Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne

Polish Psychological Bulletin

Zawartość

Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2024 | vol. 55

Abstrakt

Mixed emotions remain a fascinating, yet still understudied phenomenon. All of the previous research has focused solely on ambivalence, studying only the mix of positivity and negativity in emotions (the dimensions of valence). We sum up the already existing knowledge about the dimensional approach to ambivalence and its consequences. Based directly on this knowledge, we introduce a new theoretical model describing ambiguity in four additional dimensions (apart from valence), grouped into two bivariate spaces: origin (dimensions of automaticity and reflectiveness) and activation (arousal and subjective significance). Both of these spaces have never been studied before in the context of ambiguity and mixed feelings. Future implications of the new model are discussed, including any potential impact on the methodology of research and the possible advantages in understanding and describing emotional experiences.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Adrianna Wielgopolan
1
Kamil K. Imbir
1

  1. University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Extensive social media usage causes psychological dependence and impacts people’s self-evaluations. It is vital to seek possible buffers to social media addiction’s detrimental effect on self-esteem and body image. Poland has one of the highest scores on problematic social media usage. Past studies pointed to narcissism and self-compassion as possible mediators of such effects. The present study aimed to explore Polish individuals’ (N=527) social media usage habits. We hypothesised gender differences and social media addiction predictive effect on self-evaluations (self- esteem, body image), with narcissism and self-compassion as mediators of such relationships. The results revealed that only visual media (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) had a negative effect on self-evaluations and that women reported more social media addiction and decreased self-esteem, self-compassion and body image. Social media addiction was negatively predicting body image for both genders and self-esteem for women but not for men, with self-compassion and narcissism mediating such relationships.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Magdalena Mosanya
1
Patarycja Uram
Dagna Kocur
2

  1. Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  2. Department of Psychology, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland

Abstrakt

In this study we examine the relationship between the perception of being objectified in the workplace and the self-assessment of worth on a personal level, i.e. social desirability and social utility. This relationship is thought to be mediated by self-objectification in the workplace. 241 participants responded to an online questionnaire to measure these different variables. The results confirm a negative relationship between the perception of being objectified and the people’s worth, as well as mediation through self-objectification. This phenomenon could describe a deleterious spiral where the worker, through the internalization of a low social value, contributes to their dehu-manization at work.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Pierre De Oliveira
1
Auzoult Auzoult
2

  1. Université de Bourgogne, France
  2. Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, France

Abstrakt

This study examined the effect of the pique technique preceded by a disrupting process. Passersby in the street were asked for money, either for a common amount of change (control) or 37 cents (pique technique). In half of the cases, the requester added a disrupting sentence at the beginning of the request. Results showed that the pique technique alone and the disrupting technique alone increased compliance with the request. Adding a first disrupting sentence to the pique also increased compliance compared with the other three conditions. These results support the theoretical explanation that the initial disrupting sentence associated with the pique could reduce the influence of the refusal script activated by the money request
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jacob Céline
1
Nicolas Guéguen
1
Pascual Alexandre
2
Lamy Lubomir
3

  1. Université de Bretagne-Sud, Vannes, France
  2. Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
  3. Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France

Abstrakt

The aim of our study was to verify relationships between individual difficulties in emotion regulation (ER), ER strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), and compassion (to self and others) with the presence of depressive symptomatology in a sample of Slovak adolescents during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the sample of 140 Slovak adolescents (age between 17–19 years) was administrated The Beck Depression Inventory- II. (Beck et al., 1996), The Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (Bentley et al., 2014), The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), The Sussex-Oxford Compassion for the Self Scale and The Sussex-Oxford Compassion for Others Scale (Gu et al., 2019). Results revealed that difficulties in ER (all subscales) and expressive suppression were in positive relationships with depression symptoms. Cognitive reappraisal and self-compassion were in negative relationships with depression symptoms. Lack of ER strategies and cognitive reappraisal (inversely) were the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that ER strategies (mainly cognitive reappraisal) could be assumed as protective factors in adolescent depression symptoms development in stressful circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ľubor Pilárik
1
Petr Mikoška
2
Jakub Helvich
2
Alica Melišíková
3

  1. Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovak Republic
  2. University of Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
  3. Reeducation Center, Vráble, Slovak Republic

Abstrakt

Three experiments investigated the mechanisms, correlates, and methods of immunization against interrogative suggestibility (IS). IS involves reliance in memory reports on suggestions contained in misleading questions (Yield) and the tendency to change answers under negative feedback about the quality of previous testimony (Shift). All three studies found that the milder version of the tool used in the studies (GSS) resulted in lower Yield and Shift. In analyses considering the memory states of the participants, IS was found to be highest when participants mistakenly attributed the information contained in the suggestive questions to the original material. However, significant percentages of the participants succumbed to suggestions and changed answers even when they were aware of the discrepancy between the original material and the information contained in the questions. The warning against suggestions was found to lower Yield and Shift, and this was especially true when participants were aware of discrepancies between original material and suggestions. Enhancing self-esteem and inducing mindfulness did not reduce IS. The correlations between IS, including IS in individual mindfulness states, with the Big Five personality traits, anxiety, susceptibility to influence, and self-esteem were inconsistent.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Romuald Polczyk
1
Marta Kuczek
1 3
Iwona Dudek
1 2
Renata Maksymiuk
Malwina Szpitalak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
  2. Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
  3. Psychoterapia, Edukacja, Badania – Renata Maksymiuk

Abstrakt

The present study aimed to investigate the importance of self-esteem for sociosexual orientation and to compare groups of dating online users in terms of engaging in casual sex, performed in one night stand (ONS) and friends with benefit (FWB). This issue seems particularly important in the context of psychosexual health. The exploratory study was conducted online among 416 adults who have participated in online dating. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI-R), the author’s questionnaire, concerning having experiences in ONS and FWB, and motives for entering into expected types of relationships were used. The Kruskal-Wallis H test with post hoc pairwise comparisons. A statistically significant negative correlation between self-esteem and sociosexual orientation concerned the sociosexual attitude subscale. Differences were found between those engaging in ONS and FWB types of relationships. Those who engaged only in FWB had lower SOI-R scores than those who had only ONS experiences and both. Such results suggest that these relationships should be considered to be disparate and different functions should be attributed to them. Given the differences, it will be possible to use these results to support the design of public health interventions and reduce online sexual risk behavior.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kamila Kacprzak-Wachniew
1
Natalia Pilarska
2

  1. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
  2. Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland

Abstrakt

Avatars are virtual representations of users. Creating a virtual representation can be considered an important element of the identity formation process in modern adolescents and the choice of avatar’s gender and skin color is crucial; however, the number of such studies is very limited. The first aim of this study is to check whether adolescents choose their avatar gender and skin color in line with their own. As its second goal, the study examines the relationship between adolescent identity styles and the consistency of the avatar’s gender with the user’s gender and the consistency of the skin color with the user’s skin color. In this study, 130 adolescents played the Characterium computer game and they underwent an assessment of their identity styles. The vast majority of the study participants created avatars according to their gender. About a third of adolescents chose their skin color for the avatar: almost half of the girls and a few boys. No relationship was found between the adolescents’ identity styles and two variables: gender consistency and skin consistency. I consider this study to be a step forward in understanding the relationship between forming identity in adolescents and their virtual representations – avatars.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Monika Paleczna
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland

Abstrakt

As many risks may have detrimental outcomes to people’s health or well-being, risk-taking is often viewed as negative. This negative bias has been present in scientific research, particularly on adolescent risk-taking. However, recent attention has been given to the fact that many risks taken by adolescents and adults are beneficial for their development and well-being and are accepted and supported by society. This article reviews the current literature on positive and negative risk-taking, beginning with how they are conceptualized in psychology and why a positive perspective on risk-taking is important, especially in research on adolescence and risk-taking across the lifespan. The article summarizes the current (although still scarce) research results on the relationships between positive and negative risk-taking and personality, social functioning, and decision-making. It also shows what is known so far about age differences in positive and negative risk-taking. Finally, challenges for future research on positive and negative risk- taking are discussed.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Joanna Fryt
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, Czestochowa, Poland

Abstrakt

Some studies involving informal caregivers of oncology patients noted that family assessment is associated with their mental health. The objective of this study is to demonstrate such a dependency in relation to informal caregivers of oncology patients receiving home-based palliative care. This study is concerned with the dependency between family assessment (family cohesion, family flexibility, family communication, and satisfaction with family life) and perceived emotions, including stress. It comprised 109 Polish informal caregivers (34 men and 75 women) of patients receiving palliative care at home. The study found that satisfaction with family life was a crucial predictor of positive emotions. This means that interventions aimed at improving satisfaction with family life may simultaneously affect the psychological functioning of informal caregivers of palliative oncology patients. Such interventions may serve to improve the quality of home-based palliative care both in regard to patients and caregivers.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Monika Paleczna
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Zdończyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Daria Rusiecka
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland
  2. Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
  3. Pleszew Medical Center, Home Hospice, Pleszew, Poland

Abstrakt

Time perception is a fundamental process for all animals. We are all familiar with discrepancies in how duration is perceived. This paper explores the following questions: How does the brain perceive time, and what are the sources of these discrepancies? We conducted four studies to examine the effects of affect and arousal on subjective time perception. Employing the Scalar Expectancy Theory model, our final study investigated the role of working memory overload. Additionally, we explored the potential influence of information theory features associated with the stimuli across all studies. Using Bayesian data analysis, we demonstrated that the widely recognized effects of valence, arousal, and their interaction induced by visual stimuli might be artifacts. Notably, a significant effect of valence was observed only in one study, associated with working memory overload. We also highlighted the potential roles of luminance and entropy of visual stimuli, but only in direct duration estimations. The sole persistent effect was related to the objective duration of stimulus exposure. All studies utilized affective visual stimuli. Our findings underscore the necessity for further investigation into human time perception on a millisecond to second scale, particularly concerning stimulus- related factors. Additionally, our results emphasize the importance of methodological considerations in studying human time perception.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kamil Szymański
1

  1. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Many studies and existing theories tried to establish predictors of the child’s subjective well-being (SWB) that refer to their parents or family as a unit. Although some studies have shed light on these associations, mixed results are still prevalent in this research field. This study aimed to explore the relationship between various indicators of family well-being and child’s SWB within the theoretical framework of the Theory of Change (Newland, 2015). More precisely, it tested whether measures of family self-sufficiency (education, income, and employment), maternal and paternal physical health and SWB predict the child’s SWB. Data from 843 children and both of their parents were collected via paper-pen method. All children were pupils at several Croatian primary schools, ranging from third to sixth grade, who live with both of their parents. A model that included all predictors showed good fit indices, but overall explained only 9.3% of the variance in the criteria. Within this model, only factors related to mothers, namely their SWB and education emerged as positive predictors of the child’s SWB. Mother’s health was found to be a weak, negative predictor of the child’s SWB, but the link was explained by shared variance between mother’s health and SWB (suppressor effect). It was also tested whether the model’s predictions change significantly based on child’s age and gender – the multigroup analysis yielded similar results, the predictions of the model do not change with respect to two age groups age and gender. The results are partially in concordance with existing research, but only marginally with the Theory of Change.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Maja Kućar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marija Džida
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andreja Brajša-Žganec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tihana Brkljačić
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ljiljana Kaliterna Lipovčan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia

Abstrakt

Studies on objectification most often highlight deleterious effects on people. However, there are a few studies that have revealed the functional aspect of objectification. On this basis we postulated the hypothesis of a mindset (i.e., beliefs about the positive/negative consequences of objectification) that would moderate the relationship between objectification and its consequences. We present two studies conducted with employees. We measured the perception of objectification at work, mentalization, the perception of instrumentality/humanness (Studies 1 & 2) and social value (Study 2). We have developed a scale of mindset associated with objectification. The results revealed that the negative effects of objectification are accentuated by adherence to a negative mindset. There was no moderating effect of the positive mindset. These results are discussed, and future research is proposed.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Selmani Maroua
1
Julien Chappé
1
Auzoult Auzoult
1

  1. Université de Bourgogne, France

Abstrakt

The purpose of the present study was to explore the cognitive factors that may influence the decision-making processes of mock jurors in an acquaintance rape trial, through manipulation of the language (emotional or neutral) used at trial. A genuine acquaintance rape trial was utilised with trial transcripts adapted to include emotionally valanced language or neutral language. A videotaped re-enactment included actors playing the role of a judge and a lawyer, with cross-examination shown to participants during the mock trial. Participant’s (N = 217) memory recall, moral disengagement, and verdict harshness (defendant credibility and sentence length) were examined along with their individual dichotomous verdict decision. Results displayed that the type of language mock jurors were exposed to, influenced their dichotomous verdict decision; neutral language evoked more guilty verdicts and higher verdict harshness ratings whereas emotional language (positively and negatively valanced words) elicited greater moral disengagement ratings post-trial. The type of language used was also found to impact mock jurors’ memory recall; on the whole, neutral language was better remembered, in contrast with previous research findings. These findings offer weight to substantiate the story model theory of trial decision-making, pertaining to jurors endorsing rape myths and morally disengaging with the complainant to help construct a story that matched available verdict options.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Catherine Phillips
1 2
David Peebles
2
Dominic Willmott
3 4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Yorkshire Police, UK
  2. University of Huddersfield, UK
  3. Loughborough University, UK
  4. SWPS University, Wroclaw, Poland

Abstrakt

Background: The midlife period is a strongly transitional phase reflecting challenges, stressors, and crisis tasks. Resilience is a concept closely related to this period. Resilience refers to the ability to function and flourish as an individual faces adverse situations while adequately maintaining the well-being of the person during this critical time of transition. This thematic review looks upon the theme of resilience when midlife transitions occur and how it affects an individual during that period.

Method: The review sourced 160 studies from the Scopus database, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. VOSviewer was used to carry out cluster analysis, which revealed four main themes of resilience in midlife. Each theme was further synthesized to discuss theoretical and practical implications.

Results: Four themes emerged from the analysis: Navigating Adversity and Discrimination shows how psychological resilience can be useful in middle-aged people in thriving against the challenges and adversities set forth by society. The impact of adverse childhood experiences sheds light on resilience as a mitigating factor in lifelong health and satisfaction. Life Stressors and Depressive Symptoms demonstrated the role of resilience in mitigating depressive symptoms related to midlife worries. Self-compassion and spirituality in menopause in women and identity crisis in men are related to the development of emotional resilience during crises in both men and women.

Conclusion: Future research in resilience should be directed toward longitudinal studies and interventions tailored to the variety of challenges that midlife may present.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Geemol John
1
Mohammad Amin Wani
1

  1. Lovely Professional University, India

Abstrakt

Within positive organizational psychology, there has been consensus on the role of strengths use in the workplace in predicting work-related outcomes. However, less is known about the importance of individual differences in the expression of strengths use behaviors and contrasting with them deficit correction behaviors in organizations. Based on the Strengths Use and Deficit COrrection (SUDCO) model and the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality, this research extends the theoretical framework of strengths use, deficit correction, perceived organizational support (POS) for strengths use, and perceived organizational support (POS) for deficit correction by linking them with reward and punishment sensitivity. Reward sensitivity negatively predicted all aspects of the SUDCO model, whereas punishment sensitivity emerged as a positive predictor of strengths use and POS for strengths use. The interaction effects of reward and punishment sensitivity on the three SUDCO elements were found, as increased reward sensitivity predicted elevated strengths use, deficit correction, and POS for strengths use, but only when punishment sensitivity was also increased. The results demonstrated the differences in temperamental correlates between strengths use and deficit correction, broadening the nomological network of both constructs and bringing some potential implications for organizational theory and practice.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Elżbieta Biolik
1

  1. Uniwersytet Śląski, Katowice, Poland

Abstrakt

This study aimed to develop a measure of assertiveness, the Assertive Skills Questionnaire (ASQ). Assertiveness is a complex ability that allows one to express one’s opinion, emotions, and thoughts honestly and openly while respecting another person’s rights. Assertiveness serves to increase self-satisfaction and good relationships with those around you. Three studies were conducted to develop the ASQ. In Study 1., we generated an item pool for the ASQ and established its internal structure using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In Study 2., we confirmed the internal structure of the ASQ using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Study 3 examined the validity of the ASQ. We discussed the psychometric properties of the ASQ and its potential utility.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Beata Zarzycka
1
Kamil Tomaka
1
Maria Król-Fijewska
2

  1. The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
  2. INTRA Centre for Psychological Assistance and Education, Poland

Abstrakt

Individuals encounter challenging circumstances throughout their lives. Emotional control plays a role in dealing with these situations. Emotional regulation refers to the capacity to comprehend and consciously respond to one's emotional responses. Hence, the objective of this study was to examine the intermediary function of rumination and TikTok usage in the relationship between challenges in emotion regulation and psychological distress. We conducted the first analysis of the relationships between these variables. The study involved a cohort of 338 participants aged 18 and above. The study's data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the mediation dimension. The study found that problematic TikTok use and rumination play a comparable function in mediating the relationship between emotion control and psychological suffering. The model revealed a positive correlation between emotion regulation problems and psychological discomfort, problematic TikTok use, and rumination. Enhancing the ability to regulate emotions is crucial for mitigating the risk of excessive TikTok usage in those experiencing psychological distress and rumination.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Beste Erdinç
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yusuf Akyıl
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Yıldız Tecnical University, Turkey

Abstrakt

This longitudinal study was aimed at exploring the characteristics of the vision of one’s adult life in adolescents and emerging adults, and investigating changes in this vision during both the last year of secondary school and university education. In the first measurement, 299 youths aged 17 to 27 participated, and 177 took part in the second measurement. Participants were asked to write about their envisioned future adult life. Trained judges coded participants’ written answers to allow for quantitative analyses and examine both the content and the structure of youth’s vision of their adult life. The results indicated that youths had moderately extended and rather superficial vision of their future adult life. The most frequently represented and most comprehensively described aspects of future life included work, intimate relationships, and place of residence. In addition, gender and age-related differences were observed. In many cases, the shape of the vision of one’s adult life described by youths was rooted in stereotypical patterns of gender roles. Finally, youths’ vision of their adult life seemed to be somewhat unstable during the last year of education in high school and university.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Kamil Janowicz
1
Konrad Piotrowski
1
Lucyna Bakiera
2

  1. SWPS University, Poznan, Poland
  2. Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland

Abstrakt

This paper investigates how active opponents and supporters of vaccination (meeting the criteria of group members) perceive each other in the context of the dimensions of competence and warmth, and how they perceive each other’s group identity. The study was conducted online, the final research sample included 192 committed pro-vaccine and 156 committed anti-vaccine group members. Both groups assigned an average level of competence to the other group, while they rated the outgroup’s warmth as below average. These results may be associated with the conflicting attitudes of these groups. It also turned out that both groups evaluated each other’s identities above the theoretical average. Results are discussed in context of the concept of in-group bias and the heterogeneity of motivations causing vaccine rejection.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Jozef Maciuszek
1
Mateusz Polak
1
Dariusz Dolinski
2
Katarzyna Stasiuk
1

  1. Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland
  2. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów


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