Applied sciences

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences

Description

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is published bimonthly by the Division IV Engineering Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, since the beginning of the existence of the PAS in 1952. The journal is peer‐reviewed and is published both in printed and electronic form. It is established for the publication of original high quality papers from multidisciplinary Engineering sciences with the following topics preferred:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence,
Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology,
Civil Engineering,
Control, Informatics and Robotics,

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics,
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics,
Material Science and Nanotechnology,
Power Systems and Power Electronics.

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Journal Metrics:

JCR Impact Factor 2023:	1.2
5 Year Impact Factor 2022:	1.1
CiteScore 2023:	2.8
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) 2023:	0.282
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) 2023:	0.573
Ministry of Education and Science:	100 points

Abbreviated title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci.

ISSN

ISSN 2300-1917

Editorial Board 2023-2025

Editor-in-Chief:

A. Rogalski, Military University of Technology

Honorary (Past) Editor-in Chief:

T. Kaczorek, Warsaw University of Technology

M.P. Kaźmierkowski, Warsaw University of Technology

Deputy Editor-in-Chief:

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

M. Mrozowski, Gdansk University of Technology

Board of Topical Co-editors:

Artificial and Computational Intelligence

S. Osowski, B. Sawicki and T. Leś, Warsaw University of Technology

Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology

D. Pijanowska, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

Civil Engineering

L. Czarnecki, Building Research Institute, ITB, Warsaw

Ł. Sadowski, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

Control, Robotics and Informatics

J. Klamka and A. Babiarz, Silesian Technical University

J. Stefanowski, Poznan University of Technology

Electronics, Telecommunication and Optoelectronics

M. Mrozowski and A. Lamęcki, Gdansk University of Technology

Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Thermodynamics

B. Błachowski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

G. Zboiński, Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery PAN and University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

Materials Science and Nanotechnology

B. Major and P. Czaja, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN

Power Systems and Power Electronics

J. Rąbkowski and M. Jasiński, Warsaw University of Technology

International Editorial Advisory Board

R. Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, USA

Xu Binshi, China Association of Plant Engineering, Beijing, P.R. China

F. Blaabjerg, Aalborg University, Denmark

C. Cecati, University of L’Aquila, Italy

A. Cichocki, RIKEN Institute, Tokyo, Japan

M. David, National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France

R. Ebner, Materials Centre Leoben, Leoben, Austria

E. Fornasini, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

L.G. Franquelo, University of Sevilla, Spain

M. Gad-el-Hak, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA

M. Giersig, Free University of Berlin, Germany

D. van Gemert, Catholic University Leuven, KU Leuven, Belgium

L. Keviczky, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

V. Kučera, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

R. Kennel, Technical University Munich, Germany

T.A. Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research PAN

E. Levi, Liverpool John Moore University, UK

G. Maier, Technical University of Milan, Milan, Italy

K.F. Man, City University of Hong Kong,

R. Maniewski, Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering PAN

H.A. Mang, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria

H. Mihashi, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan

S. Mindess, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

D.A. Mlynski, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

A.S. Nowak, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

K. Ohnishi, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan

A. Öberg, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

W. Pedrycz, University of Alberta, Canada

M. Razeghi, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA

J. Rodriguez, University of Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

J.V. Sloten, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

B.M. Wilamowski, University of Auburn, Alabama, USA

A.L. Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA

Du Xiangwan, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China

J. Żurada, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, USA

Editorial Office:

Pałac Kultury i Nauki

Wydział IV Nauk Technicznych PAN

Pl. Defilad 1

PL 00-901 Warszawa

Managing Editor:

Renata Podraza, e-mail: Renata.Podraza@pan.pl

Finance:

Katarzyna Łasak, e-mail: Katarzyna.Lasak@pan.pl

The Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version.

The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Content

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6

1 Contents vol. 72 no. 6 (2024)

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6

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2 Traffic accident prediction method based on multi-view spatial-temporal learning

Jian Feng , Tian Liu , Yuqiang Qiao

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151955 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151955

Keywords: traffic accident prediction spatial-temporal dependencies accident precursor spatial heterogeneity

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Abstract

Traffic accident prediction is a crucial component of an intelligent traffic system, which is important to maintain citizen safety and decrease economic losses. Current methods for traffic accident prediction based on deep learning fail to consider the driving mechanisms of traffic accidents, so a novel traffic accident prediction method based on multi-view spatial-temporal learning is proposed, which represents the driving mechanism of traffic accidents from multiple views. Firstly, for the urban regions divided by grids, a new augmentation was designed to augment the spatial semantic information of regions through learnable semantic embedding, then deformable convolutional networks with non-fixed convolution kernels are used to learn dynamic spatial dependencies between regions and gated recurrent units are used to learn temporal dependencies, which can capture dynamic spatial-temporal evolution patterns of traffic accidents. Secondly, long short-term memory is employed to learn the traffic flow breakdown from the flow difference of adjacent time steps in each region to recognize the traffic accident precursor in the risk environment. Thirdly, accident patterns in different regions are learned from historical traffic flow to determine whether the flow is the dominant factor and capture the spatial heterogeneity of traffic accidents. Finally, the above features are fused for accident prediction at the regional level. Experiments are conducted on two real datasets, and the experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms eight benchmark methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jian Feng

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tian Liu

e-mail:

ORCID:

Yuqiang Qiao

College of Computer Science & Technology, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710000, China
Shaanxi Branch, China United Network Communications Group Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710000, China

3 Flight quality assessment in full flight phase based on KOA-CNN-GRU-self-attention

Tianyi Wu , Zichun Lin , Jianan Huang , Yuxi Ding , Ansaierding Maihemuti , Xiaowei Xu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151677 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151677

Keywords: KOA (Kepler optimization algorithm) CNN GRU self-attention flight quality

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Abstract

The main causes of aviation accidents in recent years are mostly related to pilot operational errors and pilot operational characteristics directly reflect flight quality. Hence, flight quality and flight safety are inseparable. Improving the assessment method of flight quality is of great significance for building a competency-based and evidence-based flight training system as well as enhancing flight safety. However, the problem is that some of the existing research is one-sided, and the assessment accuracy is not high. We propose a flight quality assessment method based on KOA-CNN-GRU-self-attention for the whole flight phase to accurately assess the flight quality and to improve and supplement the existing system. Firstly, the QAR data of the whole flight phase is selected and divided into three data sets according to the three indexes of operational smoothness, accuracy, and promptness, which are respectively substituted into the PCA comprehensive evaluation model to assess flight quality. Then, the evaluation results are labelled with the rating as the input of CNN-GRU-self-attention, and the parameters are optimized using KOA. Finally, the evaluation of flight quality for the three indexes was achieved by training the KOA-CNN-GRU-self-attention model. Thet est results show that the accuracy of operational smoothness, accuracy, and promptness reaches 98.73%, 95.07%, and 97.18%, respectively, and the assessment outcome is better and higher than the existing model. The model is also compared and analyzed with three base models CNN, QDA, XGBoost, and three fusion models CNN-self-attention, GRU-self-attention, CNN-GRU-self-attention, which show overall better results in accuracy, recall, precision, and F1-Score.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tianyi Wu

Zichun Lin

Jianan Huang

Yuxi Ding

Ansaierding Maihemuti

Xiaowei Xu

School of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
Faculty of Materials, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China

4 Verification of MLP network-based current sensor fault classifier for vector-controlled AC motor drives

Krystian Teler , Maciej Skowron , Teresa Orłowska-Kowalska

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e150336 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.150336

Keywords: AC motor drives current sensor faults fault classification neural networks universal faultclassifier

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Abstract

In modern drive systems, the aim is to ensure their operational safety. Damage can occur not only to the components of the motor itself but also to the power electronic devices included in the frequency converter and sensors in the measurement circuit. Critical damage to the electric drive that makes its further exploitation impossible can be prevented by using fault-tolerant control (FTC) algorithms. These algorithms are very often combined with diagnostic methods that assess the degree and type of damage. In this paper, a fault classification algorithm using an artificial neural network (ANN) is analyzed for stator phase current sensors in AC motor drives. The authors confirm that the investigated classification algorithm works equally well on two different AC motors without the need for significant modifications, such as retraining the neural network when transferring the algorithm to another object. The method uses a stator current estimator to replace faulty sensor measurements in a vector control structure. The measured and estimated currents are then subjected to a classification process using a multilayer perceptron (MLP), which has the advantage of small structure size as compared to deep learning structures. The uniqueness of the method lies in the use of data in the training set that are not dependent on the parameters of a specific motor. Four types of current sensor faults were studied, namely total signal loss, gain error, offset and signal saturation. Simulations were performed in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment for drive systems with an induction motor (IM) and a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The results show that the algorithm correctly evaluates the type of damage in more than 99.6% of cases regardless of the type of motor. Therefore, the results presented here may help to develop universal diagnostic methods that will work on a wide variety of motors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Teler

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maciej Skowron

e-mail:

ORCID:

Teresa Orłowska-Kowalska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical Machines, Drives and Measurements, Wrocław, Poland

5 Two-step reinforcement learning for multistage strategy card game

Konrad Godlewski , Bartosz Sawicki

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151376 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151376

Keywords: reinforcement learning incremental learning card games

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Abstract

This study introduces a two-step reinforcement learning (RL) strategy tailored for "The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game", a complex multistage strategy card game. The research diverges from conventional RL methods by adopting a phased learning approach, beginning with a foundational learning step in a simplified version of the game and subsequently progressing to the complete, intricate game environment. This methodology notably enhances the AI agent’s adaptability and performance in the face of the unpredictable and challenging nature of the game. The paper also explores a multi-phase system where distinct RL agents are employed for various decision-making phases of the game. This approach has demonstrated remarkable improvement, with the RL agents achieving a winrate of 78.5 % at the highest difficulty level.

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Authors and Affiliations

Konrad Godlewski

Bartosz Sawicki

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

6 Melanoma recognition using an ensemble of deep CNN structures

Fabian Gil , Stanisław Osowski

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151675 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151675

Keywords: CNN structures ensemble of classifiers melanoma recognition

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Abstract

The paper proposes a deep-learning approach to the recognition of melanoma images. It relies on the application of many different architectures of CNN combined in the form of an ensemble. The units of the highest efficiency are selected as the potential members of the ensemble. Different methods of arrangement of the ensemble members are studied and the limited number of the best units are included in the final form of an ensemble. The results of numerical experiments performed on the ISIC2017 database have shown the very high efficiency of the proposed ensemble system. The best accuracy in recognition of melanoma from nonmelanoma cases obtained by the ensemble was 96.54% at AUC = 0.9909, sensitivity 94.71%, and specificity 97.67%. These values are superior to the results presented for this ISIC2017 database.

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Authors and Affiliations

Fabian Gil

Stanisław Osowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

7 Decision-support tools for diagnosing and selecting the optimal method of repairing buildings

Zbigniew Walczak , Barbara Ksit , Anna Szymczak-Graczyk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151382 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151382

Keywords: plate deflection floor plate repair terrestrial laser scanning fuzzy AHP method (FAHP)

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Abstract

This study introduces an innovative algorithm that leverages terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) for the optimization of building repair methodologies. Focusing on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), itshowcases a methodology for evaluating and selecting the most effective repair strategy for building elements, balancing various conflicting criteria. The research applies TLS for rapid and accurate geometric data acquisition of engineering structures, demonstrating its utility in structural diagnostics and technical condition assessment. A case study on a single-family residential building, experiencing floor deformation in a principal ground-floor room, illustrates the practical application. Maximum deflection and floor deflection distribution were measured using TLS. Utilizing FAHP for analysis, the decision model identifies the most advantageous repair method from a building user’s perspective. This approach not only provides a systematic framework for selecting optimal repair solutions but also highlights the potential of integrating advanced scanning technologies and decision-support methods in the field of building materials and structural engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Walczak

Barbara Ksit

e-mail:

ORCID:

Anna Szymczak-Graczyk

Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences,Pi ˛atkowska 94E, 60-649 Poznan, Poland
Institute of Building Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology,Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

8 Prediction and comparative analysis of emissions from gas turbines using random search optimization and different machine learning-based algorithms

Emrah Aslan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151956 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151956

Keywords: emission gas turbines efficiency machine learning random search optimization

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Abstract

Gas turbines are widely used for power generation globally, and their greenhouse gas emissions have increasingly drawn public attention. Compliance with environmental regulations necessitates sophisticated emission measurement techniques and tools. Traditional sensors used for monitoring emission gases can provide inaccurate data due to malfunction or miscalibration. Accurate estimation of gas turbine emissions, such as particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, is crucial for assessing the environmental impact of industrial activities and power generation. This study used five different machine learning models to predict emissions from gas turbines, including AdaBoost, XGBoost, k-nearest neighbour, and linear and random forest models. Random search optimization was used to set the regression parameters. The findings indicate that the AdaBoost regressor model provides superior prediction accuracy for emissions compared to other models, with an accuracy of 99.97% and a mean squared error of 2.17 on training data. This research offers a practical modelling approach for forecasting gas turbine emissions, contributing to the reduction of air pollution in industrial applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Emrah Aslan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Dicle University, Silvan Vocational School, Diyarbakır, Turkey

9 Experimental investigations of ultra-lightweight-concrete encased cold-formed steel structures: local stability behavior of C-section profiles subjected to eccentric compression

Ahmed Alabedi , Péter Hegyi

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151044 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151044

Keywords: cold-formed steel experimental test lightweight concrete continuous bracing sustainability

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Abstract

Nowadays, cold-formed steel (CFS) has become widely used in the field of lightweight structures. In 2016, the Budapest University of Technology and Economics initiated a research study on a unique structural system using CFS and utilized ultra-lightweight concrete as an encasing material. This material serves as continuous bracing that improves CFS element resistance, stability behavior and performance, while also manifesting heat insulation capabilities, thus helping achieve sustainability goals. This paper is considered a continuation of previous research conducted by the authors. An experimental investigation was carried out on encased CFS columns subjected to eccentric loading. A total of fourteen stub-columns, with two distinct thicknesses, were subjected to various loading conditions for testing. The test results showed that local failure controlled the behavior of all the tested elements. The reduction in capacity resulting from eccentricity with respect to centric resistance varied between 20% and 52%, depending on the load position applied and on the core thickness of the tested steel elements. Moreover, the test outcomes were compared to the Eurocode analytical solution of pure steel elements. The overall load increment ranged from 46% to 18%, with a more noticeable bracing impact observed in the case of slender elements. Material tests also supplement the results.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed Alabedi

e-mail:

ORCID:

Péter Hegyi

Department of Structural Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary

10 Differential vibrating-wire strain gauge for concrete deformation measurements

Adam Kanciruk , Elżbieta Matus

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151379 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151379

Keywords: measurement of deformations and displacements vibrating-wire measuring instruments strain gauge

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Abstract

The basic measuring element of vibrating-wire strain gauges is a steel piano wire, functioning in the elastic range. This element is constantly under tension. Therefore, its material gradually deforms permanently. This deformation causes its stress to relax. This relaxation results in measurement errors of the strain gauges. This error, as demonstrated by both in situ and laboratory tests, can reach values of even several percent of the strain gauge measuring range (FSR) over periods of 10 years. Therefore, a concept of a differential strain gauge was proposed, for the construction of which two measuring wires would be used. Changing the input value of the strain gauge, i.e. a displacement of one of its anchors in relation to the other one would cause one wire to lengthen while the other wire shortened identically. The measured displacement would be calculated based on the difference in the frequency of the wire vibrations. In this way, the influence of the simultaneous relaxation of the wires on the measurement result would be greatly reduced. Based on this concept, a prototype differential strain gauge for measuring concrete deformation was realized. In addition to two wires, it also contains two electromagnets, placed together with the wires in a common body-housing. After the strain gauge was assembled, its first tests were carried out under laboratory conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Kanciruk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Elżbieta Matus

e-mail:

ORCID:

Strata Mechanics Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

11 Optimized design of downhole heater seal for oil shale in-situ heat injection

Qiang Li , Qingfeng Bu , Xiaole Li , Hao Zeng

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151383 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151383

Keywords: oil shale in-situ conversion downhole heater numerical simulation high-temperature seal

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Abstract

Sealing is an important prerequisite for downhole heater work. This paper proposes a combination of soft and hard, and welding sealing programs, which were analysed using theoretical calculations, numerical simulation, and in-situ testing. The results show that 316 stainless steel can meet the stuffing seal requirements. The first stuffing leads to compression and gradual reduction, while the second stuffing essentially does not deform. Stuffing deformation fills the gap in the sealing hole, creating a sealing layer. The compression rate is 0.43%, 8.45%, and 12.64%, indicating that the locking stress should be more than 2000 N. The temperature at the weld is heated by heat conduction and distributed in a concentric circle. Thermal stress will influence the 50 mm barrier, but the 100 mm boundary will be mostly unaffected. Actually, the thermal stress that destroys the weld seal may be reduced by adjusting the heater output or raising the gas injection rate. During the beginning of the in-situ heat injection, the temperature of the heating rods rises simultaneously with the outlet temperature. Consequently, both show opposite tendencies. The heat generated by the heating rods will cause the injected gas to be preheated in advance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Qiang Li

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Qingfeng Bu

Xiaole Li

Hao Zeng

1 State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, Beijing 100083, China
State Center for Research and Development of Oil Shale Exploitation, Beijing 102206, China
College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China

12 Experimental and numerical static tests of tensegrity triplex modules

Andrzej Rutkiewicz , Leszek Małyszko

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151674 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151674

Keywords: experimental test tensegrity triplex self-stress level force transducers struts buckling

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Abstract

The paper presents chosen results of experimental tests performed on physical mock-ups of tensegrity triplex modules, approximately 1.2 m tall and of 0.5 m diameter, made of steel. A uniform and uniaxial static compressive loading is applied to three upper nodes of the modules at six different self-stress levels. Cable forces are measured using specially crafted force transducers of an electro-resistive strain-gauge type. Two types of struts with different slenderness are incorporated to analyze the influence of buckling on the behaviour of the modules. A simple three-parameter mathematical model is presented to explain the behaviour of the modules and discuss the obtained experimental data. The results show nonlinear behaviour in the equilibrium path, as well as, rapidly decreasing axial stiffness in the post-critical phase. An increase in prestress has a small influence on the stiffness in the chosen range of compressive loading. The experimental results are valuable for purposes of verification and validation of numerical studies and fill the lack of experimental data in the literature.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Rutkiewicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

Leszek Małyszko

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

13 Review of surface metrology artifacts for additive manufacturing

Patryk Mietliński , Bartosz Gapiński , Jolanta B. Królczyk , Piotr Niesłony , Marta Bogdan-Chudy , Anna Trych-Wildner , Natalia Wojciechowska , Grzegorz M. Królczyk , Michał Wieczorowski , Tomasz Bartkowiak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151380 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151380

Keywords: test artifacts 3D printing additive manufacturing surface metrology

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Abstract

Test artifacts, resembling real machine parts, allow for quantitative evaluation of system performance and provide insight into individual errors, aiding in improvement and standardization of additive manufacturing. The article provides a comprehensive overview of existing test artifacts, categorized based on geometric features and the material used. Various measurement techniques such as stylus profilometry and computed tomography are employed to assess these artifacts. It is also shown that the selective laser melting (SLM) technology and titanium alloys are prevalent in artifact creation. Specific artifact categories include slits, angular aspects, length parameters, variable surfaces, and others, each accompanied by examples from research literature, highlighting diverse artifact designs and their intended applications. The paper critically discusses the main problems with existing geometries. It underscores the importance of user-friendly and unambiguous artifacts for dimensional control, particularly in surface metrology. Furthermore, it anticipates the continued growth of metrological verification in future manufacturing environments, emphasizing the need for precise and reliable measurement results to support decision-making under production conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Mietliński

Bartosz Gapiński

Jolanta B. Królczyk

Piotr Niesłony

Marta Bogdan-Chudy

Anna Trych-Wildner

Natalia Wojciechowska

Grzegorz M. Królczyk

Michał Wieczorowski

Tomasz Bartkowiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Opole University of Technology, Poland
Central Office of Measures (GUM), Poland

14 A sustainable approach-based optimization of internal diamond burnishing operation

An-Le Van , Truong-An Nguyen , Xuan-Ba Dang , Trung-Thanh Nguyen

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151953 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151953

Keywords: internal burnishing cryogenic CO2 energy consumed surface roughness optimization

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Abstract

The related work of the diamond burnishing processes focused on improvements in surface quality. The study aims to optimize burnishing factors, including the spraying distance of the nozzle (S), the inlet pressure of the cold air (I), and the quantity of the liquid CO₂ (L) of the cool and cryogenic-assisted diamond burnishing operation for minimizing energy consumed (EC) and arithmetical mean surface height roughness (Sa). Burnishing responses are modelled based on the radial basis function network and full factorial data. The entropy method, improved grey wolf optimizer, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, and technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution were implemented to calculate the weights, produce solutions, and select the best outcome. As a result, the optimal data of the S, I, and L were 15.0 mm, 3.0 bar, and 11.0 L/min, respectively. The Sa and EC were reduced by 20.4% and 3.8%, respectively, at the optimality. The optimized outcomes could be employed to improve energy efficiency and machining quality for the internal diamond burnishing process. The optimizing technique could be used to solve complicated issues for different burnishing operations. The cool and cryogenic-assisted diamond burnishing process could be utilized for machining different internal holes.

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Authors and Affiliations

An-Le Van

1 2

Truong-An Nguyen

Xuan-Ba Dang

Trung-Thanh Nguyen

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Vo Van Ngan Street, Linh Chieu Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Le Quy Don Technical University, 236 Hoang Quoc Viet, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
Department of Automatic Control, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education,

15 Configuration design method of hybrid electric agricultural machinery system based on layered two-dimensional matrix

Baogang Li , Jinbo Pan , Rui Sun , Yuhuan Li , Zunmin Liu , Wanyou Huang , Hanjun Jiang , Fuhao Liu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151377 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151377

Keywords: composite power agricultural machinery multi-power output two-dimensional matrix

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Abstract

The working environment and objects of agricultural machinery are different from those of automobiles, and agricultural machinery is greatly affected by such working environment and working conditions, while its power output system is more complex. Agricultural machinery not only has drive output, but also PTO output and hydraulic output, which together constitute the output system of agricultural machinery. Agricultural machinery conditions can be divided into road transportation working conditions and field operation working conditions. The working conditions of agricultural machinery can be divided into different load conditions according to the different traction tools and whether the hydraulic and PTO work, such as ploughing, rotary tillage, fertilization and transportation. Therefore, developing hybrid electric agricultural machinery systems that are suitable for various complex working conditions holds great theoretical significance and practical value. This should be done bearing mind the complex working conditions of agricultural machinery systems in agricultural work and the intricate challenges in designing hybrid agricultural machinery systems. In this paper, a two-dimensional matrix is used to represent the physical structure and dynamics of the multi-channel power output agricultural mechanism. A hierarchical two-dimensional matrix method for the generation and screening of hybrid electric agricultural machinery systems with multi-power output power is also proposed. The components of agricultural machinery are divided into an input layer and an output layer, and these components are coded and defined, and then transformed into a matrix. The hierarchical two-dimensional matrix method is used to generate and screen the hybrid electric agricultural mechanism type. Through the stratification of the matrix, complexity of the configuration generation is reduced, and the constraints are applied to the basic screening of the configurations generated. The rationality of the configurations obtained after generation and screening is verified by Simulink simulation. The results show that the configuration screened by this method can meet the performance requirements of agricultural machinery.

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Authors and Affiliations

Baogang Li

1 2

Jinbo Pan

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rui Sun

Yuhuan Li

Zunmin Liu

Wanyou Huang

Hanjun Jiang

Fuhao Liu

School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
Key Laboratory of Transportation Industry for Transport Vehicle Detection, Diagnosis and Maintenance Technology, Jinan 250357, China

16 Study on the efficiency of small-scale wind turbine with rotor adapted for low wind speeds

Piotr Strojny

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151954 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151954

Keywords: wind turbine turbine rotor wind turbine efficiency wind tunnel tests of wind turbines fieldtests of wind turbines

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Abstract

This article aims to present the results of tunnel tests and field tests of small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbines. The article proposes a new concept of turbine rotor adapted to improve efficiency at low wind speeds. The methodology for calculating the rotor and generator is shown. The turbine construction solution is presented briefly, along with the technology for manufacturing turbine components and assembly. An analysis of the obtained results is also conducted.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Strojny

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Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Department of Aerospace Engineering, al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

17 Cascade-free predictive adhesion control for IPMSM-driven electric trains

Jiao Ren , Ruiqi Li

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151375 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151375

Keywords: adhesion control cascade-free maximize longitudinal acceleration force perturbation and observation predictive speed control

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Abstract

The application of active adhesion control to the traction control system of an electric train holds great appeal for maximizing longitudinal acceleration force. Most of the currently reported works regulate the adhesion between wheel and rail by adjusting the torque reference of a cascade motor drive controller, which suffers from slow speed response and excessive start torque. This article proposes a cascadefree predictive adhesion control strategy for electric trains powered by an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) to address these issues. The proposed control scheme utilizes an improved perturbation and observation method to predict the time-varying wheel-rail adhesion state and determine the optimal slip speed. The initial setpoint reference command from the driver master is then adjusted to a dynamic reference that continuously adapts to the predicted adhesion conditions. Finally, the predictive speed control method is employed to ensure rapid convergence of the tracking objective. The simulation and hardware-in-the-loop testing results confirm that this approach achieves excellent dynamic performance, particularly during the train start-up phase and in the high-speed weak magnetic area of the IPMSM

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Authors and Affiliations

Jiao Ren

Ruiqi Li

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Urban Vocational College of Sichuan,Chengdu 610031, China
School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

18 Kinematic calibration of a lightweight manipulator for medical applications

Krzysztof Arent , Adam Kurnicki , Piotr Portasiak , Bartłomiej Stańczyk

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151381 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151381

Keywords: manipulator kinematics calibration medical robots

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Abstract

The paper presents a kinematics calibration procedure for a lightweight manipulator designed for medical applications. They comprise improving the dexterity of a dysfunctional arm of a handicapped patient in an electric wheelchair as well as supporting biopsies and surgeries. Consequently, there are several manipulator distinguishing features of the manipulator design that are relevant to kinematics calibration. In particular, these are: a small area in the workspace within which the end-effector operates, affordability for non-commercial users, a delicate, dexterous design. In this context we propose a specialized procedure that features a low cost calibration tool enabling the end-effector to reach the correct positions for data acquisition. The key parameters of the calibration tool were obtained by applying two techniques of numerical analysis, workspace clustering and arbitrary choice, and subsequent experimental verification. The procedure exploits classical results concerning the kinematics calibration and is empirically verified by comprehensive simulation and experimental studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Arent

Adam Kurnicki

Piotr Portasiak

Bartłomiej Stańczyk

Department of Cybernetics and Robotics, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology,Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Department of Automation and Metrology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38A, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Accrea Medical Robotics, ul. Hiacyntowa 20, 20-143 Lublin, Poland

19 Improved thermal management of lithium-based batteries employing genetic algorithm optimization

Gökhan Yüksek , Timur Lale

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151378 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151378

Keywords: lithium-ion battery temperature energy management system renewable energy genetic algorithm

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Abstract

Lithium-based battery systems (LBS) are used in various applications, from the smallest electronic devices to power generation plants. LBS energy storage technology, which can offer high power and high energy density simultaneously, can respond to continuous energy needs and meet sudden power demands. The lifetime of LBSs, which are seen as a high-cost storage technology, depends on many parameters such as usage habits, temperature and charge rate. Since LBSs store energy electrochemically, they are seriously affected by temperature. High-temperature environments increase the thermal stress exerted on LBS and cause its chemical structure to deteriorate much faster. In addition, the fast charging feature of LBSs, which is generally presented as an advantage, increases the internal temperature of the cell and negatively affects the battery life. The proposed energy management approach ensures that the ambient temperature affects the charging speed of the battery and that the charging speed is adaptively updated continuously. So, the two parameters that harm battery health absorb each other, and the battery has a longer life. A new differential approach has been created for the proposed energy management system. The total amount of energy that can be withdrawn from LBS is increased by 14.18% as compared to the LBS controlled with the standard energy management system using the genetic algorithm optimized parameters. Thus the LBS replacement period is extended, providing both cost benefits and environmentally friendly management by LBSs turning into chemical waste distinctly later.

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Authors and Affiliations

Gökhan Yüksek

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Timur Lale

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Batman University,Bati Raman Campus 72000, Batman, Turkey

20 Development of an advanced control algorithm for DAB DC/DC converters: inrush current limitation and enhanced operation in transient states

Serafin Bachman , Marek Turzyński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e150328 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.150328

Keywords: dual active bridge bidirectional isolated DAB efficiency control loop transient stateproblems analytical calculations DC/DC converter

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Abstract

The publication addresses the dynamic state challenges encountered during development of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter within DC microgrid systems. The conventional startup method is identified as instigating a cascade of unfavorable outcomes, encompassing elevated starting current, transformer current asymmetry, DC voltage distortions, EMI and heightened thermal stress on semiconductor components. Additionally, it necessitates precise calibration of magnetic components and diodes. A proposed remedy to these issues is introduced, involving a control method based on an additional phase shift to modulate the current of the primary H bridge. This novel control methodology is posited as a means to mitigate the aforementioned undesirable effects associated with traditional converter initiation techniques. The research also delves into considerations of a proper design procedure for the converter. Emphasis is placed on integrating the novel control methodology into the design framework in order to effectively address challenges arising during transient states. Validation of the proposed solution is substantiated through a series of laboratory tests, the results of which are comprehensively presented in the article. These tests affirm the efficiency of the system when incorporating the novel control methodology, thereby substantiating its practical utility in mitigating the issues identified during the initiation phase of the DAB converter in DC microgrid systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Serafin Bachman

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Marek Turzyński

Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw, Poland
Gdansk University of Technology, Department of Power Electronics and Electrical Machines

21 Bistable relay – contribution of electromechanical design to global energy savings

Piotr Tetlak

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151679 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151679

Keywords: energy efficiency electromagnetic relays bistable relays magnetic circuits design finite element method

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Abstract

Green energy transformation requires comprehensive strategies that include both innovations in energy production and more efficient energy use. This article investigates the potential for saving electrical energy in industrial automation systems by utilizing bistable switching/relay. Compared to traditional systems, these innovative solutions demonstrate significant reductions in energy consumption. A market analysis of available bistable relays, along with experimental determination of their control conditions, highlights their application potential and indicates the benefits of their implementation. The findings suggest that replacing classical relays with their bistable counterparts could significantly contribute to global sustainability efforts. The article presents the process of redesigning a standard industrial relay into a bistable design. Adding two additional elements achieved the intended bistable functionality. The article calls for increased research and investment in such technologies, emphasizing that the energy-saving potential offered by bistable switching/relay circuits should not be overlooked.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Tetlak

1 2

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University of Zielona Góra, Licealna 9, 65-417 Zielona Góra
RELPOL S.A., ul. 11 Listopada 37, 62-100 Zary, Poland

22 Simulation study of flywheel energy storage assisted coal-fired unit frequency regulation

Shunyi Song , Tianshu Qiao , Rui Zhang , Shuangyin Liang , Yibing Liu

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2024 | 72 | 6 | e151951 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2024.151951

Keywords: flywheel energy storage; coal-fired unit frequency modulation characteristics

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Abstract

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy power generation, its accompanying intermittency and volatility problems are becoming increasingly prominent, and the frequency fluctuation of the power system is becoming increasingly severe. Participation in frequency regulation services can be economically rewarding for generating units. The flywheel energy storage system can effectively improve the frequency regulation capability of coal-fired units. In this paper, the improvement of the FM capability of coal-fired units in the operation of a two-area interconnected power system containing wind power is investigated, and a model of a two-area interconnected power system comprising a turbine generator, wind power, and flywheel energy storage is established. The enhancement of the FM capability of coal-fired units by adding a flywheel energy storage system is analyzed. The simulation results show that adding the flywheel energy storage system improves the FM capability of the coal-fired unit to a considerable extent, and the coal-fired unit can decide the flywheel capacity it needs to be equipped with through detailed economic calculations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Shunyi Song

Tianshu Qiao

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Rui Zhang

Shuangyin Liang

Yibing Liu

Shenzhen Energy Nanjing Holding Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China