Applied sciences

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Content

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2003 | No 1

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Abstract

Transmission Electron Microscopy is an essential technique for imaging the microstructures at the nanometer scale. However, quantitative analysis of such images is not easy due to the nature of TEM contrast based on diffraction phenomena. A quantitative description of the microstructure of melt-spun AIY ribbons has been carried out in the present work. TEM observations have revealed randomly distributed and oriented spherical nanometer crystals. ln order to describe quantitatively their size and shape, images under different diffraction conditions were recorded. These images have been analyzed using software for image analysis. The data have been compared to the results obtained by other techniques, such as X-ray diffractometry and differential scanning calorimetry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Wejrzanowski
Witold Zieliński
Jerzy Latuch
Krzysztof .J. Kurzydłowski
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Abstract

Basing on a stress relaxation t<:_st, the activation volume V* of Zn (99.995%) monocrystals deformed in the system (OOO I)< 1120> at the temperatures 77 K and 293 K was determined. The density of forest dislocation on the plane (0001) was 104 cm". The investigations have shown that the relaxation process in zinc monocrystals proceeds in two stages. Each stage is characterized by a different value of the activation volume V*. The kinetics of the process depends to a great degree on the temperature of the test and the stresses at the beginning of relaxation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Boczkal
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The results of a numerical analysis of the cross wedge rolling process (CWR) are presented in the paper. The calculations have been made using the commercial finite element programming package MSC.MARC AutoForge. The FEM model has been validated experimentally. The paper is limited only to the analysis of stress state, performed in order to examine the problem of internal cracks. The hypothesis of the longest elongation has been used in order to present the method of determining the moment of the process, when the material cracks. Besides the above, the calculated distributions of stress coefficient are presented. On their basis, the influence of the basic parameters of the CWR process on the possibility of internal cracks arising has been determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Pater
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Abstract

The main subject of the paper is the analysis of plastic flow of tailored blanks in deep drawing processes. It has been shown in the present study that the key issue of the discussed problem is the development of a method which would allow to analyse nonuniform flow of blanks characterized by large changes of geometry, strain and stress state in the deformation process. Estimation of the formability of a tailored blank is not possible taking into account only the formability of the component sheets, without considering the shape of the drawn part as well as the location and orientation of the weld line with respect to directions of principal stresses in the blank. The present paper presents a model of tailored blanks which can be used in a finite element simulation to determine the formability of such blanks. The proposed solution makes use of the results obtained in experimental tests on tailored blanks. The relationship between the formability of the base material and the formability of the weld zone has been found. Model parameters can be determined from the characteristics of the component sheets and properties of the welded zone. Numerical simulation was carried out using the developed model. It was found that the flow of a tailored blank depends on the orientation of the weld line with respect lo the directions of principal stresses and the formability of a tailored blank depends on the characteristics of the component sheets and the quality of the weld. Theoretical model of a tailored blank and numerical simulation have been validated by experimental tests. Local strains from numerical simulation have been presented on the forming limit diagrams and compared with strains measured in experiments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Piela
Jerzy Rojek
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Abstract

Solidification modeling based on classical macroscopic energy, mass, momentum and solute continuity equations does not allow lo predict of microstructural parameters satisfactorily. In past decades several aucmps have been made for the developing of modelling methodology for the coupling macro transport equations with the transformation kinetics in the micro scale. The micromodeling focused to the multicomponent alloys is still rare, despite the majority of the new industrial alloys are formed from complex multicomponent systems. The paper presents the micromodeling procedure coupled with thermodynamic calculation and experimental investigations for the Co-Cr-Mo alloys, frequently used as biomaterials for the production of endoprotheses. Both, experimental and numerical results showed that: the grain structure is mainly influenced by the cooling rate, the partition coefficients exhibit significant dependency on the cooling rate (especially for molybdenum), the high cooling rate promotes early formation of fine intragranular carbides. The experimentally obtained values of latent heat of solidification exhibit important dependency on the initial carbon content, and cannot be ignored in solidification simulations. The solidification modeling results have been verified using cooling curve analysis and metallografic investigations. It seems, that the model can be used in engineering applications for solidification simulations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jose C. Escobedo Bocardo
L. del Carmen Pedroza Cervantes
Jerzy Donizak
Zygmunt Kolenda
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Abstract

In the paper the theoretical sintering criterion was applied to check if sintering conditions of bearing aluminium matrix composites manufactured by recycling of communited aluminium and CuA18 aluminium bronze chips, as reinforcing phase, determined experimentally were proper chosen. The criterion bases on the assumption that by conformability of plastic work of composites in metal working processes with critical values of the work needed for good junction of the particles determined in other simple test, the proper conditions of bonding process of particles can be achieved. The composites were manufactured directly, without metallurgical process. The method of recycling contains: cleaning and communition of chips, premolding, hot extrusion and heat treatment during which the diffusion of copper and aluminium between matrix and reinforcing phase takes place and leads to create the hard intermetallic phases in soft matrix, the structure typical for bearing materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Gronostajski
Wojciech Mydlarczyk
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Abstract

This paper contains a description of a new method of coke reactivity testing, which makes it possible to evaluate the degree and intensity of degradation of coke grains with various initial sizes. The results of coke reactivity testing with the use of this method are presented including degrees of mass decrement of coke samples with various initial grain sizes, decrement of average-size grain of tested coke during its gasification and mechanical resistance of coke samples after gasification. Based on the test results, the conditions were determined, under which determination with the use of the new method is carried out, as well as coke reactivity evaluation indices were specified. The new testing method has been verified, under Sendzimir Steelworks conditions, as for the possibility of using it to evaluate the impact of coke granularity on the course of the blast-furnace process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Niesler
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Abstract

Aktuell werden Vakuumverfahren bei der Erzeugung von Sauerstoffreien Kupfer eingesetzt, das ais Ausgangsmaterial in der Elektronik und Elektrotechnik dient. In der Kupfervakuumraffination eine grundlegende Bedeutung hat die Entfemung von Blei. Intensitat der Verunreinigungsentfernung erlaubt eine Anwendung von anderen Einsatzmaterialen ais Kathodenkupfer for die Erzeugung von Kupfer hoher Reinheit. Das Kupfervakuurnraffintionsverfahren beruht auf der Verdampfung der fluchtigen Komponente des flussigen Metalls und ist hauptsachlich durch den Massentransport in der Gas-und in der flussigen Phase determiniert. Die Temperatur und die Druckanderungen in dem Messystem sowie die hydrodynamischen Bedingungen konnen bedeutend die kinetische Kontrole des Prozesses beeinflussen. Ausser dem, die chemische Zusamrnensetzung der Legierung, besonders Anwesenheit oberflachenaktiver Substanzen, kann die Kontrole des Verdampfungsprozesses andern. Feststellung, welcher von diesen Faktoren den grossten Einfluss auf die Verdampfungskinetik hat, verlangt eine Bestimmung der Art der Prozesskontrole mit Faktoren die die Kontrole beeinflussen. Alle Voraussetzungen die die kinetische Kontrole des Verdampfungsprozesses betreffen, fordem genaue Untersuchungen.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Blacha

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

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