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Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Description
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science. Papers with focus on synthesis, processing and properties of metal materials, including thermodynamic and physical properties, phase relations, and their relation to microstructure of materials are of particular interest.

IMPACT FACTOR 2023: 0.7

CiteScore 2023 - 1,20

SNIP 2023 - 0,343

SJR 2023 - 0,208

Score of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education = 40



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ISSN
e-ISSN 2300-1909
Publishers
Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, Committee of Materials Engineering and Metallurgy of Polish Academy of Sciences

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief:

Maciej Szczerba, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland


EDITORS

Piotr Bała, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Przemysław Fima, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

Krzysztof Fitzner, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Bogusław Major, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

Romana Ewa Śliwa, Rzeszow Univesity of Technology, Poland

Wojciech Święszkowski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Paweł Zięba, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland


EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, University of Malaysia

Leszek Blacha, Silesian University of Technology, Poland

Zbigniew Bojar, Military University of Technology, Poland

Eduardo Cesari, University of the Balearic Islands, Spain

Kyu Rhee Chang, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea

Volodymyr Chernenko, Basque Center For Materials, Spain

Jan Dusza, Institute of Materials Research, SAS, Slovakia

Władysław Gąsior, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

Volodymyr Golub, Institute of Magnetism NASU, Ukraine

Zbigniew Gronostajski, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Edward Guzik, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

George Kaptay, Research Institute on Nanotechnology, Hungary

Alexandre Kodentsov, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands

Rafał Kozubski, Jagiellonian University, Poland

Aleš Kroupa, Institute of Physics of Materials AS CR, Czech Republic

Piotr Kula, Lodz University of Technology, Poland

Jan Kusiński, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Roman Kuziak, Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy, Poland

Jüergen Lackner, Laser Center Leoben, Joanneum Research, Austria

Kee Ahn Lee, Inha University, Korea

Marcin Leonowicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Małgorzata Lewandowska, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Jerzy Lis, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Viktor Lvov, Kyiv National University, Ukraine

Leszek B. Magalas, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Graeme E. Murch, University of Newcastle, Australia

Marcin Nabiałek, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

Alberto Passerone, Institute of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Italy

Eugen Rabkin, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel

Amir Shirzadi, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

Jerzy Sobczak, Foundry Research Institute, Poland

Sudipta Seal, University of Central Florida, United States of America

Pekka Taskinen, Aalto University, Finland

Stefan Zaefferer, Max-Planck-Institut, Germany

Ehrenfried Zschech, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Germany


BOARD OF REVIEW

Janusz Adamiec, Marek Blicharski, Marcin Brzeziński, Ryszard Dąbrowski,

Stanisław Dymek, Robert Filipek, Sebastian Garus, Franciszek Grosman, Halina Garbacz,

Marcin Górny, Adam Grajcar, Marek Hetmańczyk, Jarosław Jakubski, Mieczysław Jurczyk,

Agnieszka Kopia, Marian Kucharski, Beata Leszczyńska-Madej, Marcin Leonowicz,

Łukasz Madej, Piotr Migas, Maciej Motyka, Jerzy Pacyna, Zbigniew Pędzich, Łukasz Rauch,

Kinga Rodak, Maria Sozańska, Tomasz Tański, Krzysztof Wierzbanowski,

Joanna Wojewoda-Budka, Waldemar Wołczyński, Piotr Żabiński

Editorial address:



Assistant Editor:

Marta Bitner

Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland

tel. +48 (012) 637 62 00 w. 58,

e-mail: archiwum4@wp.pl, amm@imim.pl


Technical Editors:

Piotr Bala, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

Paweł Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

Przemysław Fima, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

Marek Kopyto, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

Wojciech Święszkowski, Warsaw University and Technology, Poland

Maciej Szczerba, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS, Poland

 

Archive of Metallurgy and Materials is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.
Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.).

This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material.
Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

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Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4

1 Concise Review of Light-Driven Micromotor Synthesis and its Environmental Applications
M.S. Osman , M. Ismail , K. Khairudin , M. Fathullah , C. Rojviriya , N.F. Abu Bakar , M.R. Mohd Radzi , N. Isa
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1277-1282 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151390
Keywords: Photocatalytic light-powered micromotor synthesis environmental application
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Abstract

Light-powered micromotors are a new type of micromotor that can be used for water purification treatment. This paper focuses on the synthesis processes and its application in water remediation. This mini review will highlight the great potential of these light powered micromotor as well as the significance of preparing them for environmental applications. Photocatalytic micromotors or light-powered micromotors have been intensively researched over the last several years for several applications, such as environmental remediation, biomedicine and micropumps. It has been found that conventional wastewater treatment is commercially inefficient in water remediation. The emphasis then was on a new solution of using micromotor as a potential replacement for water remediation. Many studies have been carried out over the years on the synthesis of these light-powered micromotors, which revolves around the materials used, and applications. This paper, therefore, reflects on the advancement of light-powered micromotors and will be concentrating on the synthesis processes and its application in water remediation. This mini-review will highlight the great potential of these light-driven micromotors as well as the significance of preparing them for environmental applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Osman
1 2
M. Ismail
3
K. Khairudin
1 4
M. Fathullah
5 2
ORCID: ORCID
C. Rojviriya
6
N.F. Abu Bakar
6
M.R. Mohd Radzi
1
N. Isa
1
  1. Universiti Teknologi MARA EMZI-UiTM Nanoparticles Colloids & Interface Industrial Research Laboratory (NANO-CORE), Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Permatang Pauh Campus, 13500 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  2. Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. EMZI Holding Sdn Bhd, H-2, Avenue 2/1, Kedah Halal Park,08000 Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), School of Manufacturing Engineering, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
2 Effects of Fine Particle Size on the Characteristics of Coal Bottom Ash as an Environmentally Friendly Material in Concrete Production
Mohammad I. Al Biajawi , R. Embong , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1283-1292 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151391
Keywords: Coal Bottom Ash cement Concrete Production Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics High Fineness
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Abstract

In the current era, concern about the responsible disposal of industrial waste and its reuse has increased in all societies from the industry. Therefore, the researchers’ institution is focusing its efforts on developing more environmentally friendly products from recycled waste, particularly in the area of sustainable construction. For instance, one of recycled waste is Coal Bottom Ash (CBA), a by-product of coal combustion that is produced in large quantities from thermal power plants. The aims of this study to investigate the physical, chemical and element characteristics of CBA obtained from thermal power plant in Malaysia. Also, CBA compared with cement characteristics to be used as cement replacement in the concrete mixture. Therefore, numerous tests have been performed to investigate CBA’s physical and chemical characteristics. For physical properties such as specific gravity, particle size analysis, fineness modulus, bulk density and loss on ignition. For chemical properties such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in an effort to obtain sustainable materials from thermal power plant waste. Based on the findings in this study, it can be concluded that CBA can be utilized as cement substitute in the production of concrete mixtures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohammad I. Al Biajawi
1
R. Embong
1
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
3 Physical Modelling of Cross-Wedge Rolling of Ball Studs
Ł. Wójcik , Z. Pater
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1293-1302 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151392
Keywords: Plasticine PRI MO CR W Cross wedge-rolling Ball studs
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Abstract

The publication presents and reviews the results of a physical modelling study of the Cross Wedge Rolling process of ball-studs. The ball-studs was formed in a double system from C45 steel at 1050°C, while the physical modelling process was performed on a scale of 1:2.5 using Primo plasticine as the model material, which was formed at 5°C. For the real tests, steel tools were used, while for the model tests the tools were made of ABS plastic. The experimental tests were followed by measurements of the individual stud steps. The geometrical analysis of the specimens showed that the model material allowed the shape of the forging obtained in the rolling process to be accurately modelled. Based on the physical modelling studies of the Cross Wedge Rolling process of ball-studs, it was concluded that the ball-studs rolling process can be modelled using PRI MO plasticine. Based on the analysis of the physical modelling results obtained, it was concluded that physical modelling allows the Cross Wedge Rolling process to be modelled with a high convergence of the results obtained in real and physical tests.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Wójcik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Pater
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Lublin University of Technology, 38 D. Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
4 Evaluate the Advanced Machining on Metal Matrix Composite Manufactured Via Adding Nano-Aluminum Oxide on Recycled Aluminum Waste
S.H.A. Alfatlawi , N.M. Khabou , W.A. Mughir
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1303-1312 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151393
Keywords: Aluminum wire recycling Nano-aluminum oxide Stir casting Scanning electron microscope (SEM) Electrical discharge machine (EDM)
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Abstract

A waste of electrical power cables becomes a major problem at the present time, so they must be disposed in order to preserve the environment, and to obtain a raw material for the industry with low cost. In this work, recycled materials is prepared by heating up the aluminum wires up to 650°C for melting to prepare the aluminum alloy as a matrix. Then, the matrix reinforced by the nanoparticles (30 nm) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to prepare the composite using the stir casting technique. The electrical discharge machining (EDM) as advanced machining, is used to evaluate the materials behavior through the operation. Taguchi method is used to design and determine the suitable input and output factors. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and hardness are tested before and after machining. The results appeared that improving in microstructure, also the hardness of the composite improved (37.2% and 22.6%) before and after machining.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.H.A. Alfatlawi
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.M. Khabou
2
W.A. Mughir
1
  1. University of Babylon, College of Material’s Engineering, Iraq
  2. University of Sfax, Electromechanical Systems Laboratory (LASEM), National Engineering School of Sfax, BP 1173 3038 Sfax, Tunsia
5 Evaluating of the Relationships between aAverage Particle Size and Microstructure-Mechanical Properties of Materials Produced in Different Compositions using Ultrasonic Method
V. Özkan Bilici , A. Yönetken
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1313-1321 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151394
Keywords: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation powder metallurgy micro-hardness
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Abstract

Pulse-echo ultrasonic test, which is one of the non-destructive testing methods, was used to measure ultrasonic quantities such as longitudinal velocity (VL), shear velocity (VT) and attenuation coefficient (α) in FeCrMn composites. The corresponding elastic constants were determined depending on the longitudinal and transverse velocity. The aim was to reveal the correlation between the microstructural and mechanical properties of FeCrMn composites and ultrasonic quantities. The effect of adding Cr particles on VL and VT velocities is obviously attributed to the change in elastic and shear modulus of FeCrMn composites. It was found that both VL and VT velocities, Young’s modulus (E) and shear modulus (G), as well as hardness values, changed approximately linearly with increasing Cr content. In this study, samples with different volumetric compositions were produced using the powder metallurgy method. It has been revealed that both the applied method and the increase in the amount of Cr have a significant effect on the velocities of VL and VT. The increase in VL and VT is due to the increase of Cr particles, the homogeneous distribution of Cr, the formation of samples especially at a certain temperature, and the decrease of porosity. As a result of these, a decrease in attenuation values was observed depending on the mean grain size. Elastic constants were found to vary in the same way as ultrasonic velocities. By increasing the Cr content both the hardness values and the shear modulus were improved and a good correlation was observed with the grain size.
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Authors and Affiliations

V. Özkan Bilici
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Yönetken
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Afyon Kocatepe University, Physics Dept., 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Turkey
  2. Afyon Kocatepe University, Engineering Faculty, Electrical Engineering Dept., ANS Campus 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
6 The Effect of Barrel Configurations on the Porosity During HVAF Thermal Spray Ni-Based Amorphous Coatings: Numerical Simulation and Experiment
Nianchu Wu , Tingting Li , Xiaotian Su
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1323-1332 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151395
Keywords: Ni-based amorphous coating porosity HVAF computational simulation barrel configuration
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Abstract

The relationship between barrel configurations and porosity of a Ni-based amorphous coating (AM) that is fabricated using a high-velocity air fuel (HVAF) process was revealed by both numerical and experimental methods. A computational fluid dynamics model was applied to investigate the gas-flow field and the behavior of in-flight particles with various barrel configurations. It is found that barrel length obviously affects the particle velocity and temperature while it has a slight influence on the particle velocity and temperature. The longer the barrel length (diameter), the higher the flame (particle) velocity and temperature. By analyzing both particle velocity and temperature, the optimal barrel configuration (4E) to achieve low-porosity coatings was predicted. These calculations were experimentally verified by the production of a low-porosity (2.09%) Ni-based AM that was fabricated by HVAF using the predicted optimal barrel configuration.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nianchu Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tingting Li
1
Xiaotian Su
1
  1. Liaoning Petrochemical University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Fushun, 113001, P.R. China
7 Experimental Investigation on the Machining Behaviour, Surface Integrity and Tool Wear Analysis in Environment Friendly Milling of Inconel 825
D. Nathan , T. Ramkumar , M. Selvakumar
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1333-1344 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151396
Keywords: Inconel 825 Flooded lubrication Minimum Quantity Lubrication Surface Roughness Material Removal Rate
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Abstract

The study investigated end milling of Inconel 825 with varying spindle speed (N), feed rate (f) and axial depth of cut (da) with Minimum Quality Lubricant (MQL) and flooded lubrication. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with the average particle size of 10 µm was used as lubricating agent. Work considered, center line average of roughness profile as a measure of surface roughness which was measured with a surface roughness tester. Material Removal Rate (MRR) was also measured experimentally using weight difference. The influence of spindle speed (N), feed rate (f) and axial depth of cut (da) during end milling of Inconel 825 on surface roughness and MRR were studied. Prediction of surface roughness by ANOVA linear model for MQL condition was found functionally adequate with R2 = 89.25% which fits with the experimental values. Also, the prediction and optimization of surface roughness using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was proposed. It was found that, RSM model for MQL condition produced good agreement with the measurement of the given range of input cutting conditions with the prediction capability of 91.66%. Further, the machined surfaces and tool wear were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to understand the mechanisms of wear.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Nathan
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Ramkumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Selvakumar
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology Pollachi-642003, India
  2. Department of Automobile Engineering, Dr Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology Pollachi-642003, India
8 Enhanced Mechanical Properties Via the Incorporation of Ti in Cu Alloys
Huihui Yu , Qiang Hu , Yapan Huang , Yanqi Zeng , Jingxuan Jia , Q. Hu , Rui Hong , Youliang Zhang
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1345-1352 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151398
Keywords: Cu-Fe alloy Mechanical properties Microstructure Phase Texture
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Abstract

The influence of Ti addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of Cu-14Fe alloy is studied. Great emphasis has been laid on the second phase, texture and mechanical properties. No new phase other than α-Fe phase could be found in Cu-14Fe-0.1Ti alloy using XRD and SEM. With 0.1Ti addition, the distribution of α-Fe phase strip is slightly heterogeneous. Cube, s and brass texture components are largely strengthened in Cu matrix with Ti addition, while copper and goss texture components are rare in Cu matrix of both alloys. In α-Fe phases, α fiber and goss texture components are highly strengthened with Ti addition. It is found that enhanced mechanical properties are achieved in Cu-14Fe-0.1Ti alloy. In detail, with Ti addition, the yield strength and ultimate tension strength increase from 538 and 561 MPa to 580 and 583 MPa, respectively, while maintaining a high value of elongation to failure (6.5%). A lower equivalent grain size and a higher KAM value mainly contributes to the higher yield strengthening effect in Cu-14Fe-0.1Ti alloy. The lower equivalent grain size is derived from the small size distribution range and the small size of Cu matrix in Cu-14Fe-0.1Ti alloy. The dissolution of Ti and formation of nano second phases also improve mechanical properties. However, texture hardly plays a role in the strengthening effect. 0.1Ti addition hardly reduces the electrical conductivity of Cu-14Fe alloy, maintaining a value of 33.43% IACS. The results in this work could provide guidance in texture evolution and property evaluation in Cu-Fe alloys.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huihui Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Qiang Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yapan Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yanqi Zeng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jingxuan Jia
2
ORCID: ORCID
Q. Hu
Rui Hong
3
ORCID: ORCID
Youliang Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Jiangxi Academy Of Sciences, Jiangxi Key Laboratory For Advanced Copper And Tungsten Materials, Nanchang 330096, China
  2. Jiangxi Rare-Earth Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
  3. Chongqing University, School of Materials Science And Engineering, Chongqing 400044, China
9 Effect of NaOH Solution on Mechanical Properties and Morphology of Fly Ash Based Cold-Pressed Geopolymer
O. Shee-Ween , H. Cheng-Yong , M.M.A.B. Abdullah , O. Wan-En , H. Yong-Jie , T. Hoe-Woon , L. Jia-Ni
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1353-1357 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151399
Keywords: Cold pressing NaOH concentration Porosity Mechanical properties Morphology
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Abstract

Cold-pressing method is beneficial in reducing the porosity of geopolymer matrix, but the low liquid volume will result in unreacted aluminosilicate materials. This problem can be resolved by increasing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration. This paper thus investigates the effect of NaOH concentration on the properties of cold-pressed geopolymer. The fly ash was activated by sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and 10, 12, 14 and 16 M of NaOH solution. The dry mix was compacted with a uniaxial hydraulic press and cured for 7 and 28 days. The specimens were measured by porosity and compressive strength measurements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed to determine the microstructure of specimens. The geopolymer was optimized at 14 M NaOH with the highest 28-day compressive strength (109.6 MPa) and lowest porosity (8.1%). The SEM micrographs proved that the geopolymer have a dense and compact microstructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

O. Shee-Ween
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Cheng-Yong
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Wan-En
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Yong-Jie
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Hoe-Woon
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
L. Jia-Ni
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer and Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
10 The Synthesis of Crystalline, Mono-Phase Copper and Zinc Arsenates (III)
B. Behnajady , J. Moghaddam
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1359-1365 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151400
Keywords: Synthesis Copper Arsenate (III) Zinc Arsenate (III) Crystalline zinc dust activator
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Abstract

This research is part of a continuing effort to synthesize copper and zinc arsenates(III) to use as a zinc dust activator in zinc sulphate solution purification. In this paper, the feasibility of synthesizing crystalline, mono-phase zinc and copper arsenates(III) were investigated. Copper and zinc arsenates(III) were prepared by adding their sulphate solutions into arsenious solution obtained by dissolving As2O3 in NaOH aqueous solution. The structure and crystal lattice of the products and amount of the elements in precipitations were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(AAS), respectively. Based on the results of XRD in the conditions of NaOH concentration = 1 mol/L, n(OH–)/n(As) = 1:1, n(Cu)/n(As) = 1:2, reaction temperature 90°C and reaction time 8h, a mono-phase crystalline copper arsenate(III) with the chemical composition of Cu(AsO2)2 and tetragonal crystal lattice was synthesized. In these conditions, the yields of arsenic and copper precipitation from the solution were 93.81% and 97.68%, respectively. Based on the XRD results in the conditions of NaOH concentration = 1 L, n(OH–)/n(As) = 1:1, n(Zn)/n(As) = 1:2, reaction temperature 80°C, reaction time 2h and washing pH = 6, a mono-phase crystalline zinc arsenate (III) with the chemical composition of Zn(AsO2)2 and monoclinic crystal lattice was synthesized. In these conditions, the yields of arsenic and zinc extraction from the solution were 77.70% and 46.37%, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Behnajady
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Moghaddam
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Sahand University of Technology, Materials Engineering Facult y, Advanced Material Research Centre, Tabriz 1996-51335, Iran
  2. University of Zanjan, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, Zanjan 38791-45371, Iran
11 Use of Ultrasound to Identify Microstructure-Property Relationships in (AlN + WC) Fabricated with Electroless Ni Producing
V. Özkan Bilici , A. Yönetken , A. Erol
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1367-1373 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151401
Keywords: Ultrasonic measurements Pulse-Echo Powder Metallurgy Electroless Nickel Plating Boriding
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Abstract

In order to improve the properties of the materials produced by the powder metallurgy method, first of all, powders (16.59% AlN + 6.63% WC) were coated with nickel (Ni) by electroless method, and then box boriding, which is one of the most widely used surface coating methods, was applied. A composite formed with (16.59% AlN + 6.63% WC)76.7Ni was prepared under the Ar shroud in the temperature range of 1000-1400°C. Pulse-echo technique was used for ultrasonic velocity measurements on Ni coated (16.59% AlN + 6.63% WC) samples. It is aimed to examine the change of physical, mechanical and ultrasonic properties of the obtained ceramic-metal composites depending on different sintering temperatures. In addition, the samples were characterized by mechanical and metallographic examination. The results show that the longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocity values and ultrasonic modulus (shear, bulk, Young’s etc.) values increase simultaneously with the increase of sintering temperature. The highest microhardness value was observed in composite samples sintered at 1400°C and its value was 1150.80 Hv. The increased strength is mainly due to grain refinement and strong interfacial bonding between Ni particles and AlN and WC matrix.
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Authors and Affiliations

V. Özkan Bilici
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Yönetken
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Erol
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Afyon Kocatepe University, Science And Literature Faculty, Physics Dept., 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
  2. Afyon Kocatepe University, Engineering Faculty, Electrical Engineering Dept., 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
  3. Afyon Kocatepe University, Technology Faculty, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Dept., 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
12 Physical Properties and Compressive Strength of Pressed and Cast Fly Ash Geopolymer
L. Jia-Ni , L. Yun-Ming , M.M.A.B. Abdullah , T. Hoe-Woon , H. Yong-Jie , O. Shee-Ween , O. Wan-En
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1375-1379 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151402
Keywords: Fly Ash Geopolymers Pressed Cast Foaming
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Abstract

Geopolymers are commonly recognized as sustainable alternatives to OPC and it has broad range of applications. Certain properties of geopolymer such as density are concerned in order to apply in the construction industry. Different densities of geopolymer could be obtained by varying the concentration of the alkaline activator. However, the densities do not differ much. Hence, a different production method of geopolymer can be applied. This study aimed to investigate the physical properties and compressive strength of pressed and cast fly ash geopolymer. The geopolymer samples were prepared by using pressing and casting method. Geopolymer samples without foam addition and with foam addition were prepared in order to achieve different densities of samples. The results demonstrated that the pressed sample has the highest bulk density (2285 kg/m3) whereas the cast sample with added highest ratio of foam has the lowest bulk density (1293 kg/m3). The apparent porosity and water absorption result were inversely proportional to the bulk density result. The densest geopolymer obtained the highest compressive strength (61 MPa) and the lightest geopolymer obtained the lowest compressive strength (7 MPa).
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Authors and Affiliations

L. Jia-Ni
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
L. Yun-Ming
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Hoe-Woon
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
H. Yong-Jie
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Shee-Ween
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Wan-En
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
13 Effect of Water-to-Binder Ratio on Density, Compressive Strength and Morphology of Fly Ash/Ladle Furnace Slag Blended One-Part Geopolymer
H. Yong-Jie , H. Cheng-Yong , M.M.A.B. Abdullah , L. Yeng-Seng , O. Shee-Ween , O. Wan-En , L. Jia-Ni , T. Hoe-Woon
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1381-1384 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151403
Keywords: Fly ash Ladle furnace slag One-part geopolymer W/B ratio
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Abstract

Water-to-binder (W/B) ratio has a great influence on the bulk density, compressive strength and morphology of fly ash/ladle furnace slag (FA/LFS) blended one-part geopolymer. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of W/B ratio on the performance of the one-part geopolymer. The one-part geopolymer were prepared at W/B ratio of 0.20-0.30 and cured at room temperature for 28 days. The bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity and compressive strength were determined, while the morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the one-part geopolymer with W/B ratio of 0.25 had highest compressive strength (39 MPa) with denser (2.1 g/cm3) structure as well as low water absorption (3.97%) and low apparent porosity (8.33%). The micrograph showed the optimal one-part geopolymer has less agglomeration of FA and LFS particles.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Yong-Jie
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Cheng-Yong
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
L. Yeng-Seng
4
ORCID: ORCID
O. Shee-Ween
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Wan-En
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
L. Jia-Ni
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Hoe-Woon
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CeGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Advanced Communicat ion Engineering, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
14 A Comparative Review on Low-Cost Adsorbent based Alkali-Activated Materials by Adsorption Study
F.F. Kamarzaman , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah , M.R. Rozainy , R. Ahmad , W.M.W. Ibrahim , M.F. Omar , C.M.R. Ghazali , W.M.A.W. Ibrahim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1385-1394 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151404
Keywords: Adsorbent Geopolymer Adsorption Hydroxyapatite Wastewater
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Abstract

The degradation of the condition of wastewater is becoming more and more serious due to the endless development. One of the main reasons is heavy metal contamination, which causes significant harm to the climate and humanity, such as bad health consequences, environmental degradation, and air pollution. Adsorption, which uses proven adsorbents such as activated carbon, is one of the most common methods for heavy metal removal in wastewater. However, since activated carbon is very expensive to build and repair due to complex production, most people choose another material to overcome this problem. Researchers have recently focused on finding low-cost adsorbents, which are typically industrial, agricultural and food wastes that can generate in large quantities. However, Alkali-Activated Materials (AAMs) have been recognized as a novel possible adsorbent because they are cheap, made from solid aluminosilicate and extremely alkaline activator solution, making them appropriate for usage in the civil engineering specialty. Moreover, they have become an option for various applications due to their unique geopolymer structure, which is highly mechanically, chemically and thermally stable. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) can be extremely useful in this application, as it is a promising biomaterial that has great potential for a low-cost AAMs adsorbent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the present development of a potential economic alternative adsorbent, particularly based on alkali-activated materials (known as geopolymers), for the elimination of heavy metal pollutants in wastewater using adsorption techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

F.F. Kamarzaman
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M.R. Rozainy
3
R. Ahmad
1
ORCID: ORCID
W.M.W. Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.F. Omar
2
ORCID: ORCID
C.M.R. Ghazali
4
ORCID: ORCID
W.M.A.W. Ibrahim
2
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatic, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
15 Comparative Study on Micro and Nano Sized SiC Particulates Reinforced Al7075 Composites using Stir Casting Process
M. Ravikumar , H.N. Reddappa , R. Suresh , E.R. Babu , C. Reddy Nagaraja
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1395-1400 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151405
Keywords: Al-7075 SiC Micro Nano Stir casting
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Abstract

This paper is designed to investigate the wear and mechanical characterization of metal matrix composites (MMCs) by using micro and nano SiC on Al to study the influence of micro/nano SiC on the properties of fabiricated composite. Micro and nano-composites with 1-4% of SiCp were developed using stircasting processes. From the outcomes, an improved grain refinement of micro and nano-composites when compared to monolithic was seen from the microstructural study. It found that an increase in SiC particulates content caused enhanced mechanical properties. Though, nano SiC reinforced MMCs resulted in improved mechanical properties compared to micro sized SiC particulates reinforced MMCs. The wear study was evaluated for comparison of micro/nano MMCs. The investigation indicates that, wear resistance of nano composites is better as compared to micro-SiCp reinforced MMCs. Fractured surfaces were inspected by the SEM analysis to study the nature of fracture in the micro and nano composite samples.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Ravikumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
H.N. Reddappa
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Suresh
3
ORCID: ORCID
E.R. Babu
2
ORCID: ORCID
C. Reddy Nagaraja
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. B.M.S College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
  2. Bangalore Institute of Technology, Departm ent of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
  3. M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Departm ent of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Bangalore-560058, Karnataka, India
16 One Part Method for Making Geopolymer Paste using Flocculated Sidoarjo Mud
T. Syihabuddin , J.J. Ekaputri , M.A. Maulana , R.A.A. Soemitro , H.T.B.M. Pet rus , F. Chikako
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1401-1406 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151406
Keywords: Sidoarjo mud flocculation geothermal silicate one-part geopolymer geopolymer paste
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Abstract

Some efforts have proposed the utilization of Sidoarjo mud for geopolymer paste. However, the original dry mud in geopolymer concrete showed decreased compressive strength and increased required water. In this paper, the one-part method is proposed to reduce the water in the mixture. First, the mud was chemically flocculated. Then, the dry mud was mixed with fly ash, activated geothermal silicate, and sodium hydroxide mixture in solid form before then the distilled water was added. This reduced the required water to 50% compared to the two-part method. The flocculant sedimented heavy metal that resulted in higher compressive strength at a later age. At 28 days, dry flocculated mud showed higher compressive strength than the original dry mud, with a compressive strength of 13 MPa and 11 MPa, respectively. This is because of the increase of silica, alumina, and iron content from 70% in dry LUSI to 75% in dry flocculated mud.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Syihabuddin
1
ORCID: ORCID
J.J. Ekaputri
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.A. Maulana
1
ORCID: ORCID
R.A.A. Soemitro
1
ORCID: ORCID
H.T.B.M. Pet rus
2
ORCID: ORCID
F. Chikako
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Indonesia
  3. Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
17 Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates from Various Pozzolan Materials – A Review
D.L. Chuan Hao , R.A. Razak , Z. Yahya , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah , A. Abdullah
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1407-1412 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151407
Keywords: Lightweight aggregate geopolymer crushing strength impact value thermal properties
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Abstract

The use of lightweight aggregate can bring advantages to the construction field. Lightweight aggregate has been used due to its lower density and can reduce the dead load applied to the structural elements. Due to the number of natural resources, such as natural aggregate having decreased, producing lightweight aggregate from industrial waste materials can overcome the problem. Different methods produce lightweight aggregates, such as sintering, cold bonding, and autoclaving. From earlier studies, spherical sintered lightweight aggregate can manufacture structural concrete. Using artificial lightweight aggregate in concrete can achieve the minimum strength requirement of structural concrete and has been applied in the construction field. The properties of lightweight aggregate, such as specific gravity, water absorption, crushing strength, and impact value, are reviewed. Besides that, the mechanical and thermal properties review is also important for using lightweight aggregate in concrete. The review also indicates that aggregate produced using the cold bonding method and autoclaving method potential can be used in the concrete.
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Authors and Affiliations

D.L. Chuan Hao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
R.A. Razak
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Yahya
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2 4
ORCID: ORCID
A. Abdullah
2 5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolym er & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
18 Monitoring Methods on Evolution of Alkali Activation of Alkali-Activated Materials
R. Mohamed , R.A. Razak , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah , S.Z. Abd Rahim , B. Kim , T. Imjai , I.H. Aziz , D.L.Ch. Hao
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1413-1417 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151408
Keywords: Alkali-activated materials geopolymer relative humidity evolution structural and ultrasonic evolution and heat evolution
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Abstract

Alkali activation for producing alkali-activated materials is noted as a complex due to involving several reactions. Due to complexity of the reactions, various techniques have been applied by past researches on monitoring the evolution of alkali-activated materials. The evolution monitored during alkali activation include internal relative humidity, structural evolution, ultrasonic evolution and heat evolution. All of these techniques provide real-time information which is significant for evaluating the reaction process of alkali activation with respected parameters applied thus will be briefly reviewed in this paper. In addition, among those techniques, due to its reliability, heat evolution is one noted as one of the most common techniques applied to elucidate the alkali activation process. Therefore, the potential of heat evolution will also be significantly highlighted in this study.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Mohamed
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
R.A. Razak
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
S.Z. Abd Rahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kim
4
ORCID: ORCID
T. Imjai
5
ORCID: ORCID
I.H. Aziz
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.L.Ch. Hao
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellence (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  4. University of Plymouth, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
  5. School of Engineering and Technology, Walailak University, Nakhorn Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
19 A Study on Electroless Copper Deposition for Desktop Stereolithography 3D Printing Materials
A. Ahmad , Md Saidin Wahab , K. Kamarudin , H. Hehsan
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1419-1424 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151409
Keywords: Stereolithography Electroless copper deposition Optimization Adhesion quality
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Abstract

Electroless deposition is a method of metallizing parts without needing for an electrical source that can be performed on electrically conductive and non-conductive materials. Adhesion quality is an essential aspect of the electroless deposition process that determines the metal deposition conditions. The properties of stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed parts can be improved through the metallization process for various applications. In this study, optimization through the orthogonal design method was used to obtain the optimal processing parameters of electroless copper deposition on desktop SLA material with respect to adhesion quality. Experimental work was carried out according to the L9 (34) orthogonal array, followed by an evaluation of the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the S/N ratio results, the optimal processing parameters for adhesion quality were potassium hydroxide concentration (400 g/L), etching time (30 min), formaldehyde concentration (3.75 mL/L) and deposition time (30 min). The results of the study are useful for industries such as rapid tooling, rapid prototyping, and semiconductors.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Ahmad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Md Saidin Wahab
3
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kamarudin
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Hehsan
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Facult y of Engineering Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Pagoh Edu Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Innovative Manufacturing Technology (IMT), Facult y of Engineering Technology, Pagoh Edu Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Adva nced Manufact uring and Mat erials Centre (AMMC), Parit Raja, 86400 Bat u Pahat , Johor, Malaysia
20 Hydrogen Peroxide Modification Enhances the Ability of Metakaolin based Alkali Activated Materials Adsorbent to Remove the Ni2+ Ions
M. Ibrahim , W.M. Wan Ibrahim , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah , A.S. Sauffi , R. Ahmad
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1425-1430 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151410
Keywords: Metakaolin alkali activated materials Adsorbent Ni2+ removal Heavy metals
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Abstract

The presence of nickel ions in wastewater is a significant environmental concern due to its toxicity, which can cause severe health problems. Metakaolin is a pozzolanic material that can be activated by alkali to produce a highly porous and reactive material that can be utilised as a heavy metal ion adsorbent. However, the adsorption capacity of metakaolin-based adsorbents is limited by their surface chemistry and porosity. Metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials adsorbent modified with hydrogen peroxide can effectively remove nickel ions from wastewater. The modification process increases the surface area and porosity of the adsorbent, enhancing its adsorption capacity. The modified adsorbent (1.00 wt.% H2O2) showed a higher sorption capacity of 26.57 mg/g and efficiency of 85.22% compared to the non-modified adsorbent (10.55 mg/g) sorption capacity and 45.63% nickel removal efficiency, indicating the potential of hydrogen peroxide-modified adsorbents as an economical and ecologically sustainable solution for environmental applications, particularly for metal immobilization.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Ibrahim
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
W.M. Wan Ibrahim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A.S. Sauffi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Ahmad
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
21 Influence of CFBC Fly Ash Chemical Composition and Mechanical Activation on the Properties of Geopolymer
A. Antoni , I.J. Yugiarto , R.J.S. Hadi , A. Kuncoro , D. Hardjito
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1431-1437 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151411
Keywords: Fly ash CFBC mechanical activation geopolymer chemical composition
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Abstract

Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash has the potential as a precursor to making geopolymer concrete because of its rich silica and alumina content. However, there is a problem in utilizing CFBC fly ash caused by its chemical and physical properties that differ from the widely used pulverized coal combustion (PCC) fly ash. CFBC fly ash has a higher water requirement than PCC fly ash due to its angular particle shape, and higher sulfur and lime contained also caused a different reaction in the geopolymer system. Mechanical activation by milling the CFBC fly ash could decrease the water requirement in the mixture and make good quality CFBC fly sh-based geopolymer concrete. Three CFBC fly ash samples from different power plants in Indonesia with different chemical compositions were used in this research. The first had a low lime and no sulfur content, the second had high lime and no sulfur content, and the third had high lime and sulfur content. The milling process using a ball mill for two hours decreased the water requirement, as shown in the lower normal consistency of the fly ash. The reactivity also was increased, shown by the faster initial setting time. Besides its higher reactivity, lower water requirement increased the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar produced. This study also showed that the existence of calcium and sulfur content in the CFBC fly ash could cause unexpected results shown by the change of initial setting time, water requirement, and compressive strength.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Antoni
1
ORCID: ORCID
I.J. Yugiarto
1
ORCID: ORCID
R.J.S. Hadi
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kuncoro
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Hardjito
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Petra Christian University, Department of Civil Engineering, Jl. Siwalankerto 121-131, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia
22 Morphology Analysis on Metakaolin/Dolomite Geopolymer under High Temperature Exposure
A.S. Sauffi , W.M. Wan Ibrahim , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah , M. Ibrahim , R. Ahmad , F.A. Zaidi
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1439-1443 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151412
Keywords: Geopolymer Dolomite Metakaolin High Temperature
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Abstract

This paper presents the morphology of the metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer after being exposed to high temperature and compare the findings with the morphology that has not been exposed to the temperature. The geopolymers were exposed at temperatures from 200°C up to 800°C. The geopolymer was a constant mix of 90% metakaolin and 10% dolomite with 10 NaOH molarity, 0.8 solid to liquid ratio, and 2.0 by mass of alkaline activator. The morphology of geopolymer exposed to high temperature contains many pores and as the temperature rises, the pores become huge, and a higher quantity of pores can be observed. The surface analysis, compressive strength, and water absorption test were also done to support the findings. The compressive strength calculation was based on weight loss. The lowest compressive strength loss was at 200°C temperature exposure with 10.98%. Meanwhile, the highest compressive strength loss was at 800°C temperature exposure with 48.54%. In comparison, this metakaolin/dolomite geopolymer archive better properties compared to the concrete and metakaolin past studies.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.S. Sauffi
ORCID: ORCID
W.M. Wan Ibrahim
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
ORCID: ORCID
M. Ibrahim
ORCID: ORCID
R. Ahmad
ORCID: ORCID
F.A. Zaidi
23 Microstructure Analysis of Different NaOH Molarity Towards Fly Ash Geopolymer for Underwater Concreting Material
F.H.A. Zaidi , A. Romisuhani , M.M.A.B. Abdullah , W.M.W. Ibrahim , M.I.A. Bistamam , A.S. Sauffi , L.Y. Li
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1445-1449 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151413
Keywords: Fly ash Geopolymer underwater concreting concrete
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Abstract

Geopolymer concrete is a new sustainable and environmentally friendly composite with great potential to replace conventional concrete that is mostly produced by ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Binders used for geopolymer concrete such as fly ash and blast furnaces are mostly industrial wastes or by -products containing high silica and aluminium content that act as stimulants for geopolymerization. Furthermore, geopolymers also exhibit better durability and corrosion resistance than OPCs. However, material subjected to underwater placement method typically exhibit a decrease in properties. While geopolymer has not been widely used as underwater concreting material, this research is purposed to identify the effect of underwater placement method towards geopolymer in terms of microstructure analysis. Using different molarities of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the optimum compressive strength will be discussed for underwater concrete while correlating with the microstructure result. For alkaline activators, the ratio used is 2.5 and the ratio for solid to liquid is 2.5. The molarities used for alkaline activators were 8 M, 10 M and 12 M. Using the tremie method for underwater concrete, it is possible to measure the leaching loss with respect to the objective of this research. The best compressive strength result is 12 M. The SEM result support with 12 M molarity had less cavities and lowest density.
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Authors and Affiliations

F.H.A. Zaidi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Romisuhani
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
W.M.W. Ibrahim
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.I.A. Bistamam
1
A.S. Sauffi
1
ORCID: ORCID
L.Y. Li
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical and Engineering Technology, 01000 Perlis,Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, 02600 Jejaw i, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. University of Plymouth, School of Engineering, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
24 Electrochemical and Gravimetric Investigation of the Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Clindamycin for Mild Steel in Acidic Media
A.A. Bamigbola , A.I. Ikeuba , C.E. Gimba , M.E. Ikpi , O.S. Olajire , F.E. Umo
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1451-1456 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151414
Keywords: Mild steel corrosion inhibition sulphuric acid clindamycin
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Abstract

The corrosion inhibition performance of clindamycin for mild steel in 2.0 M H2SO4 has been studied using gravimetric and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the clindamycin inhibited mild steel corrosion in 2.0 M H2SO4 solution. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with an increase in the concentration of clindamycin and decrease with an increase in the temperature. The maximum inhibition efficiency was obtained at 303 K (91.1%). Potentiodynamic polarization results reveal that clindamycin is a cathodic-type corrosion inhibitor lower concentrations and an anodic-type corrosion inhibitor at higher concentrations. The experimental data fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the adsorption of clindamycin was found to be spontaneous. The values of activation energy and Gibb’s free energy were found within the range of limits expected for the mechanism of physical adsorption.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.A. Bamigbola
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.I. Ikeuba
2
ORCID: ORCID
C.E. Gimba
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.E. Ikpi
3
ORCID: ORCID
O.S. Olajire
4
ORCID: ORCID
F.E. Umo
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Department of Chemistry, Zaria, Nigeria
  2. University of Calabar, Materials Chemistry Research Group, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Calabar, Nigeria
  3. University of Calabar, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Calabar, Nigeria
  4. Mountain Top University, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ibafo, Ogun State, Nigeria
25 Experimental Characterization of Banana-Palm Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composite
B. Selvam , G.M. Balamurugan , B. Gebrehiwot
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1457-1465 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151415
Keywords: Composites Epoxy resin Banana fiber Palm fiber Hand layup techniques
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Abstract

Composite materials are synthesized by using natural cellulose fibers with matrix, due to their improved properties. In this work, banana and palm fibers are treated with 2% and 8% NaoH, respectively, for the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses. The hybrid composite was fabricated by using epoxy resin as the matrix and both the fibers as reinforcement through the hand lay-up method. By varying the banana and palm fibers in the range of 5-15% wt. and 7.5-22.5% wt. in the composite of 20% wt. and 30% wt. reinforcement, respectively, The composite consists of 5/15% wt. treated fibers, having more influence on compressive strength of 222.46 MPa and flexural strength of 535 MPa. However, 7.5/22.5% wt. treated composite has a higher impact resistance of 14.6 J and 10/10% treated composite gained a higher water absorption percentage weight of 1.16% at 216 hours. From the experiment, the composite with 5/15% wt. fibers of 20% wt. reinforcement and 80% wt. epoxy is suitable for making kitchen slabs.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Selvam
1
G.M. Balamurugan
2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Gebrehiwot
3
  1. M.I.E.T. Engineering College, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thiruchirappali, Tamilnadu, India
  2. Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Mekelle University, School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tigray, Ethiopia
26 Effect of Nb and Zr Alloying Additives on Structure and Properties of Ti-Ta-Nb-Zr Alloys for Medical Applications
G. Dercz , I. Matuła , K. Prusik , J. Zając , M. Szklarska , A. Kazek-Kęsik , W. Simka
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1467-1472 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151416
Keywords: Titanium-based alloys corrosion resistance biomaterials arc-melting structure
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Abstract

This work investigated two titanium-based alloys with a constant tantalum content and variable contents of alloy additives – niobium and zirconium. The Ti-30Ta-10Zr-20Nb (wt.%) and Ti-30Ta-20Zr-10Nb (wt.%) alloys were obtained using a combination of powder metallurgy and arc melting methods. The influence of alloying additives on the structure and properties of the Ti-Ta-Nb-Zr system was studied using, among others: X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the single-β-phase structure of both alloys. In addition, the microscopic analysis revealed that a higher amount of zirconium favoured the formation of larger grains. However, the microhardness analysis indicated that the alloy with the higher niobium content had the higher microhardness. Importantly, the in vitro corrosion study revealed that the addition of niobium promoted the better corrosion resistance of the investigated alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Dercz
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Matuła
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Prusik
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Zając
1
M. Szklarska
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kazek-Kęsik
2
ORCID: ORCID
W. Simka
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Silesia in Katowice, Institute of Materials Engineering, 75 Pułku Piechoty Str. 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, B. Krzywoustego Str. 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
27 Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Mg-8Li Dual-Phase Alloy Processed by Friction Stirring Versus Hot-Extrusion
Li Zhang , Nan Li
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1473-1480 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151417
Keywords: Microstructure mechanical property Mg-8%Li alloy hot-extrusion friction stir processing
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Abstract

The microstructure evolution, texture and tensile properties of the Mg-8Li dual-phase alloys processed by hot-extrusion and friction stir processing were investigated. It was found that the friction stir processing was more advantageous when compared with hot-extrusion in achieving the superior mechanical properties. The tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of the as-FSPed alloy reached 235.4 MPa, 185.3 MPa and 35.6%, respectively. The outstanding strength-ductility combination of the ­as-FSPed Mg-8Li alloy was ascribed to refined grains, weakened texture and formation of high-fraction high angle grain boundaries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Li Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nan Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang, School of Materials Science and Engineering, China
28 Study on zinc removal behavior in simulated pre-reduction sintering process
J. Ju , R. Li , X. Xing , X. Jiang , G. Zhao , F. Lu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1481-1489 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151418
Keywords: Pre-reduction sinter blast furnace dust Zn removal rate pre-reduction degree removal mechanism
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Abstract

In this study, blast furnace dust and iron concentrate were used as raw materials and graphite as reducing agent for mixed compacts. The briquettes were roasted in a high temperature tube furnace at 1200°C and kept for a certain time to simulate the pre-reduction sintering dezincification process. The reduced briquettes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effects of C/O molar ratio, basicity and pre-reduction time on the zinc removal rate and pre-reduction degree of the pre-reduction sintered products were studied, and the removal mechanism of zinc was further investigated. The results show that the pre-reduction sintering process can effectively achieve the zinc volatility removal while meeting the requirements of subsequent blast furnace production. The zinc removal rate of pre-reduced sintered products increased with the prolongation of pre-reduction time, increased first and then decreased with the increase of C/O molar ratio and basicity. The pre-reduction degree and Zn removal rate showed the same variation pattern. When the briquettes with C/O molar ratio of 1.0 and basicity of 1.9 were reduced for 20 min, the zinc removal rate and pre-reduction degree could reach 90.40% and 87.74%, respectively, indicating that a large amount of zinc was removed and most of the metallic iron had been reduced. The research results can provide some theoretical basis for industrial production.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Ju
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Li
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
X. Xing
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
X. Jiang
3
ORCID: ORCID
G. Zhao
3
ORCID: ORCID
F. Lu
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, School of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi’an 710055, China
  2. Research Center of Metallurgical Engineering Technology of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710055, China
  3. Technical Center of Jiuquan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd, Jiayuguan 735100, China
29 The Effect of Palm Char Properties on Malaysian Ilmenite Ores by Carbothermal Reduction
N.A. Nasrun , N.F.M. Yunos , M.A. Idris , N.A. Halif , T. Nomura
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1491-1499 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151419
Keywords: Malaysian ilmenite ores Palm char Carbothermal reduction Titanium dioxide
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Abstract

To identify the mineral grade ore, two distinct Malaysian ilmenite ores (FeTiO3) from different placers deposits were examined. The sources of ilmenite ore were the Kinta Valley in Perak and the Langkawi Black Sand Beach in Kedah. Both of the ores were reduced by palm char as a sustainable carbon reductant. The study examined carbon characteristics and phase transitions following carbothermal reduction at 1550°C. Prior to the studies, the reductant palm char was characterized by XRF, BET surface area measurement, SEM, and ultimate with proximate analyses. It is shown that the palm char had low moisture (4.10 wt.%) and high fixed carbon (75.40 wt.%). The high carbon content, volatile matter, and porous structure of palm char played a significant role in the gas generated during the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite ores. Carbothermal reduction of both ilmenite ores with palm char-produced rutile, iron, titanium carbide, and pseudobrookite. The XRF analysis exhibits the existence of 18.41 and 35.76 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively in Perak ilmenite ore. While Langkawi ilmenite ore shows 9.28 and 22.72 wt.% of Fe and TiO2 respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

N.A. Nasrun
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.F.M. Yunos
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
M.A. Idris
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
N.A. Halif
1 3
ORCID: ORCID
T. Nomura
4
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Frontier Materials Research, Centre of Excellence (FrontMate), Malaysia
  4. Hokkaido University, Centre for Advance d Research of Energy and Materials, Kita 13 Nishi 8 Kita-Ku Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
30 The Effects of CaO and MgO on Thermal, Mechanical and Optical Properties of Porcelain Tiles by Utilizing Blast Furnace Slag
T. Aydin , H. Sari
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1501-1508 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151420
Keywords: Porcelain tile sintering anorthite diopside whiteness recycling
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Abstract

In this study, the Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) of Zonguldak Eregli Iron and Steel Factories was used as a recycling raw material for the porcelain tile samples. A kind of clay with high MgO content was also used in the porcelain tile recipes. Maximum 10% of BFS was used instead of Na-feldspar. Sintering temperature for all samples was 1205°C for 50 minutes in the industrial roller kiln. Technological properties such as shrinkage, water absorption, colour measurement, and flexural strength were investigated as well as sintering properties and microstructures of the green and the sintered samples. As a result of the study, the addition of BFS did not adversely affect the technical properties of porcelain tile bodies. Particularly, the addition of BFS up to 3% contributed to an increase in flexural strength, and whiteness values of all samples increased because of the formation of anorthite and diopside compared to the reference body. The phase transformations and crystal formations such as anorthite and diopside resulted in a decrease in the firing shrinkage. Although the anorthite formation and diopside formation in the investigated samples had an adverse effect on condensation, it was found that they showed similar sintering behaviours compared to the reference body. This study showed that an industrial waste material can be converted into an environmentally friendly raw material that can create added value and provide energy efficiency.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Aydin
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Sari
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Kirikkale University, Engineering Faculty, Metallurgy and Material Engineering Department, Kirikkale, Turkey
  2. Kale Seramik Canakkale Kalebodur Seramik San. A.S. Canakkale, Turkey
31 Cold Spray Coatings Morphology
A. Ștefan , D.-L. Chicet , B. Istrate , C. Munteanu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1509-1518 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151421
Keywords: Cold spray coatings microstructure morphology
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Abstract

In the Cold Spraying technology, the coatings are produced as a result of the supersonic acceleration of the particles in a gas jet, at temperatures below the melting/phase transformation point of the sprayed material. In this paper, the morphology of a Ni/CrC cold spray coating is studied, based on the identification of the particle’s characteristic at various magnifications, both on cross-section and on the surface of the samples. The layer appearance is continuous, uniform and sinuous, no adhesion defects were observed at the substrate-coating interface, and the plastic deformation of the steel was highlighted. The elemental chemical analysis on the sample cross-section, together with the distribution map shows that the carbide particles have retained their sphericity to a large extent, being uniformly embedded in the Ni matrix, as a result of the plastic deformation. This allows a higher thickness of the cold spray coatings comparatively to the ones obtained with the other thermal spray methods that imply high temperatures of the gas jet and layered microstructures.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Ștefan
D.-L. Chicet
ORCID: ORCID
B. Istrate
ORCID: ORCID
C. Munteanu
ORCID: ORCID
32 Thermal Properties of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibre Reinforced Lightweight Foamed Concrete
Md A.O. Mydin , M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah , S.S. Majeed , R. Omar , R. Ahmad , S. Garus
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1519-1527 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151422
Keywords: Foamed concrete polypropylene fibrillated fibre thermal properties thermal diffusivity specific heat capacity
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Authors and Affiliations

Md A.O. Mydin
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
S.S. Majeed
3
ORCID: ORCID
R. Omar
4
ORCID: ORCID
R. Ahmad
5
ORCID: ORCID
S. Garus
6
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Housing, Building and Planning, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Nawroz University, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  4. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Department of Construction ManagementParit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor 86400, Malaysia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
33 Joining UFG Copper by Means of the W2Mi Machine
Ł. Morawiński , C. Jasiński , J. Goliński , T.M. Chmielewski
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1529-1535 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151423
Keywords: Rotation Friction Welding Ultra-Fine Grained copper hybrid SPD ECAP
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Abstract

Joining metals with ultra-fine grains (UFG) is very difficult. UFG metals have a grain size of less than 1 µm. Exceeding the recrystallization temperature causes the growth of ultra-fine grains and degradation of the material’s mechanical properties. The process temperature is influenced by the amount of energy supplied to the joint, which depends on the power and time. Conventional machines are not adapted to effectively conduct the process in extremely short friction times. For this reason, this article presents the welding process on the W2Mi prototype machine. The design of this machine allows the joining of UFG metals in less than 100 ms. UFG material produced using the hybrid SPD (Severe Plastic Deformation) process from technically pure CW004A(Cu-ETP) copper was used for welding tests. The joint obtained on the W2Mi machine did not show any significant degradation signs of mechanical properties. At the same time, an increase in microhardness in the joint area by approximately 4% was noticed. The obtained results prove that the process of joining UFG metals was successfully carried out.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Morawiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Jasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Goliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
T.M. Chmielewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , 85 Narbutta Str., 02-524 Warsaw, Poland
34 A Low Temperature Calciothermic Reduction Approach for the Synthesis of LaB6 Powders
M. Sadhasivam , M. Usmaniya , L.J. Berchmans , S.R. Sanakaranarayanan , S.P. Kumaresh Babu , G. Vijayaragavan
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1537-1541 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151424
Keywords: LaB6 Metallothermic reduction Characterization
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Abstract

In this work, we report the synthesis of a polycrystalline LaB6 powders with a uniform morphology by a low-temperature metallothermic reduction route using calcium as a reductant. The processing methodology and heat treatment parameters are optimized based on thermodynamic estimates in order to favour the reaction kinetics and for complete formation of LaB6 powders with highest purity. The synthesised powder was subjected to comprehensive characterization studies. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed the complete formation of LaB6 compound without any traces of reactants. Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) along with chemical mapping shows the morphology and elemental distribution of LaB6 powder. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) results show the futuristic peaks with photon energies that are assigned to the core levels of the La and B without significant impurities whereas the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum indicates an apparent presence of La-B bonds at 1045.4 cm−1, 585.5 cm−1, and at 463.1 cm−1.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sadhasivam
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Usmaniya
3
ORCID: ORCID
L.J. Berchmans
3
ORCID: ORCID
S.R. Sanakaranarayanan
2
ORCID: ORCID
S.P. Kumaresh Babu
2
ORCID: ORCID
G. Vijayaragavan
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai – 600036, India
  2. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Trichy, Trichy – 620015, India
  3. Electropyro Metallurgy Division, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi – 630003, India
35 Tribological and Fatigue Behaviour of Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn Alloy through Powder Compacting: Novel Performance of High Niobium Alloys for Bone Tissue Compatibility
B. Vinod , S. Suresh , S. Sunil Kumar Reddy
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1543-1554 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151425
Keywords: Niobium alloy Biocompatible Mechanical Properties Morphological Characterization Orthopaedic applications
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Abstract

Biocompatible materials are natural or man-made substances kept in the body to turn a living cell into a working organ. Bone tissue and biocompatibility are emerging as an alternative approach to regenerating bone due to some distinct advantages over autografting and allografting. This research aimed to fabricate a novel porous scaffold Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn alloy that can be utilized as a bone substitute. Ti-Nb-Sn-Zr were selected by different weight ratios and synthesized using the powder metallurgy method. Zirconium (Zr) is incorporated to get enhanced biological performance. The elements Ti, Nb with Zr, and Sn are utilized due to their excellent biocompatibility with the human body. The Ti-35Nb-7Zr-4Sn alloy has high tensile strength between 1042 and 1603 MPa by ­increasing Zr and Nb weight ratios. In addition, 35% Nb/7% Zr with 4% Sn composite show improved hardness, which is beneficial for resembling bone tissue and die-casting fittings in automobile applications. Fatigue and wear analysis is conducted to help us understand the behaviour of the Ti-Nb-Zr-Sn alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Vinod
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Suresh
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sunil Kumar Reddy
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddharth Institute of Engineering & Technology, Puttur, India
36 Cryogenic Treatment Effect on the Wear Resistance of AM60 Magnesium Alloy
B. Gassama , B. Karahisar , N. Öztürk Körpe , M.Ö. Öteyaka
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1555-1564 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151426
Keywords: Magnesium alloys AM60 wear cryogenic heat treatment
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Abstract

Magnesium alloys were used as structural materials due to their low density. However, the poor wear behavior of magnesium alloys limits their use. In this study, AM60 magnesium alloy was subjected to deep cryogenic heat treatment to enhance the wear properties in dry and wet conditions with different loads. For this purpose, a deep cryogenic treatment at –196°C was applied for 48 h to the AM60 magnesium alloy. On the other hand, the wear performance of the treated sample was compared to the untreated sample using the pin-on-disc method at loads of 1 N, 2 N, and 3 N. The microstructure and wear groove were investigated using imaging techniques, while the XRD method characterized the phase modification. The results showed that the microstructures of the untreated sample drastically changed; the eutectic phase around the β phase was dissolved in the matrix, and some twins were formed after heat treatment. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a new β phase belonging to twins and an increase of the current β phase. Regarding hardness behavior, it increased by ~17.5% compared to the untreated sample after cryogenic treatment. In dry conditions, abrasive wear was the primary mechanism, and the wear resistance was better for the treated sample for all loads applied due to probably new phase formation. The treated sample exhibited lower wear resistance against the untreated sample, apparently due to the oxidative wear mechanism.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Gassama
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Karahisar
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Öztürk Körpe
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.Ö. Öteyaka
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Institut of Science, Department of Aviation and Technology, 26040, Eskişehir, Turkey
  2. Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Metallurgy and Materials, 26040, Eskişehir, Turkey
  3. Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir Vocational School, Department of Mechatronic, 26110, Eskişehir, Turkey
37 Impact of the Plastic Deformation Microstructure on the Corrosive Resistance of Metallic Materials – The State of the Art and the Effect of Microstructure Refinement on the Example of the 2000 Series Aluminum Alloy
M.M. Lachowicz
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1565-1576 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151427
Keywords: Microstructure corrosion resistance aluminum alloys refinement plastic deformation
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Abstract

The article discusses the role of the microstructure formed through plastic deformation in the corrosion resistance of metallic materials. Additionally, a review of the existing knowledge in this area is conducted. In particular, the role of the refinement of intermetallic phases is emphasized. For that purpose, investigations of as-cast aluminum alloy, as well as after plastic deformation, from the 2000 series have been performed. Metallographic tests of the examined materials have been carried out, and electrochemical tests as well as SEM examinations of the surface after the corrosion tests have been conducted. It has been documented that the presence of large precipitates existing at distances typical of as-cast alloys favours intensive corrosion. In turn, a significant amount of fine-dispersive precipitates at the initial stage of corrosion can work as a barrier counteracting the corrosion processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.M. Lachowicz
38 An Overview of Machine Learning Applications in Metal Casting Industries
Vishal B. Bhagwat , Dhanpal A. Kamble , Sandeep S. Kore
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1577-1584 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151428
Keywords: Metal casting Machine learning artificial intelligence quality control defects prediction
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Abstract

This paper presents an overview of different machine learning (ML) techniques and algorithms implemented in metal casting industries. ML has made significant contributions to the field of metal casting by improving various aspects of the casting process. In this work, referred quality research papers are divided into two categories. Firstly, work reviewed for the automation in foundry and quality control. Secondly, the raw material melting, material designs and defect predictions in the metal casting. The literature is extensively studied for types of ML models implemented from 2010 to 2023 for the sand-casting application area especially in the prediction of material melting compositions, desired material properties and occurrence of defects along with involvement of advanced foundry technologies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vishal B. Bhagwat
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Dhanpal A. Kamble
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sandeep S. Kore
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering & Technology, Baramati, India
39 Orientation Influence on Tensile Strain Hardening in Forged Plates of AA2014 Aluminium Alloy
G. Narender , K. Chandra Shekar , Yeole Shivraj Narayan , Kode Jaya Prakash , B. Sridhar Babu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1585-1591 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151429
Keywords: Aluminium alloy AA2014 tensile behaviour ductile fracture strain hardening plastic flow in-plane anisotropy
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Abstract

Strain hardening is an effective strengthening method for alloys that requires plastic deformation of the material during manufacturing. The strength will significantly increase due to the number of dislocations formed during plastic flow of material. This study examines the plastic flow activity of forged plates of an AA2014 aluminium alloy with tensile test conditions. The effects of solution treatment and artificial ageing on strain hardening characteristics and tensile behaviour were investigated using tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy. Hollomon plastic flow relationship was employed for solution treated and age hardening conditions by experimental engineering stress- engineering strain data of the aluminium alloy AA2014. In both solution-treated and age-hardened conditions, the alloy displays three distinct strain hardening rate levels. The highest rate of strain hardening occurs both in solution-treated and age hardening conditions in regions with lower strain. It is also noted that specimens experience higher and lower strain hardening rates in the forging direction (Longitudinal, L) and perpendicular to the forging direction (Transverse, T) respectively in both solution-treated and age hardening conditions. In order to bring out the degree of in-plane anisotropy, test are conducted in L, L+45° (45° to L direction) and T in the plane of forging. Lower and higher magnification SEM images of the alloy under study, clearly exhibited that the ductile dimple fracture associated with a lower shear fracture contributions.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Narender
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Chandra Shekar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yeole Shivraj Narayan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Kode Jaya Prakash
2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Sridhar Babu
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad-508284, India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, India
40 Evaluation of Peel Ply Effectiveness in Controlling Mould Release Agent Contamination of Epoxy/Carbon Fibre Composite Laminate Surfaces
R.R.P. Kuppusamy , A. Zade , B. Sridhar Babu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1593-1600 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151430
Keywords: RTM6 Resin Resin Transfer Moulding Mould Release Agent Surface Contaminations X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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Abstract

The peel-ply effectiveness in controlling the mould release contaminations of resin transfer molded (RTM) RTM6/G0926 epoxy-carbon fibre composite laminate surfaces have been examined. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to evaluate the extent of transfer of mould release agents and other surface contaminants of RTM composite laminates at semi-cured and fully cured states. Fully cured and 55% semi-cure degree of RTM composite laminates were prepared using polyester and diatex peel plies. The effectiveness of polyester and diatex peel plies were evaluated by comparing the amount of Frekote mould release contaminants present in the laminate surfaces processed with and without peel plies. The XPS results shows that the composite laminates processed without peel plies at different cured states exhibit uniform contamination with Freakote calcium metal ions. At the comparisons of polyester and diatex peel plies, the diatex peel ply performs better in controlling the surface contaminations.
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Authors and Affiliations

R.R.P. Kuppusamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Zade
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Sridhar Babu
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
  2. Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy Engineering College, India
41 An Exploratory Study of the Surface Integrity of Various FRP Composites in Face Milling Operation
I.S.N.V.R. Prasanth , K. Chandra Shekar , V.P. Raju , B. Sridhar Babu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1601-1610 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151431
Keywords: Glass carbon and hybrid composites Milling tools surface integrity ANOVA Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Abstract

The use of glass, carbon and hybrid /glass/carbon epoxy polymer composites is widely used in the automotive, manufacturing and aerospace sectors. Milling is a secondary production process in which the final shape of the product is produced with the desired shape and high dimensional accuracy. The objective of this study is to enhance our knowledge of the machinability properties of composite materials in the secondary manufacturing industry. In this research study, performing face milling operations with different tools on bidirectional (BD) glass, unidirectional (UD) glass, carbon/epoxy, and glass/carbon/epoxy (hybrid epoxy) polymer composites. This experimental work derives conclusions that contribute to the improvement of the milling process for better surface quality. Taguchi’s L16 Design of Experiments (DOE) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are used to determine the effect of tool type, speed of spindle, rate of feed, cut depth on surface roughness and delamination factor. And it was concluded that glass/carbon hybrid epoxy polymer laminates showed improved surface quality when milled with a Poly Crystalline Diamond (PCD) tool at parametric combinations of rate of feed is 300 mm/min, speed of spindle is 1000 rpm, and cutting depth is 0.5 mm. In addition, the experimental results of the scanning electron microscope examination were also verified. And found excellent machined surface quality and least damage with the above optimal process parameter combinations.
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Authors and Affiliations

I.S.N.V.R. Prasanth
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Chandra Shekar
2
ORCID: ORCID
V.P. Raju
3
ORCID: ORCID
B. Sridhar Babu
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad India
  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan Institute of Technology and Science Hyderabad, India
  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indur Institute of Engineering and Technology, Siddipet India
42 Process Optimization Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm for the Manufacturing of Resin Transfer Moulded Composite Parts
A. Zade , B. Sridhar Babu , R.R.P. Kuppusamy
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1611-1620 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151432
Keywords: Resin Transfer Moulding Cuckoo Search Algorithm Mould-Filling Curing Finite Element Simulation
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Abstract

An in-house coded cuckoo search (CS) optimization algorithm integrated with a finite element simulation model was developed for resin transfer moulding (RTM) process optimization. At first, the mould filling and curing phases, the vital stages of the RTM process were modelled in the COMSOL multi-physics simulator for RTM6 resin – carbon fibre reinforced composite part. Then, the model was imported to the CS optimization algorithm scripted in MATLAB using the COMSOL live link for MATLAB. The CS algorithm was developed for the minimization of dry spot content by finding the optimal positions of gates and vents during the mould-filling stage and the minimization of the thermal gradient by finding the optimal mould temperature during the curing stage. From the optimization results, there was a decrease in dry spot content and thermal gradient with an increase in generations. With the generations, converged-stable-optimal solutions were obtained. A dry spot content of 3% for one gate and one vent and 0.56% for two gates and one vent was obtained for two-dimensional and three-dimensional composite plates, respectively. From the curing phase optimization results, a minimum thermal gradient of 0.86 K with 98.1% degree of cure was obtained for the optimal mould temperature of 433 K. The developed CS algorithm predicted the better-automated mould-fill and cure phase optimal solutions for the studied composite part.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Zade
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Sridhar Babu
2
ORCID: ORCID
R.R.P. Kuppusamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India
  2. Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy Engineering College, India
43 The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of PLA 3D Printed Parts
M. Axinte , D.L. Chicet , R. Chelariu , R.I. Comăneci
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1621-1627 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151433
Keywords: 3D print process process parameters sample weight mechanical properties
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Abstract

In this paper, the effect of two process parameters on the mechanical properties of tensile specimens made by FDM was studied. A commercially available PLA filament (produced by Prusa) was used as raw material, from which several sets of specimens were produced, the varied parameters being the raster angle (RA) relative to the longitudinal axis of the specimen and the overflow (OF). Thus, three printing angles were chosen, 0°, 22.5° and 45°, each set of specimens being made with an OF of 95%, 100% and 105% respectively. The printed layer was chosen with a standard thickness of 0.2 mm. For the analysis of the mechanical properties, the specimen sets were subjected to tensile testing on an Instron 3382 machine and the results obtained were interpreted comparatively. Additionally, the fracture surfaces of the specimens were analysed by stereomicroscope. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA analysis of experimental data indicated that both parameters and their interaction significantly influence the specimen weight but, in the case of mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength, yield elongation and tensile elongation) were insignificantly influenced by both process parameters. In this context regardless of raster angle, an overflow of 95% provides the same mechanical properties as an overflow of 105%, but at a minimum weight sample.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Axinte
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.L. Chicet
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chelariu
1
ORCID: ORCID
R.I. Comăneci
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
44 Expanding the Applications of Copper-based Alloys by Thermal Arc Spraying
S.L. Toma , D.-L. Chicet
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1629-1635 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151434
Keywords: Ni coating copper-based heating elements oxidation resistance
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Abstract

In this article, the case of depositing a Ni-based alloy layer by thermal arc spraying on a copper alloy substrate with cylindrical geometry over its entire surface is presented. After the coating was deposited, the layer was analyzed microstructurally both on the surface and in cross-section, and it was observed that it adhered very well to the substrate. In addition to the high adhesion to the substrate, a low porosity of the coating was observed, which ensures good compactness of the coating. Based on these results, further investigation of the Ni coating can be recommended to limit the toxicity caused by the oxidation of copper and copper alloy heating elements.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.L. Toma
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.-L. Chicet
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Gheorgh e Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd . Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
45 Fibreglass Reinforcement Influence on the Mechanical Behaviour of an ABS – PMMA – Fibreglass Composite Material
M.A. Platon , O. Nemes
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1637-1642 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151435
Keywords: Polymers composite material recycling sustainability waste
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Abstract

This study’s aim is to provide detailed information on how to control the mechanical behaviour of a short fibre unoriented composite material and adapt it for various applications. This study focusses on the challenging problem of recycling fibreglass waste mixed with thermoplastic polymers. The used method was thermoforming; preliminary studies have indicated this method as the most suitable for closing the loop in a manufacturing process – under the principles of a circular economy. Although this method is sustainable for this type of mixed waste, the research process is at an early stage and further studies and characterisations are required. From the data collected so far, this recycling method is the most efficient, both energetically and considering the added value of the final product. The results are encouraging and indicate a predictable behaviour of the studied reinforced composite material.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.A. Platon
1
ORCID: ORCID
O. Nemes
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Bd. Muncii 103-105 400641, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
46 Removal of Sulfur Content in Groundwater Using Marble Filter in a Cascade Design
M.F.M. Akhir , N.A. Saad , H. Zabidi , M.R.R.M.A. Zainol
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1643-1648 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151436
Keywords: Alluvial Aquifer Sulfur Contamination Marble Filter Sand-Sized Particles
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Abstract

Alluvial aquifer are one of Malaysia’s most abundant groundwater resources, highly demanded in East Coast area. However, the presence of sulfur in these aquifers causes the emission of hydrogen sulfide gas. This research aimed to provide an alternative study for removing sulfur using marble filter media in a cascade column design, where water flows from the highest to the lowest column. Two groups of marble sizes were involved in this filter: pebbles and sand-sized particles. The treatment used raw groundwater with the highest concentration of total sulfur being 537.1 ppm. Sand-sized marble had the highest efficiency of sulfur removal, reaching 98.3% at a flow rate of 0.011 l/s. As a result of the effective filtration, the true color reached 33-34 pt/Co, significantly reduced from the source value of 1000-1012 pt/Co. The application of marble for treating groundwater with the sulfur issue is still novel and promising for groundwater filtration, potentially benefiting consumers facing this problem.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.F.M. Akhir
1
ORCID: ORCID
N.A. Saad
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Zabidi
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.R.R.M.A. Zainol
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Sains Malaysia, River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
47 Data Acquisition System for a Hydroelectric Turbine with Deformable Blades
A. Bogorin-Predescu , S. Titu , A.M. Titu
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1649-1657 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151437
Keywords: Acquisition system modeling and experimental optimization SCADA scientific research communication protocols
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Abstract

The scientific paper proposes a remote data transmission and acquisition system, for the analysis of the electrical parameters of a portable hydroelectric turbine with deformable blades placed on the stream. The major objective proposed by the authors is to monitor the transformation of the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Due to the impossibility of directly measuring the turbine elements as a whole, remote data transmission was chosen. This information is collected from the generator of the hydroelectric turbine through transducer elements into digital signals, is encoded and transmitted wirelessly to the receiver located on the shore, decoded, and then processed in real time and displayed on the monitor screen of a computer system in order to make decisions when the situation requires it. Data transmission is carried out in both directions (half duplex) through an efficient request/response communication protocol. Considering that the turbine is located in a hard-to-reach place, on the river, it was imposed to supply with reserve electric energy, autonomous from batteries, for the electronic part that is responsible for acquiring data from the hydroelectric generator. In this way, the monitoring circuit works permanently regardless of the turbine’s operating mode: normal or fault. The authors also present in detail the research methodology, the research results, the final conclusions resulting from the experimental data as well as the original contributions made through this applied research.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Bogorin-Predescu
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Titu
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
A.M. Titu
4 5
ORCID: ORCID
  1. National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul In dependenței, București, Romania
  2. Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes Street, Cluj Napoca, Romania
  3. The On cology Institute “Prof dr Ion Chiricuță” Cluj Napoca, 34-36 Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
  4. Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 10 Victoriei Street, Sibiu, Romania
  5. The Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, Bucharest, Romania
48 The Effects of Foaming Agent and Surfactant on Alkali Activated Materials as an Adsorbent for Lead Ions Adsorption
W.M. Wan Ibrahim , M.M. Al B. Abdullah , R. Ahmad , M. Ibrahim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1659-1668 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151438
Keywords: Alkali activated material wastewater treatment foaming agent heavy metal removal
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Abstract

Lead, a hazardous environmental metal, has been widely used in various applications, either pure or alloyed with other metals. This study investigates the impact of foaming agents and surfactants content on the physical properties of metakaolin-based alkali activated materials. Additionally, it seeks to assess the effectiveness of metakaolin-based AAM adsorbent in removing lead ions. The research uses varying percentages of foaming agents (1 wt.%, 1.25 wt.%, and 1.5 wt.%) and surfactants (1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 5 wt.%). Water absorption, density and porosity tests were used to evaluate the metakaolin-based alkali activated adsorbent’s physical properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study the morphology of the adsorbent. In addition, the adsorption test was investigated to determine the lead ion removal in the AAM adsorbent. The ion removal performance of metakaolin based alkali activated materials was evaluated based on different amounts of foaming agent and surfactant. A lead (II) solution was prepared in distilled water and used in the adsorption test. An adsorption test was carried out to determine the effectiveness of AAM with a foaming agent and surfactant, which showed that it could be suited to many harsh conditions. This study successfully identified the optimal parameters for achieving maximum efficiency in lead ion removal, featuring a concentration of 1.25 wt.% of foaming agent and 3 wt.% of surfactants. These findings hold significant promise for the advancement of effective adsorbents, particularly in the realm of wastewater treatment processes.
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Authors and Affiliations

W.M. Wan Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al B. Abdullah
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
R. Ahmad
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Ibrahim
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTECH), 01000, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
49 Comparison of Corrosion Behavior of Two Stainless Steels for Medical Applications
D. Fachikova , G. Ilieva
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1669-1674 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151439
Keywords: Biocompatibility stainless steels high nitrogen steels corrosion electrochemical method
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Abstract

Various materials are used in medicine and the main requirement is their biocompatibility, including corrosion resistance. In addition to destroying materials, the products released during corrosion can cause adverse reactions in the human body. Corrosion testing of any material proposed for biomaterials should therefore be conducted in a model or controlled environment similar to that of the human body. In this work, the results obtained in the study of high nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) as a material for the fabrication of implants are presented and compared with the results for classical Cr-Ni stainless steel, in analogous environments and conditions. The tests were carried out in Ringer’s and Hartmann’s solutions, at specified concentrations, temperatures and pH values. A three-electrode glass cell was used under open air conditions. The following electrochemical methods were used: open circuit potential (OCP) – time measurement, cyclic potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarizations. By means of light and scanning electron microscopy, surface changes were determined after exposing the steel specimens to the experimental media. The surface of the samples was also examined by EDX analysis to determine the nature of the corrosion products formed. From the results obtained, it was found that HNS-steel has higher resistance than Cr-Ni-steel in the model solutions studied.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Fachikova
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Ilieva
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemical Technology, 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
50 Feasibility Study of Metal Matrix Composite (In625-WC) Manufacturing by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®)
M. Rzeszotarska , I. Kunce , D. Zasada , M. Polański
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1675-1683 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.152097
Keywords: Metal matrix composite ceramic reinforcement additive manufacturing direct laser deposition Ni-based superalloy
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Abstract

The present paper focuses on the technological approach to manufacturing composite in the form of Inconel 625 reinforced with tungsten carbide particles. Twenty-four samples with reinforcement amounts ranging from 30 to 90% (wt.%) and different numbers of deposited layers were manufactured with the use of Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS®). The metallurgical quality, microstructure, chemical and phase composition as well as hardness of the produced composites were determined. Digital microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and SEM-EDS were employed for this purpose. Despite numerous cracks, the fabricated samples exhibited a greater hardness than single-layer coatings of analogous composition also produced by additive techniques. This phenomenon is likely a result of repeated crystallization of the composites in remelted areas. A dual mechanism of material strengthening is observed in the additively manufactured composites, both by the presence of reinforcing particles and precipitates of secondary phases.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Rzeszotarska
1
I. Kunce
2
D. Zasada
1
M. Polański
1
  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of New Technologies and Chemistry, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Road and Bridge Research Institute, Corrosion and Chemistry Division, 03-302 Warsaw, Poland
51 Research on the Non-Uniform Temperature Field Distribution of Q355B Steel for Grain Storage under Fire Conditions
Min Yu , Zhen Cheng , Rui-Bin Gou , Nian Wang
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1685-1694 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.152098
Keywords: Q355B steel Peak temperature Gas fire Tmax-Q temperature field model
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Abstract

To reveal the distribution characteristics of the non-uniform temperature field of structural steel under fire conditions, Q355B steel for grain storage was taken as the research object. A multi-channel temperature detection instrument was used to monitor the temperature distribution of Q355B test plate in real time under gas fire, and the distribution characteristics of the non-uniform temperature field of the steel were studied under different heat inputs. The results showed that the temperature changes within 600 mm from the flame point were significant, while the temperature changes beyond 600 mm were not sensitive. The peak temperature Tmax and the heating rate vr at the fire source points of each test plate increased linearly with the increase of heat input Q at the fire source. With the increase of distance d, the variation trend of the time tmax for each test plate to reach the peak temperature in the rolling direction, was the same. As d increased, tmax gradually increased and tended to stabilize. The average cooling rates vd1 and vd2 of each test plate decreased with the increase of d. The temperature distribution patterns of each test plate were the same. The Tmax-d curve of each test plate followed the Boltzmann function distribution, the Q-∆T followed a linear relationship, and the Q-d0 followed an exponential function relationship. By combining the three, a non-uniform distribution model of Tmax-Q temperature field under gas fire was obtained.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Yu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhen Cheng
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rui-Bin Gou
2
ORCID: ORCID
Nian Wang
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Anhui Science and Technology University, College of Architecture, Bengbu 233000, China
  2. Anhui Science and Technology University, College of Mechanical Engineering, Fengyang 233100, Anhui, China
  3. Bengbu Special Equipment Supervision and Inspection Center, Bengbu 233000, China
52 Impact of Laser Remelting Parameters on the Microstructure and Properties of Sprayed Ni20Cr Coatings with Rhenium Addition
I. Kalemba-Rec , M. Kopyściański , P. Śliwiński , S. Dymek , M.S. Węglowski , A. Wrona , K. Groń
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 1695-1701 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.151397
Keywords: Ni-Cr-Re Coatings Laser Remelting Plasma Spraying Microstructure
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Abstract

The study was focused on the characterization of microstructural evolution and microhardness in the plasma-sprayed and laser remelted Ni-Cr coatings with 20% addition of rhenium on stainless steel. The remelting process was performed with different laser power and laser traverse speed. The laser remelting process improves the quality of plasma sprayed Ni-Cr-Re coatings, reducing the porosity and the inhomogeneity of the chemical composition. The remelted coatings were characterized by a dendritic microstructure. Microsegregation of rhenium to dendrites was observed. The remelted coatings have an iron content of over 40%, which is the result of too deep remelting with the substrate material. The iron content in the remelted coatings increases with the decrease in laser speed, but the rhenium content decreases. All tested coatings were characterized by hardness similar to that of the substrate material.
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Authors and Affiliations

I. Kalemba-Rec
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kopyściański
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Śliwiński
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Dymek
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.S. Węglowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Wrona
3
ORCID: ORCID
K. Groń
  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Łukasiewicz – Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 44-121 Gliwice, Poland

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Additional info

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is covered by the following services:


Arianta, Baidu Scholar, BazTech, Celdes, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Current Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Materials Science Citation Index, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Science Citation Index Expanded, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), EBSCO (relevant databases), EBSCO Discovery Service, Elsevier - SCOPUS, Genamics JournalSeek, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, J-Gate, JournalTOCs, KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders), Microsoft Academic, Naviga (Softweco), Primo Central (ExLibris), ProQuest (relevant databases), ReadCube, ResearchGate, SCImago (SJR), Sherpa/RoMEO, Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest), TDNet, TEMA Technik und Management, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb, WanFang Data, WorldCat (OCLC)

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