Applied sciences

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Content

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2025 | vol. 32 | No 1

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Abstract

The document provides a procedure for accuracy assessment of freeform surfaces based on CMM sampling limited to critical areas, i:e: areas of distribution of the highest deviations predicted from a theoretical or experimental CAD model of deviations. The value of the form deviation is determined by the point furthest away from the nominal CAD model, i:e: the critical point. Critical areas on the deviation model are determined taking into account the uncertainty of predicting a high of an actual surface profile at a critical point. All steps of the procedure are performed in the CAD environment. The proposed procedure is more efficient than the traditional method of distributing points over the entire surface with the same measurement uncertainty. The procedure is demonstrated by assessing the accuracy of a component after three-axis milling, using a theoretical model of the deviations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Poniatowska
1

  1. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, ul. Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
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Abstract

The harmonic magnetic field detection method has the advantage of a large lifting height, which is particularly beneficial for the detection of steel pipelines without removing cladding. However, it has the problem of strong coupling between the excited and induced magnetic field signal, which limits its detection accuracy. In this work, we propose a differential compensation probe, which can effectively suppress the excitation magnetic field signal in the detection signal, in order to significantly improve the accuracy of the harmonic magnetic field detection method. The defect detection capability of the probe is verified both by the finite element simulations and experiments. Despite its simple structure, the differential compensation probe greatly improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection signal. It is expected that the detection method based on the differential compensation probe will have a broad application prospect in the detection of pressure pipelines and vessels with cladding layers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xinhua Wang
1
Zisheng Guo
1
Tao Sun
1
Naixiang Hu
1
Peng Gao
1
Lin Yang
1
Ghulam Rasool
1
Yongsheng Qi
1

  1. College of Mechanical & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology
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Abstract

One way to manage low-temperature heat is to convert it directly into DC electricity using thermocells. By placing a single thermoelectric generator or a battery of thermoelectric cells between two heat exchangers, one side with a higher temperature medium and the other with a lower temperature medium, a temperature difference is created between the covers of the thermoelectric elements, which causes heat transfer and the generation of electricity. The module with thermogenerators and exchangers (MTEG) discussed in the article is equipped with a developed measurement system. This system is used to determine the electric current of twenty, serially-connected thermoelectric generators and to measure the electric voltage across the load resistance of the thermoelectric circuit. The publication presents subcircuits for measuring the internal resistance of two thermogenerators placed symmetrically in individual sections of the MTEG module. According to the developed test method, the measurement system was verified in cyclic tests with varying thermodynamic forcing. The accuracies of the test bench electric parameter measurement paths were estimated, yielding expanded uncertainties of ∓0:012 W in the measurement of generated electric power and ∓0:0008 Ω. and ∓0:0009 Ω. in the resistance of the internal thermogenerators, respectively. Repeatability (EV) was verified and the “capability” of the developed measurement system to function correctly was confirmed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Neska
1
Tadeusz Opara
2

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, K. Pułaskiego 6/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland
  2. Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities, Stasieckiego 54, 26-600 Radom, Poland
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Abstract

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of pressure sensors, a method based on gray wolf optimization (GWO) to optimize kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is proposed to address the problem of nonlinear drift that can be easily affected by temperature in the working environment. Firstly, the fast search capability of the GWO algorithm is used to find optimal regularization coefficients and kernel function parameters of the KELM algorithm; secondly, the random mapping of the traditional ELM algorithm is replaced by the kernel mapping of the KELM algorithm to improve the generalization and stability degradation brought by the random assignments. Finally, the voltage signal values under different temperature and pressure environments are obtained through calibration experiments and compensated by the GWO-KELM algorithm. The results show that the GWO-KELM method has a better compensation effect compared with the traditional BP neural network with a full-scale error of 0.13% (FS), the ELM algorithm with a full-scale error of 0.12%FS, and the KELM algorithm with a full-scale error of 0.12% in the range of 0 to 700 kPa absolute pressure and –40° to 70°. The full-scale error is only 0.07% and the maximum absolute error is as low as 0.5446 kPa, which improves the accuracy index by one order of magnitude.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huan Wang
1
Ting Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pan Liu
1
Yijun Zou
1
Qinghua Zeng
1

  1. School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract

This paper describes recent hardware and software improvements of four-terminal pair (4TP) sampling-based digital impedance bridges being developed at the Silesian University of Technology and the Central Office of Measures. These improvements are based on the use of a new dual-output coaxial multiplexer and modified software responsible for complex voltage ratio measurement. The paper presents the advantages and construction of the new multiplexer. Errors caused by multiplexer switching and cross-capacitance measurements are discussed. The new setup offers improved accuracy of impedance measurements due to the good symmetry of the circuit and averaging results from two digitizers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Musioł
1
Marian Kampik
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Department of Measurements, Electronics and Control, Akademicka 10, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Bearings are essential components in aerospace machinery and various transportation vehicles, with the
grooves inside them providing smooth tracks for rolling elements to carry loads while minimizing frictioninduced
wear. Accurate measurement of the dimensional and shape tolerances of these grooves is crucial.
Coordinate measuring machines, known for their high precision and versatility, excel in measuring various
types and shapes of workpieces. The bearing groove measurement method developed with CMMs introduces
a notable innovation over conventional techniques. Unlike profilometers, which are often incapable of
measuring certain groove types, this method can be applied to a broader range of samples, addressing a
long-standing challenge. A comparison of uncertainty between this method and the traditional profilometer
method resulted in an En value of 0.11, confirming its satisfactory measurement accuracy and compliance
with the technical requirements for bearing groove geometric parameters.
Keywords: bearing grooves, coordinate measuring machine, profile gauge, uncertainty

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Authors and Affiliations

Chenghao Yu
1
Dongyang Huang
2

  1. Division of Mechanics and Manufacture Measurement Technology, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, China
  2. Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract

Impedance spectroscopy is an appropriate technique for studying the complexity of materials, in which their different frequency relationships can be exploited in such a manner that they can be efficiently separated. Barium strontium titanate BaSrTiO3 (BST) is a ferroelectric material with unique properties that make it useful in a range of electronic applications. BST plays an important role in the field of gas-sensing applications. The potential application of BST material as a gas sensor for detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere was studied. Impedance spectroscopy studies were conducted across a wide frequency range from 10−1 to 106 Hz, in the temperature range of 100°C to 350°C and a relative humidity of 50%, and both in air and the presence of NO2 in concentrations from 0.5 to 5 ppm. The results of the impedance analysis indicate that the broadband models, which comprise both single and parallel RC elements, can accurately represent the NO2 gas interaction mechanism with the gas-sensitive layer of the BST material. These models were found to effectively capture changes in parameters associated with the interaction.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Szafraniak
1
Łukasz Fuśnik
2
Jie Xu
3
ORCID: ORCID
Feng Gao
4
Andrzej Brudnik
1
Sabina Drewniak
2
Erwin Maciak
3
Łukasz Błajszczak
4
Artur Rydosz
1

  1. Institute of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  3. Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  4. Department of Surface Engineering and Materials Characterization, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Sensor-based Human Activity Recognition (SHAR) technology is dedicated to utilizing sensor signals from smart devices to detect and identify human activities, thereby assisting in daily life. With the successful application of deep learning techniques, researchers are exploring the potential of integrating them with SHAR. Traditional fixed sliding window methods for processing datasets often lead to multi-class activity mixing. To alleviate this issue, researchers have introduced time attention mechanisms to focus on key temporal points related to activities. To address this challenge, we propose an innovative Multi-scale Time Segments Attention Mechanism (MTSA), which diverges from traditional time attention mechanisms by focusing on time segments pertinent to activities, better aligning with the characteristics of SHAR data and significantly reducing computational resource consumption. Our experiments on recognized datasets such as UCI-HAR, PAMAP2, and WISDM validate the effectiveness of MTSA, demonstrating that it can be seamlessly integrated into existing SHAR models, enhancing performance without adding extra computational overhead.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hailong Rong
1
Hao Wang
1
Xiaohui Wu
1
Tianlei Jin
1
Ling Zou
1

  1. Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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Abstract

Ultrasound plays a crucial role in various applications, including acoustic microscopy, medical imaging, therapy, and non-destructive testing. Despite its extensive use, experimental mapping of nonlinear focused ultrasonic fields is largely overlooked when compared to its linear counterparts or simulated nonlinear fields. The oversight arises from the inherent challenge of discerning electrical and acoustic nonlinearities. This research paper addresses this gap by proposing a 3D nonlinear ultrasonic field mapping system designed to provide precise measurements and imaging of both linear and purely acoustical nonlinear focused fields. The study involves initial simulations of linear and nonlinear ultrasonic fields emitted by a focused transducer in three dimensions. Subsequently, the proposed system is designed and experimentally validated through the acquisition of linear and nonlinear focused ultrasonic fields in two distinct fluids. The precision of the system is further demonstrated through the successful measurement of nonlinear parameters in the tested media, thereby contributing to the progression of nonlinear ultrasound field mapping and its applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Moad Essabbar
1
Gilles Despaux
2
Emmanuel Le Clézio
2

  1. Euromed University of Fes, UEMF, Morocco
  2. IES, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Abstract

An eddy-current method of simultaneous indirect measurements of distributions of electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability in the subsurface zone of planar objects is proposed, based on a surrogate optimization algorithm using neural network metamodels of reduced dimensionality. Reduction of their dimensions and the space for finding an extremum is performed using the Kernel PCA method, which involves nonlinear transformations as a result of computational operations with the Gaussian kernel function. The construction of metamodels involved the use of deep learning methods. The peculiarities of metamodels include the performance of two functions, in particular, providing low-cost efficient computing and accumulating additional a priori information about the measurement process, which is digitally entered into the design of the experiment determining the training samples for training of deep neural networks. Taken as a whole, it made it possible to achieve higher accuracy characteristics of indirect measurements.
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Authors and Affiliations

Volodymyr Ya. Halchenko
1
Ruslana Trembovetska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Tychkov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cherkasy State Technological University, Instrumentation, Mechatronics and Computer Technologies Department, Blvd., Shevchenkà, 460, 18006, Cherkasy, Ukraine
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Abstract

To address issues such as severe specular reflection, low detection accuracy, and large model parameters in ceramic ball detection, an improved YOLOv8 model, named YOLOv8-AP, is proposed for ceramic ball surface defects detection. Firstly, the coaxial light source is employed to reduce the specular reflection effect and an efficient image acquisition platform is established to obtain defect samples. Additionally, various data augmentation techniques are utilized to expand the dataset, and both the ADown module and an improved Powerful-IoU loss function are introduced to optimize the YOLOv8 network, significantly enhancing the detection efficiency for small target defects. Experimental results show that the proposed improved YOLOv8-AP model can achieve a mean average precision of 96.1% for the detection of the ceramic ball surface defects, which greatly enhances the defect detection accuracy compared to the traditional models and can hope to meet the intelligent and automatic detection requirements of ceramic ball detection online applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Guo-Qing Gu
1
Han-Lei Wang
2
Xu-Yi Miao
2
Jing-Yi Yan
3
Jian-Zhou Du
4

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
  2. School of Information Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
  3. Jiangsu Dongpu Fine Ceramic Technology Co. Ltd, Lianyungang 222000, China
  4. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
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Abstract

This paper presents a measurement system for in-situ characterization of semiconductor structures fabricated by the Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOVPE) method using Reflectance Spectroscopy (RS). The construction of the developed measurement set-up is presented, along with a description of individual functional blocks. As part of the experiment, the parameters of the deposited gallium nitride (GaN) layer such as thickness (d), roughness (REMA), optical energy bandgap (Egopt) were monitored in-situ, and the complex refractive index (n + ik) of GaN was determined at temperatures above 1000°C. The Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) method was employed to characterize the surface roughness of the layer during the growth process. Based on this data, the exact moment of full coalescence and subsequent growth in two dimensions was determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Pokryszka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Kijaszek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sergiusz Patela
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Stafiniak
1
Mateusz Wosko
1
Regina Paszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

Instructions for authors



Sample article with Author guidelines



Author guidelines



Types of contributions

Metrology and Measurement Systems welcomes submissions of the following article types:

• invited special issue or review papers presenting the current stage of the knowledge within scope of the journal (about 20 edited pages, approximately 3000 characters each),
• research papers reporting high-quality original scientific or technological advancements (max. 12 pages),
• papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences (max. 12 pages),
• short notes, i.e. book reviews, conference reports, short news (max. 2 pages).


Manuscript preparation

General The text of a manuscript should be written in clear and concise English. The camera-ready format – with attached separate files containing illustrations, tables and photographs – is required. A cover letter with clear explanation of scientific novelty of the paper is strongly recommended. Papers based on extended and updated contributions presented at scientific conferences, or strongly related to previous authors’ works, must be accompanied with a cover letter file, which should explain in details changes made in the manuscript in comparison with the original conference paper and highlight the novelty in reference to other authors’ works.
The main text of a manuscript should be printed on an A4 page (with margins of 2.5 cm) using Times New Roman style with a font size of 12 pt; the paragraphs should start with the indentation of 5 mm, and titles should be written in bold. That text can be divided into sections (numbered 1, 2, …), first-order subsections (numbered 1.1., 1.2., …, written in italics), and – if needed – second-order subsections (numbered 1.1.1., 1.1.2., …, written same as first-order subsections). The only acceptable manuscript formats are in Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx).

The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors. The Editor encourages the Authors of submitted papers who are not English native speakers, to use a language service checking the language correctness not only with respect to grammar, but also in the way of presentation of research results accepted by renowned publishers, e.g. presented on the website of the European Association of Science Editors.


Figures
Figures (illustrations, photographs) and tables, provided in the camera-ready form suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction), should be additionally submitted (one per page), larger than the final size. While preparing figures we encourage to start with defining expected size and minimum font size that fit to all graphics in the manuscript – using the same style in all of your graphics visually improves the article. Final figure formats must be in one of the following: (vectors) .eps, .pdf, .ai or .cdr, and (bitmaps) .bmp, .gif, .tif or .jpg.
As far as plots, block diagrams, schematics etc. are concerned, we suggest to use one of vector formats to improve quality and scalability. Figures in vector formats must be saved using RGB colours and with fully white background (0% K). Hidden layers are unacceptable. Minimum line thickness printed in a single colour is 0.25 pt (0.09 mm), and 1 pt (0.36 mm) when using more colours. Typically we suggest 0.2-0.5 mm but in particular cases the range 0.1–1.0 mm will be accepted. Lines in plots should be distinguished not only by using different colours but also using different line types and markers, if needed.


Equation
All equations must be numbered consecutively throughout the text. Each equation should be preceded and followed by a 6-point spacing. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence. Equation numbers should be enclosed in parentheses. Equations should be prepared with the use of MathType or Microsoft Equation editors. The type size in the equation is the same as for the text. To make your equations more compact, you may use the appropriate mathematical symbols or expressions. The symbols used in an equation have to be defined before that equation or immediately after it. Use italics for variables (e.g. i, x, n), physical quantity symbol (e.g. voltage U, temperature T), letter pointers and general function symbols. Do not use italics for constants, indexes, minimum, maximum and trigonometric functions, mathematical operators, differentials, etc. To refer to the equation use “(1)”, not “Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a sentence where “Equation (1)” should be used. We recommend to use International System of Units SI i.e. metre-kilogram-second system of units. As a decimal separator dot should be used in the entire manuscript (text, figures, tables).


References
The paper has to be clearly positioned in the context of relevant literature in the field of measurements and instrumentation. Note that lack of references from the main field of Metrology and Measurement Systems interest may suggest that the content of manuscript does not exactly correspond to the scope of metrological journals. It may reduce possibility that a proposed paper will be read by audience society. In such a case our Editorial Board may suggest to send the manuscript to a more appropriate journal. Also note that the use of possibly up-to-date references may indicate importance of your work. Table below gives examples of some relevant and renewable journals related to widely understood metrology.


Journal

Publisher

ISSN

Metrologia

IOP Publishing

0026-1394

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

IEEE

0018-9456

Measurement

Elsevier

0263-2241

Measurement Science and Technology

IOP Publishing

0957-0233

Metrology and Measurement Systems

PAS

0860-8229

Review of Scientific Instruments

IOP Publishing

0034-6748

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

IEEE

1557-9948

IET Science, Measurement & Technology

IET

1751-8822

Journal of Instrumentation

SISSA, IOP Publishing

1748-0221

Measurement Science Review

Walter de Gruyter

1335-8871

IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine

IEEE

1094-6969

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences

PAS

2300-1917

Opto-Electronics Review

PAS

1896-3757

IEEE Sensors Journal

IEEE

1558-1748

Sensors

MDPI

1424-8220




References should be inserted in the text in square brackets, i.e. [1]; their list, numbered in citation order, should appear at the end of the manuscript. The format of the references should follow the APA 7th edition formatting style, i.e.: for an journal paper – surname(s) and initial(s) of author(s), year in brackets, title of the paper, full journal name, volume, issue (in brackets) and page numbers. Put all author names unless there are more than 20. Otherwise, after the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author’s name (do not place an ampersand before it).


Submission process
Manuscript should be submitted via the Internet Editorial System (IES) – an online submission and peer review system. In order to submit the manuscript via the IES, the authors (first-time users) must create an author account to obtain a user ID and password required to enter the system. The submission of the manuscript in a single file, i.e. “Article File” containing the complete manuscript (with all figures of high quality and tables embedded in the text), is preferred. All figures have to be uploaded in separate files. The generated PDF file has to be approved. The PDF file has lower quality of the embedded figures to limit its size only.
The submission of a manuscript means that its content has not been published previously, it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that – if accepted – it will not be published elsewhere. The Author hereby grants the Polish Academy of Sciences (the Journal Owner) the license for commercial use of the article according to the Open Access License ( CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which has to be signed before publication. The copyright form is available in the IES.
The Authors are urged to suggest 4 to 5 reviewers in their application (with names, affiliations and addresses) with whom the Editorial Board could co-operate while processing the paper. Proposed reviewers should be experts deeply involved in issues related to the subject matter of the paper and they are intended to come from different universities or research centres.
Each submitted manuscript is subject to a single-blind peer-review procedure, and the publication decision is based on the reviewers’ comments. If necessary, the authors may be invited to revise their manuscripts. On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to exactly fit the journal style.
An essential criterion for the evaluation of submitted manuscripts is their potential impact on the research field, measured by the number of repeated quotations. Such papers are preferred at the evaluation and publication stages.
Proofs will be sent to the corresponding author by e-mail and should be returned within 48 hours from receipt. The publication in the journal is free of charge. A sample copy of the journal will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. For colour pages the authors will be charged at the rate of 160 PLN or 80 EUR per page. The payment to the bank account of the main distributor (given in “Subscription Information”) must be completed before the date indicated by the Editorial Office.


Other information
It is possible to include supplementary files related to the article content, such as e.g. developed databases. These files can be then used by other researchers to compare their algorithms using the same input data. For more details about supplementary files please contact the Editorial Board: metrology@wat.edu.pl. The biographical statements, at the very end of the article, are not obligatory, however, they are kindly recommended. Each statement should include the author’s full name and brief personal history focused on areas of research and scientific achievements. The biographical statement may not exceed 100 words and should be written using Times New Roman style with a font size of 8 pt.
The publication of your article is a great achievement but then it needs to be further promoted to make it more visible to the research community. Responsibility for this task lies with the Authors and our Editorial Board. We guarantee free access to the article in the Journals PAN of the Polish Academy of Science, including articles in Early Access form (published just after acceptance decision), indexing in popular and renewable databases (e.g. Thomson Scientific Master Journal List, Elsevier’s Scopus, Google Scholar). Furthermore, selected articles are highlighted on the journal website and are reprinted for promotion at conferences and other events. The Authors can share the final form of the article on various social networks and research-sharing platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, SciProfiles. They are also encouraged to update personal and institutional webpages by adding the title and a link of the article. Feel free also to share your work with your colleagues using any other methods that do not conflict with the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.
For more detailed description about how to write a paper for the Metrology and Measurement Systems journal please look at the Author guidelines for manuscript preparation. We strongly recommend using this file as a template for manuscript preparation.


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