Nauki Techniczne

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Zawartość

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2021 | vol. 70 | No 2

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Abstrakt

The traction power supply system based on Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT) technology is one of the new traction power supply technologies that will be developed in the future. As the core part of rail transit energy transfer and conversion, the traction power supply system is not only the critical system for the safe operation of rail transit, but also the main source of its failures, so it is of great significance to study its reliability. In this paper, the reliability analysis of the non-contact traction power supply system based on mobile ICPT technology is carried out using the method of (Fault Tree Analysis) FTA combined with triangular fuzzy theory and grey relational theory. Firstly, the fault tree of the system is established, and the minimum cut sets and structure function of the fault tree are obtained. Then the triangular fuzzy numbers are introduced to represent the probability of the bottom events, and the fuzzy probability of the top event and the fuzzy importance of the bottom events are determined, after that, the maximum probability of failure of the top event is obtained. Finally, the grey relational degrees of each minimum cut set are obtained and ranked. Furthermore, in order to prove the correctness of this method, the trapezoidal fuzzy FTA is introduced and compared with it. Both research results show that the loosely coupled transformer and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) module are the weak links of the system. The results obtained are consistent and realistic, which proves the correctness of the method selected in this article.
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Bibliografia

[1] Yang Q.X., Zhang P.C., Zhu L.H., Xue M., Zhang X., Li Y., Key fundamental problems and technical bottlenecks of the wireless power transmission technology, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1–8 (2015).
[2] He Z.Y., Feng D., Lin S., Sun X.J., Research on security risk assessment for traction power supply system of high-speed railway, Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 418–429 (2016).
[3] Mai R.K., Li Y., He Z.Y., Wireless power transfer technology and its research progress in rail transportation, Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 446–461 (2016).
[4] Li X., Li R.Q., Review of contactless traction power supply system based on ICPT, High Voltage Apparatus, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1–9 (2019).
[5] Lin F., The Analysis of indexes and reliability of the traction power supply system, MA Thesis, Southwest Jiaotong University (2006).
[6] Wang Z., Lin S., Feng D., Gao S.B., Chen J., Research on reliability evaluation method for catenary system considering weather condition, Journal of the China Railway Society, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 49–56 (2018).
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[9] Chen M.W., Tian H., Song Y.L., Reliability optimization of co-phase power supply device based on frequency conversion control strategy, Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 9–17 (2020).
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[23] Nan Y., Song R.Q., Chen P., Study on the factors influencing the reliability analysis in distribution network based on improved entropy weight grey correlation analysis algorithm, Power System Protection and Control, vol. 47, no. 24, pp. 101–107 (2019).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yanxia Pei
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xin Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Key Laboratory of Opto-Technology and Intelligent Control Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
  2. School of New Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstrakt

The work is intended to extend the application of a smart transformer on a radial distribution system. In this paper, an updated algorithm on the backward/forward power flow is introduced. The so-called direct approach of power flow is employed and analyzed. In addition, the paper focused on integrating a smart transformer to the network and solving the updating network also using the direct approach load flow. The solution of the smart transformer using the direct approach power flow method is quite straightforward. This model is applied to radial distribution systems which are the IEEE 33- and IEEE 69-bus systems as a case study. Also, the paper optimizes the best allocation of the smart transformer to reduce the power losses of the grid.
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Bibliografia

[1] Coster E., Myrzik J.M., Kruimer J., Kling W., Integration Issues of Distributed Generation in Distribution Grids, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1 (2011).
[2] Sood K., HVDC and FACTS Controllers: Applications of Static Converters in Power Systems, Springer (2004).
[3] Anan V., Sanjeev Kumar Mallik S.K., Power flow analysis and control of distributed FACTS devices in power system, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 545–561 (2018).
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[5] Liserre M., Buticchi G., Andresen M., De Carne G., Costa L., Zou Z., The Smart Transformer: Impact on the Electric Grid and Technology Challenges, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 46–58 (2016).
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[9] Teng J.-H., A direct approach for distribution system load flow solutions, IEEE Trans Power Delivery, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 882–887 (2003).
[10] Shirmohammadi D., Hong H.W., Semlyen A., Luo G.X. , A compensation-based power flow method for weakly meshed distribution and transmission networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 753–62 (1988).
[11] Cano J.M., Rejwanur M., Mojumdar R., Norniella J.G., Orcajo G.A., Phase shifting transformer model for direct approach power flow studies, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 91, pp. 71–79 (2017).
[12] Mahmoud I.M., Swief R., Abdelsalam T., Tuned Hyper Reconfiguration Analysis applying Plant Growth Algorithm, 2019 21st International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Tanta University, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 884–889 (2019).
[13] Baran M.E., Wu F.F., Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing, IEEE Trans Power Delivery, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1401–1407 (1989).
[14] Samman M.A., Mokhlis H., Mansor N., Mohamad H., Suyono H., Sapari N.M., Fast Optimal Network Reconfiguration with Guided Initialization Based on a Simplified Network Approach, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 11948–11963 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ibrahem Mohamed A. Mahmoud
1 2
Tarek Saad Abdelsalam
2
Rania Swief
2

  1. Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
  2. Electrical Power and Machine Engineering Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstrakt

In this study, the inverter in a microgrid was adjusted by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) based coordinated control strategy to ensure the stability of the isolated island operation. The simulation results showed that the voltage at the inverter port reduced instantaneously, and the voltage unbalance degree of its port and the port of point of common coupling (PCC) exceeded the normal standard when the microgrid entered the isolated island mode. After using the coordinated control strategy, the voltage rapidly recovered, and the voltage unbalance degree rapidly reduced to the normal level. The coordinated control strategy is better than the normal control strategy.
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Bibliografia

[1] Mohamed A., Lamhamdi T., Moussaoui H.E., Markhi H.E., Intelligent energy management system of a smart microgrid using multiagent systems, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 23–38 (2020).
[2] Selakov A., Bekut D., Sari A.T., A novel agent-based microgrid optimal control for grid-connected, planned island and emergency island operations, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 1999–2022 (2016).
[3] Obara S., Sato K., Utsugi Y., Study on the operation optimization of an isolated island microgrid with renewable energy layout planning, Energy, vol. 161, no. OCT.15, pp. 1211–1225 (2018).
[4] Zhang T.F., Li X.X., A Control Strategy for Smooth Switching Between Island Operation Mode and Grid-Connection Operation Mode of Microgrid Containing Photovoltaic Generations, Power System Technology, vol. 39, pp. 904–910 (2015).
[5] Liang H., Dong Y., Huang Y., Zheng C., Li P., Modeling of Multiple Master–Slave Control under Island Microgrid and Stability Analysis Based on Control Parameter Configuration, Energies, vol. 11, no. 9 (2018).
[6] Zhang L., Chen K., Lyu L., Cai G., Research on the Operation Control Strategy of a Low-Voltage Direct Current Microgrid Based on a Disturbance Observer and Neural Network Adaptive Control Algorithm, Energies, vol. 12, no. 6 (2019).
[7] MaY.,Yang P., Guo H.,WangY., Dynamic Economic Dispatch and Control of a Stand-alone Microgrid in DongAo Island, Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1433–1441 (2015).
[8] Worku M., Hassan M., Abido M., Real Time Energy Management and Control of Renewable Energy based Microgrid in Grid Connected and Island Modes, Energies, vol. 12, no. 2 (2019).
[9] Xu X., Zhou X., Control Strategy for Smooth Transfer Between Grid-connected and Island Operation for Micro Grid, High Voltage Engineering, vol. 44, no. 8, pp. 2754–2760 (2018).
[10] Roque J.A.M., Gonzalez R.O., Rivas J.J.R., Castillo O.C., Caporal R.M., Design of aNew Controller for an Inverter Operation in Transitional Regime Within a Microgrid, IEEE Latin America Transactions, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 4724–4732 (2017).
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[13] Tan Y., Cao Y., Li C., Li Y., Yu L., Zhang Z., Tang S., Microgrid stochastic economic load dispatch based on two-point estimate method and improved particle swarm optimization, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2144–2164 (2015).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Pan Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaowei Xu
2

  1. Power Supply Co., Ltd.Luqiao District, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
  2. Power Supply Co., Ltd.Tonglu, Zhejiang Province, China
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Abstrakt

The structure of the low-voltage distribution network often changes. The change of topology will affect fault detection, fault location, line loss calculation, etc. It leads to fault detection error, inaccurate positioning and abnormal line loss calculation. This paper presents a new method to automatically identify the topology of a low-voltage power grid by using the injection current signal. When the disturbance current signal is injected into the low-voltage line, the current upstream of the injection point will change, and the current downstream of the injection point will not be affected. It is proved theoretically by using the superposition principle. With this method, the disturbance current signal can be injected into the line in turn, and the topology can be identified by observing the change of the current in line. The correctness of the method is proved by Matlab simulation and laboratory verification.
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Bibliografia

[1] Short T.A., Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Second Edition, Crc Press (2014).
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[3] Jiang J., Liu L., Resonance mechanisms of a single line-to-ground fault on ungrounded systems, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 455–466 (2020).
[4] Grotas S., Yakoby Y., Gera I. et al., Power Systems Topology and State Estimation by Graph Blind Source Separation, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 67, no. (8), pp. 2036–2051 (2019).
[5] Tianyu L., Research on Fault Analysis and Topology Identification Based on Power Line Communication, Master Thesis, Control Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) (2019).
[6] Xiangyu K., YutingW., Xiaoxiao Y. et al., Optimal configuration of PMU based on customized genetic algorithm and considering observability of multiple topologies of distribution network, Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 66–72 (2020).
[7] Chao Y., The Development and Manufacture of a Multi-Function Equipment for Low Voltage Area Identifed, Master Thesis, Electrical Engineering, China Dalian University of Technology (2014).
[8] Ya L., Rusen F., Wei J. et al., Research on the intelligent transformer area recognition method based on BP neural network, Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 25–30 (2017).
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[11] Zeyang T., Kunpeng Z., Kan C. et al., Substation Area Topology Verification Method Based on Distribution Network Operation Data, High Voltage Engineering, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1059–1068 (2018).
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[15] Zengping W., Jinfang Z., Yagang Z., A novel substation configuration identification algorithm based on the set of breaker-path functions, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 137–145 (2013).


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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Haotian Ge
1
Bingyin Xu
1
Wengang Chen
1
Xinhui Zhang
1
Yongjian Bi
1

  1. Shandong University of Technology, China
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Abstrakt

In order to optimise the operation state of the distribution network in the presence of distributed generation (DG), to reduce network loss, balance load and improve power quality in the distribution system, a multi-objective fruit fly optimisation algorithm based on population Manhattan distance (pmdMOFOA) is presented. Firstly, the global and local exploration abilities of a fruit fly optimisation algorithm (FOA) are balanced by combining population Manhattan distance ( PMD) and the dynamic step adjustment strategy to solve the problems of its weak local exploration ability and proneness to premature convergence. At the same time, Chebyshev chaotic mapping is introduced during position update of the fruit fly population to improve ability of fruit flies to escape the local optimum and avoid premature convergence. In addition, the external archive selection strategy is introduced to select the best individual in history to save in external archives according to the dominant relationship amongst individuals. The leader selection strategy, external archive update and maintenance strategy are proposed to generate a Pareto optimal solution set iteratively. Lastly, an optimal reconstruction scheme is determined by the fuzzy decision method. Compared with the standard FOA, the average convergence algebra of a pmdMOFOA is reduced by 44.58%. The distribution performance of non-dominated solutions of a pmdMOFOA, MOFOA, NSGA-III and MOPSO on the Pareto front is tested, and the results show that the pmdMOFOA has better diversity. Through the simulation and analysis of a typical IEEE 33-bus system with DG, load balance and voltage offset after reconfiguration are increased by 23.77% and 40.58%, respectively, and network loss is reduced by 57.22%, which verifies the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.
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Bibliografia

[1] Merlin A., Back H., Search for a minimal-loss operating spanning tree configuration in an urban power distribution system, Fifth Power Systems Computer Conference (PSCC), Cambridge, Britain, pp. 1–18 (1975).
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[4] Ahmadi S., Vahidinasab V., Ghazizadeh M. et al., Co-optimising distribution network adequacy and security by simultaneous utilisation of network reconfiguration and distributed energy resources, IET Generation Transmission & Distribution, vol. 13, no. 20, pp. 4747–4755 (2019).
[5] Liu H.Q., Qu J.M., Shanshan Yang S.S. et al., Intelligent optimal dispatching of active distribution network using modified flower pollination algorithm, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 159–174 (2020).
[6] Rahman Y.A., Manjang S., Yusran et al., Distributed generation’s integration planning involving growth load models by means of genetic algorithm, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 667–682 (2018).
[7] Olamaei J., Niknam T., Gharehpetian G., Application of particle swarm optimisation for distribution feeder reconfiguration considering distributed generators, Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 201, no. 1, pp. 575–586 (2008).
[8] Tang H.L., Wu J., Multi-objective coordination optimisation method for DGs and EVs in distribution networks, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 15–32 (2019).
[9] Rao R.S., Ravindra K., Satish K. et al, Power loss minimization in distribution system using network reconfiguration in the presence of distributed generation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 317–325 (2013).
[10] Ling F.H., Zhang J.H., Sun X.B. et al., The application based on improved FOA optimisation algorithm in distribution network reconfiguration, Electric Switchgear, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 91–95 (2019).
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[13] Ganesh S., Kanimozhi R., Meta-heuristic technique for network reconfiguration in distribution system with photovoltaic and D-STATCOM, IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 12, no. 20, pp. 4524–4535 (2018).
[14] Chen D.Y., Zhang X.X., Distribution network reconfiguration of distributed generation based on AMOPSO algorithm, Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 2195–2203 (2017).
[15] Li Z.K., Lu Q., Fu Y. et al., State split multi-objective dynamic programming algorithm for dynamic reconfiguration of active distribution network, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 39, no. 17, pp. 5025-5036 (2019).
[16] Ding Y., Wang F., Bin F. et al., Multi-objective distribution network reconfiguration based on game theory, Electric power automation equipment, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 28–35 (2019).
[17] Li H.J., Zhang P.W., Guo H.D., Adaptive multi-objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm based on population Manhattan distance, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1019–1032 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Minan Tang
1
Kaiyue Zhang
1
Qianqian Wang
2
Haipeng Cheng
3
Shangmei Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hanxiao Du
1

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
  2. College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
  3. CRRC Qingdao Sifang Co., Ltd. Qingdao, China
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Abstrakt

With the rapid development of distributed photovoltaic grids, more and more users join the power sales side, and the traditional power grid operation mode is no longer applicable. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the distributed photovoltaic grid under overload conditions, and further summarizes the problems that the distributed photovoltaic grid will face under these conditions. To solve these problems, the alliance chain technology was introduced into the distributed photovoltaic grid.At the same time, this paper establishes a photovoltaic pricing strategy that considers power transmission loss. Finally, the feasibility of the theory is verified by constructing a virtual model.
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Bibliografia

[1] Zhou Jingjing, Study on the construction and evaluation of China’s energy dependence index, Master Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province (2019).
[2] Building a “global energy Internet”" to promote the sustainable development of world energy, Journal of State Grid Institute of Technology, vol. 18, no. 05, p. 86 (2015).
[3] Zhang Chuangyang, Study on the economy of centralized photovoltaic power generation in China, Master Thesis, North China Electric Power University, Beijing (2018).
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[10] Jianguo Qian, Bingquan Zhu, Ying Li, Zhengchai Shi, Research on operation fault diagnosis algorithm of power grid equipment based on power big data, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 793–800 (2020).
[11] Wei Min Zhang, Yan Xia Zhang, The reactive power and voltage control management strategy based on virtual reactance cloud control, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 921–936 (2020).
[12] Yang Xuanzhong, Zhang Zhebo, Distributed power transaction method with security constraints based on blockchain, China Power, pp. 1–10 (2019).
[13] Ju Yanfang, Research on risk assessment and guarantee mechanism of distributed energy transaction, Master Thesis, North China Electric Power University, Beijing (2015).
[14] Hou J., Wang H., Applying the blockchain technology to promote the development of distributed photovoltaic in China, Int Journal of Energy Res., no. 42, pp. 2050–2069 (2018).
[15] Harinder Pal Singh, Singh Brar Yadwinder, Kothari D.P., Reactive power based fair calculation approach for multiobjective load dispatch problem, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 719–735 (2019).
[16] Qi Bing, Xia Yan, Photovoltaic trading mechanism design based on block chain incentive mechanism, Power system automation, vol. 43, no. 09, pp. 132–139+153+140–142 (2019).
[17] Yang Changhui, Ge Zhixiang, Research on online pricing of distributed photovoltaic power generation, Price Theory and Practice, no. 04, pp. 51–55 (2018).
[18] Ma Guoqing, Study on the pricing mechanism of green energy generation side, PhD Thesis, Hebei University of technology, Tianjin (2010).
[19] Zhang Hailong, Research on China’s new energy development, PhD Thesis, JilinUniversity, Changchun City, Jilin Province (2014).
[20] Xue Meidong, Research on optimal configuration and energy management of microgrid, PhD Thesis, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province (2015).
[21] Gerilemandahu, Research on investment benefit and financial support of distributed photovoltaic power generation, Master Thesis, North China Electric Power University, Beijing (2016).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ran Ding
1
Chaohan Feng
1
Dongsheng Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rongfu Sun
1
Longyang Wang
2
Shaojun Yuan
3

  1. Dispatch Center, State Grid Jibei Electric Power Company, 56 Caishikou South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
  2. School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, China
  3. Chengde Power Supply Company, China
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Abstrakt

Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is utilized in finding the optimal combination of the real power generation that minimizes total generation cost, yet satisfying all equality and inequality constraints. It plays a significant role in planning and operating power systems with several generating stations. For simplicity, the cost function of each generating unit has been approximated by a single quadratic function. ELD is a subproblem of unit commitment and a nonlinear optimization problem. Many soft computing optimization methods have been developed in the recent past to solve ELD problems. In this paper, the most recently developed population-based optimization called the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) has been utilized to solve the ELD problem. The results for the ELD problem have been verified by applying it to a standard 6-generator system with and without due consideration of transmission losses. The finally obtained results using the SSA are compared to that with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. It has been observed that the obtained results using the SSA are quite encouraging.
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Bibliografia

[1] Rogers G., Power systems oscillations, Springer Science & Business Media (2012).
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[4] Sheta A., Faris H., Braik M., Mirjalil S., Nature-Inspired Metaheuristics Search Algorithms for Solving the Economic Load Dispatch Problem of Power System: A Comparison Study, Applied Nature-Inspired Computing: Algorithms and Case Studies, Springer, pp. 199–230 (2020).
[5] Singht H.P., Singht Brar Y., Koyhari D.P., Reactive power based fair calculation approach for multiobjective load dispatch problem, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 719–735 (2019).
[6] Mistri A., Kumar Roy P., Mandal B., Chaotic biogeography-based optimization (CBBO) algorithm applied to economic load dispatch problem, Proceedings of National Conference on Emerging Trends on Sustainable Technology and Engineering Applications (NCETSTEA), Durgapur, India, pp. 1–5 (2020).
[7] Zhang Q., Zou D., Duan N., Shen X., An adaptive differential evolutionary algorithm incorporating multiple mutation strategies for the economic load dispatch problem, Applied Soft Computing, vol. 78, pp. 641–669 (2019).
[8] Singh D., Dhillon J.S., Ameliorated greywolf optimization for economic load dispatch problem, Energy, vol. 169, pp. 398–419 (2019).
[9] Raja M.A.Z., Ahmed U., Zameer A., Kiani A.K., Chaudhary N.I., Bio-inspired heuristics hybrid with sequential quadratic programming and interior-point methods for reliable treatment of economic load dispatch problem, Neutral Computing and Applications, vol. 31, no. S1, pp. 447–475 (2019).
[10] Hr S., Kaboli A., Alqallaf A.K., Solving non-convex economic load dispatch problem via artificial cooperative search algorithm, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 128, pp. 14–27 (2019).
[11] Al-Betar M.A., Awadallah M.A., Krishan M.M., A non-convex economic load dispatch problem with valve loading effect using a hybrid grey wolf optimizer, Neutral Computing and Applications, vol. 32, pp. 12127–12154 (2020).
[12] Mirjalili S., Gandomi A.H., Mirjalili S.Z., Saremi S., Faris H., Mirjalili S.M., Salp SwarmAlgorithm: A bio-inspired optimizer for engineering design problems, Advances in Engineering Software, vol. 114, pp. 163–191 (2017).
[13] Yang B., Zhonga L., Zhang X., Shua H., Yu T., Li H., Sun L., Novel bio-inspired memetic salp swarm algorithm and application to MPPT for PV systems considering partial shading condition, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 215, pp. 1203–1222 (2019).
[14] Ibrahim R.A., Ewees A.A., Oliva D., Abd Elaziz M., Lu S., Improved salp swarm algorithm based on particle swarm optimization for feature selection, Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 3155–3169 (2019).
[15] Abbassi R., Abbassi A., Heidari A.A., Mirjalili S., An efficient salp swarm-inspired algorithm for parameters identification of photovoltaic cell models, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 179, pp. 362–372 (2019).
[16] Sayed G.I., Khoriba G., Haggag M.H., A novel chaotic salp swarm algorithm for global optimization and feature selection, Applied Intelligence, vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 3462–3481 (2018).
[17] Faris H., Mafarjab M.M., Heidaric A.A., Aljarah I., Mirjalilid S., Fujitae H., An efficient binary Salp Swarm Algorithm with crossover scheme for feature selection problems, Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 154, pp. 43–67 (2018).
[18] Hussien A.G., Hassanien A.E., Houssein E.H., Swarming behaviour of salps algorithm for predicting chemical compound activities, Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information (2017), DOI: 10.1109/INTELCIS.2017.8260072.
[19] Zhang J.,Wang J.S., Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm Based on Levy Flight and Sine Cosine Operator, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 99740–99771 (2020).
[20] Patnana N., Pattnaik S., Varshney T., Singh V., Self-Learning Salp Swarm Optimization Based PID Design of Doha RO Plant, Algorithms, vol. 13, no. 287, pp. 1–14 (2020).
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[23] Mutluer M., Sahman A., Cunkas M., Heuristic optimization based on penalty approach for surface permanent magnet synchronous machines, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 45, pp. 6751–6767 (2020).
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[25] Knypinski Ł., J˛edryczka C., Demenko A., Influence of the shape of squirrel cage bars on the dimensions of permanent magnets in an optimized line-start permanent magnet synchronous motor, COMPEL, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 298–308 (2017).
[26] Kennedy J., Eberhart R., Particle Swarm Optimization, Proceedings of the International Conference on Neutral Networks, Perth, Australia, pp. 1942–1948 (1995).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ramesh Devarapalli
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nikhil Kumar Sinha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bathina Venkateswara Rao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Knypinski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Naraharisetti Jaya Naga Lakshmi
4
ORCID: ORCID
Fausto Pedro García Márquez
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of EE, B. I. T. Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand – 828123, India
  2. Department of EEE, V R Siddhartha Engineering College (Autonomous), Vijayawada-520007, A.P., India
  3. Poznan University of Technology, Poland
  4. SR Engineering College: Warangal, Telangana, India
  5. Ingenium Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
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Abstrakt

An essential task of the interconnected power system is about how to optimize power plants during operation time which is known as economic dispatch. In this study, the Fruit Fly Optimization method is proposed to solve problems of dynamic economic dispatch in an electrical power system. To measure the performance of the method, a simulation was conducted for two different electric systems of the existing Sulselbar 150 kV thermal power plant system in Indonesia with two objective functions, namely fuel costs and active power transmission losses, aswell as the 30-bus IEEE standard system with five objective functions namely fuel costs, transmission losses (active and reactive power), a reactive power reserve margin, and an emission index by considering a power generation limit and ramp rates as the constraints. Under tested cases, the simulation results have shown that the Fruit Fly Optimization method can solve the problems of dynamic economic dispatch better than other existing optimization methods. It is indicated by all values of the objective functions that are lowest for the Fruit Fly Optimization method. Moreover, the obtained computational time is sufficiently fast to get the best solution.
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Bibliografia

[1] Mei J., Zhao J., An Enhanced Quantum-Behaved Particle SwarmOptimization for Security Constrained Economic Dispatch, Proc. Int. Symp. Distrib. Comput. Appl. Bus. Eng. Sci., no. 1, pp. 221–224 (2018).
[2] Ieng S., Akil Y.S., Gunadin I.C., Hydrothermal Economic Dispatch Using Hybrid Big Bang-Big Crunch (HBB-BC) Algorithm, Journal of Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1198, no. 5, pp. 7–13 (2019).
[3] Jiang X., Zhou J.,Wang H., Zhang Y., Dynamic Environmental Economic Dispatch Using Multiobjective Differential Evolution Algorithm with Expanded Double Selection and Adaptive Random Restart, Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 399–407 (2013).
[4] Saravanan R., Subramanian S., Dharmalingam V., Ganesan S., Economic Dispatch with Integrated Wind-Thermal Using Particle Swarm Optimization, Int. Journal of Adv. Res. Innov., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 100–103 (2017).
[5] Tyagi N., Dubey H.M., Pandit M., Economic Load Dispatch of Wind-Solar-Thermal System Using Backtracking Search Algorithm, Int. Journal of Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 16–217 (2016).
[6] Zakaria Z., Rahman T.K.A., Hassan E.E., Economic Load Dispatch via an Improved Bacterial Foraging Optimization, Int. Power Eng. Optim. Conf., pp. 380–385 (2014).
[7] Farook S., Manjusha M., Optimization of Multi-Objective Dynamic Economic Dispatch Problem Using Knee Point Driven Evolutionary Algorithm, Int. Electr. Eng. Journal, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 2396–2402 (2017).
[8] Gamayanti N., Alkaff A., Karim A., Optimization of Dynamic Economic Dispatch Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithms, Java J. Electr. Electron. Eng., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 23–28 (2015).
[9] Nema P., Gajbhiye S., Application of Artificial Intelligence Technique to Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Power Generation Unit, Int. Journal of Energy Power Eng., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 15–20 (2014).
[10] Elsakaan A.A., El-sehiemy R.A., Kaddah S.S., Elsaid M.I., An Enhanced Moth-Flame Optimizer for Solving Nonsmooth Economic Dispatch Problems with Emissions, Energy, pp. 1–24 (2018).
[11] Singh H.P., BrarY.S.,Kothari D.P., Reactive Power Based Fair Calculation Approach for Multiobjective Load Dispatch Problem, Arch. Electr. Eng., vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 719–735 (2019).
[12] Nwulu N., Emission Constrained Bid Based Dynamic Economic Dispatch Using Quadratic Programming, Int. Conf. Energy, Commun. Data Anal. Soft Comput. ICECDS, pp. 213–216 (2018).
[13] Sadoudi S., Boudour M., Kouba N.E.Y., Gravitational Search Algorithm for Solving Equal Combined Dynamic Economic-Emission Dispatch Problems in Presence of Renewable Energy Sources, Proc. Int. Conf. Appl. Smart Syst. ICASS, no. November, pp. 1–5 (2019).
[14] Chen G., Li C., Dong Z., Parallel and Distributed Computation for Dynamical Economic Dispatch, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1026–1027 (2017).
[15] Kaushal R.K., Thakur T., Multiobjective Electrical Power Dispatch of Thermal Units with Convex and Non-Convex Fuel Cost Functions for 24 Hours Load Demands, Int. Journal of Eng. Adv. Technol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1534–1542 (2020).
[16] Zheng X., Wang L., Wang S., An Enhanced Non-Dominated Sorting Based Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm for Solving Environmental Economic Dispatch Problem, Proceeding Congr. Evol. Comput., pp. 626–633 (2014).
[17] Liang J., Zhang H., Wang K., Jia R., Economic Dispatch of Power System Based on Improved Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm, Proceeding Int. Conf. Ind. Electron. Appl., pp. 1360–1366 (2019).
[18] Geruna H.A. et al., Fruit Fly Optimization (FFO) for Solving Economic Dispatch Problem in Power System, Proceeding Int. Conf. Syst. Eng. Technol., pp. 2–3 (2017).
[19] Guang C., Xiaolong X., Mengzhou Z., Optimal Sitting and Parameter Selection for Fault Current Limiters Considering Optimal Economic Dispatch of Generators, IEEE Conf. Ind. Electron. Appl., pp. 2084–2088 (2018).
[20] El-Ela A.A.A., El-Sehiemy R.A., Rizk-Allah R.M., Fatah D.A., Solving Multiobjective Economical Power Dispatch Problem Using MO-FOA, Proceeding Int. Middle East Power Syst. Conf., no. 1, pp. 19–24 (2018).
[21] Bharathkumar S., ArulVineeth A.D., Ashokkumar K.,Vijayanand Kadirvel, Multi Objective Economic Load Dispatch Using Hybrid Fuzzy, Bacterial Foraging-Nelder Mead Algorithm, Int. Journal of Electr. Eng. Technol., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 43–52 (2013).
[22] Vahid Sarfi, Hanif Livani, Logan Yliniemi, A New Multi Objective Economic Emission Dispatch in Microgrids, IEEE (2017).
[23] Dash S.K., Mohanty S., Multi-Objective Economic Emission Load Dispatch with Nonlinear Fuel Cost and Noninferior Emission Level Functions for IEEE-118 Bus System, 2nd Int. Conf. Electron. Commun. Syst. ICECS 2015, pp. 1371–1376 (2015).
[24] PanW.T., ANew Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm: Taking the Financial Distress Model as an Example, Knowledge-Based Syst., vol. 26, pp. 69–74 (2012).
[25] Soliman S.A.-H., Mantawy A.-A.H., Modern Optimization Techniques with Applications in Electric Power Systems, Springer (2010).
[26] Haripuddin Arsyad, Suyuti Ansar, Sri Mawar Said, Yusri Syam Akil, Dynamic Economic Dispatch for 150 kV Sulselbar Power Generation Systems Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm, Proc. Int. Conf. Inf. Commun. Technol., pp. 817–822 (2019).
[27] Rasyid R.A., Optimization of 150 kV Sulselbar Power Generation System with Integration SidrapWind Power Plant, Hasanuddin University (2018).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Haripuddin Arsyad
1 2
Ansar Suyuti
1
Sri Mawar Said
1
Yusri Syam Akil
1

  1. Electrical Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Gowa, Indonesia
  2. Electrical Engineering Department, Makassar State University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Abstrakt

In this paper,we proposed a modified meta-heuristic algorithm based on the blind naked mole-rat (BNMR) algorithm to solve the multiple standard benchmark problems. We then apply the proposed algorithm to solve an engineering inverse problem in the electromagnetic field to validate the results. The main objective is to modify the BNMR algorithm by employing two different types of distribution processes to improve the search strategy. Furthermore, we proposed an improvement scheme for the objective function and we have changed some parameters in the implementation of the BNMR algorithm. The performance of the BNMR algorithm was improved by introducing several new parameters to find the better target resources in the implementation of a modified BNMR algorithm. The results demonstrate that the changed candidate solutions fall into the neighborhood of the real solution. The results show the superiority of the propose method over other methods in solving various mathematical and electromagnetic problems.
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Bibliografia

[1] Taherdangkoo M., Modified stem cells algorithm for Loney’s solenoid benchmark problem, International Journal Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 437–445 (2013).
[2] Coelho L.D.S., Alotto P., Loney’s Solenoid Design Using an Artificial Immune Network with Local Search Based on the Simplex Method, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1070–1073 (2008).
[3] Khan T.A., Sai Ho Ling, An improved gravitational search algorithm for solving an electromagnetic design problem, Journal of Computational Electronics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 773–779 (2020), DOI: 10.1007/s10825-020-01476-8.
[4] Duca A., Ciuprina G., Lup S., Hameed I., ACORalgorithm’s efficiency for electromagnetic optimization benchmark problems, International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering, pp. 1–5 (2019).
[5] Coelho L.D.S., Alotto P., Gaussian Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Approach Applied to Loney’s Solenoid Benchmark Problem, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1326–1329 (2011).
[6] Duca A., Duca L., Ciuprina G., QPSO with avoidance behavior to solve electromagnetic optimization problems, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 1, pp. 1–7 (2018).
[7] Coelho L.D.S., Gaussian quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization approaches for constrained engineering design problems, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 37, pp. 1676–1683 (2010).
[8] Ciuprina G., Ioan D., Munteanu I., Use of Intelligent-particle swarm optimization in electromagnetic, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1037–1040 (2002).
[9] Rehman O., Yang Sh., Khan Sh., Rahman S., A quantum particle swarm optimizer with enhanced strategy for global optimization of electromagnetic devices, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 8 (2019), DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2019.2913021.
[10] Taherdangkoo M., Shirzadi M.H., Yazdi M., Bagheri M.H., A robust clustering method based on blind, naked mole-rats (BNMR) algorithm, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, vol. 10, pp. 1–11 (2013).
[11] Taherdangkoo M., Taherdangkoo M., Modified BNMR algorithm applied to Loney’s solenoid benchmark problem, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 683–692 (2014).
[12] Taherdangkoo M., Shirzadi M.H., Bagheri M.H., A novel meta-heuristic algorithm for numerical function optimization: Blind, naked mole-rats (BNMR) algorithm, Scientific Research and Essays, vol. 7, no. 41, pp. 3566–3583 (2012).
[13] Suganthan P.N., Hansen N., Liang J.J., Deb K., Chen Y.P., Auger A., Tiwari S., Problem definitions and evaluation criteria for the CEC 2005 special session on real parameter optimization, Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Lab., IIT Kanpur, Nanyang Technol. Univ., Singapore, KanGAL Rep. 2005005 (2005).
[14] Di Barba G., Savini A., Global optimization of Loney’s solenoid: a benchmark problem, International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 273–276 (1995).
[15] Klein C.E., Segundo E.H.V., Mariani V.C., Coelho L.D.S., Modified Social-Spider Optimization Algorithm Applied to Electromagnetic Optimization, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 52, no. 3 (2015), DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2015.2483059.
[16] Ye X., Wang P., Impact of migration strategies and individual stabilization on multi-scale quantum harmonic oscillator algorithm for global numerical optimization problems, Applied Soft Computing, vol. 85 (2019), DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105800.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mohammad Taherdangkoo
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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Abstrakt

Accurate and reliable fault location is necessary for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the VSC-HVDC transmission system. This paper proposed a single-terminal fault location method based on the fault transient characteristics of the two-terminal VSCHVDC transmission system. The pole-to-pole transient fault process was divided into three stages, the time-domain expression of the DC current during the diode freewheel stage was used to locate the fault point, and a criterion for judging whether the fault evolves to the diode freewheel stage was proposed. Taking into account the enhancing effect of the opposite system to the fault current, theDCside pole-to-ground fault networkwas equated to a fourth-order circuit model, the relationship of fault distance with the characteristic roots of fault current differential equationwas derived, and the Prony algorithmwas utilized for datafitting to extract characteristic roots to realize fault location. A two-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission system was modelled in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation result verifies that the proposed principle can accurately locate the fault point on the VSC-HVDC transmission lines.
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Bibliografia

[1] Flourentzou N., Agelidis V.G., Demetriades G.D., VSC-Based HVDC Power Transmission Systems: An Overview, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592–602 (2009).
[2] Li C., Li Y., Guo J., Research on emergency DC power support coordinated control for hybrid multiinfeed HVDC system, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 5–21 (2020).
[3] Banu G., Suja S., Fault location technique using GA-ANFIS for UHV line, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 247–262 (2014).
[4] Yang L., Wang B., Dong X., Overview of fault location methods in high voltage direct current transmission lines, Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 185–191 (2018).
[5] Jamali S., Mirhosseini S.S., Protection of transmission lines in multi-terminal HVDC grids using travelling waves morphological gradient, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 108, pp. 125–134 (2019).
[6] Fan Ch., Jiang J., GuoY., Development and applications of travelingwave fault location on transmission lines, Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 129–134 (2017).
[7] Li D., Ukil A., Satpathi K., Improved S Transform Based Fault Detection Method in VSC Interfaced DC System, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, iss. 6, pp. 5024–5035 (2020), DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2988193.
[8] Qin J., Peng L.,Wang H., Single terminal methods of traveling wave fault location in transmission line using wavelet transform, Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 29, no. 19, pp. 62–65+86 (2005).
[9] Xu X., Sheng G., Liu Y., Fault location method for transmission lines based on distributed traveling wave detection, Proceedings of the Chinese Society of Universities for Electric Power System and its Automation, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 134–138 (2012).
[10] He Z., Liao K., Li X., Lin S., Yang J., Mai R., Natural Frequency-Based Line Fault Location in HVDC Lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 851–859 (2014).
[11] He Z., Liao K., Natural frequency-based protection scheme for voltage source converter-based highvoltage direct current transmission lines, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 9, no. 13, pp. 1519–1525 (2015).
[12] Cai X., Song G., Gao S., A novel fault-location method for VSC-HVDC transmission lines based on natural frequency of current, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 31, no. 28, pp. 112–119 (2011).
[13] Zhang Y., Wang H., Li T., Combined single-end fault location method for LCC-VSC hybrid HVDC transmission lines, Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 43, no. 21, pp. 187–199 (2019).
[14] Suonan J., Gao S., Song G., Jiao Z., Kang X., A Novel Fault-Location Method for HVDC Transmission Lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1203–1209 (2010).
[15] Yanxia Z., JianW., Huilan J., Fang Z., A Novel Fault Location Method for Hybrid-HVDC Transmission Line, 2019 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 1–5 (2019).
[16] Song G., Zhou D., Jiao Z., A novel fault location principle for HVDC transmission lines, Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 24, pp. 57–61 (2007).
[17] Kang L., Tang K., Luo J., Two-terminal fault location of monopolar earth fault in HVDC transmission lines, Power System Technology, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 2268–2273 (2014).
[18] JinY., Fletcher J.E., O’Reilly J., Short- circuit and ground fault analyses and location in VSC-based DC network cables, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3827–3837 (2012).
[19] Liu D., Wei T., Huo Q., DC side line-to-line fault analysis of VSC-HVDC and DC-fault-clearing methods, 2015 5-th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT), Changsha, China, pp. 2395–2399 (2015).
[20] Dessouky S.S., Fawzi M., Ibrahim H.A., Ibrahim N.F., DC Pole to Pole Short Circuit Fault Analysis in VSC-HVDC Transmission System, 2018 Twentieth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), Cairo, Egypt, pp. 900–904 (2018).
[21] Ke J., Meng L.I., Shu B.T., A voltage resonance-based single-ended online fault location algorithm for DC distribution networks, Sciences China Technological Sciences, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 721–729 (2016).
[22] Hwang K.S., Chang F.C., Chiou J.Y., A numerical approach to fast evaluation of time-invariant system responses, International Journal of Computer Mathematics, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 361–369 (2000).
[23] Liu D., HuW., Chen Z., SVD-TLS extending Prony algorithm for extracting UWB radar target feature, Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 286–291 (2008).
[24] Xu M.M., Xiao L.Y.,Wang H.F., A prony-based method of locating short-circuit fault inDCdistribution system, 2-nd IETRenewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2013), Beijing, China, pp. 1–4 (2013).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Yanxia Zhang
1
Anlu Bi
1
Jian Wang
1
Fuhe Zhang
1
Jingyi Lu
1

  1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, China
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Abstrakt

To reduce the influence of the disorderly charging of electric vehicles (EVs) on the grid load, the EV charging load and charging mode are studied in this paper. First, the distribution of EV charging capacity and state of charge (SOC) feature quantity are analyzed, and their probability density function is solved. It is verified that both EV charging capacity and SOC obey the skew-normal distribution. Second, considering the space-time distribution characteristics of the EV charging load, a method for charging load prediction based on a wavelet neural network is proposed, and compared with the traditional BP neural network, the prediction results show that the error of the wavelet neural network is smaller, and the effectiveness of the wavelet neural network prediction is verified. The optimization objective function with the lowest user costs is established, and the constraint conditions are determined, so the orderly charging behavior is simulated by the Monte Carlo method. Finally, the influence of charging mode optimization on power grid operation is analyzed, and the result shows that the effectiveness of the charging optimization model is verified.
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Bibliografia

[1] Zang Haixiang, Fu Yuting, Chen Ming, Shen Haiping, Miao Liheng, Zhang Side, Wei Zhinong, Sun Guoqiang, Dynamic planning of EV charging stations based on improved adaptive genetic algorithm, Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 40, no. 01, pp. 163–170 (2020).
[2] YI T., Zhang C., Lin T. et al., Research on the spatial-temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging load demand, A case study in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 242, (2020), DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118457.
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[5] Hu Z., Zhank K., Zhank H., Pricing mechanisms design for guiding electric vehicle charging to fill load valley, Applied Energy, vol. 178, pp. 155–163 (2016).
[6] Xiong Junjie, Liu Tao, He Hao, Huang Yangqi, Zhang Weizhe, Research on electric vehicle charging strategy based on particle swarm optimization, Jiangxi Electric Power, vol. 42, no. 08, pp. 15–20 (2018).
[7] Chen Zhong, Liu Yi, Zhou Tao, Xing Qiang, Du Puliang, Optimal time-of-use charging pricing strategy of EVs considering mobile characteristics, Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 40, no. 04, pp. 96–102 (2020).
[8] Li Shichun,Wang Yang, Zhong Hao, Shu Zhengyu, Charge and discharge strategy of the combination optimization of electric private car, taxi group with aim at strengthening peak regulation, Renewable Energy Resources, vol. 38, no. 06, pp. 824–830 (2020).
[9] Zhang Z, Donk K., Pang X., Research on the EV charging load estimation and mode optimization methods, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 04, pp. 831–842 (2019).
[10] Hu Dequan, Guo Chunlin, Yu Qinbo, Yang Xiaoyan, Bi-Level Optimization Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging Based on Electricity Price Guide, Electric Power Construction, vol. 39, no. 01, pp. 48–53 (2018).
[11] Hadian E., Akbari H., Farzinfar M., Saeed S., Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Adopted Smart Charging/Discharging Schedule, IEEE Access (2020).
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[15] Cui Jindong, Luo Wenda, Zhou Niancheng, Research on Pricing Model and Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Based on Multi View, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 38, no. 15, pp. 4438–4450+4644 (2018).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Zhiyan Zhang
1
Hang Shi
1
Ruihong Zhu
1
Hongfei Zhao
2
Yingjie Zhu
3

  1. College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
  2. State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Maintenance Branch Company, China
  3. Nanjing Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. China
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Abstrakt

High-frequency resonance is a prominent phenomenon which affects the normal operation of the high-speed railway in China. Aiming at this problem, the resonance mechanism is analyzed first. Then, model predictive control and selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (MPC-SHEPWM) combined control strategy is proposed, where the harmonics which cause the resonance can be eliminated at the harmonic source. Besides, the MPC is combined to make the current track the reference in transients. The proposed control has the ability to suppress the resonance while has a faster dynamic performance comparing with SHEPWM. Finally, the proposed MPC-SHEPWM is tested in a simulation model of CRH5 (Chinese Railway High-speed), EMUs (electric multiple units) and a traction power supply coupled system, which shows that the proposed MPC-SHEPWM approach can achieve the resonance suppression and shows a better dynamic performance.
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Bibliografia

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[8] Brenna M. et al., Investigation of resonance phenomena in high speed railway supply systems: Theoretical and experimental analysis, Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 1915–1923 (2011).
[9] Hu H., Gao S., Shao Y., Wang K., He Z., Chen L., Harmonic Resonance Evaluation for Hub Traction Substation Consisting of Multiple High-Speed Railways, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 910–920 (2017).
[10] Li J.,Wu M., Molinas M., Song K., Liu Q., Assessing High-Order Harmonic Resonance in Locomotive- Network Based on the Impedance Method, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 68119–68131 (2019).
[11] Hu H., Tao H., Blaabjerg F., Wang X., He Z., Gao S., Train–Network Interactions and Stability Evaluation in High-Speed Railways–Part I: Phenomena and Modeling, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 4627–4642 (2018).
[12] Lee H., Kim G., Oh S., Lee C., Optimal design for power quality of electric railway, SICE-ICASE International Joint Conf., Busan, Korea, pp. 3864–3869 (2006).
[13] Hu H., He Z., Gao S., Passive Filter Design for China High-Speed RailwayWith Considering Harmonic Resonance and Characteristic Harmonics, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 505–514 (2015).
[14] Zhang X., Chen J., Zhang G., Wang L., Qiu R., Liu Z., An Active Oscillation Compensation Method to Mitigate High-Frequency Harmonic Instability and Low-Frequency Oscillation in Railway Traction Power Supply System, IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 70359–70367 (2018).
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[18] Song K., Konstantinou G., MingliW., Acuna P., Aguilera R.P., Agelidis V.G.,Windowed SHE–PWM of Interleaved Four-Quadrant Converters for Resonance Suppression in Traction Power Supply Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 7870–7881 (2017).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Sitong Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaoqiang Chen
1
Ying Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ye Xiong
1

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
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Abstrakt

To evaluate the occupational safety of a high signal operator exposed to the electric field induced by contact wires with a frequency of 50 Hz and a voltage of 27.5 kV, this study established a model of a high signal operator working in the vicinity of singleand double-track railways. The electric field distribution in the operator’s body and his head were calculated and analyzed during the operation using the finite element method (FEM). The calculated results were compared with the international standard occupational exposure limits formulated by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and action levels (ALs), exposure limit values (ELVs) in Directive 2013/35/EU (EU Directive). In the case of a single-track railway exposure, the maximum electric field strength in the worker’s body, in the scalp layer, and inside the brain are 227 mV/m, 2.76 kV/m, and 0.14 mV/m, respectively. For a double-track railway exposure, the maximum internal electric field strength of the operator is 310 mV/m, which is 37.85% of the occupational exposure basic restriction limit. The maximum electric field strength in the head layers is 3.42 kV/m, which is 34.2% of the occupational exposure reference level and 34.2% of the low ALs. The maximum electric field strength of the brain is 0.19 mV/m, which is 0.19% of the occupational basic restriction limit and 0.135% of the sensory effects ELVs. Results show that the electric field exposure of the high signal operator to contact wires in single- and double-track railways is lower than the occupational exposure limits provided by the ICNIRP and EU Directive standards and is thus regarded as safe forworkers.
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Bibliografia

[1] Wyszkowska J.W., Jankowska M., Gas P., Electromagnetic fields and neurodegenerative diseases, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 129–133 (2019).
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[8] Wen Y.H., Hou W.X., Research on Electromagnetic Compatibility of Chinese High Speed Railway System, Chinese Journal of Electronics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 16–21 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Chang-Qiong Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mai Lu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, China
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Abstrakt

The static series synchronous compensator (SSSC) has demonstrated its capability in providing voltage support and improving power system stability. The objective of this paper is to analyze the dynamic interaction stability mechanism of a hybrid renewable energy system connected with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) energy with the SSSC. For this purpose, a linearized mathematical model of this modified hybrid single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) power system is developed to analyze the physical mechanism of the SSSC in suppressing oscillations and the influence on the dynamic stability characteristics of synchronization. Typical impacting factors such as the series compensation level, the SOFC penetration and tie-line power are considered in the SMIB and two-area systems. The impact of dynamic interactions on enhancing damping characteristics and improving transient performance of the studied systems is demonstrated using eigenvalue analysis and dynamic time-domain simulations, which validates the validity of the proposed physical mechanism simultaneously.
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Bibliografia

[1] Yu S.L., Fernando T., Iu H.-H.-C., Dynamic behavior study and state estimator design for solid oxide fuel cells in hybrid power systems, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 5190–5199 (2016).
[2] He P., Arefifar S.A., Li C.S., Small signal stability analysis of doubly-fed induction generator-integrated power systems based on probabilistic eigenvalue sensitivity indices, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 3127–3137 (2019).
[3] YangY., Zhao J., Liu H., A matrix-perturbation-theory-based optimal strategy for small-signal stability analysis of large-scale power grid, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 353–363 (2015).
[4] Liu J., Su C.,Wang C., Influence of solid oxide fuel cell on power system transient stability, The Journal of Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 16, pp. 1081–1086 (2019).
[5] Magdy G., Shabib G., Elbaset A.A., Optimized coordinated control of LFC and SMES to enhance frequency stability of a real multi-source power system considering high renewable energy penetration, Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 407–421 (2018).
[6] Du W.J., Wang H.F., Cai H., Modelling a grid-connected SOFC power plant into power systems for small-signal stability analysis and control, International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 330–341 (2012).
[7] He P., Wu X.X., Li C.S., Damping characteristics improvement and index evaluation of a windpv- thermal-bundled power transmission system by combining PSS and SSSC, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 705–721 (2020).
[8] Vikash A., Sanjeev K.M., Power flow analysis and control of distributed FACTS devices in power system, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 545–561 (2018).
[9] Bhushan R., Chatterjee K., Effects of parameter variation in DFIG-based grid connected system with a FACTS device for small-signal stability analysis, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2762–2777 (2017).
[10] Verveckken J., Silva F., Barros D., Direct power control of series converter of unified power-flow controller with three-level neutral point clamped converter, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1772–1782 (2012).
[11] Wang L., Vo Q.S., Power Flow Control and Stability Improvement of Connecting an Offshore Wind Farm to a One-Machine In?nite-Bus System Using a Static Synchronous Series Compensator, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 358–369 (2013).
[12] Das D., Haque M.E., Gargoom A., Operation and control of grid integrated hybrid wind-fuel cell system with STATCOM, 22nd Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Bali, pp. 1–6 (2012).
[13] Mahapatra S., Panda S., Swain S.C., A hybrid firefly algorithm and pattern search technique for SSSC based power oscillation damping controller design, Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1177–1188 (2014).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Ping He
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pan Qi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yuqi Ji
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhao Li
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No.5 Dongfeng Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Abstrakt

Due to the extensive use of nonlinear power consumers, there is currently an urgent problem of high harmonic content in power supply networks. The paper provides experimental investigations and a study of the nature of the change in the main harmonic components of the current in the neutral working wire of a three-phase four-wire network with a voltage of 0.38 kV. The purpose of this study is to compare the load readings on the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of the current in the neutral working wire of the 0.38 kV network with the linear and non-linear load. To study the effect of load changes on the amplitude-phase-frequency characteristics of currents in the linear and zero working wires at the input of the load node, measurements were carried out by certified electrical measuring instruments. The analysis of the results obtained for the load node whose power was formed mainly by a lighting system with fluorescent and LED lamps and a system of office electrical receivers (computers, copiers, printers, scanners, etc.) was performed. It can be concluded that a current comparable to the currents of the linear wires of the network flows from the load node with the predominant nonlinear power receivers through the zero-working wire. At the same time, in the zero-working wire of the network, the third harmonic currents prevail over the main frequency currents.
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Bibliografia

[1] Golub I., Boloev E., Methods of linear and nonlinear state estimation of distribution network, Proceedings of E3S Web of Conferences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation (2018).
[2] Grigoriev O.A., Petukhov V.S., Sokolov V.A., Krasilov I.A., On the impact of electronic equipment on power networks, Computer Press 1, http://www.compress.ru/article.aspx?id=9553&iid=404 (2003).
[3] Om P.M., Abdul G.S., Neeraj G., Acritical review of detection and classification of power quality events, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, no. 41, pp. 495–505 (2015).
[4] Daus Y.V., Yudaev I.V., Taranov M.A., Voronin S.M., Gazalov V.S., Reducing the costs for consumed electricity through the solar energy utilization, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 19–23 (2019).
[5] Ded A.V., To the problem of the current state of the levels of indices of asymmetry of voltages and currents in networks of 0.4 kV, Omsk Scientific Herald, vol. 2, no. 152, pp. 63–65 (2017).
[6] Kosoukhov F.D., Vasiliev N.V., Kuznetsova E.S., New scientific directions in energy saving in threephase transformers and four-wire lines with asymmetric, non-linear and reactive loads, News of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, vol. 2, no. 47, pp. 300–309 (2017).
[7] Belitsky A.A., Shklyarsky Y.E., Estimation of additional power losses in networks with non-linear and asymmetric load, Bulletin of Tula State University, Technical Science, no. 7, pp. 86–93 (2018).
[8] Deokar S.A., Waghmare L.M., Analysis of distribution transformer performance un-der non-linear balanced load conditions and it’s remedial, International Journal of Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 152–161 (2011).
[9] Corasaniti V.F., Barbieri M.B., Arnera P.L., Valla M.I., Characteristics of the loads in medium voltage networks from the point of view using active filters, in IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, pp. 1–7 (2006).
[10] Ge J., Shuai Z., Zhao H., Shen Z.J., Generalized power and current control for three-phase fourwire converter under unbalanced grid conditions, Procceding of the IECON, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 3900–3905 (2019).
[11] Szulborski M., Kolimas Ł., Łapczynski S., Szczęśniak P., Single phase UPS systems loaded with nonlinear circuits: Analysis of topology in the context of electric power quality, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 787–802 (2019).
[12] Barutskov I.B., Vdovenko S.A., Tsygankov E.V., Harmonic distortion during operation of frequency converters, Chief Power Engineer, no. 6, pp. 5–13 (2011).
[13] Om P.M., Abdul G.S., Topological aspects of power quality improvement techniques: A comprehensive overview, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, no. 58, pp. 1129–1142 (2016).
[14] Bodart M., Denejer A., Keppens A., Rikart U.R., Rojzin B., Characteristics of compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballasts and their comparison with incandescent lamps, Lighting Engineering, no. 2, pp. 18–24 (2010).
[15] Suslov K.V., Stepanov V.S., Solonina N.N., Effect of high harmonics on electricity consumers in distribution networks, in 2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2013), pp. 841–845 (2013).
[16] Fursanov M.I., Zalotoy A.A., Makarevich V.V., Calculation of technological consumption (loss) of electricity in modern 0.38-10 kV electrical distribution networks, Energetika, Proceedings of CIS Higher Education Institutions and Power Engineering Associations, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 408–422 (2018).
[17] Florkowski M., Florkowska B., Zydron P., High voltage harmonics induced modifications of PD phase-resolved patterns, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 231–246 (2018).
[18] European Standard EN 62040-3, https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data/704/70439.pdf (2018).
[19] Zeng X.J., Zhai H.F., Wang M.X., Yang M., Wang M.Q., A system optimization method for mitigating three-phase imbalance in distribution network, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, no. 113, pp. 618–633 (2019).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Igor V. Yudaev
1
Evgeny V. Rud
2
Mikhail A. Yundin
1
Tamara Z. Ponomarenko
2
Aleksandra M. Isupova
1

  1. Azov-Black Sea Engineering Institute of Don State Agrarian University, Russia
  2. ICPE Energy Institute for Advanced Studies of the PJSC “Kubanenergo”, Russia
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Abstrakt

This article discusses the most important issues regarding the implementation of digital algorithms for control and drive technology in industrial machines, especially in open mining machines. The article presents the results of tests in which the algorithm and drive control parameter settings were not selected appropriately for voltage-fed induction motors, and where the control speed was not verified by any of the available motoring or simulation methods. We then show how the results can be improved using field-oriented control algorithms and deep parameters analysis for sensorless field-oriented performance.
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Bibliografia

[1] Kaczynski P., Czmochowski J., Analysis of causes for cracks in the connection of the swivel drawbar with crawler beam of the feeder vehicle, Mechanical Faculty, Wrocław University of Technology, Mining and Geoengineering, Book 2, no. 33, pp. 169–177 (2009).
[2] Sokolski P., Sokolski M., Evaluation of resistance to catastrophic failures of large-size caterpillar chain links of open-pit mining machinery, Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability 2014, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 80–84 (2014).
[3] Anuszczyk J., Jabłonski M., Modification of the sensorless algorithm for controlling the drives of the tracks of the ZGOT Roller, Mining Institute of the Wrocław University of Technology, no. 112, pp. 69–76 (2005).
[4] Anuszczyk J., Jabłonski M., Research of electromechanical power units of the ZGOT, International Congress of Surface Mining, Bełchatów (2009).
[5] Kanczewski P., Kowalczyk P., ZGOT-15400.120 first Polish 200,000, Scientific work of the Mining Institute PWr. III International Congress of Lignite Mining, Bełchatów, pp. 213–221 (2002).
[6] Jabłonski M., Borkowski P., Replacement of control systems with implementation of digital inverter drive technology in surface mining machines, Conference KOMTECH 2020, to be published.
[7] Paszek W., Dynamic of alternating current electrical machines, Helion, Gliwice (1998).
[8] Pełczewski W., Krynke M., Variable State Method in Drive System Analysis, WNT, Warszawa (1984).
[9] Tunia H., Kazmierkowski M., Automation of converter dries systems, PWN, Warszawa (1987).
[10] Technical documentation, engineering manual and compendium for SIMOVERT MASTERDRIVES, Automation and Drives, Variable-Speed Drive Systems, Erlangen 1999-2012, Siemens AG (2020).
[11] Technical documentation, engineering manual and compendium for SINAMICS drives, Automation and Drives, Variable-Speed Drive Systems, Erlangen 1999-2012, Siemens AG (2020).
[12] Jabłonski M., Analysis of functional parameters and modification of control algorithms of field-oriented inverter drive with induction motor, PhD., Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Computer Science and Automation PŁ, Łódz (2006).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Mariusz Jabłoński
1
Piotr Borkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Poland

Instrukcja dla autorów

ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

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All manuscripts should be submitted electronically on Editorial System.

Submission of paper to the Archives of Electrical Engineering is understood to imply that the article is original, unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. All articles will be reviewed. Since 2013, Authors wishing to use the facility of colour printing should consult the editors.

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The reviewing process:

Each paper submitted for publication in Archives of Electrical Engineering is subjected to the following review procedure:

a) the paper is reviewed by the editor in chief or guest editor for general suitability for publication in AEE

b) if it is judged suitable two reviewers are selected and a double blind peer review process takes place

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The pages must be numbered consecutively. Articles should be divided into numbered sections, and if necessary subsections, preferably: Introduction, Material, Methods, Results, Conclusion and References. Any special characters (e.g. Greek, script, etc.) should be named in the margin where the character first occurs in the text. Names of species are to be accentuated with wavy underlining (italics). Equations should be numbered serially (1), (2), ... on the right side of the page. Footnotes should be avoided, if required, they should be used only for brief notes which do not fit well into the text. Figures and tables have to be included into the text. If table is typed on a separate page its position in the text should be marked. Abbreviations should be explained when they first appear in the text.

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Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

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The illustrations (line diagrams and photographs) should be suitable for direct reproduction. The lettering as well the details should have proportional dimensions to maintain their legibility after the usual reduction. All illustrations should be numbered consecutively (Fig. X). Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals.

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Photographs, colour, and greyscale figures should be at least at a resolution of 400 dpi.

All colour figures should be generated in the RGB or CMYK colour space, while greyscale images in the greyscale colour space.

When preparing your figures/graphics etc., we suggest the use of the Arial 8 point font for axis numbers and Arial 9 point font for axis names. Figures/graphics etc. can be prepared in one of two proposed ways - see Template AEE.

Tables are numbered with Arabic numerals. Use 9 point Times New Roman for the title of the table and 9 point Times New Roman for the filling of the table (9 in the case of symbols with subscripts).

AEE journal allows an author to publish color figures in e-version at no charge, and automatically convert them to grayscale for print versions. Authors wishing to use the facility of color printing should consult the editors.

Conclusions:

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References:

References in text must be numbered consecutively by Arabic numerals placed in square brackets. Please make sure that you use full names of journals i.e. Archives of Electrical Engineering. Please ensure that all references in the Reference list are cited in the text and vice versa.

Please provide name(s) and initials of author(s), the title of the manuscript, editors (if any), the title of the journal or book, a volume number, the page range, and finally the year of publication in brackets.

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Examples of the ways in which references should be cited are given below:

Journal manuscript

[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

Authors will receive proofs for correction, which should be returned promptly. All joint contributions must indicate the name and address of the authors to whom proofs should be sent.

Fees for printing the papers in Archives of Electrical Engineering:

AEE is published in Open Access, which means that all articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication free of charge for the readers. Authors will be asked to a declaration that they are ready to cover the costs of printing their article.

The fee for the publication of an article in the AEE journal is 200 Euro.

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