Applied sciences

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers

Content

Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers | 2025 | vol. 46 | No 3

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Abstract

New hydrophobic sorbents were developed to remove oil-derived pollutants. The process of hydrophobization was conducted by the application of stearic acid and the commercially available silicone agent Sarsil H. Three fractions of expanded perlite were studied, including the P100F fraction, which is a waste product during the processing of perlite. By determining the beneficial influence of the modifiers upon the selected sorption properties of various fractions of perlite one stated that there is a possibility to apply the modified materials, as sorbents for the removal of petroleum-derived pollution. The process of hydrophobization significantly enhanced the hydrophobic properties of all modified materials. All samples after modification were characterised by lesser absorbability and significantly greater capability of the adsorption of diesel oil from the soil and water surface in comparison with raw samples. One extended the range of the products to remove oil-derived pollutants not only in the context of various means of modification methods and modifying substances but one also demonstrated the possibility of the application of fine-grained fraction of P100F perlite as a sorbent for the removal of petroleum-derived pollutions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Vogt
1
ORCID: ORCID
Otmar Vogt
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Papież
1

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty Energy and Fuels, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Membrane processes continue to attract significant interest, as reflected in the growing number of studies focused on the development of innovative membrane materials. Novel membranes are frequently designed for specific separation processes, in which they demonstrate enhanced transport properties and improved resistance to fouling. In this study, a methodology was proposed to evaluate the transport properties of novel membrane materials with respect to their resistance to hydrogen sulfide, a common contaminant in biogas. To this end, the permeance, solubility, and diffusivity of CH4, CO2, N2, and O2 were experimentally determined both before and after exposure of a glassy polyimide membrane to hydrogen sulfide. Exposure to H2S resulted in a reduction of both permeation and diffusivity coefficients for all investigated gases. It was also observed that hydrogen sulfide exposure did not significantly affect the overall gas solubility. Notably, only for CO2 an increase in gas mobility within the fractional free volume was detected, whereas the mobility of the remaining gases was effectively diminished. To describe the solubility and diffusivity behavior of the gases in the glassy polyimide membrane, the Dual Mode Sorption and partial immobilization models were applied. The parameters of the DMS model were determined based on gravimetric sorption experiments.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Janusz-Cygan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Wiciak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Janusz-Szymańska
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Tańczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

This study aimed to develop a micellar-mediated extraction (MME) method with elements of experimental planning. The scope of work included preparing a series of micellar extracts from the root of Peoniae lactiflora. Extractions were performed under ultrasonic conditions in a solution with ethoxylated fatty alcohol. The variable parameters were time, concentration of plant material, and citric acid. The properties of extracts, such as antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content, were measured using a spectrophotometric method. The findings demonstrated clear relationships between extraction time and raw material amount with the measured outputs. Longer extraction times led to higher values across all output variables. Similarly, increasing the amount of raw material resulted in elevated concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids. Interestingly, higher citric acid content enhanced the concentration of flavonoids. This study successfully demonstrated that MME, when combined with a well-designed experimental plan, offers a powerful and adaptable strategy for obtaining antioxidant-rich plant extracts with optimized bioactive content. The results provided an indication enabling to obtain extracts with high concentrations of antioxidants.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Śliwa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kamila Ho
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to obtain stable systems of lipid-based nanocarriers (SLN, NLC, HA-NLC, liposomes) with a selected berry polyphenol – quercetin as an active ingredient. Lipid-based nanosystems were obtained using ultrasonification technique. The stability was assessed by macro- and microscopic observation and viscosity measurements. The physicochemical properties of both incorporated and nonincorporated carriers were examined with dynamic light scattering technique (DLS). In vitro release studies of quercetin were performed using cellulose membrane and the mixture of PBS/ethanol as an acceptor solution. The lowest average particle size was achieved for the traditional NLC formulation and ranged between 126:5 ± 1:6 nm for unloaded and 138:7 ± 1:0 nm for NLC with quercetin. Release study of the active ingredient from optimal lipid-based nanocarriers indicated its prolonged and controlled release profile. On this basis, a mathematical model that best describes the kinetics of the active substance release from the tested carriers was fitted. According to the results, the best fit of quercetin release from examined nanocarriers was obtained for the Higuchi model. The conducted research gave promising results allowing to conclude that the obtained lipid-based nanosystems may be potential carriers for quercetin which possess a therapeutic effect in the treatment of skin disorders.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elwira Lasoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Julia Pokigo
1

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as the ion carrier and cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the polymer support were used for selective transport of gold(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions containing Pd(II) and Pt(IV). TBAB is a novel ionic liquid (IL) with very good extraction properties for selected precious metals. The transport rate of Au(III) was higher than that of Pt(IV) and Pd(II). The obtained selectivity order was as follows: Au(III) > Pd(II) > Pt(IV). The selectivity coefficients were: SAu=Pd = 2:5 and SAu=Pt = 3:2. The results show that the application of PIM composed of 55% w/w CTA, 25% w/w NPOE and 20% w/w TBAB can be used as an effective method of recovering Au(III) from leach liquor of electronic-waste.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Pospiech
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, 19 Armii Krajowej Ave., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

This study investigates multiple emulsions as structured, food-grade delivery systems of chemopreventive agents designed to improve the stability and gastric protection of functional compounds. Emulsions were prepared using a Couette–Taylor flow contactor, enabling precise control over droplet size and internal architecture. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was employed as a multifunctional stabilising agent. The presence of CMC significantly improved droplet integrity, encapsulation efficiency, and long-term physical stability. Furthermore, CMC acted as an oxygen barrier, increasing the oxidative stability of the membrane oil phase. Under simulated gastric conditions, the emulsions demonstrated controlled release behaviour influenced by both droplet structure and CMC concentration. Systems with smaller droplets and higher CMC levels exhibited slower release rates of both lipophilic (resveratrol) and hydrophilic (selenium) compounds, especially during the first two hours of gastric exposure. These observations suggest that increased viscosity and interfacial structuring contribute to delayed diffusion and improved compound retention in acidic environments. The release-modulating effects were particularly evident in emulsions with higher surface area and CMC concentration. Integrating tunable droplet design with hydrocolloid functionality offers a promising route to enhancing physical stability and release control. This approach supports the development of fortified emulsions with chemopreventive agents for functional food and nutraceutical applications requiring targeted delivery and protection during gastric transit.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Markowska-Radomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Dluska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elzbieta Gorska-Horczyczak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Zalewska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Department of Technique and Food Development, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The excessive amount of hydrolysis products of PACl (polyaluminium chloride) results in the formation of a large number of very small non-agglomerated particles (1–2 μm) when reaching and exceeding the isoelectric point. It was found that the residual aluminium occurred mostly in the form of Al13 species. In the study the influence of PACl overdosing on filtrate quality was tested in the aspect of the choice of the best tool to control treatment process. It was reported that although the filtrate turbidity was compliant with drinking water requirements and did not exceed 0.37 NTU, the coagulant hydrolysis products in the form of fine particles were not all retained in the filter bed and were observed in filtrate. Non-agglomerated particles were especially observed in the initial phase of filtration run. There was no direct correlation between the number of fine particles and turbidity in filtrate e.g. if to compare filtrate samples of similar turbidity (sample 2 – filtrate turbidity was 0.21 NTU and sample 5 with turbidity 0.17 NTU). The number of 1 μm particle was 82 1/cm3 and 1184 1/cm3 for sample 2 and 5, respectively. Contrary to turbidity measurement, particle count allows to identify the negative results of PACl overdosing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Gumińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kłos
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

In this work, a preparation method of composite particles having bacteriostatic properties, which were subsequently incorporated into polymer filter media, is presented. The novel reliable method of antibacterial filter testing is proposed. The procedure of depositing silver nanoparticles on a support made of aluminosilicates was developed. The antibacterial properties, both bactericidal and bacteriostatic, against Escherichia Coli, commonly encountered in water, were verified in experiments. Maintaining thermal stability of additives and their antibacterial characteristics at high temperatures, relevant for the melt-blown processing, was also confirmed. The practical outcome of the research was incorporating composite particles into polymer fibers to reduce the rate of pressure drop (dP) increase after a long time of operation, which is often observed for water filters exposed to microorganisms. When compared to unmodified polypropylene structures, the time of reaching the terminal dP value in test conditions was increased by up to 80% and 185% for the filter media with an addition of raw mineral and composite particles, respectively. The results of water analysis confirmed the reduction of bacteria concentration and the stability of additive – neither particles incorporated into the fibers nor silver ions were detected downstream of the filter.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Krasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Stor
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karolina Kryszczyńska
1
Silvia Scalese
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems – National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Ottava strada 5, Zona Industriale, 95121 Catania, Italy
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Abstract

Olefin metathesis represents a key process in selective olefin production. Despite being relatively new compared to light paraffin dehydrogenation, its history spans from accidental discovery through Nobel Prize-winning catalyst development that significantly advanced catalysis science. A longstanding challenge in heterogeneous catalysis has been the limited number of carbene centers (active sites), in many cases, only a small fraction of the surface metal forms active sites. While photoreduction methods using CO with molybdenum catalysts emerged in the 1970s–90s to generate more active centers, the past decade has witnessed the development of simpler activation approaches. This review examines contemporary methods for activating heterogeneous metathesis catalysts, particularly focusing on activation in methane and olefin atmospheres. The potential use of paraffins introduces promising catalytic synergies. Furthermore, if paraffins prove effective in activating olefin metathesis catalysts, this could enable the integration of dehydrogenation reactions and facilitate scaling from laboratory to industrial applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariya Myradova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Michorczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) were synthesised by reacting trifunctional cyclic carbonate with poly(propylene oxide)-derived diamine and further chemically modified with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) moieties to obtain NIPU/POSS hybrids. The materials were manufactured in a porous form using sodium bicarbonate in the particle leaching method. FTIR spectra confirmed the creation of urethane groups in the synthesised materials and the incorporation of POSS particles into the NIPU matrix in the reaction between the oxirane rings present in POSS and the used amines. The SEM and computer micro-tomography (—-CT) images obtained confirmed that the use of the selected size of the sodium bicarbonate crystals allowed pores to be obtained with controlled dimensions. The amount of POSS added (5, 10 and 15 wt.%) did not affect the pore size or its shape. Initial submersion studies using Ringer solution to test in vitro biodegradation behaviour show only small fluctuations in pH and conductivity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Stachak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paulina Korzeniak
1
Edyta Hebda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Wroński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Tarasiuk
2
Jan Ozimek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Pielichowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

Instructions for authors

All manuscripts submitted for publication in Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers must comprise a description of original research that has neither been published nor submitted for publication elsewhere.

The content, aim and scope of the proposals have to comply with the main topics of the journal, i.e. discuss at least one of the four main areas, namely:
• New Advanced (Nano) Materials
• Environment & Water Processing (including circular economy)
• Biochemical & Biomedical Engineering (including pharmaceuticals)
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Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers publishes: i) experimental and theoretical research papers, ii) short communications, iii) critical reviews, and iv) perspective articles. Each publication form is peer-reviewed by at least two independent referees.

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Example: Two samples were taken. Temperature increased to 200K at the end of the process.
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Example: Table 2 shows nitrogen concentration changes in the process.
• Use Simple Present to talk about your conclusions. You move here from describing your results to stating what is generally true.
Example: The process is caused by changes of nitrogen concentration.
• Capitalise words like ‘Table 2’, ‘Equation 11’.
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After the first revision, authors will be requested to put their paper in the correct format, using the below guidelines and template for articles.


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The method of quoting literature source in the manuscript depends on the number of its authors:
single author – their surname and year of publication should be given, e.g. Marquardt (1996) or (Marquardt, 1996),
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In the case of citing more sources in one bracket, they should be listed in alphabetical order using semicolon for separation, e.g. (Bird et al., 1960; Charpentier and McKenna, 2004; Marquardt, 1996). Should more citations of the same author(s) and year appear in the manuscript then letters “a, b, c, ...” should be successively applied after the publication year.

Bibliographic data of the quoted literature should be arranged at the end of the manuscript in alphabetical order of surnames of the first author. It is obligatory to indicate the DOI number of those literature items, whose numbers have already been assigned. Journal titles should be specified by typing their right abbreviations or, when in doubts, according to the Science and Engineering Journal Abbreviations.

Examples of citation for:

Articles
Charpentier J. C., McKenna T. F., 2004. Managing complex systems: some trends for the future of chemical and process engineering. Chem. Eng. Sci., 59, 1617-1640. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2004.01.044.
Information from books (we suggest adding the page numbers where the quoted information can be found)
Bird R. B., Stewart W.E., Lightfood E.N., 2002. Transport Phenomena. 2nd edition, Wiley, New York, 415-421.
Chapters in books
Hanjalić K., Jakirlić S., 2002. Second-moment turbulence closure modelling, In: Launder B.E., Sandham N.D. (Eds.), Closure strategies for turbulent and transitional flows. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 47-101.
Conferences
ten Cate A., Bermingham S.K., Derksen J.J., Kramer H.M.J., 2000. Compartmental modeling of an 1100L DTB crystallizer based on Large Eddy flow simulation. 10th European Conference on Mixing. Delft, the Netherlands, 2-5 July 2000, 255-264.



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ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

Editors of the "Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers" pay attention to maintain ethical standards in scientific publications and undertake any possible measure to counteract neglecting the standards. Papers submitted for publication are evaluated with respect to reliability, conforming to ethical standards and the advancement of science. Principles given below are based on COPE's Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors, which may be found at:
http://publicationethics.org/files/u2/Best_Practice.pdf



Publication Frequency
"Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers" publishes four issues annually.

Review and Acceptance Timeline
Initial Review: Within two weeks of submission, authors will receive confirmation of manuscript receipt and an initial editorial assessment.

Peer Review: The peer review process typically takes 4-6 weeks.

Final Decision: The journal aims to inform authors of the editorial decision within approximately 8 weeks of submission.

Online Publication
Accepted articles will be published online as soon as the final copyediting and layout are complete. By following this schedule, we aim to provide a transparent and efficient publication process for our contributors and readers. Authors’ duties


Authors’ duties

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Authorship should be limited to persons, who markedly contributed to the idea, project, realization and interpretation of results. All of them have to be listed as co-authors. Other persons, who affected some important parts of the study should be listed or mentioned as co-workers. Author should be certain that all co-authors were enlisted, saw and accepted final version of the paper and agreed upon its publication.

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Author should disclose all sources of financing of his/her study, the input of scientific institutions, associations and other subjects and all important conflicts of interests that might affect results and interpretation of the study.

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Authors of papers based on original studies should present precise description of performed work and objective discussion on its importance. Source data should be accurately presented in the paper. The paper should contain detailed information and references that would enable others to use it. False or intentionally not true declarations are not ethical and are not accepted by the editors.

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As a rule author should not publish papers describing the same studies in more than one journal or primary publication. Submission of the same paper to more than one journal at the same time is not ethical and prohibited.

Confirmation of sources
Author should cite papers that affected the creation of submitted manuscript and every time he/she should confirm the use of other authors’ work.

Important errors in published papers
When author finds an important error or inaccuracy in his/her paper, he/she is obliged to inform Editorial Office about this as soon as possible.

Originality and plagiarism
Author may submit only original papers. He/she should be certain that the names of authors referred to in the paper and/or fragments of their texts are properly cited or mentioned.

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Duties of the Editorial Office


Editors’ duties
Editors know the rules of journal editing including the procedures applied in case of uncovering non-ethical practices.

Decisions on publication
Editor-in Chief is obliged to apply present legal status as to defamation, violation of author’s rights and plagiarism and bears the responsibility for decisions. He/she may consult thematic editors and/or referees in that matter.

Selection of referees
Editorial Office provides appropriate selection of referees and takes care about appropriate course of peer –reviewing (the review has to be substantive).

Confidentiality
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To counteract discrimination the Editorial Office obeys the legally binding rules.

Disclosure and conflict of interests
Not published papers or their fragments cannot be used in the studies of editorial team or ref-erees without written consent of the author.


Referees' duties

Editorial decisions

Referee supports Editor-in-Chief in taking editorial decisions and may also support author in improving the paper.

Back information
In case a selected referee is not able to review the paper or cannot do it in due time period, he/she should inform secretary of the Editorial Office about this fact.

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All reviews should be made anonymously and the Editorial Office does not disclose names of the authors to referees.

Disclosure and conflict of interests
Confidential information or ideas resulting from reviewing procedure should be kept secret and should not be used to gain personal benefits. Referees should not review papers, which might generate conflict of interests resulting from relationships with the author, firm or institution involved in the study.

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Authors' Right to Appeal
Authors who wish to appeal an editorial decision should submit a detailed written explanation to the Editor-in-Chief, outlining the reasons for the appeal and providing any supporting evidence. The Editor-in-Chief will review the appeal in consultation with the editorial team and, if necessary, external reviewers. A decision regarding the appeal will be communicated to the author within [specific timeframe, e.g., 4-6 weeks]. The decision following the appeal is final. Complaints Procedure Complaints related to editorial processes, such as delays in manuscript handling or concerns about publication ethics, should be directed to the Editor-in-Chief. Complaints must be submitted in writing, detailing the nature of the complaint and any relevant information. The Editor-in-Chief will acknowledge receipt of the complaint within [specific timeframe, e.g., 7 days] and will investigate the issue in accordance with COPE guidelines. A formal response will be provided to the complainant within [specific timeframe, e.g., 4-6 weeks]. If the complainant is dissatisfied with the resolution, they may escalate the complaint to [relevant authority, e.g., the publisher or an ethics committee].



Retractions

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Unethical research practices

Retraction requests can be initiated by authors, readers, or the editorial team. The process involves a thorough investigation by the editorial board, following COPE guidelines. If a retraction is warranted, a retraction notice will be published, clearly stating the reasons for the retraction and linking to the original article. The original article will be marked as retracted but remain accessible for transparency.



Plagiarism Detection and Prevention

The journal employs [specific plagiarism detection software, e.g., Turnitin, iThenticate] to screen all submitted manuscripts for potential plagiarism. Authors are expected to ensure that their work is original and properly cites the work of others. If plagiarism is detected: Before Publication: The manuscript will be returned to the author for correction or rejected outright, depending on the severity of the plagiarism. After Publication: An investigation will be conducted. If plagiarism is confirmed, the article may be retracted, and a notice of retraction will be published. The authors' institutions may also be notified.


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All articles published in “Chemical and Process Engineering: New Frontiers ” are published in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access, under The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en). Authors are encouraged to place articles published in the journal in open repositories, under the condition that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

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Peer-review Procedure

Peer-review procedure
The journal employs a Single-Blind Peer Review Process, where the reviewers are aware of the authors' identities, but the authors remain unaware of who the reviewers are. This approach ensures an impartial evaluation of the manuscript while maintaining the reviewers' confidentiality.

The entire review process is conducted within the Editorial System. Additionally, the journal engages external experts for the review process to ensure high-quality assessments.

Authors are kindly requested to include a list of 4 potential reviewers for their manuscript, providing complete contact information. The suggested reviewers should not reside in the same country as the corresponding author and remain subject to the Editors' discretion when assigning manuscripts for review.

The entire review process is conducted within the Editorial System.

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