Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Content

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 3

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

High pressure die casting (HPDC) is one of the most productive casting methods to produce a wide range of aluminum components with high dimensional accuracy and complex geometries. The process parameters of high-pressure casting generally directly affect the resulting quality of the castings, such as the presence of pores in the casting or the microstructure. In addition to air entrapment, porosity can also be caused by the dissolution of hydrogen. Hydrogen is released by the reaction of water vapor and melt at high temperatures and is released during solidification. These defects can lead to a significant reduction in mechanical properties such as strength and ductility and especially fatigue properties. The aim of the presented article is to describe the effect of the temperature of the core of the high-pressure mold on the presence and distribution of porosity and the microstructure of the aluminum casting in two geometric variants. The temperature of the core was changed due to the use of two flowing media in the thermoregulation circuit of the core, i.e. demineralized water and heat transfer oil and worked with a core temperature of 130 ± 5 and 165 ± 5 °C. With both geometric variants, a higher porosity was achieved when using water (core temperature 130 ± 5 °C) than when using oil (core temperature 165 ± 5 °C). The opposite results were observed for microporosity, where higher microporosity was observed for tempering oil. The microstructure of the casting with water-cooled cores was more characterized by finer grains of phase α (Al) and eutectic Si. In tempering oil, the microstructure was characterized by coarse grains of the α phase (Al) and the Si lamellae were in the form of sharp-edged formations.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Kalpakjian, S., Schmid, S.R. (2009). Manufacturing Engineering and Technology. (6th ed.). Pearson Ed Asia.

[2] Sadeghi, M. & Mahmoudi, J. (2012). Experimental and theoretical studies on the effect of die temperature on the quality of the products in high-pressure die-casting process. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/434605.

[3] Bruna, M., Bolibruchová, D., Pastircák, R. & Remisová, A. (2019). Gating system design optimization for investment casting process. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(54), 3887-3893. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-019-03933-3.

[4] Tavakoli, S., Ranc-Darbord, I., & Wagner, D. (2014). Thermal behavior of the mold surface in HPDC process by infrared thermography and comparison with simulation. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Quantitative Infrared Thermography, July 2014. France, Bordeaux. DOI: 10.21611/qirt.2014.054.

[5] Shin, S.-S. & Lee, S.-K., Kim, D. & Lee, B. (2021). Enhanced cooling channel efficiency of high-pressure die-casting molds with pure copper linings in cooling channels via explosive bonding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 297. 117235, 1-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117235.

[6] Pastircák, R., Scury, J. & Moravec, J. (2017). The effects of pressure during the crystallization on properties of the AlSi12 alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 103-106. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0099.

[7] Hu, H., Chen, F. Chen, X., Chu, Y., Cheng, P. (2004). Effect of cooling water flow rates on local temperatures and heat transfer of casting dies. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 148(1). 57-67. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.01.040.

[8] Jarfors, A., Sevastopol, R., Karamchedu, S., Zhang, Q., Steggo, J. & Stolt, R. (2021). On the use of conformal cooling in high-pressure die-casting and semisolid casting. Technologies. 9(2), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ technologies9020039.

[9] Fiorentini, F., Curcio, P., Armentani, E., Rosso, C. & Baldissera, P. (2019). Study of two alternative cooling systems of a mold insert used in die casting process of light alloy components. Procedia Structural Integrity. 24, 569-582. DOI: 10.1016/j.prostr.2020.02.050.

[10] Kimura, T, Yamagata, H. & Tanikawa, S. (2015). FEM stress analysis of the cooling hole of an HPDC die. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 84, 012052, 1-7. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012052.

[11] Tool-Temp. (2023 April). Die casting - we provide you with perfect tool tempering. Retrieved April 08, 2024, form https://tool-temp.ch/en/industries-temperature-control-units/die-casting-industry-temperature-control-unit/.

[12] Wang, R., Zuo, Y., Zhu, Q., Liu, X. & Wang, J. (2022). Effect of temperature field on the porosity and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy prepared by direct chill casting with melt shearing. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 307, 117687, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117687.

[13] Shen, X., Liu, S., Wang, X., Cui, C., Gong, P., Zhao, L., Han, X. & Li, Z. (2022). Effect of cooling rate on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of iron-rich Al-Si alloy. Materials. 15(2), 411, 1-10. DOI: 10.3390/ma15020411.

[14] Li, L., Li. D., Mao. F., Feng, J., Zhang, Y. & Kang, Y. (2020). Effect of cooling rate on eutectic Si in Al-7.0Si-0.3Mg alloys modified by La additions. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 826, 154206, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154206.

[15] Niklas, A., Abaunza, U., Isabel, F. Lacaze, J. & Suarez, R. (2010). Thermal analysis as a microstructure prediction tool for A356 aluminium parts solidified under various cooling conditions. China Foundry. 59(11), 1167-1171

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchová
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Podprocká
2
P. Oslanec
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Slovakia
  2. Rosenberg-Slovakia s.r.o., Slovakia
  3. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovakia
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Nowadays, the emphasis is on improving the integrity of precision castings of Fe, Ni and Co alloys (improving the mechanical properties of the material and increasing process efficiency) more than ever before. For this reason, a technology has been developed which is a combination of low-pressure casting and investment casting. The premise of the combination of these technologies is that a high degree of automation should be achieved, based on low-pressure casting, while bottom filling will reduce reoxidation phenomena during filling. Mainly due to the higher purity of the melt, higher values of mechanical properties in conjunction with shape and geometric accuracy are expected, which guarantees the investment casting. For this purpose, an experimental casting machine has been designed, which is a combination of these two technologies, where we are able to eliminate the disadvantages of low-pressure casting, which include, for example, the low variability of the usable materials, as well as the disadvantages of investment casting, which include the low automation of the process. Using an experimental machine, tensile and impact test samples were cast and subsequently tested. From the initial experiments, it can be said that using this technology we are able to cast materials based on Fe alloys, Ni alloys and Co alloys with mechanical property values that are even close to or within the range of mechanical properties of the formed materials. As a result, the mechanical properties of castings cast by the LPIC method are shown to be tougher and stronger.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Beeley, P.R., Smart, R.F. (1995). Investment casting (1st ed.). Cambridge: The University Press.

[2] Sabau, A.S. & Viswanathan, S. (2003). Material properties for predicting wax pattern dimensions in investment casting. Materials Science and Engineering A. 362(1-2), 125-134. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00569-0.

[3] Cheng-Casting. (n.d.). Investment casting process. Cheng-Casting. Retrieved April 22, 2024, from http://www.cheng-casting.com/investment-casting-precess.htm.

[4] Chalekar, A.A., Somatkar, A.A. & Chinchanikar, S.S. (2015). Designing of feeding system for investment casting process – A case study. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Automation. 5(3B), 15-18. DOI: 10.5923/c.jmea.201502.03.

[5] Hockin, J. (1972). Investment casting of superalloys. Retrieved April 22, 2024, from http://www.tms.org/superalloys/10.7449/1972/Superalloys_1972_C-1_C-9.pdf.

[6] Sharma, S.K., Nowotarski, M.S. (2024). Laminar barrier inerting for induction melting. Retrieved April 22, 2024 from http://www.praxair.com/~/media/praxairus/documents/reports%20papers%20case%20studies%20and%20presentations/industries/metal%20production/paper%201989%20lbi%20for%20induction%20furnaces%20sharma.pdf.

[7] Harrington, R. (2010). Benefits of liquid argon shield in induction melting with SPALTM technology. In Investment Casting Institute: 57th Annual Technical Conference & Equipment Expo Covington, October 2010. Covington - Kentucky, USA: Investment Casting Institute.

[8] Kasińska, J. (2018). Influence of rare earth metals on microstructure and mechanical properties of G20Mn5 cast steel. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 37-42. DOI: 10.24425/123598.

[9] Hara, Y., Shiga, K. & Nakazawa, N. (2002). Effect of small amount of bismuth on corrosion resistibility of austenitic stainless steel weld metals. ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. 19450, 101-110.

[10] Xie, J. B., Fan, T., Zeng, Z.Q., Sun, H., & Fu, J.X. (2020). Bi-sulphide existence in 0Cr18Ni9 steel: correlation with machinability and mechanical properties. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 9(4), 9142-9152. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.043.

[11] Hojna, A., Fosca Di G. & Klecka, J. (2016). Characteristics and liquid metal embrittlement of the steel T91 in contact with lead bismuth eutectic. Journal of Nuclear Materials. 472(15), 163-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.08.048.

[12] Naoya, O. & Saito, S. (2020). Characterization of mechanical strain induced by lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) freezing in stainless steel cup. Heliyon. 6(2), e03429, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03429.

[13] Jiang, W., Fan, Z., Liao, D., Dong, X. & Zhao, Z. (2010). A new shell casting process based on expendable pattern with vacuum and low-pressure casting for aluminum and magnesium alloys. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 51(1-4), 25-34 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-010-2596-4.
Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

O. Vrátný
1
A. Herman
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Novák
1
P. Chytka
1
M. Jarkovský
1
Z. Kopanica
1
J. Zeman
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Republic
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In this work, a new method of near-infrared curing 3D printing sodium silicate sands (NIRC3DPSSS) driven by photovoltaic cells was proposed, and the Span-80 moisture resistance modifier was studied. NIRC3DPSSS had the advantages of high strength, rapid curing and low residual strength. However, the 24h storage strength would reduce because Na+ in the bonding bridges could absorb moisture. The experimental results showed that the strength of Span-80 modified sands molds reached 0.95MPa after 4 hours in a humidistat with 99%RH (relative humidity) containing 2.2% sodium silicate, an increase of 97.9% comparing to common sands molds. In air(80%RH), the strength reached 1.25MPa, an increase of 40.4%. The optimal effect of modification was achieved when Span-80 was 0.066% of the raw sands. Additionally, the bonding film and bridges in sodium silicate sands modified with Span-80 were more stable, smoother and free of cracks when observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Nowak, D. (2017). The impact of microwave penetration depth on the process of heating the moulding sand with sodium silicate. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(4), 115-118. DOI:10.1515/AFE-2017-0140.

[2] Major-Gabryś, K., Hosadyna-Kondracka, M., Puzio, S., Kamińska, J. & Angrecki, M. (2020). The influence of the modified ablation casting on casts properties produced in microwave hardened moulds with hydrated sodium silicate binder. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 65(1), 497-502. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.131753.

[3] Stachowicz, M. (2023). Effectiveness of absorbing microwaves by the multimaterial sodium silicate base sand-PLA (Polylactide) mould wall systems. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(3), 30-37. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144312.

[4] Halejcio, D. & Major-Gabryś, K. (2024). The use of 3D printed sand molds and cores in the castings production. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 24(1), 32-39. DOI:10.24425/afe.2024.149249.

[5] Sachs, E., Cima, M., Williams, P., Brancazio, D. & Cornie, J. (1992). Three dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model. Journal of Engineering for Industry. 114(4), 481-488. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2900701.

[6] Li, X.Y., Wu, Y,H. & Zhang, S. (2006). Principle and experimental research of three dimensional printing. Zhongguo Jixie Gongcheng |(China Mechanical Engineering). 17(13), 1355-1359. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1004-132X.2006.13.009.

[7] Wang, R. (2020). Experimental and numerical study on lunar regolith solar 3D printing for engineering material utilization. Harbin Institute of Technology. DOI:10.27061/d.cnki.ghgdu.2020.002094.

[8] Chen, J.Y. (2022). Mechanism, process and properties of the typical silicate products based on solar 3D printing. Harbin Institute of Technology. DOI:10.27061/d.cnki.ghgdu.2022.003602.

[9] Jia H., Sun H., Wang H., Wu, Y. & Wang, H. (2021). Scanning strategy in selective laser melting (SLM): a review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 113(9), 2413-2435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06810-3.

[10] Ninghui, Z., Jianguo, Y., Yujie, G. & Yi, L. Research and application of rapid solidification methods for sand 3D printing equipment. China Foundry Machinery & Technology. 58(5), 66-69. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9658.2023.05.014.

[11] Wang, X.R., Li, L., Yuwen, D., Wang, J., Wang, D. & Zhou, Q.Q. (2023). Preparation and application properties of waterborne wax emulsions. Leather and chemical. (05), 18-21. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-0939.2023.05.003.

[12] Yang, X.N., Zhang, L., Jin, X., Hong, J., Ran, S. & Zhou, F. (2023). Development of water-soluble composite salt sand cores made by a hot-pressed sintering process. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(3), 51-58. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146662.

[13] Huafang, W., Wenbang, G. & Jijun, L. (2014). Improve the humidity resistance of sodium silicate sands by ester-microwave composite hardening. Metalurgija. 53(4), 455-458.

[14] Li, X.J., Fan, Z.T. & Wang, H.F. (2012). Strength and humidity resistance of sodium silicate sand by ester-microwave composite curing. Zhuzao/Foundry. 61(2), 147-151.

[15] Stachowicz, M., Pałyga, Ł. & Kępowicz, D. (2020). Influence of automatic core shooting parameters in hot-box technology on the strength of sodium silicate olivine moulding sands. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 67-72. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131285.

[16] Zhang, Z. F., Wang, L., Zhang, L. T., Ma, P. F., Lu, B. H., & Du, C. W. (2021). Binder jetting 3D printing process optimization for rapid casting of green parts with high tensile strength. China Foundry. 18(4), 335-343. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-021-1057-z.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Ao Xue
1
Yuhan Tang
1
Yao Li
2
Weihong Dai
1
Jijun Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Huafang Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China
  2. Dongfeng Motor Corporation Research & Development Institute, China
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the results of studies of the process of accelerated drying performed by means of microwave radiation of ceramic moulds deposited on patterns made of foamed plastics used in the Ceramic Shell technology. The studies aimed at determining the microwave radiation parameters (power, downtime, and uninterrupted operation time) in order to obtain the maximally short drying times which do not cause pattern destruction. The analysis of results confirmed that an increase of the microwave radiation power shortens the drying time of the particular layers of the ceramic mould, however, at the same time, it excessively raises the temperature of the mould. With the microwave power over 1200 W, we can obtain the drying time of one layer at the level of about 30 min, and the temperature of the mould reaches the value of 70oC, which does not cause deformation or partial melting of the polystyrene pattern. From the point of view of production effectiveness, as a result of the application of microwave drying, the time of production of ceramic moulds was shortened from 7 days to 1 working day.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Pattnaik, S., Karunakar, D.B. & Jha, P.K. (2012). Developments in investment casting process - A review. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 212(11), 2332-2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.06.003.

[2] Kanyo, J.E., Schafföner, S., Uwanyuze, R.S. & Leary, K.S. (2020). An overview of ceramic molds for investment casting of nickel superalloys. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 40(15), 4955-4973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.07.013.

[3] Żółkiewicz, Z. & Karwiński, A. (2012). Properties research of ceramic layer. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(spec.2), 91-94.

[4] Nadolski, M., Konopka, Z., Zyska, A. & Łągiewka, M. (2010). Time reduction of building shells for investment casting. Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze. 77(5), 241-243. (in Polish).

[5] Ashton, M.C., Sharman, S.G. & Brookes, A.J. (1984). The Replicast CS (Ceramic Shell) process. Materials & Design. 5(2), 66-75.

[6] Jiang, W. & Fan, Z. (2018). Novel technologies for the lost foam casting process. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering. 13, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-018-0473-2.

[7] McLoughlin, C.M. McMinn, W.A.M. & Magee, T.R.A. (2003). Microwave-vacuum drying of pharmaceutical powders. Drying Technology. 21(9), 1719-1733. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-120025505.

[8] Drouzas, A.E. & Schubert, H. (1996). Microwave application in vacuum drying of fruits. Journal of Food Engineering. 28(2), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(95)00040-2.

[9] Das, S., Mukhopadhyay, A.K., Datta, S. & Basu, D. (2009). Prospects of microwave processing: An overview. Bulletin of materials science. 32, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-009-0001-4.

[10] Horikoshi, S., Schiffmann, R.F., Fukushima, J. & Serpone, N., (2018). Materials processing by microwave heating. Microwave Chemical and Materials Processing: A Tutorial. 321-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6466-1_10.

[11] Yahaya, B., Izman, S., Idris, M.H. & Dambatta, M.S. (2016). Effects of activated charcoal on physical and mechanical properties of microwave dewaxed investment casting moulds. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. 13, 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2016.01.002.

[12] Banaszak, J. (2009). Qualitative analysis of microwave dried materials. Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna. 48(3), 130-135. (in Polish).

[13] Kowalski, S.J. & Rajewska, K. (2009). Convective drying enhanced with microwave and infrared radiation. Drying Technology. 27(7-8), 878-887. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373930903014837.

[14] Czekaj, E., Karwiński, A., Pączek, Z. & Pysz, S. (2012). A new way of manufacturing copper alloy precision castings in ceramic moulds. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(spec.2), 9-16. (in Polish).

[15] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B., Czekaj, E. & Pacyniak, T. (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 alloy crystallization in ceramic moulds by thermal derivative analysis (TDA). Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(4), 1449-1455. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.

[16] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B. & Pacyniak, T. (2014). Effect of Cr and V alloy additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AM60 magnesium alloy. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(2), 762-765. DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0128.

[17] Pisarek, B.P., Rapiejko, C., Święcik, R. & Pacyniak, T. (2015). Effect inhibitor coating of a ceramic mould on the surface quality of an AM60 alloy cast with Cr and V. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(3), 51-56. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0059.

[18] Pietrowski, S. & Rapiejko, C. (2011). Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 177-186. ISSN (1897-3310).

[19] Haratym, R., Biernacki, R., Myszka, D. (2008). Ecological investment casting in ceramic dies. Warsaw: Warsaw University of Technology, Publishing House. (in Polish).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

P. Just
1
R. Kaczorowski
1
M. Topola
1
T. Pacyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Rapiejko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Łódź, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of damping coefficient tests on the ZnAl27Cu2 alloy (ZL27). The tested alloy was cast into five types of molds made of different materials (a steel mold with an ambient temperature of 20°C, a steel mold with a temperature of 100°C, a humid green sand mold, a dried green sand mold and a mold made of foundry gypsum mass). The thermophysical properties of these materials are different, and that's affecting the rate of heat absorption from the cast. Different mold materials affect obtaining different cooling rates. The cooling rate significantly affects the microstructure of the tested alloy. The specimens of investigate alloy were subjected to ultrasound and microscopic tests to assess the alloy structure. The damping coefficient has been calculated on the basis of specimen measurements obtained with the use of the signal echo method. Research shows that high structural fragmentation adversely affects the damping properties of alloys is confirmed. On the other hand, very low cooling rate, resulting in the formation of large, overgrown dendrites, does not guarantee the highest vibration damping capacity for this particular alloy. It turns out in this case a humid green sand mold, (cooling rate of 5.1 K/s) guarantees the best damping properties for the ZL27 alloy.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Ritchie, I.G. & Pan, Z.-L. (1991). High damping metals and alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A. 22, 607-616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02670281.

[2] Ritchie, I.G., Pan, Z.-L. & Goodwin, F.E. (1991). Characterization of the damping properties of die-cast zinc-aluminum alloys. Metallurgical Transactions A. 22, 617-622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02670282.

[3] Piwowarski, G. & Gracz, B. (2022). The influence of cooling rate on the damping characteristics of the ZnAl4Cu1 alloy. Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering. 6(3), 58-63. DOI: 10.7494/jcme.2022.6.3.58.

[4] Girish, B.M., Prakash, K.R., Satish, B.M., Jain, P.K. & Kameshwary, D. (2011). Need for optimization of graphite particle reinforcement in ZA-27 alloy composites for tribological applications. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 530, 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.09.100.

[5] Sirong Y., Zhenming H. & Kai C. (1996). Dry sliding friction and wear behaviour of short fibre reinforced zinc-based alloy composites. Wear. 198(1-2), 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(96)06940-2

[6] Rzadkosz, S. (1995). The influence of chemical composition and phase transformations on the damping and mechanical properties of aluminum-zinc alloys. Rozprawy i monografie. Kraków: Wydawnictwa AGH. (in Polish).

[7] Krajewski, W.K. (2013). Zinc-aluminum alloys. Types, properties, applications. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe AKAPIT. (in Polish).

[8] Górny, M. & Sikora, G. (2015). Effect of titanium addition and cooling rate on primary α(Al) grains and tensile properties of Al-Cu alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 24(3), 1150-1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1380-2.

[9] Shabestari, S.G. & Malekan, M. (2005). Thermal analysis study of the effect of the cooling rate on the mictrostructure and solidification parameters of 319 aluminum alloy. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 44(3), 305-312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/000844305794409409.

[10] Lelito, J., Żak, P.L., Gracz, B., Szucki, M., Kalisz, D., Malinowski, P., Suchy, J.S. & Krajewski, W.K. (2015). Determination of substrate log-normal distribution in the AZ91/SiCp composite. Metalurgija, 54(1), 204-206.

[11] Piwowarski, G., Buraś, J. & Szucki, M. (2017). Influence of AlTi3C0.15 modification treatment on damping properties of ZnAl10 alloy. China Foundry. 14(4), 292-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-017-7070-6.

[12] Petzow G. (1999) Metallographic Etching. Techniques for Metallography, Ceramography, Plastographyk., 2nd Ed. ASM International.

[13] Nikolić, F. Štajduhar, I. & Čanađija, M. (2021) Casting microstructure inspection using computer vision: dendrite spacing in aluminum alloys. Metals. 11(5), 756, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050756.

[14] Vandersluis, E. & Ravindran, C. (2019) Influence of solidification rate on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity of cast A319 Al alloy. Journal of Materials Science. 54, 4325-4339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-3109-3.

[15] Djurdjevič, M. & Grzinčič, M. (2012) The effect of major alloying elements on the size of the secondary dendrite arm spacing in the as-cast Al-Si-Cu alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 12(1), 19-24. DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0004-2

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

G. Piwowarski
1
J. Cepielik
1

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article concerns the technology of layered castings made with a system where the base part is made of gray cast iron with flake graphite and the working part is made of high-chromium steel X46Cr13. The castings were produced using mould cavity preparation method utilizing a molding sand based on SiC. The idea of the research was to perform heat treatment of X46Cr13 steel directly in the casting mould, with the success of this approach guaranteed by selecting molding sand with appropriate physicochemical parameters. During the pouring and cooling of the mould, the temperature on the outer surface of the steel insert was recorded to check if it reached the required austenitization temperature. The castings were then examined for the quality of the bond between the gray cast iron base part and the steel working part, microstructure studies were conducted using light and scanning microscopes, and hardness was measured on the surface of X46Cr13 steel. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the high thermal conductivity of the molding sand made with a silicon carbide base disqualifies it for use in the analyzed technology of integrating heat treatment of X46Cr13 steel with the process of producing a bimetal system with gray cast iron. In the microstructure of the steel, in addition to martensite, pearlite and ferrite were present. Therefore, a satisfactory increase in the hardness of the working surface compared to the annealed state of X46Cr13 steel was not achieved, which ultimately confirmed that the hardening of the steel insert was unsuccessful.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Cholewa, M., Baron, C. & Kozakiewiecz, Ł. (2015). The effect of thermal insulating molding sand on the microstructure of gray cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(spec.3), 119-123. (in Polish).

[2] Gapski, M., & Zmywaczyk, J. (2012). Identification of thermophysical parameters of solids using the modified transient heat source method and the coefficient inverse method. Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej. 61(1), 373-394. (in Polish).

[3] Wróbel T. (2016). Layered castings produced by preparing the mold cavity with a monolithic insert method. Katowice, Gliwice: Wyd. Archives of Foundry Engineering. (in Polish).

[4] Gontaszewska, A. (2007). Laboratory tests of quartz sand thermal conductivity. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego. Inżynieria Środowiska. (14 [134]). (in Polish).

[5] Azo Materials. (2024). Silica – silicon dioxide (SiO2). Retrieved June 18, 2024, from www.azom.com.

[6] Hirata, Y., Miyano, K., Sameshima, S., & Kamino, Y. (1998). Reaction between SiC surface and aqueous solutions containing Al ions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 133(3), 183-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(97)00084-8.

[7] Wiśniewski, P., Małek, M., Sitek, R., Matysiak, H. & Kurzydłowski, K. J. (2014). The technological properties of SiC based slurries for manufacturing of ceramic shell moulds for aerospace industry. Szkło i Ceramika. 65(3), 11-15. (in Polish).

[8] Przyszlak, N., Wróbel, T. & Dulska A. (2021). Influence of molding materials on the self-hardening of X46Cr13 steel / grey cast iron bimetallic castings. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 66(1), 43-50. DOI:10.24425/amm.2021.134757.

[9] Przyszlak, N. & Wróbel, T. (2019). Self-hardening of X46Cr13 steel integrated with base from grey cast iron in bimetallic system. Archives of Foundry Engineering, 19(2), 29-34. DOI:10.24425/afe.2019.127112.

[10] Blicharski M. (2004). Materials Engineering. Stal. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).

[11] PN-EN 10088-1,2

[12] Przyszlak, N. & Piwowarski, G. (2023). Designing of X46Cr13 steel heat treatment in condition of casting mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 119-126. DOI:10.24425/afe.2023.144304.

[13] PN-H-11077:1983

[14] PN-H-11001:1985

[15] Staub, F., Adamczyk, J., Cieślakowa, Ł., Gubała J , Maciejny, A. (1994). Metallography. Katowice, Śląskie Wydawnictwo Techniczne. (in Polish).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

N. Przyszlak
1
T. Wrobel
1

  1. Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Towarowa 7 St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The results of tribological tests carried out on two novel high-entropy alloys (HEAs) from the AlCoCuFeNi group are described in this study. Research was carried out using a Miller machine (ASTM G75 standard) in an abrasive slurry environment, which contained SiC and water in a 1:1 ratio. The results obtained showed a higher rate of abrasive wear in the material designated as D3 (total weight loss in D3-1.6g compared to 1.1g in the D5 alloy), characterised by a homogeneous microstructure and hardness of 186 HV5. The second dual phase alloy, designated D5, was characterised by a lower rate of abrasive wear. In this alloy, the appearance of the second phase precipitates, evenly distributed throughout the entire volume, with higher hardness (760 HV0,01) and in a content of approximately 65% has led to a decrease in wear. The different wear resistances of the tested materials are due to differences in the hardness of the phases that constitute the microstructure of the tested alloys and the interaction of hard abrasive particles with the tested material. This has a direct impact on the plastic nature of the deformation in the upper layers of the samples. A characteristic system of linear grooves and protrusions, visible on surface profiles, was observed on the surfaces tested. Small local defects were also observed as a result of hammering and subsequent removal of hard SiC abrasive particles from the alloys tested or, in the case of the D5 alloy, additional removal of precipitates of the harder phase from the matrix.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Cantor, B., Chang, I.T.H., Knight, P. & Vincent, A.J.B. (2004). Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 375-377, 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2003.10.257.

[2] Yeh, J.-W., Chen, S.-K., Lin, S.-J., Gan, J.-Y., Chin, T.-S., Shun, T., Tsau, C.-H., Chang, SY. (2004). Nanostructured high‐entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: novel alloy design concepts and outcomes. Advanced Engineering Materials. 6. 299 - 303. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200300567.

[3] Dastur, Y.N. & Leslie, W.C. (1981). Mechanism of work hardening in Hadfield manganese steel. Metallurgical Transactions A. 12A, 749-759. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02648339.

[4] Yeh, J.W. (2013). Alloy Design Strategies and Future Trends in High-Entropy Alloys. JOM. 65, 1759-1771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0761-6.

[5] Lu, Z.P., Wang, H., Chen, M.W., Baker, I., Yeh, J.W., Liu, C.T., Nieh, T.G. (2015). An assessment on the future development of high-entropy alloys: Summary from a recent workshop. Intermetallics. 66, 67-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2015.06.021.

[6] Cichocki, K., Bała, P., Kozieł, T., Cios, G., Schell N. & Muszka, K. (2022). Effect of mo on phase stability and properties in FeMnNiCo high-entropy alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 53, 1749-1760 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06629-x.

[7] Zhao, D.Q., Pan, S.P., Zhang, Y., Liaw, P.K. & Qiao, J.W. (2021) Structure prediction in high-entropy alloys with machine learning. Applied Physics Letters. 118(23), 231904. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0051307.

[8] Yeh, J.W. (2015). Physical Metallurgy of high-entropy alloys. JOM. 67, 2254-2261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1583-5.

[9] Wang, R., Tang, Y., Li, S., Ai, Y., Li, Y., Xiao, B., Zhu, L., Liu, X. & Bai, S. (2020). Effect of lattice distortion on the diffusion behavior of high-entropy alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 825, 154099, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154099.

[10] Mehta, A. & Sohn, Y.H. (2021). Effects in transition metal high-entropy alloys: ‘high-entropy’ and ‘sluggish diffusion’ effects. Diffusion Foundations. 29, 75-93. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.29.75.

[11] Cao, B.X., Wang, C., Yang, T., Liu, C.T. (2020) Cocktail effects in understanding the stability and properties of face-centered-cubic high-entropy alloys at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Scripta Materialia. 187. 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.06.008.

[12] Senkov, O.N., Wilks, G.B., Miracle, D.B., Chuang, C.P. & Liaw, P.K. (2010). Refractory high-entropy alloys. Intermetallics. 18(9), 1758-1765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2010.05.014.

[13] Varvenne, C., Luque, A. & Curtin, W.A. (2016) Theory of strengthening in fcc high entropy alloys. Acta Materialia. 118, 164-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.040.

[14] Li, Z., Fu, L., Peng, J., Zheng, H., Ji, X., Sun, Y., Ma, S. & Shan, A. (2020). Improving mechanical properties of an FCC high-entropy alloy by γ′ and B2 precipitates strengthening, Materials Characterization, 159, 109989, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109989.

[15] Chuang, M.H., Tsai, M.H., Wang, W.R., Lin, S.J. & Yeh, J.W. (2011). Microstructure and wear behavior of AlxCo1.5CrFeNi1.5Tiy high-entropy alloys. Acta Materialia. 59(16), 6308-6317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.06.041.

[16] Grudzień-Rakoczy, M., Rakoczy, Ł., Cygan, R., Chrzan, K., Milkovič, O. & Pirowski, Z. (2022). Influence of Al/Ti ratio and ta concentration on the As-cast microstructure, phase composition, and phase transformation temperatures of lost-wax Ni-based superalloy castings. Materials. 15(9), 3296, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093296.

[17] Firstov, S.A., Gorban’, V.F., Krapivka, N.A. Karpets, M.V. & Kostenko, A.D. (2017). Wear resistance of high-entropy alloys. Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 56, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-017-9882-8.

[18] Fan, Q., Chen, C., Fan, C., Liu, Z., Cai, X., Lin, S. & Yang, C. (2021). AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by gas tungsten arc cladding: Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties. Intermetallics. 138, 107337, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107337.

[19] Yan, G., Zheng, M., Ye, Z., Gu, J., Li, C., Wu, C., Wang, B. (2021). In-situ Ti(C, N) reinforced AlCoCrFeNiSi-based high entropy alloy coating with functional gradient double-layer structure fabricated by laser cladding. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 886, 161252, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161252.


[20] Standard- ISO 6507-1:2023- Metallic materials-Vickers hardness test. [21] Standard- ASTM G75-15(2021)- Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number).

[22] Ren, Y., Wu, H., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Guo, S., Jiao, Z.B. & Baker, I. (2022). A comparative study on microstructure, nanomechanical and corrosion behaviors of AlCoCuFeNi high entropy alloys fabricated by selective laser melting and laser metal deposition. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 131, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.05.035.

[23] Cichocki, K., Bała, P., Kwiecień, M., Szymula, M., Chrzan, K., Hamilton, C. & Muszka, K. (2024). The influence of Mo addition on static recrystallization and grain growth behaviour in CoNiFeMn system subjected to prior deformation. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-024-00888-8.

[24] Xiao, D.H., Zhou, P.F., Wu, W.Q., Diao, H.Y., Gao, M.C., Song, M. & Liwae, P.K. (2017). Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion behaviors of AlCoCuFeNi-(Cr,Ti) high entropy alloys. Materials & Design. 116, 438-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.12.036.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

K. Chrzan
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kalandyk
2
M. Grudzień-Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ł. Rakoczy
3
K. Cichocki
3

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Centre of Materials and Manufacturing Research, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland
  3. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This article presents a analysis of the impact of varying amounts of a specific additive in the core mixture and adjustments in shooting pressure on the elimination of surface defects in castings, particularly veinings. These defects, often located in inaccessible areas of the casting, cannot be effectively removed through conventional methods like punching, making the optimization of the core mixture composition crucial. Additives are frequently incorporated into the core mixture, as they have become an essential component in its production. For the core mixture to be effective, it is not only essential to identify the appropriate type of additive but also to precisely determine the optimal quantity of the additive and accurately set other critical production parameters, such as shooting pressure.This study investigates the influence of additive concentration and shooting pressure on the surface quality of cast iron castings, employing the cold box method for core production. The findings reveal that higher shooting pressure contributes positively to the reduction of veining defects. However, an increased additive content in the core mixture does not necessarily ensure vein-free castings. The additive also plays a role in reducing the gas content within the core, and increased core hardness is associated with a decrease in the occurrence of veining defects. The casting with the highest surface quality and the fewest veinings was produced using cores made from a mixture with 1% additive content, subjected to a shooting pressure of 4 bars.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Hrubovčáková, M., Vasková, I. & Conev, M. (2018). Using additives fo the production of castings from the gray cast iron. Manufacturing Technology. 18(6), 906-911. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/199.2018/a/1213-2489/MT/18/6/906.

[2] Svidró, J.T., Diószegi, A., Svidró, J. & Ferenczi, T. (2017). The effect of different binder levels on the heat absorption capacity of moulding mixtures made by the phenolic urethane cold-box process. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry. 13(3), 1769-1777. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-017-6611-y.

[3] Hrubovčáková, M., Vasková, I. & Conev, M. (2017). Influence the composition of the core mixture to the occurence of veinings on castings of cores produced by cold-box-amine technology. Manufacturing Technology. 17(1), 39-44.

[4] Neudert, A. (2019). Molding and core mixtures. Formovací a jádrové směsi. Slévárenství. 67, 217. (in Czech).

[5] Żymankowska-Kumon, S., Bobrowski, A., Drożyński,D., Grabowska, B. & Kaczmarska, K. (2018). Effect of silicate modifier on the emission of harmful compounds from phenolic resin used in cold-box technology. Archives of Foundry Enginnering. 18(1), 151-156. DOI: 10.24425/118829.

[6] Zanetti, M.Ch. & Fiore, S. (2002). Foundry processes: the recovery of green moulding sands for core operations. Resources Conservation and Recycling. 38(3), 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00154-4.

[7] ASK Chemicals (2020, September). Cold box PU Technology. Retrived September 4, 2020, from https://www.askchemicals.com/foundry-products/products/pu-cold-box-binder/cold-box-process.

[8] Jelínek, P. (1996). Slévarenské formovací směsi II část, Pojivové soustavy formovacích směsí (pp. 24-29). Ostrava.

[9] Udayan, N., Srinivasan, M.V., Vaira Vignesh, R. & Govindaraju, M. (2021). Elimination of casting defects induced by cold box cores. Materials Today: Proceedings. 46(10), 5022-5026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.398.

[10] Li, C., Ma, Z., Zhang, X., Fan, H., & Wan, J. (2016). Silicone-modified phenolic resin: Relashionships between molecular structure and curing behaviour. Thermochemical Acta. 639, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.07.011.

[11] Kroker, J. & Wang, X. (2014). Advancement in cold box gassing processes. In 7st BILBAO 2014 World Foundry Congress, 19-21 May 2014. Palacio Euskalduna, BILBAO: Advanced Suistanable Foundry.

[12] Jelínek, P. (2000). Dispersion systems of foundry molding compounds: cutting edge. Ostrava. (in Czech).

[13] Beňo, J., Adamusová, K., Merta, V. & Bajer, T. (2019). Influence of silica sand on surface casting quality. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(2), 5-8. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.127107.

[14] Hlavsa, P. (2016). Core-melt interaction during casting of Al alloy cylinder heads into metal molds. Published doctoral dissertation, Vysoké učení technické v Brňe. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, Brno, Czech Republic. (in Czech).

[15] Svidró, J., Diószegi, A., Tóth, L. & Svidró, J.T. (2017). The influence of thermal expansion of unbonded foundry sands on the deformation of resin bonded cores. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(2), 795-798. DOI:10.1515/amm-2017-0118.

[16] Baker, S. G., & Werling, J. M. (2003). Expansion control method for sand cores. In Transactions of the American Foundry Society and the One Hundred Seventh Annual Castings Congress (pp. 457-462).

[17] Thiel, J. & Ravi, S. (2014). Causes and solutions to veining defects in iron and steel castings. AFS Transaction. 14-030, 1-16.

[18] Beňo, J et. Al. (2016). Influencing of foundry bentonite mixtures by binder activation. Metalurgija. 55 (1), 7-10.

[19] Sheikh, M.I.A.R., Wahulkar, R.R., Gatkine, H.S., Sonwane, R.P., Wakodikar, S.R. & Patankar, V. (2018). Sand optimization to improve quality of cast iron pipes. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Science. 3(5), 89-93. e-ISSN: 2456-3463.

[20] Elbel, T. & kol. (1992). Casting defects from iron alloys. MATECS, Brno. (in Czech).

[21] Hrubovčáková, M., Vasková, I., Conev, M. & Bartošová, M. (2017). Influence the compostition of the core mixture to the occurrence of veining on casting of cores produced by cold-box-amine technology. Manufacturing Technology. 17(1), 39-44. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/x.2017/a/1213-2489/MT/17/1/39.

[22] Hrubovčáková M. (2023). Analysis and action of additives in the nuclear mixture. Reasons for use and analysis of additives in molding compounds (41-56). Košice: Fakulta materiálov,metalurgie a recyklácie, Technická univerzita v Košiciach. (in Slovac).

[23] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Impact of the different moulding parameters on properties of the green sand mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 5-9. DOI:10.24425/afe.2023.144288.

[24] Khandelwal, H. (2014). Effect of binder composition on the shrinkage of chemically bonded sand cores. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 30(12), 1465-1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.994779.

[25] Chate, G.R., Bhat, R.P. & Chate, U.N. (2014). Process parameter settings for core shooter machine by taguchi approach. Procedia Materials Science. 5, 1976-1985. DOI: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.530.

[26] Showman, R., Nocera, M., Madigan, J., Baltz, G., Hajduk, T., & Wohleber, J. (2010). Re-Evaluating core dimensional changes. International Journal of Metalcasting. 4, 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355498.

[27] Mahajan, N., Jadhav G. K. & Jadhav, R. (2018). Optimization of sand preparation to improve core strenght and casting quality. International Journal for Technological Research in Egineering. 6(2), 4808-4811.

[28] Bolibruchová, D. (2010). Foundry technology. (in Slovac). [29] HA Group. (2020). New Names – Proven Products. Retrieved June 20, 2024 from https://www.ha-group.com/fileadmin/redaktion_contentpool/3_Products_and_Services/Cold-Box/2020_Cold-Box_Brochure_e.pdf

[30] Shahria, S., Tariquzzaman, Md., Habibur Rahman, Md., Al Almi, Md. & Abdur Rahman, Md. (2017). Optimization of molding sand composition for casting al alloy. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications. 5(3), 155-161. DOI: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20170503.13.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

P. Delimanová
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Vasková
1
ORCID: ORCID
O. Kožej
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Technical University of Košice Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Slovak Republik
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents the results of dimensional and shape analysis of additively manufactured shaped parts of foundry moulds; specifically, shaped gate valve inserts made of DIEVAR steel used in the die-casting process of aluminium alloys. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of dimensional and shape analysis during the manufacturing of shaped mould parts before their use in foundry operating conditions. The manufacturing operations include additive manufacturing, heat treatment, machining, and applying a protective coating. Based on these technological operations, the required component accuracy is achieved before application in the operating conditions. The dimensional and shape analysis was measured by 3D scanning and 3D measuring methodology on a coordinate measuring machine. The ROMER ABSOLUTE ARM 3D scanning arm and the THOME PRÄZISION coordinate measuring machine were used for the measurements. The paper presents findings in the development and application of additive manufacturing technologies in engineering metallurgy.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Biglete, E. R., Cruz, J. C. D., Verdadero, M. S., Manuel, M. C. E., Altea, A. R., Lubi, A. J. O., Gatpayat, A. G. R. & Santos, C. D. B. (2020). Dimensional accuracy evaluation of 3D – printed parts using a 3D scanning surface metrology technique. 11th IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium, (ICSGRC), (pp. 185-195). DOI: 10.1109/icsgrc49013.2020.9232583.

[2] Bellocchio, F., Borghese, N. A., Ferrari, S. & Piuri, V. (2013). 3D Surface Reconstruction Multi-Scale Hierarchical Approaches. Springer-Verlag New York. Retrieved January 2013, from ResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235247791_3D_Surface_Reconstruction_Multi-Scale_Hierarchical_Approaches. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5632-2.

[3] Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Singh, R.P. & Suman, R. (2021). Industrial perspectives of 3D scanning: Features, roles and it´s analytical applications. Sensors International. 2, 100114, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100114.

[4] Yin, S., Ren, Y., Guo, Y., Zhu, J., Yang, S., & Ye, S. (2014). Development and calibration of an integrated 3D scanning system for high-accuracy large-scale metrology. Measurement. 54, 65-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2014.04.009.

[5] Pokorný, P. (1998). Coordinate measuring machines. Liberec: Technická universita v Liberci. (in Czech).

[6] Wozniak, A. & Dobosz, M. (2005). Factors influencing probing accuracy of a coordinate measuring machine. Measurement, 54(6), 2540-2548. DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2005.858541.

[7] Stojkic, Z., Culjak, E., Saravanja, L. (2020). 3D Measuring – comparison of CMM and 3D scanner. In: Katalinic, B. Proceedings of the 31st International DAAAM Symposium 2020 0780-0787. Vienna, Austria, 21-24 October 2020. Vienna, Austria: DAAM International.

[8] Caiazzo, F. & Alfieri, V. (2021). Optimization of laser beam welding of steel parts made by additive manufacturing. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 114(9-10), 3123-3136. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-021-07039-w.

[9] Li, Q., Kucukkoc, I. & Zhang. D.Z. (2017). Production planning in additive manufacturing and 3D printing. Computers and Operations Research. 83, 157-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.cor.2017.01.013.

[10] Uddeholm a voestalpine company. (2024). Uddeholm dievar material datasheet EN. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from: https://www.uddeholm.com/app/uploads/sites/49/2017/09/dievar-eng_p_1903-e12.pdf.pdf.

[11] Krejci, M. (2008). Teniferation – an unconventional method of carbonitring. Master Disertation. Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrstvi

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

T. Sellner
1 2
L. Socha
1
K. Gryc
1
A. Mohamed
1
M. Pinta
1 2
J. Sviželová
1
K. Koza
1 2
M. Dvořák
3
M. Roh
3

  1. Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
  2. Department of Materials and Engineering Metallurgy, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 2732/8, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
  3. Tool Shop Division, MOTOR JIKOV Fostron a.s., Kněžskodvorská 2277, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Parameters of the moulding process in foundry are usually determined by trial-and-error method, and this way contributes to time taken and adds further cost for production sand. The present work represents an attempt to optimize sand moulding parameters in terms of compactability, compaction time, and air pressure, and to study effect of these factors on the green sand flowability using L4 design of experiments. Regression model, Taguchi method, and experimental verification were used to investigate flow property of sodium bentonite- bonded BP-quartz sand for sand moulding.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to measure significance and contributions of different moulding variables on flowability of green sand. The values obtained showed that the compaction time factor significantly affected flowability of green sand while compactability and air pressure have slight effects. The comparison results of Taguchi method, regression predictions and experiments exhibited good agreement.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Rao, T.V. (2003). Metal casting: principles and practice. New Delhi: New Age International.

[2] Bownes, F.F. (1971). Sand Casting. In Beadle, J.D. (Eds.) Castings: Production Engineering Series (pp. 63-74). Palgrave, London: Red Globe Press London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01179-7_7.

[3] Saikaew, C. & Wiengwiset, S. (2012). Optimization of moulding sand composition for quality improvement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science. 67-68, 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.07.005.

[4] Karunakar D.B. & Datta, G.L, (2007). Controlling green sand mold properties using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms- A comparison. Applied Clay Science. 37(1-2), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.11.005.

[5] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2019). Development of mathematical relationships for calculating material-dependent flowability of green molding sand. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28, 3994-4001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04089-w.

[6] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Study on the impact of moulding parameters on the flow property of green sand mould, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly. 1-7. DOI: 10.1080/00084433.2023.2287797.

[7] Baitiang, C., Weiß, K., Krüger, M. et al, (2023). Data-driven process analysis for iron foundries with automatic sand molding process. International Journal of Metalcasting.18, 1135-1150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-023-01080-z.18

[8] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Utilizing of the statistical analysis for evaluation of the properties of green sand mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(3), 67-73. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146664.

[9] Mahesh B. Parappagoudar, Dilip Kumar Pratihar, and Gouranga Lal Datta, (2011). Modeling and analysis of sodium silicate-bonded moulding sand system using design of experiments and response surface methodology. Journal for Manufacturing Science & Production. 11(1-3), 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1515/jmsp.2011.011.

[10] Sultana, M.N., Rafiquzzaman M. & Al Amin, M. (2017). Experimental and analytical investigation of the effect of additives on green sand mold properties using taguchi method. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Automation. 4(4), 109-119.

[11] Gunasegaram, D.R., Farnsworth D.J. & Nguyen, T.T. (2009). Identification of critical factors affecting shrinkage porosity in permanent mold casting using numerical simulations based on design of experiments. Journal of materials processing technology. 209(3), 1209-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.03.044.

[12] Patel, M.G.C., Parappagoudar, M.B., Chate, G.R. & Deshpande, A.S. (2017). Modeling and optimization of phenol formaldehyde resin sand mould system. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 162-170. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0069.

[13] Ishfaq, K., Ali, M. A., Ahmad, N., Zahoor, S., Al-Ahmari, A. M. & Hafeez, F. (2020). Modelling the mechanical attributes (roughness, strength, and hardness) of al-alloy A356 during sand casting. Materials. 13(3), 598, 1-24. DOI: 10.3390/ma13030598.

[14] Guharaja, G., Noorul Haq A. & Karuppannan, K.M. (2006). Optimization of green sand casting process parameters by using Taguchi’s method. International Journal of Advance Manufacturing Technology. 30, 1040-1048. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-005-0146-2.

[15] Khare, M., Kumar, D. (2012). Optimization of sand casting parameters using factorial design. International Journal of Scientific Research. 3(1), 151-153.

[16] Reddy, K.S., Reddy, V.V., Mandava, R.K. (2017). Effect of binder and mold parameters on collapsibility and surface finish of gray cast iron no-bake sand molds. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering. 225 012246. DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/225/1/012246.

[17] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Impact of the different moulding parameters on properties of the green sand mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 5-9. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144288.

[18] Dabade, U.A. & Bhedasgaonkar, R.C. (2013). Casting defect analysis using design of experiments (DoE) and computer aided casting simulation technique. Procedia CIRP. 7, 616-621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.06.042.

[19] Lakshamanan Singaram, (2010). Improving quality of sand casting using taguchi and ANN analysis. International journal on design and manufacturing technologies. 4, 1-5.

[20] Kumari, A., Ohdar, R., Banka, H. (2016). Multiobjective parametric optimization of green sand moulding properties using genetic algorithm. In 3rd International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology RAIT, 03-05. March 2016 (pp. 279-283). Dhanbad, India: IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/RAIT.2016.7507916.

[21] Charnnarong Saikaew, & Sermsak Wiengwiset, (2012). Optimization of molding sand composition for quality improvement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science. 67-68, 26-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.07.005.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ali A. Muhsan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sinan S. Hamdi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Technology- Iraq
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper focuses on the investigation of the influence of Ti on selected properties of the hypoeutectic aluminium alloy AlSi5Cu2Mg. AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy finds application in the field of production of high-strength cylinder head castings intended for the automotive industry due to the optimal combination of mechanical, physical and foundry properties. In commercial production, the maximum Ti content is limited by the manufacturer (Ti max. = 0.03 wt.%), which significantly limits the possibilities of refinement the alloy with Ti-based grain refiners. Therefore, the possibility of increasing the Ti content beyond the manufacturer's recommendation is considered in this work. The main aim of the work is to evaluate the influence of graded Ti addition (0.1; 0.2; 0.3 wt.% Ti) on the resulting mechanical and physical properties of the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy. Simultaneously, the influence of increased Ti content on the microstructure of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy is evaluated. The alloying element was introduced into the melt in the form of AlTi5B1 master alloy. The effect of T6 heat treatment on the resulting mechanical and physical properties and microstructure of the hypoeutectic AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy with graded Ti addition was also investigated in the experimental work.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Bolibruchová, D., Sýkorová, M., Brůna, M., Matejka, M. & Širanec, L. (2023). Effect of Zr addition on selected properties and microstructure of aluminum alloy AlSi5Cu2Mg. International Journal of Metalcasting. 17(4), 2596-2611. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-023-01048-z.

[2] Javidani, M., Larouche, D. (2014). Application of cast Al-Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. International Materials Reviews. 59(3), 132-158. DOI: 10.1179/1743280413Y.0000000027.

[3] Sigworth, G.K. & Kuhn, T.A. (2015). Grain refinement of aluminum casting alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting.1, 31-40. DOI:10.1007/BF03355416.

[4] Choi, S., Kim, Y., Kim, Y., Kang, Ch. (2019). Effects of alloying elements on mechanical and thermal characteristics of Al-6wt-%Si-0.4wt-%Mg-(Cu) foundry alloy. Materials Science and Technology. 35(11), 1365-1371. DOI: 10.1080/02670836.2019.1625170.

[5] Czerwinski, F. (2020). Thermal stability of aluminum alloys. Materials. 13(15), 1-49. DOI: 10.3390/ma13153441.

[6] Pourkia, N., Emamy, M., Farhangi, H., Ebrahimi, S. H. (2010). The effect of Ti and Zr elements and cooling rate on the microstructure and tensile properties of a new developed super high-strength aluminum alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 527(20), 5318-5325. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.05.009.

[7] Kashyap, K.T., Chandrashekar, T. (2001). Effects and mechanism of grain refinement in aluminium alloys. Bulletin of Materials Science. 24(4), 345-353. DOI: 10.1007/BF02708630.

[8] Brůna, M., Remišová, A., Sládek, A. (2019). Effect of filter thickness on reoxidation and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy AlSi7Mg0.3. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 64(3), 1100-1106. DOI: 10.24425/amm. 2019.129500.

[9] Beroual, S., Boumerzoug, Z., Paillard, P. & Borjon-Piron, Y. (2019). Effects of heat treatment and addition of small amounts of Cu and Mg on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Cu and Al-Si-Mg cast alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 784, 1026-1035. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.365.

[10] Li, K., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Yin, Y., He, Y., Zhou, Z. & Guan, R. (2020). Microstructure evolution of eutectic Si in Al-7Si binary alloy by heat treatment and its effect on enhancing thermal conductivity. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 9(4), 8780-8786. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.06.021.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Sýkorová
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bolibruchová
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Brůna
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Chalupová
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper focuses on the research of hybrid aluminium castings produced by overcasting technology. This is an advanced technology for ensuring the lightness of castings by using the principle of overcasting a core with a porous cellular structure produced by foaming. Process parameters in the foaming phase of the material have a great influence on the resulting porous structure. The article focuses on controlling the influence of pressure during the foaming process on the resulting porosity and evaluating by X-ray tomograph and measuring the relative density. Variants using an initial pressure of 0.3 MPa appear to be the most satisfactory. The challenge of this technology is to ensure adequate bonding of the metals at the interface between the porous core and the solidified metal without penetrating the coating layer. For this reason, the surface treatment of foamed cores with various etchants has been proposed to disrupt the oxide layer on their surface. Macrographs of the uncoated sample and samples etched with 0.5% HF and 10% H3PO4 demonstrated the need for core surface treatment to prevent liquid metal penetration. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of AlPO4 at the core/casting interface in the treated sample.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Liu, W., Peng, T., Kishita, Y., Umeda, Y., Tang, R., Tang, W., & Hu, L. (2021). Critical life cycle inventory for aluminum die casting: A lightweight-vehicle manufacturing enabling technology. Applied Energy. 304, 117814. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117814.

[2] Wang, B., Zhang, Z., Xu, G., Zeng, X., Hu, W., & Matsubae, K. (2023). Wrought and cast aluminum flows in China in the context of electric vehicle diffusion and automotive lightweighting. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 191, 1-10, 106877. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106877.

[3] Matejka, M., Bolibruchová, D., & Podprocká, R. (2021). The influence of returnable material on internal homogeneity of the high-pressure die-cast AlSi9Cu3(Fe) alloy. Metals. 11(7), 1-14, 1084. DOI: 10.3390/met11071084.

[4] Huang, Y., Tian, X., Li, W., He, S., Zhao, P., Hu, H., Jia, Q., & Luo, M. (2024). 3D printing of topologically optimized wing spar with continuous carbon fiber reinforced composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 272, 1-9, 111166. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.111166

[5] Jasoliya, D., Shah, D. B., & Lakdawala, A. M. (2022). Topological optimization of wheel assembly components for all terrain vehicles. Materials Today: Proceedings. 59(1), 878-883. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.221.

[6] Ali, M. A., Jahanzaib, M., Wasim, A., Hussain, S., & Anjum, N. A. (2018). Evaluating the effects of as-casted and aged overcasting of Al-Al joints. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 96(1-4), 1377-1392. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-018-1682-x.

[7] Papis, K., Hallstedt, B., Löffler, J., & Uggowitzer, P. (2008). Interface formation in aluminium–aluminium compound casting. Acta Materialia. 56(13), 3036-3043. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2008.02.042.

[8] Lefebvre, L.-P., Banhart, J., & Dunand, D. C. (2008). Porous metals and metallic foams: Current status and recent developments. Advanced Engineering Materials. 10(9), 775-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200800241.

[9] Nosko, M. (2009). Reproducibility of Aluminium Foam Properties. Doctoral dissertation, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.

[10] Zhang, H., Chen, Y., & Luo, A. A. (2014). A novel aluminum surface treatment for improved bonding in magnesium/aluminum bimetallic castings. Scripta Materialia, 86, 52-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.05.007

[11] Rajak, D. K., & Gupta, M. (2020). An Insight Into Metal Based Foams. Singapore: Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9069-6.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Brůna
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Medňanský
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Oslanec
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovak Republic
  2. Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Inoval - Innovation center, Priemyselná 525 Ladomerská Vieska, 965 01 Žiar nad Hronom, Slovak Republic
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the test results on the technology of surface hardening of castings from unalloyed and low-alloy nodular cast iron using the method of surface heat treatment, i.e., induction surface hardening and methods of thermochemical treatment, i.e. gas nitriding, nitrocarburizing, and nitrocarburizing with oxidation. The scope of research included macro- and microhardness measurements using Rockwell and Vickers methods, respectively, as well as metallographic microscopic examinations using a light microscope. Furthermore, abrasive wear resistance tests were performed using the pin-on-disk method in the friction pair of nodular cast iron – SiC abrasive paper and the reciprocating method in the friction pair of nodular cast iron – unalloyed steel. Analysis of the test results shows that the size and depth of surface layer hardening strongly depend on the chemical composition of the nodular cast iron, determining its hardenability and its ability to create diffusion layers. Medium induction surface hardening made it possible to strengthen the surface layer of the tested nodular cast irons to the level of 700 HV0.5 with a hardening depth of up to approximately 4000μm, while various variants of thermochemical treatment provided surface hardness of up to 750 HV0.5 with a hardening depth of up to approximately 200μm. Furthermore, induction surface hardening increased the resistance to abrasive wear of nodular cast iron castings, depending on the test method, by an average of 70 and 45%, while thermochemical treatment on average by 15 and 60%.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Pan, C., Gu, Y., Chang, J. & Wang, C. (2023). Recent patents on friction and wear tester. Recent Patents on Engineering. 17(4), 86-102. DOI:10.2174/1872212117666220621103655.

[2] Yang, Z., Ye, S., Wang, Z., Li, Z. & Li. W. (2023). Experimental and simulation study on braking noise characteristics and noise reduction strategies of the friction pair between the SiCp/A356 brake disc and the synthetic pad. Engineering Failure Analysis. 145, 1-20, 107017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.107017.

[3] Wang, K., Zhang, Z., Dandu, R.S.B. & Cai. W. (2023). Understanding tribocorrosion of aluminum at the crystal level. Acta Materialia. 245, 1-13, 118639. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118639.

[4] Jakobsen, P.D., Langmaack, L., Dahl, F. & Breivik. T. (2013). Development of the soft ground abrasion tester (SGAT) to predict TBM tool wear, torque and thrust. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology. 38, 398-408. DOI:10.1016/j.tust.2013.07.021.

[5] Tiruvenkadam, N., Thyla, P.R. Senthil Kumar, M., Kader, N.A., Pradeep, V.K., Vishnu Kumar, R., Sasikumar, N. (2013). Development of multipurpose reciprocating wear tester under various environmental parameters. In International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability, 10 – 12 April 2013 (pp. 213 – 216). Nagercoil, India. DOI:10.1109/ICEETS.2013.6533384.

[6] Guanzhang, H., Xiaojing, Y., Yilin, C. & Jie, D. (2011). Development of a system for measuring the variation of friction force on reciprocating wear tester. In Third International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation, 6-7 January 2011 (Vol. 1, pp. 1045-1049). DOI:10.1109/ICMTMA.2011.262.

[7] Vasquez, H., Lozano, K., Soto, V. & Rocha, A. (2008). Design of a wear tester for nano-reinforced polymer composites. Measurement. 41(8), 870-877. DOI:10.1016/j.measurement.2007.12.003.

[8] Wei, R., Wilbur, P.J., Sampath, W.S., Williamson, D.L., Qu, Y. & Wang, L. (1990). Tribological studies of ion-implanted steel constituents using an oscillating pin-on-disk wear tester. Journal of Tribology. 112(1), 27-36. DOI:10.1115/1.2920227.

[9] Desale, G.R., Gandhi, B.K. & Jain, S.C. (2005). Improvement in the design of a pot tester to simulate erosion wear due to solid-liquid mixture. Wear. 259(1-6), 196-202. DOI:10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.068.

[10] Wang, X., Song, Y., Li, C., Zhang, Y. Ali, H.M., Sharma, S., Li, R. et al. (2023). Nanofluids application in machining: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 131(5-6), 3113-3164. DOI:10.1007/s00170-022-10767-2.

[11] De Stefano, M., Aliberti, S.M. & Ruggiero. A. (2022). (Bio) Tribocorrosion in dental implants: principles and techniques of investigation. Applied Sciences. 12(15), 1-16. DOI:10.3390/app12157421.

[12] Vilhena, L., Ferreira, F., Oliveira, J.C. & Ramalho. A. (2022). Rapid and easy assessment of friction and load-bearing capacity in thin coatings. Electronics. 11(3), 1-19, 296. DOI:10.3390/electronics11030296.

[13] Valigi, M.C., Logozzo, S. & Affatato, S. (2017). New challenges in tribology: wear assessment using 3d optical scanners. Materials. 10(5), 1-13, 548. DOI:10.3390/ma10050548.

[14] Dwulat, R., Janerka, K. & Grzesiak, K. (2021). The influence of final inoculation on the metallurgical quality of nodular cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(4), 5-14. DOI:10.24425/afe.2021.138673.

[15] Janerka, K., Kostrzewski, Ł., Stawarz, M. & Jezierski. J. (2020). The importance of sic in the process of melting ductile iron with a variable content of charge materials. Materials. 13(5), 1-10, 1231. DOI:10.3390/ma13051231.

[16] Gumienny, G., Kurowska, B. & Fabian. P. (2020). Compacted graphite iron with the addition of Tin. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(3), 15-20. DOI:10.24425/afe.2020.133323.

[17] Gunalan, M. & Anandeswaran, V.A. (2021). A holistic approach of developing new high strength cast iron for weight optimization. SAE Techical Paper. DOI:10.4271/2021-26-0244.

[18] Bendikiene, R., Bahdanovich, A., Cesnavicius, R., Ciuplys, A., Grigas, V., Jutas, A., Marmysh, D., Nasan, A., Shemet, L., Sherbakov, S. & Sosnovskiy, L. (2020). Tribo-fatigue behavior of austempered ductile iron monica as new structural material for rail-wheel system. Medziagotyra. 26(4), 432-437. DOI:10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.25384.

[19] [20] Zhu, Y., Keoleian, G.A. & Cooper. D.R. (2023). A parametric life cycle assessment model for ductile cast iron components. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 189, 1-9, 106729. DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106729.

[20] Molian, P.A. & Baldwin, M. (1987). Effects of single-pass laser heat treatment on erosion behavior of cast irons. Wear. 118(3), 319-327. DOI:10.1016/0043-1648(87)90075-5.

[21] Molian, P.A. & Baldwin. M. (1988). Wear behavior of laser surface-hardened gray and ductile cast irons. Part 2 erosive wear. Journal of Tribology. 110(3), 462-466. DOI:10.1115/1.3261651.

[22] Wróbel, T., Studnicki, A., Stawarz, M., Baron, Cz., Jezierski, J., Bartocha, D., Dojka, R., Opiela, J. & Lisiecki, A. (2024). Improving the abrasion resistance of nodular cast iron castings by remelting their surfaces by laser beam. Materials. 17(9), 1-17, 2095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092095.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

C. Baron
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Stawarz
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Studnicki
1
J. Jezierski
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Dojka
2
M. Lenert
1 2
K. Piasecki
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Odlewnia RAFAMET Sp. z o.o., ul. Staszica 1, 47-420 Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The study presents a comparison of the results of structural tests, impact strength and strength properties of cast iron EN-GJS-400-15, which is produced in industrial conditions and the ductile cast iron, with addition of nickel, in austenitic matrix. Due to the ongoing energy transformation and attempts to inject hydrogen into existing gas grids, gas fittings manufacturers are looking for materials that will be more resistant to the destructive effects of hydrogen than the currently used ductile cast iron. The aim of the work was to obtain cast iron with the addition of nickel (about 20%) with similar strength parameters, better impact strength, both at room temperature and at lower temperatures, as well as a stable austenitic matrix in ductile cast iron. All assumptions were achieved. In the future, research should be undertaken to develop an economically optimal chemical composition, without a significant loss of strength properties, and the resistance of gate valves made of austenitic cast iron to the destructive effects of hydrogen should be examined. The work is preliminary research.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Kanellopoulos, K., Busch, S., De Felice, M., Giaccaria, S. and Costescu, A. (2022). Blending hydrogen from electrolysis into the European gas grid. EUR 30951 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2022, ISBN 978-92-76-46346-7, DOI:10.2760/908387, JRC 126763.

[2] ToGetAir. (2024). Hydrogen Needs Strong Support. Retrieved December, 18, 2023 from https://raport.togetair.eu/ogien/energia-przyszlosci/wodor-potrzebuje-mocnego-wsparcia. (in Polish).

[3] Jaworski, J., Kukulska-Zając, E. & Kułaga, P. (2019). Selected issue regarding the impact of addition of hydrogen to natural gas on the elements of the gas system. Nafta-Gaz. 10, 625-632. DOI: 10.18668/NG.2019.10.04. (in Polish).

[4] Bąkowski, K, (2007). Gas grids and installations – guide. Warszawa: WNT. (in Polish).

[5] EN 13774:2013 Valves for gas distribution system with maximum operating pressure less than or equal to 16 bar – Performance requirements.

[6] Regulation of the Minister of Economy of April 26, 2013 on the technical conditions to be met by gas grids and their location. (Dz.U z 2013 r., Nr 0, poz. 640). (in Polish).

[7] Information Publication 11/I, Safe use of hydrogen as fuel in commercial industrial applications, Polish Ship Register, Gdańsk 2021, p 36 (in Polish)

[8] Sahiluoma, P., Yagodzinskyy, Y., Forsström, A., Hänninen, H. & Bossuyt, S. (2021). Hydrogen embrittlement of nodular cast iron. Materials and Corrosion. 72(1-2), 245-254. DOI: 10.1002/maco.202011682.

[9] Yoshimoto, T., Matsuo, T. & Ikeda, T. (2019). The effect of graphite size on hydrogen absorption and tensile properties of ferritic ductile cast iron. Procedia Structural Integrity. 14, 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.05.004.

[10] Elboujdaini E. (2011). Hydrogen-Induced Cracking and Sulfide Stress Cracking. Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook. R. Winston Revie (red.). Wiley, 183-194.

[11] Gangloff, R.P. (2012). Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies. Woodhead Publishing.

[12] Jiaxing Liu, Mingjiu Zhao, Lijian Rong (2023). Overview of hydrogen-resistant alloys for high-pressure hydrogen environment: on the hydrogen energy structural materials. Clean Energy. 7(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad009.

[13] Dwivedi, S.K. & Vishwakarma. M. (2018). Hydrogen embrittlement in different materials: A review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 43(46), 21603-21616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.201.

[14] Dziadur, W., Lisak, J., & Tabor A. (2004). Corrosion testing of high-nickel ductile cast iron. Journal of Applied Materials Engineering. 6, 28-32. (in Polish).

[15] Guzik, E., Kopyciński, D. (2004). Structure and impact strength of austenitic ductile iron. Archives of Foundry. 4(12), 115-120. ISSN 1642-5308. (in Polish).

[16] Tabor, A., Putyra, P., Zarębski, P. & Maguda, T. (2009). Austenitic ductile iron for low temperature applications. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(1), 163-168. ISSN (1897-3310).

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

A. Rączka
1
A. Szczęsny
2
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kopyciński
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Fabryka Armatur JAFAR S.A. Kadyiego 12 Street 38-200 Jasło, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23, 30-065 Kraków, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Accurate kinetic parameters are vital for quantifying the effect of binder decomposition on the complex phenomena occurring during the casting process. Commercial casting simulation tools often use simplified kinetic parameters that do not comprise the complex multiple reactions and their effect on gas generation in the sand core. The present work uses experimental thermal analysis techniques such as Thermogravimetry (TG) and Differential thermal analysis (DTA) to determine the kinetic parameters via approximating the entire reaction during the decomposition by multiple first-order apparent reactions. The TG and DTA results reveal a multi-stage and exothermic decomposition process in the binder degradation. The pressure build-up in cores/molds when using the obtained multi-reaction kinetic model is compared with the earlier approach of using an average model. The results indicate that pressure in the mold/core with the multi-reaction approach is estimated to be significantly higher. These results underscore the importance of precise kinetic parameters for simulating binder decomposition in casting processes.
Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Campbell, J. (2011). Molds and cores. Complete Casting Handbook. 1, 155-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85617-809-9.10004-0.

[2] Campbell, J., Svidro, J.T. & Svidro, J. (2017). Molding and casting processes. Cast Iron Science and Technology. 1, 189-206. DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006297.

[3] Diószegi, A., Elmquist, L., Orlenius, J. & Dugic, I. (2009). Defect formation of gray iron casting. Intional Journal of Metalcasting. 3(4), 49-58, DOI: 10.1007/BF03355458.

[4] Bobrowski, A., Holtzer, M., Zymankowska-Kumon, S. & Dańko, R. (2015). Harmfulness assessment of moulding sands with a geopolymer binder and a new hardener, in an aspect of the emission of substances from the BTEX group. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1), 341-344. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0056.

[5] Grabowska, B., Żymankowska-Kumon, S., Cukrowicz, S., Kaczmarska, K., Bobrowski, A. & Tyliszczak, B. (2019). Thermoanalytical tests (TG–DTG–DSC, Py-GC/MS) of foundry binders on the example of polymer composition of poly(acrylic acid)–sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Joyrnal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 138(6), 4427-4436. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-019-08883-5.

[6] Kmita, A., Benko, A., Roczniak, A. & Holtzer, M. (2020). Evaluation of pyrolysis and combustion products from foundry binders: potential hazards in metal casting. Jornal of Thermal Analysis & Calorimetgry. 140(5), 2347-2356. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-019-09031-9.

[7] Holtzer, M., Kmita, A., Roczniak, A., Benko, A. (2018). Thermal stability of a resin binder used in moulding sand technology. 73rd World Foundry Congr. "Creative Foundry", WFC 2018 - Proc. (pp. 131-132).

[8] Wan, P., Zhou, J., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Peng, X., Ji, X., & Shen, X. (2021). Kinetic analysis of resin binder for casting in combustion decomposition process. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 147, 6323-6336. DOI: 10.1007/s10973-021-10902-3.

[9] Wewerka, E.M., Walters, K.L. & Moore, R.H. (1969). Differential thermal analysis of furfuryl alcohol resin binders. Carbon. 7(1), 129-141. DOI: 10.1016/0008-6223(69)90012-8.

[10] Nastac, L., Jia, S., Nastac, M.N. & Wood, R. (2016). Numerical modeling of the gas evolution in furan binder-silica sand mold castings. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 29(4), 194-201. DOI: 10.1080/13640461.2015.1125983.

[11] Zych, J., Mocek, J., Snopkiewicz, T. & Jamrozowicz, Ł. (2015). Thermal conductivity of moulding sand with chemical binders, attempts of its increasing. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 60(1), 351-357. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0058.

[12] Zych, J., Mocek, J. & Kaźnica, N. (2018). Kinetics of gases emission from surface layers of sand moulds. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 222-226. DOI: 10.24425/118841.

[13] Perondi, D., Broetto, C.C., Dettmer, A., Wenzel, B.M. & Godinho, M. (2012). Thermal decomposition of polymeric resin [(C29H 24N206)n]: Kinetic parameters and mechanisms. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 97(11), 2110-2117. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.08.022.

[14] Jomaa, G., Goblet, P., Coquelet, C. & Morlot, V. (2015). Kinetic modeling of polyurethane pyrolysis using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Thermochimica Acta. 612, 10-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2015.05.009.

[15] Kmita A. Knauer, W., Holtzer, M., Hodor, K., Piwowarski, G., Roczniak, A., & Górecki, K. (2019). The decomposition process and kinetic analysis of commercial binder based on phenol-formaldehyde resin, using in metal casting. Applied Thermal Engineering. 156, 263-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.093.

[16] Ozawa, T. (1976). A modified method for kinetic analysis of thermoanalytical data. Journal of Thermal Analysis. 9(3), 369-373. DOI: 10.1007/BF01909401.

[17] Coats, A.W. & Redfern, J.P. (1964). Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric data. Nature. 201, 68-69. https://doi.org/10.1038/201068a0.

[18] Gröbler, A., & Kada, T. (1973). Kinetic studies of multi-step thermal degradations of copolymers or polymer mixtures. Journal of thermal analysis. 5, 407-414. DOI: 10.1007/BF01950231.

[19] Takamura, M. (2006). Application of Highly Wear-Resistant Carbon as a Material for Printing Types on Impact Printers. Waseda University.

[20] Fitzer, E., Schaefer, W. & Yamada, S. (1969). The formation of glasslike carbon by pyrolysis of polyfurfuryl alcohol and phenolic resin. Carbon. 7(6), 643-648. DOI: 10.1016/0008-6223(69)90518-1.

[21] Fitzer E. & Schäfer, W. (1970). The effect of crosslinking on the formation of glasslike carbons from thermosetting resins. Carbon. 8(3), 353-364. DOI: 10.1016/0008-6223(70)90075-8.

[22] Shinada, Y., Ota, H. & Ueda, Y. (1985). Gaz thermiquement décomposés à partir de liants organiques. Imono. 57(1), 17-22.

[23] Freeman E.S. & Carroll, B. (1958). The application of thermoanalytical techniques to reaction kinetics: the thermogravimetric evaluation of the kinetics of the decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrate. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 62(4), 394-397. DOI:10.1021/j150562a003.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Taishi Matsushita
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dinesh Sundaram
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ilja Belov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Attila Dioszegi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jönköping University, Sweden
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The composition and pouring temperature are important parameters in metal casting. Many cast product failures are caused by ignorance of the influence of both. This research aims to determine the effect of adding tin composition and pouring temperature on fluidity, microstructure and mechanical properties including tensile strength and hardness of tin bronze (Cu-Sn). The Cu-Sn is widely used as employed in the research is Cu (20, 22 and 24) wt.%Sn alloy using the investment casting method. Variations in pouring temperature treatment TS1 = 1000°C and TS2 = 1100°C. The mold for the fluidity test is made with a wax pattern then coated in clay. The mold dimensions are 400 mm long with mold cavity variations of 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5 mm. Several parameters: increasing the pouring temperature, adding tin composition, decreasing the temperature gradient between the molten metal and the mold walls result in a decrease in the solidification rate which can increase fluidity. The α + δ phase transition to β and γ intermetallic phases decreases fluidity at >22wt.%Sn. The columnar dendrite microstructure increases with the addition of tin composition and pouring temperature. The mechanical properties of tensile strength decrease, hardness increases and the alloy becomes more brittle with increasing tin composition.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Hou, J., Sun, J., Zhan, C., Tian, X., & Chen, X. (2007). The structural change of Cu-Sn melt. Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy. 50(4), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-007-0038-6.

[2] Park, J. S., Park, C. W., & Lee, K. J. (2009). Implication of peritectic composition in historical high-tin bronze metallurgy. Materials Characterization, 60(11), 1268-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2009.05.009.

[3] Debut, V., Carvalho, M., Figueiredo, E., Antunes, J. & Silva, R. (2016). The sound of bronze: Virtual resurrection of a broken medieval bell. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 19, 544-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.09.007.

[4] Audy J. & Audy, K. (2008). Analysis of bell materials: Tin bronzes. China Foundry. 5(3), 199-204.

[5] Won, C. S., Jung, J. P., Won, K. S., & Sharma, A. (2022). Technological insights into the evolution of bronze bell metal casting on the Korean Peninsula. Metals. 12(11), 1776, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111776.

[6] Fletcher, N. (2012). Materials and musical instruments. Acousitics Aust. 40(2), 130-134.

[7] Sumarsam, (2002). Introduction to javanese gamelan notes for music 451 (Javanese Gamelan-Beginners). Syllabus. 451(1), 1-28.

[8] Goodway, M. (1992). Metals of music. Materials Characterization. 29(2), 177-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(92)90113-V.

[9] Li, D., Franke, P., Fürtauer, S., Cupid, D. & dan Flandorfer, H. (2013). The Cu-Sn phase diagram part II: New thermodynamic assessment. Intermetallics. 34, 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.10.010.

[10] Kohler, F., Germond, L., Wagnière, J.D. & dan Rappaz, M. (2009). Peritectic solidification of Cu-Sn alloys: Microstructural competition at low speed. Acta Materialia. 57(1), 56-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.actamat.2008.08.058.

[11] Pattnaik, S., Karunakar, D.B. & Jha, P.K. (2012). Developments in investment casting process - A review. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 212(11), 2332-2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.06.003.

[12] Singh, J., Singh, R. & Singh, H. (2017). Dimensional accuracy and surface finish of biomedical implant fabricated as rapid investment casting for small to medium quantity production. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 25, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.11.012.

[13] Cheah, C. M., Chua, C. K., Lee, C. W., Feng, C., & Totong, K. (2005). Rapid prototyping and tooling techniques : a review of applications for rapid. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 25, 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1840-6.

[14] Lee, K., Blackburn, S. & Welch, S.T. (2017). A more representative mechanical testing of green state investment casting shell. Ceramics International. 43(1), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.149.

[15] Campbell J. & Harding, R.A. (1994). The fluidity of molten metals 3205 the fluidity of molten metals. TALAT Lect. 3205. 1-19.

[16] Siavashi, K. (2012). The effect of casting parameters on the fluidity and porosity of aluminium alloys in the lost foam casting process. Thesis, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.

[17] Caliari, D., Timelli, G., Bonollo, F., Amalberto, P. & Giordano, P. (2015). Fluidity of aluminium foundry alloys: Development of a testing procedure. La Metallurgia Italiana. 107(6), 11-18.

[18] Tan, M., Xiufang, B., Xianying, X., Yanning, Z., Jing, G. & Baoan, S. (2007). Correlation between viscosity of molten Cu – Sn alloys and phase diagram. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 387(1-2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.10.140.

[19] Hou, J., Guo, H., Zhan, C., Tian, X. & Chen, X. (2006). Viscous and magnetic properties of liquid Cu – 25 wt .% Sn alloy. Materials Letters. 60(16), 2038-2041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.12.108.

[20] Mudry, S., Korolyshyn, A., Vus, V. & Yakymovych, A. (2013). Viscosity and structure of liquid Cu – In alloys. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 179, 94-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2012.12.019.

[21] Rzychoń, T., Kiełbus, A. & Serba, M. (2010). The influence of pouring temperature on the microstructure and fluidity of elektron 21 and WE54 magnesium alloys. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 55(1), 7-13.

[22] Sulaiman S. & Hamouda, A.M.S. (2001). Modeling of the thermal history of the sand casting process. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 113(1-3), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00592-1.

[23] Slamet, S., Suyitno, & Kusumaningtyas, I. (2021). Effect of post cast heat treatment on Cu20wt.%Sn on Microstructure and mechanical properties. Archive of Foundry Engineering. 21(4) 87-92. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138684.

[24] Nadolski, M. (2017). The evaluation of mechanical properties of high-tin bronzes. Archive of Foundry Engineering. 17(1), 127-130. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0023.

[25] Bartocha D. & Baron, C. (2016). Influence of Tin Bronze Melting and Pouring Parameters on Its Properties and Bells ’ Tone. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 17-22. ISSN (1897-3310).

[26] Shmakova, K., Chikova, O. & Tsepelev, V. (2016). Viscosity of liquid Cu – Sn alloys viscosity of liquid Cu – Sn alloys. Physics and Chemistry of Liquids. 56(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319104.2016.1233184.

[27] Zeynep Taslicukur, E.T., Gözde S. Altug, Şeyda Polat, Hakan Atapek, Ş. (2012). A microstructural study on CuSn10 bronze produced by sand and investment casting techniques. In 21st International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials METAL, 23 -25 May 2012 (pp. 23-25). Brno, Czech Republic.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Sugeng Slamet
1
Slamet Khoeron
1
Ratri Rahmawati
1
Suyitno
2
Indraswari Kusumaningtyas
3

  1. Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Muria Kudus, Jl. Gondang manis, Po. Box 53, Bae, Kudus, Indonesia
  2. Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Tidar, Jl. Kapten Suparman 39, Magelang, Indonesia
  3. Departement of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika No.2 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This article presents changes of the total casting production volumes and of the production of castings made from basic casting alloys in Poland, in Europe and worldwide in years 2001–2021. Analogous casting production parameters were compared for Poland, Europe and countries being the leading European and global manufacturers in years 2001, 2011 and 2021. The leading casting manufacturers in Europe (with the manufacturing volume exceeding 1 million tons in the mentioned years) include Germany, Italy, the Ukraine, France and Spain. For years, the largest casting manufacturer worldwide has been China. In 2001–2021, global casting production increased from ca. 68 million tons to ca. 97 million tons (i.e. by ca. 42%), whereas the European one decreased from ca. 17 million tons to ca. 12 million tons (i.e. by close to 30%). In the analyzed period, the Polish production volume grew from ca. 0.75 million tons to ca. 0.88 million tons (i.e. by ca. 17%). The presented data reveal the decreasing importance of gray cast iron and cast steel and the increasing one of ductile cast iron and aluminum alloys. However, the Polish average annual growth rate for aluminum alloy casting production was 10.3%, whereas the global one was 3% and the European one 0.7%.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Patalas-Maliszewska, J. Topczak, M. & Kłos, S. (2020). The level of the additive manufacturing technology use in polish metal and automotive manufacturing enterprises. Applied Sciences. 10(3), 735, 1-20. DOI:10.3390/app10030735.

[2] Kampa, A. & Gołda, G. (2018). Modelling and simulation method for production process automation in steel casting foundry. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 47-52. DOI: 10.24425/118810.

[3] Gruzman, V.M. (2020). Foundry production digitalization. Materials Science and Engineering. 966(1), 012127, 1-6. DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/966/1/012127.

[4] Scharfa, S., Sander, B., Kujath, M., Richter, H., Eric Riedelb, E., Stein, H., & Felde, J. (2021). FOUNDRY 4.0: An innovative technology for sustainable and flexible process design in foundries. Procedia CIRP. 98 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.008.

[5] Odlewnie Polskie S.A. (2024). Prace badawczo-rozwojowe. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://odlewniepolskie.pl/innowacje-i-nauka/prace-badawczo-rozwojowe/.

[6] Odlewnie Polskie S.A. (2024). Report on the operations of Spółka Akcyjna Odlewnie Polskie with its registered office in Starachowice in 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from: https://odlewniepolskie.pl/.

[7] Czerepak, M. & Piątkowski, J. (2023). Casting of combustion engine pistons before and now on the example of FM Gorzyce. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 58-65. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144296.

[8] Soiński, M.S., Skurka, K., Jakubus, A. & Kordas, P. (2015). Structure of foundry production in the world and in Poland over the 1974-2013 period. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(spec.2), 69-76.

[9] Sobczak, J. & Dudek, P. (2021). The current state of foundry in the context of the world economy. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 11-12, 594-607. from https://kimim.pan.pl/files/Sobczak_Dudek.pdf. (in Polish).

[10] Soiński, M.S., Skurka, K., Jakubus, A. (2015). Changes in the production of castings in Poland in the past half century in comparison with world trends. In: Selected problems of process technologies in the industry. Częstochowa. Eds. Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology of the Częstochowa University of Technology, 2015. Monograph. ISBN: 978-83-63989-30-9, pp.71-79. (in Polish).

[11] Industry Outlook: Sales Expected to Keep Growing. Modern Casting, (January 2023), 33–35.

[12] 36th Census of World Casting Production —2001. Modern Casting, (December 2002), 22-24.

[13] Know Your Competition 37th Census of World Casting Production —2002. Modern Casting, (December 2003), 23-25.

[14] 38th Census of World Casting Production —2003. Modern Casting, (December 2004), 25-27.

[15] 39th Census of World Casting Production —2004. Modern Casting, (December 2005), 27-29.

[16] 40th Census of World Casting Production —2005. Modern Casting, (December 2006), 28-31.

[17] 41st Census of World Casting Production —2006. Modern Casting, (December 2007), 22-25.

[18] 42nd Census of World Casting Production —2007. Modern Casting, (December 2008), 24-27.

[19] 43rd Census of World Casting Production —2008. Modern Casting, (December 2009), 17-21.

[20] 44th Census of World Casting Production. Modern Casting, (December 2010), 23-27.

[21] 45th Census of World Casting Production. Modern Casting, (December 2011), 16-19.

[22] 46th Census of World Casting Production. Modern Casting, (December 2012), 25-29.

[23] 47th Census of World Casting Production. Dividing up the Global Market. Modern Casting, (December 2013), 18-23.

[24] 48th Census of World Casting Production. Steady Growth in Global Output. Modern Casting, (December 2014), 17-21.

[25] 49th Census of World Casting Production. Modest Growth in Worldwide Casting Market. Modern Casting, (December 2015), 26-31.

[26] 50th Census of World Casting Production. Global Casting Production Stagnant. Modern Casting, (December 2016), 25-29.

[27] Census of World Casting Production. Global Casting Production Growth Stalls. Modern Casting, (December 2017), 24-28.

[28] Census of World Casting Production. Global Casting Production Expands. Modern Casting, (December 2018), 23-26.

[29] Census of World Casting Production. Total Casting Tons. Hits 112 Million. Modern Casting, (December 2019), 22-25.

[30] Census of World Casting Production Total Casting Tons Dip in 2019. Modern Casting, (January 2021), 28-30.

[31] Census of World Casting Production Fewer Castings Made in 2020. Modern Casting, (December 2021), 26-28.

[32] Report CAEF — The European Foundry Association 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://www.caef.eu/downloads-links/.

[33] Soiński, M.S. & Jakubus, A. (2021). The leading role of aluminium in the growing production of castings made of the non-ferrous alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(3), 33-42. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136110.

[34] Gajdzik, B. & Wolniak, R. (2021). Influence of the COVID-19 crisis on steel production in Poland compared to the financial crisis of 2009 and to boom periods in the market. Resources. 10(1), 4, 1-17. DOI: 10.3390/resources10010004.

[35] Rokicki, T., Bórawski, P. & Szeberenyi, A. (2023). The impact of the 2020–2022 crises on EU countries’ independence from energy imports, particularly from Russia. Energies. 16(18), 6629, 1-26. DOI: 10.3390/en16186629

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Soiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Jakubus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jakub from Paradyz Academy in Gorzow Wielkopolski, 25 Teatralna St., 66-400 Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The study focuses on the effect of rare earth elements (REM) in mischmetal on the morphology and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in pre-oxidised steel. Calculations were carried out using the WYK_STAL computer program according to two calculation models, considering/ignoring the sulphur partition coefficient at the liquid steel-liquid slag interfacial boundary. It was found that the chemical composition of the resulting precipitates is a consequence of the order in which deoxidising additives were admixed. Simulations confirmed the presence of Ce oxides and sulphides. This was also confirmed by the analysis of samples taken from the steel ingot after laboratory melting. Non-metallic inclusions Ce2O3 and CeS, and the complex of precipitates: La2O3-Ce2O3 was also identified in the steel. Introduction of mischmetal in the final stage refining is the most effective method. Therefore, the oxygen content is reduced below 0.001%, and the sulphfur content can be reduced to 0.004%.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Smirnov, L.A., Rovnushkin, V.A., Oryshchenko, A.S., Kalinin, G. Yu. & Milyuts, V.G. (2016). Modification of steel and alloys with rare-earth elements. Part 1. Metallurgist. 59(11), 1053-1061. DOI:10.1007/s11015-016-0214-x.

[2] Wang, L.M., Lin, Q., Yue, L.J., Liu, L., Guo, F. & Wang, F.M. (2008). Study of application of rare earth elements in advanced low alloy steels. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 451(1-2), 534-537. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.04.234.

[3] Wang, L., Lin, Q., Ji, J. & Lan, D. (2006). New study concerning development of application of rare earth metals in steels. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 408-412, 384-386. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.090.

[4] Wang, M., Mu, S., Sun, F. & Wang, Y. (2007). Influence of rare earth elements on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast high-speed steel rolls. Journal of Rare Earths. 25(4), 490-494. DOI:10.1016/S1002-0721(07)60462-1.

[5] Smirnov, L.A., Rovnushkin, V.A., Oryshchenko, A.S., Kalinin, G., Yu. & Milyuts, V.G. (2016). Modification of steel and alloys with rare-earth elements. Part 2. Metallurgist. 60(1), 38-46. DOI:10.1007/s11015-016-0249-z.

[6] Jiang, X., Li, G., Tang, H., Liu, J., Cai, S. & Zhang, J. (2023). Modification of Inclusions by Rare earth elements in a high-strength oil casing steel for improved sulphur resistance. Materials. 16(2), 675, 1-18. DOI:10.3390/ma16020675.

[7] Ning, Z., Li, C., Wang, J., Zhai, Y., Xiong, X. & Chen, L. (2023). Refinement and modification of Al2O3 inclusions in high-carbon hard wire steel via rare earth lanthanum. Materials. 16(14), 5070, 1-12. DOI:10.3390/ma16145070.

[8] Program instructions Wyk_Stal.

[9] Gerasin, S., Kalisz, D., Iwanciew, J. (2020). Thermodynamic and kinetic of simulation of Y2O3 and Y2S3 nonmetallic phase formation in liquid steel. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B: Metallurgy. 56(1) 11-25. DOI:10.2298/JMMB190326050G.

[10] Iwanciw, J. (2002). Simulator of steelmaking processes for work in real time. Kraków: Komitet Metalurgii PAN, Wyd. Nauk. Akapit.

[11] Iwanciw, J., Podorska, D. & Wypartowicz, J. (2011). Modeling of oxide precipitates chemical composition during steel deoxidation. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 56(4), 999-1005. DOI: 10.2478/v10172-011-0110-0.

[12] Iwanciw, J., Podorska, D. & Wypartowicz, J. (2011). Simulation of oxygen and nitrogen removal from steel by means of titanium and aluminum. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 56(3), 635-644. DOI: 10.248/v10172-011-0069-x.

[13] Szucki, M., Kalisz, D., Gerasin, S., Mrówka, N.M., Iwanciw, J. & Semiryagin, S. (2023). Analysis of the effect of cerium on the formation of non-metallic inclusions in low carbon steel. Scientific Reports. 13, 8294, 1-9. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34761-0.

[14] Adabavazeh, Z., Hwang, W. & Su, Y. (2017). Effect of adding cerium on microstructure and morphology of Ce-based inclusions formed in low-carbon steel. Scientific Reports. 70 DOI: 10.1038/srep46503 (2017).

[15] Han, Q.Y. (1998). Rare Earth, Alkaline Earth and Other Elements in Metallurgy. IOS Press.

[16] Han, Y., Liu, Z.H., Wu, C.B., Zhao, Y., Zu, G.Q., Zhu, W.W. & Ran, X. (2023). A short review on the role of alloying elements in duplex stainless steels. Tungsten. 5(4), 419-439. DOI:10.1007/s42864-022-00168-z.

[17] Hino, M., Ito, K. (2010). Thermodynamic Data for Steelmaking. Tohoku University Press.

[18] Mao, N., Yang, W., Chen, D., Lu, W., Zhang, X., Chen, S., Xu, M., Pan, B., Han, L., Zhang, X. & Wang, Z. (2022). Effect of lanthanum addition on formation behaviors of inclusions in Q355B. Materials. 15(22), 7952, 1-14. DOI: 10.3390/ma15227952.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

D. Kalisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Hutny
1 2
S. Gerasin

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Krakow, Polandul. Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials TechnologyAl. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Corrosion-resistant steels form an important group of structural materials who’s mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties are an irreplaceable part of the engineering industry. Despite their designation as "stainless steel", it is necessary to consider that even these steels can be subject to various types of corrosion attack under certain conditions. The article presents the effect of a controlled protective nitrogen atmosphere on X5CrNi18-10 steel, which is used to produce auxiliary components in the automotive industry. Steel X5CrNi18-10 is not only subject to corrosion after a short time (2hr) in a nitrogen atmosphere, at a temperature of 570 to 630°C, but at the same time the mechanical properties also change. Nitrogen atmosphere is used in heat treatment in automotive and X5CrNi18-10 steel is often used in these conditions as an auxiliary material, e.g. base grid. One test for X5CrNi18-10 steel was that the samples were exposed to a nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures and then the agreed yield stress Rp0.2, hardness and microstructure were evaluated. The second test was the evaluation of the frame made of the given steel at 630 °C. The testing took place in a continuous furnace. Temperatures above 500 °C significantly changes the material's features.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Krajewski, S.J., Gutsche, W., & Urbanowicz, K. (2023). Analysis of X5CrNi18-10 (AISI 304) steel susceptibility to hot cracking in welded joints based on determining the range of high-temperature brittleness and the nil-strength temperature. Metals. 13(10), 1633, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13101633.

[2] Zalecki, W., Wrozyna, A., Łapczynski, Z. & Molenda, R. (2016). Influence of Microstructure on Some Properties of AHSS Steels. Journal of Matallic Materials. 68, 19-25. (in Polish).

[3] Kurc-Lisiecka, A., Ozgowicz, W., Kalinowska-Ozgowicz, E. & Maziarz, W. (2016). The microstructure of metastable austenite in X5CrNi18- 10 steel after its strain-induced martensitic transformation. Material in Technologije. 50(6), 837-843.

[4] Vaško, A. (2014). Fatigue life of synthetic nodular cast irons at high frequency loading. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice Series B. 19, 121-128.

[5] Fojt-Dymara, G., Opiela, M. & Borek, W. (2022). Susceptibility of High-Manganese Steel to High-Temperature Cracking. Materials. 15(22), 8198, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15228198.

[6] Kawulok, R., Schindler, I., Navrátil, H., Ševčák, V., Sojka, J., Konečná, K. & Chmiel, B. (2020). Hot formability of heat-resistant stainless steel X15CrNiSi20-12. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 65, 727-734. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2020.132812.

[7] Švec, P. (2010). Construction materials. STU Bratislava. ISBN 978-80-227-3386-1.

[8] Siddique, A.G., Vijaya, R.B., Elanchezhian, C., Siddhartha, D. & Ramanan, N. (2019). Analysis of the friction welding mechanism of low carbon steel–stainless steel and aluminium—copper. Materials Today: Proceedings. 16, 766-775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.157.

[9] Kawulok, P., Schindler, I., Smetana, B., Moravec, J., Mertová, A., Drozdová, L’., Kawulok, R., Opěla, P. & Rusz, S. (2020). The relationship between nil-strength temperature, zero strength temperature and solidus temperature of carbon steels. Metals. 10(3), 399, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030399.

[10] Skočovský, P., Bokuvka, O., Konečná, R., & Tillová, E (2014). Material Science. EDIS - vydavateľstvo Žilinskej univerzity, 349. ISBN 978-80-554-0871-2. (in Slovak).

[11] Macek, W., Pejkowski, Ł., Branco, R., Nejad, R.M. & Zak, K. (2022). Fatigue fracture surface metrology of thin-walled tubular austenitic ˙ steel specimens after asynchronous loadings. Engineering Failure Analysis. 138, 106354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106354.

[12] Adamiec, J. (2023). Assessment of the hot-cracking susceptibility of welded joints of the 7CrMoVTiB10-10 bainitic steel used in heat exchangers. Energies. 16(1), 162, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010162.

[13] Dossett, J., Boyer, H. (2006). Practical Heat Treating. Second Edition. Ohio: ASM International. ISBN: 0-87170-829-9.

[14] Kocich, J., Tuleja, S. (1983). Corrosion and protection of metals. Bratislava: Alfa.

[15] Rajasekhara, S., Karjalainen, L.P., Kyröläinen, A. & Ferreira, P.J. (2010). Microstructure evolution in nano/submicron grained AISI 301LN stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering. 527A, 1986–1996. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.11.037.

[16] Blicharski, M. & Gorczyca, S. (1979). Structural inhomogeneity of deformed austenitic stainless steel. Metal Science. 12(7), 303-312. DOI:10.1179/msc.1978.12.7.303.

[17] Fabian, P., Kečková, E., Beták, P. (2007). Heat treatment of metals. Svidník: Tlačiareň svidnícka, s.r.o. ISBN 978-80-969592-7-3.

[18] Lee, W.S. & Lin, C.F. (2000). The morphologies and characteristics of impact-induced martensite in 304L stainless steel. Scripta Materialia. 43(8), 777–782. DOI:10.1016/S1359-6462(00)00487-5

[19] Das, A., Sivaprasad, S., Ghosh, M., Chakraborti, P.C. & Tarafder, S. (2008). Morphologies and characteristics of deformation induced martensite during tensile deformation of 304 LN stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering. 486A (1-2), 283-286, DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2007.09.005.

[20] Skočovský, P., Durmis, I. (1984). Technology of heat treatment of metals. Bratislava: ALFA.

[21] Abid, M, Nash, D.H,, Javed, S., Wajid, H.A. (2018). Performance of a gasketed joint under bolt up and combined pressure, axial and thermal loading – FEA study. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping. 168, 166-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2018.10.014.

[22] Moravec, J., Jančušová, M., Kuba, J., Stroka, R. (2010). Technology of forming technical materials. Edis. ISBN 978-80-554-0220-9.

[23] Pfann, W.G. (1963). Zone melting. New York: John Wiley and sons.

[24] Tillová, E., Kucharikova, L., Belan, J. (2020). Steels with special properties - anti-corrosion steels. 2020. http://kmi2.uniza.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/1_Obsah-%C3%9Avod-2.pdf.

[25] Dorazil, E. et.al. (1979). Material science II. Brno. ISBN: 55-600-79.

[26] Pluhar, J., Koritta, J. (1966). Engineering materials. SNTL Publishing house of technical literature. Praha.

[27] Albaharna, O.T., Argyropoulos, S.A. (1988). Artificial intelligence for materials processing and process control. Journal of Metals. 40(10), 6-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03257973.

[28] Davis, J.R. (1994). Stainless steels. Chagrin falls: ASM international. ISBN 0-87170-503-6

[29] Bernasovský, P. (2017). Atypical Cases of Welded Structure Failures. Solid State Phenomena. 270, 86-92.

[30] Martinec, J., Šveidler, Z., Janovec, J. (2014). Corrosion-resistant materials - basic types of steel and recommendations for their weldability. Retrieved Marcg, 8, 2023 from http://old.konstrukce.cz/clanek/korozivzdorne-materialy-zakladni%typy-oceli-a-doporuceni-pro-jejich-svaritelnost/

[31] Brenner, O. (2003). Corrosion-resistant steels as structural materials. Retrieved April, 2, 2023 from https://www.mmspektrum.com/clanek/korozivzdorne%oceli-jako-konstrukcni-materialy.

[32] Bahrami, A., Taheri, P. (2019). A study on the failure of AISI 304 stainless steel tubes in a gas heater unit. Metals. 9(9), 969. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9090969.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

E. Kantoríková
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents structural investigations and mechanical properties of hard coatings deposited by spraying WCCoCr powder in an argon-hydrogen plasma jet onto the surfaces of AlSi10Mg alloy casting plates. Two variants (A and B) of processing parameters of the powder spraying process onto the surface of silumin plates were applied, resulting in different coating thickness. The coating applied according to variant A was done with 12 passes, and its thickness was approximately 150 μm. The coating applied according to variant B was done with 20 passes, and its thickness was about 320 μm. The microstructures of these coatings are similar, consisting of wavy, alternately deposited phases of solid solutions with varying concentrations of elements, and fine spherical phases, irregularly dispersed carbides. A qualitative analysis of the distribution of microstructure components was performed based on surface mapping. Precipitates differing in their degree of grayness and shape were identified based on microanalysis of their chemical composition. The porosity assessment of coatings performed in five randomly selected areas amounts to an average of 9%. The applied coatings exhibit good adhesion to the substrate, as evidenced by the absence of delamination during scratching tests using a diamond Rockwell indenter loaded with a force of 10 N. The coating hardness averaged 1180HV0.2. The test results indicate the high quality of the WCCoCr coatings, regardless of their thickness.
Go to article

Bibliography


[1] Sokołowski, P., Łatka, L., Kozerski, S. & Ambroziak, A. (2015). Plasma spraying from slurries as an alternative to conventional powder plasma spraying. Spajanie materiałów konstrukcyjnych. 3(29), 28-31. (in Polish).

[2] Dudek, S., Gancarczyk, T. & Sosnowy, P. (2012). Application of thermal spraying on the example of a turbine engine. Welding Technology Review. 84(9), 9-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26628/wtr.v84i9.351. (in Polish).

[3] Bakan, E. & Vaßen, R. (2017). Ceramic top coats of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings: materials, processes, and properties. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. 26, 992-1010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-017-0597-7.

[4] Heimann, R. (2008). Plasma Spray coating: principles and applications (2nd ed.). German-Weinhem: Willey-VCH.

[5] Mróz, M. & Rąb, P. (2023). Evaluation of the possibility of applying thermal barrier coatings to AlSi7Mg alloy castings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(3), 104-109. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146668.

[6] Pierce, D., Haynes, A., Hughes, J., Graves, R., Maziasz, P., Muraligharan, G., Shyam, A., Wang, B., England, R. & Daniel, C. (2018) High temperature materials for heavy duty diesel engines: historical and future trends. Progress in Materials Science. 103, 109-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.10.004.

[7] Tan, L.G., Li, G.L., Tao, C. & Feng, P.F. (2022). Study on fatigue life prediction of thermal barrier coatings for high-power engine pistons. Engineering Failure Analysis. 138, 106335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106335.

[8] Padture, N.P., Gell, M. & Jordan, E.H. (2002). Thermal barrier coatings for gas-turbine engine applications. Science. 296(5566), 280-284. DOI: 10.1126/science.1068609.

[9] de Goes, W.U., Markocsan, N., Gupta, M., Vassen, R., Matsushita, T. & Illkova, K. (2020). Thermal barrier coatings with novel architectures for diesel engine applications. Surface and Coatings Technology. 396, 125950. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125950.

[10] Uczak de Goes, W., Somhorst, J., Markocsan, N., Gupta, M. & Illkova, K. (2019). Suspension plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings for light-duty diesel engines. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology. 28, 1674-1687. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11666-019-00923-8.

[11] Opiekun, Z. (2014). Mechanical properties of the thermal barrier coatings made of cobalt alloy MAR-M509. In M. Aliofkhazraei (Eds.). Superalloys (331-335). Iran, Techeran. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/61100.

[12] Reghu, V.R., Shankar, V. & Ramaswamy, P. (2018). Challenges in plasma spraying of 8% Y2O3-ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings on al alloy automotive piston and influence of vibration and thermal fatigue on coating characteristics. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5(11), 23927-23936. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.185.

[13] Reghu, V.R., Lobo, K., Basha, A., Tilleti, P., Shankar, V. & Ramaswamy, P. (2019). Protection offered by thermal barrier coatings to Al-Si alloys at high temperatures–A microstructural investigation. Materials Today: Proceedings. 19(2), 676-681. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.07.752.

[14] Pulsford, J., Venturi, F., Pala, Z., Kamnis, S. & Hussain, T. (2019). Application of HVOF WC-Co-Cr coatings on the internal surface of small cylinders: Effect of internal diameter on the wear resistance. Wear. 432-433, 202965. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2019.202965.

[15] Jonda, E., Łatka L., Lont A., Gołombek K., Szala M. (2024). The effect of HVOF spray distance on solid particle erosion resistance of WC-based cermets bonded by Co, Co-Cr and Ni deposited on mg-alloy substrate. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal. 18(2), 115-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12913/22998624/184025.

[16] Akkaş M. (2020). The mechanical and corrosion properties of WCCo–Al coatings formed on AA2024 using the HVOF method. Material Research Express. 7(7), 076515, 1-18. DOI 10.1088/2053-1591/ab9fba.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

M. Radoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Opiekun
1
B. Kupiec
1

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

Instructions for authors

Submission


To submit the article, please use the Editorial System provided here:

https://www.editorialsystem.com/afe


Papers submitted in any other way will not be accepted.



The Journal does not have submission charges.


The APC Article Processing Charge is 110 euros (500zł for Polish authors). In some cases, the APC is paid as a part of the scientific conference fee, for which the AFE journal is a supportive one. If not, it is payable after the acceptance of the final article by direct money transfer.


Bank account details:


Account holder: Stowarzyszenie Wychowankow Politechniki Slaskiej Kolo Odlewnikow
Account holder address: ul. Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Account numbers: BIC BPKOPLPW IBAN PL17 1020 2401 0000 0202 0183 3748


Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy


Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure


Review Procedure


The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.


The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject


5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors


Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject


The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


This page uses 'cookies'. Learn more