Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Thermodynamics

Zawartość

Archives of Thermodynamics | 2022 | vol. 43 | No 1

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Abstrakt

Local wind conditions can vary strongly depending on the landmark and vegetation, as well as on the skyline of the buildings in an urban surrounding. Weather, season and time of day influence the yield of electric power. In order to promote the use of small wind turbines as an alternative to photovoltaic power generation, design optimization for locationoptimized small wind turbines was carried out. In this work, we want to concentrate on vertical axis wind turbines. Experimental studies, as well as numerical simulations, have been conducted. On the one hand, bionically optimized core structures will be integrated and implemented in the hybrid material of the turbine blades. Several optimization attempts have been examined for single blades. Detailed simulative investigations with large eddy simulations improve the aerodynamic behaviour of the new rotor design. Finally, based on the results of the studies and investigations, a new rotor will be manufactured and tested experimentally in the wind tunnel. A comparison with the reference system from the first part of the paper shows the improvements and effectiveness of the measures and processes investigated.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Daniel Lehser-Pfeffermann
1
Alexander Hamman
1
Frank Ulrich Rückert
1

  1. University of Applied Sciences Saarbrücken (htw saar), Faculty of Economic Sciences, Campus Rotenbühl, Waldhausweg 14, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Abstrakt

In the presented work Egorov’s approach (adding a source term to the ω-equation in the k-! model, which mimics the damping of turbulence close to a solid wall) was implemented in on the subclass of shear stress transport models. Hence, turbulence damping is available for all shear stress transport type models, including hybrid models that are based on the ω-equation. It is shown that turbulence damping improves the prediction of the axial velocity profile not only for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulation but also for detached eddy simulation and delayed detached eddy simulation models. Furthermore, it leads to a more realistic estimation of the pressure drop and, hence, to a more correct prediction of the liquid level. In this paper, simulation results for four different turbulence models are presented and validated by comparison with experimental data. Furthermore, the influence of the magnitude of the damping factor on the pressure drop in the channel is investigated for a variety of different gas-to-liquid flow rate ratios. These investigations show that higher gas-to-liquid flow rate ratios require higher damping factors to correctly predict the pressure drop. In the end, advice is formulated on how an appropriate damping factor can be determined for a specific test case.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jiri Polansky
1
Sonja Schmelter
2

  1. Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských partyzánu 1580/3, 160 00 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
  2. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, D-10587 Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany
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Abstrakt

Paper is considering the purpose and the process of development of last stage blade for intermediate pressure module of 13K215 steam turbine. In the last 20–30 years most of the steam turbine manufacturers were focused on improving such a turbine mainly by upgrading low pressure module. In a result of such a modernization technology were changed from impulse to reaction. The best results of upgrading were given by developing low pressure last stage blade. With some uncertainty and based on state of art knowledge, it can be stand that improving of this part of steam turbine is close to the end. These above indicators show an element on which future research should be focused on – in the next step it should be intermediate pressure module. In the primary design the height of intermediate pressure last stage blade was 500 mm but because of change of technology this value was decreased to 400 mm. When to focus on reaction technology, the height of the last stage blade is related to output power and efficiency. Considered here is the checking the possibility of implementing blades, in a reaction technology, higher than 400 mm and potentially highest. Article shows a whole chosen methodology of topic described above. It leads through the reasons of research, limitations of 13K215 steam turbine, creation of three-dimensional models, fluid flow calculations, mechanical integrity calculations and proposed solutions of design.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Radoslaw Bondyra
1
Jan Przytulski
1
Krzysztof Dominiczak
2

  1. GE Power Ltd, Stoczniowa 2, 82-300 Elblag, Poland
  2. Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstrakt

The results of the gas-dynamic calculation of the low-pressure cylinder flow part of the K-220-44 type steam turbine intended for operation at nuclear power plants are presented. The ways of the flow part improvement were determined. Some of those ways include the use of innovative approaches that were not previously used in steam turbines. The design of the new flow part was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive methodology implemented in the IPMFlow software package. The methodology includes gas-dynamic calculations of various levels of complexity, as well as methods for analytical construction of the spatial shape of the blade tracts based on a limited number of parameterized values. The real thermodynamic properties of water and steam were taken into account in 3D calculations of turbulent flows. At the final step, end-to-end 3D calculations of the lowpressure cylinder that consists of 5 stages were performed. The technology of parallel computing was applied in those calculations. It is shown that due to the application of innovative solutions, a significant increase in efficiency can be achieved in the developed low-pressure cylinder.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Andrii Rusanov
1
Viktor Subotin
2
Viktor Shvetsov
2
Roman Rusanov
1
Serhii Palkov
1 2
Ihor Palkov
1 2
Marina Chugay
1

  1. The A.N. Podgorny Institute for Mechanical Engineering Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Pozharsky 2/10, 61046 Kharkiv, Ukraine
  2. JSC “Ukrainian Energy Machines” Moskovsky 199, 61037 Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Abstrakt

Artificial neural networks are gaining popularity thank to their fast and accurate response paired with low computing power requirements. They have been proven as a method for compressor performance prediction with satisfactory results. In this paper a new approach of artificial neural networks modelling is evaluated. The auxiliary parameter of ‘relative stability margin Z’ was introduced and used in learning process. This approach connects two methods of compressor modelling such as neuralnetworks and auxiliary parameter utilization. Two models were created, one with utilization of the ‘relative stability margin Z’ as a direct indication of surge margin of any estimated condition, and other with standard compressor parameters. The results were compared by determination of fitting, interpolation and extrapolation capabilities of both approaches. The artificial neural networks used during the process was a two-layer feed-forward neural-network with Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm with Bayesian regularization. The experimental data was interpolated to increase the amount of learning data for the neural network. With the two models created, capabilities of this relatively simple type of neural-network to approximate compressor map was also assessed.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sergiusz Michał Loryś
1
Marek Orkisz
2

  1. Hamilton Sundstrand Poland / Pratt & Whitney AeroPower Rzeszów, Hetmanska 120, 35-078 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Powstanców Warszawy 8, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstrakt

Air pollution has a serious impact on the health of human beings and is a major cause of death worldwide every year. Out of the many sources of air pollution, the smoke generated from household combustion devices is very dangerous due to the incomplete combustion of fuel. Women from rural areas suffer a lot due to this harmful smoke. Diseases like cancer, throat, and lung infection occur in adults and children due to inhalation of this smoke. The traditional chulha used by rural women is operated by using cow dung, straw, and wood, and the air is blown manually by using small metallic pipes. This paper presents the design and development of an innovative stove to maximize flame temperature and minimize air pollution to overcome the health-related issues of rural women. A smokeless stove is presented, in which wood, straw, and cow dung are taken as primary fuel, and superheated steam as a secondary oxidizer for its operation. In this stove, a forced draft is created by the provision of a small fan, which is operated by solar power thus eliminating the need of creating a forced draft manually by the cook which makes this innovative stove superior to the traditional chulha. Owing to the provision of superheated steam, the flame temperature as well as the burning efficiency increases. The cooking time is reduced due to higher flame temperature as compared to the liquefied petroleum gas stove. The main objective of this work is to minimize air pollution and provide a smoke-free environment to the people using such devices as this innovative stove offers complete combustion of fuel. The flame temperature of the designed stove ranges from 595˚C to 700˚C and its thermal efficiency is 10–17% higher than that of the traditional chulha. The design of this stove is unique, and its maintenance cost is also much less.
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Bibliografia

[1] James B.S., Shetty R.S., Kamath A., Shetty A.: Household cooking fuel use and its health effects among rural women in southern India — A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 15(2020), 4, e0231757.
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[3] Onah I., Ayuba H.K., Idris N.M.: Estimation of fuelwood-induced carbon emission from the use of improved cook stoves by selected households in Kwara State, Nigeria. Clim. Change 160 (2020), 3, 463–477.
[4] Obi O.F., Ezema J.C., Okonkwo W.I.: Energy performance of biomass cookstoves using fuel briquettes. Biofuels 11 (2020), 4, 467–478.
[5] Woldesemayate A.T., Atnaw S.M.: A review on design and performance of improved biomass cooks stoves. L. N. Inst. Comp. Sci. Soc.-Inf. Telecomm. Eng. LNICST 308(2020), 557–565.
[6] Flores W.C., Bustamante B., Pino H.N., Al-Sumaiti A., Rivera S.: A national strategy proposal for improved cooking stove adoption in Honduras: Energy consumption and cost-benefit analysis. Energies 13(2020), 4, en13040921.
[7] Mekonnen B.Y., Hassen A.A.: Design, construction and testing of hybrid solarbiomass cook stove. L. N. Inst. Comp. Sci. Soc.-Inf. Telecomm. Eng. LNICST 274 (2019), 225–238.
[8] Jain T., Sheth P.N.: Design of energy utilization test for a biomass cook stove. Formulation of an optimum air flow recipe. Energy 166(2019), 1097–1105.
[9] Manyuchi M.M., Mbohwa C., Muzenda E., Mpeta, M.: Adoption of eco cook stoves as a way of improving energy efficiency. In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Pilsen, July 23–26, 2019, 35–39.
[10] Prasannakumaran K.M., Karthikeyan M., Sanjay Kumar C., Premkumar, D., Kirubakaran V.: Integration of cooking trays for waste heat recovery in the energy efficient wood stove. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 39(2019), 1, 69–73.
[11] Emetere M.E., Okonkwo O.D., Jack-Quincy S.: Investigating heat sink properties for an efficient construction of energy generating cook stove for rural settler. Int. J. Manuf. Mater. Mech. Eng. 8(2018), 3, 12–22.
[12] Tom S., Shuma M.R., Madyira D.M., Kaymakci A.: Performance testing of a multi-layer biomass briquette stove. In: Proc. Conf. Ind. Commer. Use Energy ICUE (2017), 8068008.
[13] Roul M.K., Nayak, R.C.: Experimental investigation of natural convection heat transfer through heated vertical tubes. Int. J. Eng Res Appl. 2(2012), 6, 1088–1096.
[14] Nayak R.C., Roul M.K., Sarangi S.K.: Experimental investigation of natural convection heat transfer in heated vertical tubes with discrete rings. Exp. Tech. 41(2017), 585–603.
[15] Nayak R.C., Roul M.K., Sarangi S.K.: Experimental investigation of natural convection heat transfer in heated vertical tubes. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 12(2017), 2538–2550.
[16] Nayak R.C., Roul M.K., Sarangi, S.K.: Natural convection heat transfer in heated vertical tubes with internal rings. Arch. Thermodyn. 39(2018), 4, 85–111.
[17] Sahoo L.K., Roul, M.K., Swain R.K.: CFD analysis of steady laminar natural convection heat transfer from a pin finned isothermal vertical plate. Heat Transf. – Asian Res. 46(2017), 840–862.
[18] Sahoo L.K., Roul M.K., Swain R.K.: Natural convection heat transfer augmentation factor with square conductive pin fin arrays. J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 58(2017), 1115–1122.
[19] Sahoo L.K., Roul M.K., Swain R.K.: CFD analysis of natural convection heat transfer augmentation from square conductive horizontal and inclined pin fin arrays. Int. J. Ambient Energy 39(2018), 840–851.
[20] Baqir M., Bharti S.K., Kothari R., Singh, R.P.: Assessment of an energyefficient metal stove for solid biomass fuel and evaluation of its performance. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16(2019), 11, 6773–6784.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ramesh Chandra Nayak
1
Manmatha K. Roul
2
Prateek Debadarsi Roul
3

  1. Synergy Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar – 752101, Odisha, India
  2. GITA Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar – 752054, Odisha, India
  3. Odisha University of Technology and Research, Bhubaneswar – 751003, Odisha, India
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Abstrakt

In this paper, the logarithmic mean temperature difference method is used to determine the heat power of a tube-in-tube exchanger. Analytical solutions of the heat balance equations for the exchanger are presented. The considerations are illustrated by an example solution of the problem. In particular, the heat power of the tube-in-tube heat exchanger is determined taking into account the variants of work in the co-current and counter-current mode. Apart from the analytical solutions, appropriate numerical calculations in Matlab environment have been carried out.
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Bibliografia

[1] Andrzejczyk R., Muszynski T.: Thermal and economic investigation of straight and U-bend double tube heat exchanger with coiled wire turbulator. Arch. Thermodyn. 40(2019), 2, 17–33.
[2] Bury T., Składzien J., Widziewicz K.: Experimental and numerical analyses of finned cross flow heat exchangers efficiency under non-uniform gas inlet flow conditions. Arch. Thermodyn. 31(2010), 4, 133–144.
[3] Hobler T.: Heat Transfer and Exchangers. Warszawa 1971 (in Polish).
[4] Kuppan T.: Heat Exchanger Design Handbook (2nd Edn.). CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton 2013.
[5] Nitsche M., Gbadamosi R.O.: Heat Exchanger Design Guide. Elsevier, New York 2016.
[6] Pakowski Z., Adamski R.: Fundamentals of MATLAB in Process Engineering. Lodz Univ. Technol. Press, Łódz 2014 (in Polish).
[7] Roetzel W., Luo X.: Thermal analysis of heat exchanger networks. Arch. Thermodyn. 26(2005), 1, 5–16.
[8] Shah R.K., Sekulic D.P.: Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Ddesign. Wiley, Hoboken 2003.
[9] Smith E.M.: Thermal Design of Heat Exchangers. A Numerical Approach: Direct- Sizing and Step-Wise Rating. Wiley, Chichester 1997.
[10] Taler D.: Numerical Modeling and Experimental Testing of Heat Exchangers. Springer, Berlin 2018.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kazimierz Rup
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, al. Jana Pawła II 37, Cracow, Poland
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Abstrakt

This paper presents the influence of cooling water regulation on power plant net efficiency. It was examined whether, for the non-nominal low-pressure turbine load, it is justified to reduce the cooling water pump load, and how it would affect the unit net efficiency. Calculations for two types of power units were carried out: with condensing and extractioncondensing turbine. The tested condensing power plant consists of three surface condensers. The calculation included four condensers’ connections set up on the cooling water side to check how the cooling water system pressure drop affects the net unit performance. The result has confirmed that implementing serial connection decreases net efficiency when cooling water flow regulation is used, but the mixed connection should be applied when pump load is not controlled. It was proved that the cooling water flow control gives a profit for both units. Net efficiency for combined heat and power plant can be improved by 0.1–0.5 pp, the gain is remarkable below 60% of the low-pressure turbine part load. Flow control implementation in the unit with condensing turbine water control gives a similar profit just below 80% of the turbine load. Next, an influence of the additional limitations of a cooling water system (minimal total pump head, cooling tower) affecting the feasibility of implementing the water control has been considered. Applying a multi-cell forced draft cooling tower does not have a significant impact on results, but when a natural draft cooling tower is used, the flow control range is strongly reduced.
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Bibliografia

[1] Chmielniak T., Łukowicz H.: Modeling and optimization of coal power units with CO2 capture. WPS, Gliwice 2015 (in Polish).
[2] Chmielniak T., Łukowicz H.: Condensing power plant cycle assessing possibilities of improving its e?ciency. Arch. Thermodyn. 31(2010), 3, 105–113.
[3] Grzesiczek E., Mendecki J., Komarnicki Z.: Optimization of cooling water flow in 225 MW turbine condenser. Energetyka (2007), 8, 574–575.
[4] Rusak J.: Reduction of auxiliary energy consumption in TAURON Wytwarzanie S.A. on the example of cooling water systems modernization. Energetyka (2013), 1, 43–47.
[5] Laskowski R.: Wybrane zagadnienia modelowania i optymalizacji skraplaczy energetycznych i wymienników regeneracyjnych. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, 2018.
[6] Laskowski R., Smyk A., Rusowicz A., Grzebielec A.: Optimization of the cooling water mass flow rate under variable load of a power unit. Appl. Therm. Eng. 191(2021), 116874.
[7] Gardzilewicz A., Błaszczyk A., Głuch J.: Operating and economic conditions of cooling water control for marine steam turbine condensers. Pol. Marit. Res. 18(2011), 3(70), 48–54.
[8] Harish R., Subhramanyan E.E., Madhavan R., Vidyanand S.: Theoretical model for evaluation of variable frequency drive for cooling water pumps in sea water based once through condenser cooling water systems. Appl. Therm. Eng. 30(2010), 2051–2057.
[9] Xia L., Liu D., Zhou L., Wang P., Chen Y.: Optimization of a seawater oncethrough cooling system with variable speed pumps in fossil fuel power plants. Int. J. Therm. Sci., 91(2015), 105–112.
[10] Dobkiewicz-Wieczorek E.: Cooling water mass flow optimization for low load of condensing turbine including CHP turbine. Rynek Energii (2020), 6, 15–20.
[11] Dobkiewicz-Wieczorek E.: Influence of surface condensers connection configuration on power plant unit performance. Arch. Thermodyn. 41(2020), 4, 115–145.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ewa Dobkiewicz-Wieczorek
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Konarskiego 18, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Abstrakt

This paper presents a test stand equipped, among others, with two boilers intended for the combustion of solid fuels. The first is a single-fuel boiler designed to burn wood pellets only. The second is a multi-fuel boiler intended for the combustion of mainly hard coal (basic fuel) with the grain size of 0.005–0.025 m. Wood pellets can also be fired in this boiler, which in such a case are treated as a substitute fuel. There is a developed and verified algorithm for the control of the multi-fuel boiler operation in a wide range of loads for the basic fuel. However, for the substitute fuel (wood pellets) there are no documented and confirmed results of such testing. The paper presents selected results of testing performed during the combustion of wood pellets in a multi-fuel automatically stoked boiler. Several measuring series were carried out, for which optimal operating conditions were indicated. These conditions may serve as the basis for the development of the boiler operation control algorithm. A detailed analysis was carried out of the flue gas temperatures obtained at the outlet of the boiler combustion chamber and of the contents of carbon monoxide and oxygen in the boiler flue gases.
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Bibliografia

[1] Announcement of the Sejm Speaker of the Republic of Poland on the promulgation of a consolidated text of the Act on renewable energy sources. Journal of Laws – Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) 2021, Item 610 (in Polish).
[2] Regulation of the Minister of Development and Finance on the requirements for solid-fuel boilers. Journal of Laws – Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) 2017, Item 1690 (in Polish).
[3] EN 303-5:2021: Heating boilers – Part 5: Heating boilers for solid fuels, manually and automatically stoked, nominal heat output of up to 500 kW – Terminology, requirements, testing and marking.
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[5] Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2146 amending Regulation (EC) 1099/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy statistics, as regards the implementation of updates for the annual, monthly and short-term monthly energy statistics. OJ L 325, 16.12.2019.
[6] Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. OJ L 328, 21.12.2018.
[7] Zima W., Ojczyk G.: Current status and prospects for solid multi-fuel boilers of low power. Rynek Energii 5(2013), 108, 50–56 (in Polish).
[8] Juszczak M., Pałaszynska K., Rolirad K., Janicki M., Szczechowiak E.: Attempt to use additives increasing ash melting point while firing agricultural biomass pellets in order to avoid slag production in the furnace. Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja 48(2017), 8, 320–326 (in Polish).
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[18] Rutkowski Ł., Szczygieł I.: Calculation of the furnace exit gas temperature of stoker fired boilers. Arch. Thermodyn. 42(2021), 3, 3–24.


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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wiesław Zima
1
Grzegorz Ojczyk
2

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Department of Energy, al. Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Kraków, Poland
  2. MTHE Modern Technologies in Heating Engineering, Młynska-Boczna 7/2, 31-470 Kraków, Poland
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Abstrakt

This paper presents the experimental investigation of an earthto- air heat exchanger for heating purposes in the Patna region of India, using an experimental test rig. In the view of the author, real field experiments have several limitations such as lack of repeatability and uncontrolled conditions. It also takes more time for the response of parameters that depends on nature and climate. Moreover, earth-to-air heat exchangers may be expensive to fabricate and require more land area. Thus, in this work authors executed their experimental work in indoor controllable environments to investigate the thermal performance of an earth-to-air heat exchanger. The actual soil conditions were created and maintained the temperature at 26˚C throughout the soil in the vicinity of pipes. Three horizontal PVC pipes of equal lengths and diameters of 0.0285 m, 0.038 m and 0.0485 m were installed in the test rig. The experiments were performed for different inlet air velocities at ambient air temperature. This study acknowledges that the maximum rise in outlet temperature occurs at a lower speed for smaller pipes. Also, the maximum effectiveness of 0.83 was observed at 2 m/s for the smallest diameter pipe.
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Bibliografia

[1] Uddin M.S., Ahmed R., Rahman M.: Performance evaluation and life cycle analysis of earth to air heat exchanger in a developing country. Energy Build. 128(2016), 254–261.
[2] Yusof T.M., Anuar S., Ibrahim H.: A review of ground heat exchangers for cooling application in the Malaysian climate. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 8(2015), 1426–1439.
[3] Bisoniya T.S., Kumar A., Baredar P.: Heating potential evaluation of earth-air heat exchanger system for winter season. J. Build. Phys. 39(2015), 3, 242–260.
[4] Sehli A., Hasni A., Tamali M.: The potential of earth-air heat exchangers for low energy cooling of buildings in South Algeria. Energy Proced. 18(2012), 496–506.
[5] D’Agostino D., Marino C., Minichiello F.: Earth-to-air versus air-to-air heat exchangers: A numerical study on the energetic, economic, and environmental performances for Italian office buildings. Heat Transf. Eng. 41(2020), 12, 1040–1051.
[6] Benrachi N., Ouzzane M., Smaili A., Lamarche L., Badache M., Maref W.: Numerical parametric study of a new earth-air heat exchanger configuration designed for hot and arid climates. Int. J. Green Energy 17(2020), 2, 115–126.
[7] Abbaspour-Fard M.H., Gholami A., Khojastehpour M.: Evaluation of an earth-to-air heat exchanger for the north-east of Iran with semi-arid climate. Int. J. Green Energy 8(2011), 4, 499–510.
[8] Lin J., Nowamooz H., Braymand S.,Wolff P., Fond C.: Impact of soil moisture on the long-term energy performance of an earth-air heat exchanger system. Renew. Energy 147(2018), 2, 2676–2687.
[9] Agrawal K.K., Yadav T., Misra R., Agrawal G.D.: Effect of soil moisture contents on thermal performance of earth-air-pipe heat exchanger for winter heating in arid climate: In situ measurement. Geothermics 77 (2019), 12–23
[10] Abu-Hamdeh N.H.: Thermal properties of soils as affected by density and water content. Biosyst. Eng. 86(2003), 1, 97–102.
[11] Balghouthi M., Kooli S., Farhat A., Daghari H., Belghith A.: Experimental investigation of thermal and moisture behaviors of wet and dry soils with buried capillary heating system. Sol. Energy 79(2005), 6, 669–681.
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[13] Gan G.: Simulation of dynamic interactions of the earth–air heat exchanger with soil and atmosphere for preheating of ventilation air. Appl. Energy 158(2015), 118–132.
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[16] Shojaee S.M.N., Malek K.: Earth-to-air heat exchangers cooling evaluation for different climates of Iran. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 23(2017), 111–120.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Saif Nawaz Ahmad
1
Om Prakash
1

  1. National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar 800005, India

Instrukcja dla autorów

Submission of manuscript
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From January 1, 2024, the authors are requested to submit their paper using a dedicated template provided at the AOT webpage https://www.imp.gda.pl/archives-of-thermodynamics/.


Notes for Contributors

Archives of Thermodynamics publishes original papers which have not previously appeared in other journals. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges. The language of the papers is English. The authors are responsible to prepare papers with good English. All pages should be numbered.

Paper preparation quidelines

1. The manuscript should be written in very good English, using the two-column format provided in the template.

2. The heading should specify the title (as short as possible), author, his/her complete affiliation, town, zip code, country and e-mail. Please indicate the corresponding author. The heading should be followed by Abstract and Keywords.

3. More important symbols used in the paper should be listed in Nomenclature, placed below Abstract and arranged in a column, e.g.:
u – velocity, m/s
v – specific volume, m/kg etc.

The list should begin with Latin symbols in alphabetical order followed by Greek symbols also in alphabetical order and with a separate heading. Subscripts and superscripts should follow Greek symbols and should be identified with separate headings. Physical quantities should be expressed in SI units ( Système International d’Unités). In the template a dedicated area is created to put the nomenclature.

4. All abbreviations should be spelled out first time they are introduced in the text. Abbreviations should also be listed in the Nomenclature.

5. The equations should be each in a separate line. Standard mathematical notation should be used. All symbols used in equations must be clearly defined. The numbers of equations should run consecutively, irrespective of the division of the paper into sections. The numbers should be given in round brackets on the righthand side of the column.

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8. The figures, including photographs, diagrams, etc., should be numbered with Arabic numerals in the same order in which they appear in the text. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text.

9. The figures should also be submitted as separate graphic files in either vector formats (PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), preferable, CorelDraw (CDR), etc.) or bitmap formats (Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), etc.), with the resolution not lower than 300 dpi, preferably 600 dpi. These resolutions refer to images sized at dimensions comparable to those of figures in the print journal. Therefore, electronic figures should be sized to fit on single printed page and can have maximum 120 mm x 170 mm.

10. The references for the paper should be numbered in the order in which they are called in the text. Calling the references is by giving the appropriate numbers in square brackets. The references should be listed with the following information provided: the author’s surname and the initials of his/her names, the complete title of the work (in English translation) and, in addition:

The references should be placed after the acknowledgment section. The references citation in the manuscript body should be numbered: [1], [2], etc. Please use the following style of references in bibliography APA – 7th ed:

Journal citation (APA – 7th ed):
[1] Król, J., & Ocłoń, P. (2019). Sensitivity analysis of hybrid combined heat and power plant on fuel and CO2 emission allowances price change. Energy Conversion and Management, 196, 127–148.
doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.090

[2] Zhou, Y., Bi, H., & Wang, H. (2023). Influence of the primary components of the high-speed train on fire heat release rate. Archives of Thermodynamics, 44(1), 37–61.
doi.org/10.24425/ather.2023.145876

When citing scientific papers, it is needed to provide a DOI identifier if available.
Example of citation:
• Król and Ocłoń [1] studied a hybrid CHP sensitivity on fuel and CO2 emission allowances price change.
• Zhou et al. [2] studied the influence of the primary components of the high speed train on fire heat release rate.

Book citation (APA – 7th ed):
[3] Ocłoń, P. (2021). Renewable energy utilization using underground energy systems (1st ed.). Springer Nature.
Example of citation:
• Ocłoń et al. [3] presented renewable energy systems for heating cooling and electrical energy production in buildings.

Book chapter citation (APA – 7th ed):
[4] Ciałkowski, M., & Frąckowiak, A. (2014). Boundary element method in inverse heat conduction problem. In Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses (pp. 424–433). Springer Netherlands.
Example of citation:
• Ciałkowski and Frąckowiak [4] presented a Boundary element method application for solving inverse heat conduction problems.

Conference proceedings (APA – 7th ed):
[5] Pourghasemi, B., & Fathi, N. (2023). Validation and verification analyses of turbulent forced convection of Na and NaK in miniature heat sinks. ASME 2023 Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification Symposium, 17-19 May, Baltimore, USA.
Example of citation:
• Pourghasemi and Fathi [5] validated and verified turbulent forced convection of Na and NaK in miniature heat sinks.
For works originally published in a language other than English, the language should be indicated in parentheses at the end of the reference. Authors are responsible for ensuring that the information in each reference is complete and accurate, including the DOI number.

11. As the papers are published in English, the authors who are not native speakers of English are obliged to have the paper thoroughly reviewed language-wise before submitting for publication. When the Editors or Reviewers assess that the writing English of the manuscript is poor, the authors are obliged to correct it, and provide a Certificate of English Editing as attachment in Editorial System.

Further information

All manuscripts will undergo some editorial modification. The paper proofs (as PDF file) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author for acceptance, and should be returned within two weeks of receipt. Within the proofs corrections of minor and typographical errors in: author names, affiliations, articles titles, abstracts and keywords, formulas, symbols, grammatical error, details in figures, etc., are only allowed, as well as necessary small additions. The changes within the text will be accepted in case of serious errors, for example with regard to scientific accuracy, or if authors reputation and that of the journal would be affected. Submitted material will not be returned to the author, unless specifically requested. A PDF file of published paper will be supplied free of charge to the Corresponding Author. Submission of the manuscript expresses at the same time the authors consent to its publishing in both printed and electronic versions.

Transfer of Copyright Agreement

All papers are published under lincense CC BY 4.0. Once a paper has been accepted for publication, as a condition of publication, the authors are asked to send a scanned copy of the signed original of the Transfer of Copyright Agreement, signed by the Corresponding Author on behalf of all authors.

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