitize the molten alloy decreases with its holding in the melting furnace more than an hour. The tendency to crystallize large dendritic austenite grains and segregation of elements such as Si, Ni and Cu reduce the ductility properties of this cast iron. The austenite inoculation process may introduce a larger number of primary austenite grains into the structure, affecting the even distribution of graphite and metal matrix precipitation in the structure. Known inoculation effects the interaction (in low mass) of additives: Sr, Ca, Ba, Ce, La, produces MC2 carbide). Addition of Fe in the inoculant influences the number and shape of austenite dendrites. Hybrid modification combines the effects of these two factors. The introduction of nucleation sites for the graphite eutectics and primary austenite grains result in the stabilization of the cast iron microstructure and an increase in mechanical properties. The obtained test results set the direction for further research in this area in relation to the production of heavy plate castings in vertical and horizontal pouring.
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Authors and Affiliations

Edward Guzik
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kopyciński
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Ziółko
2
A. Szczęsny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering of Cast Alloys and Composites, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Krakodlew S.A., 1 Ujastek St., 30-969 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

This study examined the effects rheological properties of different composition kaolin and kaolin geo-filler in polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites with varying composition of kaolin geo-filler 0 wt%, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt% was prepared and compared with polypropylene composite with raw kaolin. Kaolin is an aluminosilicate based mineral filler was used to prepare geopolymer paste by combining with alkaline activator solution. The polypropylene composite was compounded using a twin-screw extruder and the melt flow index was determined by a constant weight pressure of 2.16 kg at 230°C in 10 min. Knowing the melt flow index is necessary to predict and control the process, the study has demonstrated that the composition of kaolin filler and kaolin geo-filler affects the melt flow, melt density and surface morphology at varies composition. Composites with kaolin geo-filler have demonstrated high melt flow index process and having better distribution and flow.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zulaikha Zulkifli
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yusrina Mat Daud
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Farah Farhana Zainal
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Firdaus Abu Hashim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Yurdakul Aygörmez
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Level 1, Block S2, UniCITI Alam Campus, Sungai Chuchuh, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Davutpasa Campus, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract

This paper presents a method of synthesizing copper powders by electrochemical method with the use of a rotating working electrode. The influence of the rotation speed of the working electrode, the current density, the concentration of copper ions, and the addition of ethylene glycol on the shape, size, and size distribution of the obtained powders were investigated. Properties of the synthesized powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD). It has been shown that it is possible to obtain copper powders with a size of 1 µm by an electrochemical method using the rotary cathode, in sulphate bath with addition of ethylene glycol as a surfactant. Increasing current density causes a decrease in the average size of the obtained powder particles. The addition of 2.5% of ethylene glycol prevents the formation of dendritic powders. The change in the concentration of copper ions in the range from 0.01 to 0.15 mol/dm3 in the electrolyte did not show any significant effect on the size of obtained particles. However, higher concentrations of copper limiting the presence of dendritic-shape particles. Changing the speed of rotation of the electrode affects both the size and the shape of synthesized copper powder. For the rotational speed of the electrode of 115 rpm, the obtained powders have a size distribution in the range of 0-3 µm and an average particle size of 1 µm. The particles had a polygonal shape with an agglomeration tendency.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Wojtaszek
1
F. Cebula
1
B. Partyka
1
P. Deszcz
1
G. Włoch
1
R.P. Socha
2
K. Woźny
2
P. Żabiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Wojnicki
1 2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. CBRTP SA Research and Development Center of Technology for Industry, Ludwika Waryńskiego 3A, 00-645 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

Wire and laser additive manufacturing (WLAM) can produce outstanding mechanical properties of GH3039 nickel-based superalloys. A quantitative rapid phase field model with solute trapping kinetics has been developed during the rapid solidification process, where a range of process conditions are considered in terms of thermal gradients and pulling speeds. Intergranular hot cracking is found to occur at boundaries of tilted columnar dendrite in the GH3039 nickel-based superalloys. The simulations demonstrate that the phase field model considering the interface deflection can represent the dendrite growth during additive manufacturing more realistically. With the aid of numerical simulations, it is determined that dendrite growth morphologies transform from symmetrical columnar dendrite to tilted columnar dendrite as the interface crystallographic deflection is increased, while increasing the deflection angle can lead to uneven composition of material matrix, especially at the columnar dendrite interface. Solute concentrations at the columnar dendrite interface tend to promote hot cracking in additively manufactured Ni-based superalloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nanfu Zong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zheng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yang Liu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xinghong Liang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tao Jing
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Beijing 100084, China
  2. Jiangsu Changqiang Iron and Steel Corp., Ltd., Jiangsu 214500, China
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Abstract

The hydrogen embrittlement of metals is caused by the penetration and accumulation of hydrogen atoms inside the metal. The failure of the product due to hydrogen embrittlement is delayed in time and does not occur immediately after its manufacture, but several hours, days, or even weeks later. Therefore, the chances of detecting hydrogen embrittlement when checking the quality of the finished product are very slim. The use of high-strength bolts in industry is associated with the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. This phenomenon poses a threat to the safe use of devices by limiting or completely losing the functionality of the bolt joint. Even a low influence of moisture can trigger failure mechanisms.
The article proposes a method for assessing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement for high-strength bolts in class12.9. For this purpose, bolts made of material grade 32CrB4 were prepared and in a controlled manner the grain flow inconsistency was made, leading in extreme cases to the production of the forging lap. To perform the study, the device proposed by the European Assessment Document (EAD) was adapted to the testing of hydrogen embrittlement of threaded fasteners in concrete. The concrete substrate was replaced with metal spacers that were preloaded with a bolt. The use of the wedge distance under the bolt head led to the generation of two stress states – tensile and compressive, which translated into an increased risk of hydrogen embrittlement. After being tested, the bolts were visually and microscopically inspected to assess potential locations for cracks and hydrogen propagation. As a result of the conducted tests, it was found that the prepared test method allows to assess the resistance or susceptibility of the bolt to threats related to hydrogen embrittlement.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Dubiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Balawender
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Osetek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koelner Rawlplug IP Sp. z o.o. Oddział w Łańcucie, Rzeszów University of Technology
  2. Rzeszów University of Technology, Departament of Materials Forming and Processing, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Additional info

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