Applied sciences

Archives of Civil Engineering

Content

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 3

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Abstract

Cut-off walls built using self-hardening slurries are an important tool for modern engineering pursuing Sustainable Development Goals. Much like cement concrete, this material is affected by the challenges posed by the increasing human pressure on the environment, although it is used significantly less widely than concrete; for this reason, relatively little comprehensive literature data is available describing the interaction of self-hardening slurries with the environment. This article provides a review that complements the current state of knowledge on self-hardening slurries in this area, with a particular focus on the durability of the material and its pollutant immobilization capabilities. To provide context, the material’s operating conditions, properties and components are briefly characterized. The resistance of self-hardening slurries to environmental aggression is described extensively, as it is a key factor in ensuring the durability of the material. A sample analysis of the material’s carbon footprint in several representative composition variants is presented. The subject of pollutant immobilization by self-hardening slurries is outlined. Lines of further research are proposed to fill gaps in the available knowledge.
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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Szarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Krysiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Kledyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Machowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Falaciński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, 00-653 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges is constantly upgraded by researchers and bridge engineers as it directly deals with bridge performance and its safety over a certain time period. This article addresses some issues in the traditional SHM systems and the reason for moving towards an automated monitoring system. In order to automate the bridge assessment and monitoring process, a mechanism for the linkage of Digital Twins (DT) and Machine Learning (ML), namely the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm, is discussed in detail. The basis of this mechanism lies in the collection of data from the real bridge using sensors and is providing the basis for the establishment and calibration of the digital twin. Then, data analysis and decision-making processes are to be carried out through regression-based ML algorithms. So, in this study, both ML brain and a DT model are merged to support the decision-making of the bridge management system and predict or even prevent further damage or collapse of the bridge. In this way, the SHM system cannot only be automated but calibrated from time to time to ensure the safety of the bridge against the associated damages.
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Authors and Affiliations

Asseel Za'al Ode Al-Hijazeen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Fawad
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Michael Gerges
3
ORCID: ORCID
Kalman Koris
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Salamak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Muegyetem rkp. 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna St, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, the United Kingdom
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Abstract

This study provides a comparative analysis of natural nanosilica (NSn), which is an extract of natural silica sand processed into nanosilica with commercial nanosilica (NSc) derived from semiconductor industrial waste, in 80 MPa high performance concrete (HPC). The percentage of using nanosilica is (3%, 5%, 10%, 15%) by weight of cement used directly and combined with 5% silica fume. Analysis was carried out through compressive strength test, durability through permeability test, rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT), and microstructure test through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the analysis show that natural nanosilica is equivalent to commercial nanosilica, in applications it is better to use silica fume incorporation. The optimum percentage of using NSn10% and (SF) 5%, while 5% NSc and 5% SF, in these proportions shows the best compressive strength and durability. It’s just that the use of natural nanosilika is 5% more than commercial nanosilika. The benefit of this research is that natural materials such as silica sand with high SiO2 content, can be processed into nanosilica as an advanced material, which can be used as an eco-friendly construction material.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.R. Indra Tjahjani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jonbi Jonbi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nuryani Tinumbia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wita Meutia
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daral Suraedi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Prima Ranna
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pancasila Univesity, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Jagakarsa, South Jakarta, 12630, Indonesia
  2. Ton Duc Thang University, Sustainable Development in Civil Engineering Research Group (SDCE), 19 Nguyên Huu Tho, Tân Hung, Quân 7, Hô Chí Minh 700000, Vietnam
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Abstract

The paper presents the determination of the impact of earthquakes of varying intensity on the structure of geodesic domes. The structures of the analyzed domes were designed on the basis of the regular octahedron according to two different methods of creating their topology. The use of four seismic records of different intensity and duration of the record made it possible to subject 8 models to numerical analysis. The designed spatial structures are domes with a steel cross-section, thanks to which they are undoubtedly characterized by their lightness and the possibility of covering very large areas, without the need to use internal supports. Designing steel domes is currently a challenge for constructors, as well as architect, who take into account their aesthetic considerations. The paper presents the seismic response of geodesic domes in applied different directions (two horizontal “X” and “Y” and one vertical “Z”), using the Time History method. The values of forced vibrations and recording intensity were shown, and on this basis, an attempt was made to determine which seismic record may be more unfavorable for the designed geodesic domes created according to two different methods of shaping the topology of their structures. For this purpose, the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method was used. The maximum accelerations and displacements of the structures were also analyzed. The conducted analysis shows the influence of seismic excitations on geodetic dome structures, depending on the applied method (method 1 and 2) of shaping their topology. This paper will undoubtedly be useful in designing a geodesic dome structure in a seismic area. In addition, this analysis can be helpful in assessing the effects of an incidental earthquake.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dominika Bysiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Maleska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture
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Abstract

Cost overrun during construction is one of the most common problems occur in construction projects around the world, which also includes the area of Chongqing in China. At present, there are few studies related to cost overruns at the construction stage of high-rise residential building projects (HRBPs) in Chongqing. The purpose of this study is to develop effective control measures from the contractor’s perspective to help projects to minimize cost overruns during the construction phase of HRBPs in Chongqing. Firstly, through the literature review and semi-structured interviews, 65 cost overrun-related risk factors in construction projects were identified. All the risk factors have been prioritized through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on their importance to project success. Out of the 65 factors identified, 12 were classified as the critical ones that have a great potential to instigate a cost overrun during construction to take place in the real project. There were four risk factors that have the greatest impact on cost overruns, and their weights were 0.04 or above, including low bid, force majeure, undetailed/inaccurate geological survey data, and increased loan interest rates. Finally, control measures were developed for these four critical cost overrun risk factors (CCORFs). The measures developed provided a guideline to control the risk of cost overruns and clear control key points to help contractors minimize cost overruns on construction projects.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yuee Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Farid Ezanee Mohamed Ghazali
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysia,Seri Ampangan, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Abstract

The paper’s objective was to present the results of predicting the stiffness modulus of a recycled mix containing a blended road binder with foamed bitumen and emulsified bitumen. The Sm (acc. to IT-CY) indirect tensile test was used at temperatures of -10°C, 5°C, 13°C and 25°C. Prediction of the stiffness modulus accounted for the effect of temperature, the type of road binders, the sampling location and the type of technology selected. All effects, except temperature, were included in the model by entangling their effects through recycled base course physical and mechanical characteristics, such as indirect tensile strength, compressive strength, creep rate, air void content and moisture resistance. As a result, it was possible to determine a regression model based on multiple regression with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.78. Temperature and compressive strength were found to have the strongest effect on the variability of stiffness modulus. However, indirect tensile strength also significantly affected the Sm characteristic. In addition, FB-RCM (foamed bitumen) recycled mixtures proved to be more favourable than EB-RCM (emulsified bitumen) mixtures as they exhibited a lower deformation rate while retaining limited stiffness.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Mazurek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Buczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Iwański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Aleja Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

In civil engineering, underground structures are exposed to various georisks and require greater attention and awareness of the need to identify them at the earliest possible stage of investment preparation and implementation. The assessment of the interaction of objects in the underground space is a task that requires the analysis of many influencing factors resulting from the geometry and characteristics of the constructed structure and existing buildings, in the context of soil and water conditions. The correctness of such an assessment and forecast of the range and scope of these impacts requires knowledge of both construction and geotechnical issues, as well as knowledge of using the experience gained, including the analysis of the results of observations and monitoring measurements. One of the main challenges associated with underground constructions is their impact on existing buildings and other structures adjacent to the developed site. As these structures are often highly susceptible to excavation-induced ground movements, their behavior have to be considered in a design as one of the geotechnical-related limit states. As in the analysis of limit states, various computational models can be used to assess the impact of investments, including analytical, semi-empirical or numerical models. In the process of assessing the impact of underground structures, it is also important to identify additional elements of potential georisks, e.g. the impact of accompanying works, which in certain situations may have a significant impact on the construction process, requiring preventive measures. On a few examples from the construction of deep excavations and tunnels in different soil and water conditions, the article discusses the aspects of the role of the accuracy of the identification of soil and water conditions and the creation of a reliable and useful subsoil model as elements allowing for the identification and minimization of georisks and its proper management.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Godlewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eugeniusz Koda
2
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Mitew-Czajewska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Stanisław Łukasik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Simon Rabarijoely
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Building Research Institute, 21 Ksawerów St., 02-656 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study focuses on the problem of mapping impervious surfaces in urban areas and aims to use remote sensing data and orthophotos to accurately classify and map these surfaces. Impervious surface indices and green space assessments are widely used in land use and urban planning to evaluate the urban environment. Local governments also rely on impervious surface mapping to calculate stormwater fees and effectively manage stormwater runoff. However, accurately determining the size of impervious surfaces is a significant challenge. This study proposes the use of the Support Vector Machines (SVM) method, a pattern recognition approach that is increasingly used in solving engineering problems, to classify impervious surfaces. The research results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SVM method in accurately estimating impervious surfaces, as evidenced by a high overall accuracy of over 90% (indicated by the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient). A case study of the “Parkowo-Lesne” housing estate in Warsaw, which covers an area of 200,000 m², shows the successful application of the method. In practice, the remote sensing imagery and SVM method allowed accurate calculation of the area of the surface classes studied. The permeable surface represented about 67.4% of the total complex and the impervious surface corresponded to the remaining 32.6%. These results have implications for stormwater management, pollutant control, flood control, emergency management, and the establishment of stormwater fees for individual properties. The use of remote sensing data and the SVM method provides a valuable approach for mapping impervious surfaces and improving urban land use management.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Sobieraj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcos Fernández Marín
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominik Metelski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16,00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Universitat Politccnica de Valcncia, Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
  3. University of Granada, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences, Campus Cartuja, 18071Granada, Spain
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Abstract

The effect of the air-entraining agent on properties of mortar mixtures as well as on the compressive strength of hardened mortars was the objective of this study. Such mortars contain a certain amount of evenly spread closed air-voids pores with dimensions of 0.02-0.05 mm. On the one hand, the presence of a large volume of such air bubbles results in the reduction of mechanical properties of mortar. On the other hand, the use of this technological approach improves rheological properties of mortar mixture. The effect of the air entrainment on the flow, density, volume of entrained air of mortar mixture and compressive strength of hardened mortar was established. Obtained results show substantial increasing in the mortar flow at cement to sand ratio 1:2 by 1.8 times. The further decrease of C:S ratio results in a slight increase of the flow and even negligible its decrease at C:S = 1:4 compared to the reference mortar. The increase of the volume of entrained air results in the decrease of the density and compressive strength of mortar, but improve the resistance to freezing/thawing cycles. The results of this study can be a guide for mortar mix design to choose the most appropriate mix proportion to produce economically efficient mortars.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zinoviy Blikharskyy
1
Taras Markiv
2
Khrystyna Sobol
3
Yurii Turba
3
Jacek Selejdak
4

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 69 St. Dabrowskiego, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
  2. Department of Building Production, Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University, S. Bandery Street 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
  3. Department of Highways and Bridges, Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University, S. Bandery Street 12, 79013 Lviv, Ukraine
  4. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, 69 St. Dabrowskiego,42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

BIM technology is not commonly used in the Polish bridge engineering yet. The article presents a case study of a road bridge made of prestressed concrete and built using the incremental launching method, modelled according to the BIM technology. The bridge with a complex geometry is located along the S1 expressway. Particular attention is paid to the development of the BIM 5D model created on the basis of a design developed traditionally in order to gain competence and verify the set goals. The process of creating subsequent stages of the BIM model is characterized synthetically, in particular the 3D geometric model with the surrounding area and additional 4D (time) and 5D (costs, kinds of materials) dimensions together with the software used. The article discusses the assumptions adopted for the development of numerical models and data analyses. The developed models take into account the assembly phase (construction) and the use (operation) phase, appropriate for the incremental launching method. The results obtained while using BIM technology were confronted with the results identified on the basis of a conventional design. Conclusions present the most important challenges and the achieved goals as well as the pros and cons of creating designs while using BIM technology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Trochymiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Krygier
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Stachura
2
Jakub Jaworski
3

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16,00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. PORR S.A., ul. Hołubcowa 123, 02-854 Warsaw, Poland
  3. BHJ-Inzynieria Sp. z o.o., ul. Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzinskiego 19E/6, 80-283 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Vehicle-bridge collision accidents often result in significant economic losses and negative social effects, with heavy trucks being the most destructive to bridge structures. Therefore, this study uses a high-precision finite element method to investigate the impact resistance of concrete bridge piers when subjected to heavy truck impact. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) When heavy trucks collide with bridge piers, two peak impact forces are generated due to engine and cargo collisions. The peak collision force generated by engine impact is 17.7% greater than that generated by cargo impact. (2) The damage to the bridge, when impacted by heavy trucks, is mainly concentrated on the affected pier. The primary damage characteristics of the bridge piers include punching shear damage at the impact point, tensile damage at the backside, and shear damage at the pier top. (3) The peak values of shear force and bending moment both appear at the bottom of the pier, and the combination of the two causes serious flexural-shear failure damage at the bottom of the pier. (4) The axial force is fluted along the pier height, and the axial force at the top and bottom of the pier is the largest, while the axial force at the middle section is relatively small. The instantaneous axial force of bridge pier will reach more than 2 times the axial force during operational period, seriously threatening the safety of bridge. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the impact resistance of concrete bridge piers when subjected to heavy truck impact, which can help engineers and policymakers in designing more robust and safer bridges.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yao. Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Nanning College of Technology, Guangxi, 541006, China
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Abstract

Concrete hollow thin-walled high piers (CHTWHPs) located in mountainous areas may be destroyed by the huge impact force of accidental rocks. The study focuses on analyzing the effects of rock impact on the pier, including its impact force, pier damage, dynamic response, and energy dissipation characteristics. The results show that: (1) Increasing the impact height led to a decrease in the peak impact force. Specifically, 15.5% decrease in the peak collision force is induced when the height of rock collision rises from 10 m to 40 m. (2) The damage mode of the pier’s collision surface is mainly oval damage with symmetrical center, radial damage on the side surface, and corner shear failure on the cross section. (3) The peak displacement of bridge pier increases with the increase of collision height. As the collision height increased from 10 m to 40 m, the bridge pier’s peak displacement also increased, rising by 104.2%. (4) The concrete internal energy gradually decreased with increasing collision height, dropping by 36.9% when the height of rock collision rises from 10 m to 40 m. The reinforcement internal energy showed an increase of 78%. The results of this study may provide reference for the rock collision resistance design of CHTWHPs.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yao. Huang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Nanning College of Technology, Guangxi, 541006, China
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Abstract

Advancements in technology and material sciences lead new solutions to be used in civil engineering. PolyUrethane Flexible Joints (PUFJ) and Fiber Reinforced PolyUrethanes (FRPU) are among those innovative solutions. PUFJ implemented systems comprise of seismic preventive buffer material between masonry infill walls and reinforced concrete (RC) frames, whereas FRPU solution is designed for covering the wall surfaces with thin composite strips. Both methods are primarily developed for increasing the ductility capacities of buildings while sustaining the overall structural strength without compromising on the safety of these systems against earthquakes. In this article, test results of the quasi-static cyclic experiments as well as dynamic tests on the shake tables including harmonic forces operating in resonance are presented. Moreover, numerical analyses are performed in order to comprehend the behavior of PUFJ implemented frames constituted with different masonry materials than above which are under various loading conditions. The outcomes confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed solutions, which at the same time meet the strict requirements of the modern seismic standards.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arkadiusz Kwiecień
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ahmet Tugrul Akyildiz
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24,31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Eurocode standard recommends using fundamental basic wind velocity (characteristic velocity) as the design value in civil engineering. There are different approaches to estimate this value depending on the climate features of the given area and the quality of environmental data. The estimation of the characteristic value requires statistical analysis of historical data regarding wind velocities measured throughout the country at meteorological stations. The results of the analysis are probability density distributions of this random variable for each meteorological station. On this basis, values of characteristic wind velocity with a mean return period of 50 years are determined. The zones with uniform velocities are delineated on the map of the country. In the case of Poland the last evaluation of wind zones took place over 15 years ago. Higher quality of measurement data on the one hand, and the introduction of the second generation of Eurocode standards on the other hand, create a need to check and update these zones. This work presents theoretical basis for the estimation of characteristic values of random variables in the context of wind velocity, comprehensively reviews practical methods used for this purpose and summarizes current situation in Poland, finally discusses the issues related to the heterogeneity of wind data, illustrating them with an example.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Lipecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Gaczek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Goliger
3
Grzegorz Kimbar
4
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Wegrzynski
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  3. Firelab, Pretoria, South Africa
  4. Building Research Institute, Filtrowa 1, 00-611 Warszawa, Poland
  5. Building Research Institute, 00-611Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

Continuous steel-concrete composite girder can fully utilize material strength and possess large spanning ability for bridge constructions. However, the weak cracking resistance at the negative bending moment region of the girder seriously harms its durability and serviceability. This paper investigates practical techniques to improve the cracking performance of continuous steel-concrete composite girders subjected to hogging moment.Areal continuous girderwas selected as the background bridge and introduced for numerical analysis. Modeling results show that under the serviceability limit state, the principle stress of concrete slabs near the middle piers of the bridgewas far beyond the allowable material strength, producing a maximum tensile stress of 10.0 MPa. Approaches for strengthening concrete decks at the negative moment region were developed and the effectiveness of each approach was assessed by examing the tensile stress in the slabs. Results indicate that the temporary counterweight approach decreased the maximum tensile stress in concrete slabs by 22%. Due to concrete shrinkage and creep, more than 65% of the prestressed compressive stresses in concrete slabs were finally dispersed to the steel beams. A thin ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) overlay at the hogging moment region effectively increased the cracking resistance of the slabs, and practical engineering results convicted the applicability of the UHPC technique.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Cai
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wenjie Li
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhiyong Wan
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jianjun Sheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Juliang Tan
4
ORCID: ORCID
Chao Ma
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Guangdong Highway Construction Co., LTD, 510623 Guangzhou, China
  2. Guangdong Yunmao Expressway Co. Ltd, 525346 Guangzhou, China
  3. Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd,510507 Guangzhou, China
  4. Guangdong Communication Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd, 510507 Guangzhou, China
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Abstract

The dynamic replacement columns are formed by driving a coarse-grained material into a soft soil by means of repeatable drops of a pounder. The final shapes of the columns are non-cylindrical and depend on the subsoil conditions. This paper presents results of the laboratory study on influence of the thickness of the soft soil on the displacements of the backfill aggregate during the driving process. A test box with one acrylic-glass wall was prepared, in which, over a load-bearing sand layer, a soft soil of various thicknesses (���� = 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 m) was modelled using a semi-transparent acrylic polymer. The displacements of the backfill gravel particles were tracked by means of a high-speed camera. The material was driven by dropping a 0.2 m high (����) pounder. The results revealed that the distance between the bottom of the first crater and the top of the sand layer played an important role in directing the particles. At ����/���� = 2.5 pear-shaped floating columns were formed as the grains in the side zones were less affected by the pounder drops and their paths deviated from the vertical axis by not more than 50°. In case of ����/���� = 2.0 and 1.5, the column bases reached the bearing layer and the impact energy caused much larger vertical and horizontal displacements of the backfill material in the side zones – the observed largest angles were equal to 64° and even 90°, respectively. Eventually, the final column shapes resembled a non-symmetrical barrel and a truncated cone.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sławomir Kwiecień
1
ORCID: ORCID
Siergey Ihnatov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Kowalska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Due to the increasing necessity of building on soils with insufficient bearing capacity, the development of methods for soil improvement is an important geotechnical engineering issue. One of the innovative methods of soil stabilisation is the use of nano-additives. The paper presents the influence of nanosilica on the bearing capacity under the footing under undrained conditions. For this purpose, a simple and quick unconfined compression test was used to evaluate the undrained shear strength of selected silty soil. Tests were conducted for soil without additives and with nanosilica contents of 1, 3 and 5%. All samples were compacted to the maximum dry density in a Proctor apparatus, and strength tests were conducted after 7 days of curing. The results clearly show an increase in undrained shear strength with increasing nanosilica content. Based on these data, a parametric analysis of the bearing capacity under the strip footing was performed for 4 variants of nanosilica content and for 9 loading cases. Thus, the impact of stabilisation in a practical engineering issue was presented. For all load cases the optimal dimensions of the foundation were determined. In addition, for the selected case, calculations were made for a fixed foundation dimension. All computations were performed in accordance with Eurocode 7 with GEO5 software.
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Authors and Affiliations

Matylda Tankiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Mońka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zofia Zieba
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Civil Engineering, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The landslide is located in Wronki. It covers the southern side on the bank of the Warta River and occupy an area of 500 m in length. The landslide was once again activated on August 22-23, 2018, causing numerous failures. The Warta River slope in the area of mass movements is built by non-construction embankments, under which the Poznan Miocene–Pliocene of quasi-layered structure lie. There are horizontal interlayers of sandy silts in these clays. The Warta drains water from a large area, and the runoff takes place mainly on the roof of clays. The slide surface of the landslide was precisely the roof of the Poznan clays. Bearing in mind the properties of the Poznan clays, such as relaxation, block disintegration, expansiveness features, the following were considered the direct causes of the failure: heavy rainfall that occurred after a drought, loading of the slope with indiscriminate cubature buildings, construction of a linear sewage system and periodically repeated vibrations caused by the implementation of neighboring investments. In order to identify the area, test boreholes were made, samples were taken for laboratory tests, and geodetic measurements were taken. Based on the obtained results, slope stability calculations were made and a measurement network was developed for systematic monitoring of geodetic displacements of control points. It was recommended to perform drainage to drain the slope and side of the Warta River, plant bushes, and make changes to the land development plan in order to prohibit further development of the area in the endangered zone.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michalina Flieger-Szymanska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy Sobkowiak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Machowiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dorota Anna Krawczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Civil Engineering, Poznan, Poland
  2. Geomenos Jerzy Sobkowiak, Tomasz Sobkowiak Sp. j., Poznan, Poland; retired employee of Poznan University of Technology
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Abstract

The work includes the results of numerical, analytical-numerical and experimental study into the influence of load eccentricities with regard to major axis on post-buckling behaviour and load-carrying capacity of thin-walled cold-formed steel lipped channel section columns. The study was solved by using the finite element method (code Ansys) with taking into consideration a full material characteristics in logarithmic strain system and geometric nonlinearities. The analytical-numerical solution was based on Koiter’s theory with an application of finite difference method (FDM). Some chosen results of numerical simulations have been compared to experimental results. The deformations of columns were registered by means of Digital Image Correlation Aramis System (DICAS) to observe the maps and the magnitude of displacements for adequate point of a load. The analyses showed that the decrease in maximum load in a dependency on the eccentricity value can be even 3 times minor in a comparison to the load-carrying capacity of axially loaded column.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Czechowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Kotełko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jacek Jankowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Viorel Ungureanu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Annabella Sanduly
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Stefanowskiego 1/15 street, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
  2. Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
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Abstract

To investigate the dynamic tensile properties and energy dissipation characteristics of marble in three different conditions: dry, water-saturated, and oil-saturated, a Brazilian disk splitting test was conducted using a 50 mm diameter Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device. The findings indicate that the peak strain and dynamic tensile strength of the three conditions increase with strain rate, exhibiting a clear strain rate effect. Additionally, lubricating effects of water and oil weaken internal shear sliding friction, thus promoting crack expansion. Furthermore, immersion of fluid in marble weakens the cementation of internal mineral particles, leading to lower tensile strength of marble saturated with water and oil compared to dry marble under dynamic impact. When analyzing the energy dissipation of marble, both the absorption energy and dissipation energy density increase with oil strain rate, indicating a positive correlation. Moreover, numerical results obtained from ANSYS/LS-DYNA correspond well with experimental data, thus verifying and interpreting the experimental outcomes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Chaoxin Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dongyan Liu
2 3
Yunhui Zhu
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. College of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing401331, China
  2. Chongqing University, Chongqing 400000, China
  3. Chongqing College of Architecture and Technology, Chongqing 400000, China
  4. College of Architecture and Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
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Abstract

Investors are obliged to carry out construction processes based on the binding rules and regulations. However, these regulations are constantly evolving and subject to various attempts of improvement. Therefore, the aim of this article is an attempt to present the changes that have recently occured in the Polish process of construction process of a single-family residential building, in the context of proceedings before architectural and construction administration authorities. Basic legal acts regulating this procedure have been amended, such as: the Construction Law Act and the Regulation of the Minister of Development on the detailed scope and form of a construction design. Since these regulations have changed their provisions many times over the years, the article focuses on the changes that entered into force during 2020 and 2021. An additional aim of the article is to check and show how these changes were adopted by both investors and participants in the construction process, such as designers. In order to achieve this goal, a survey was conducted among them in Mał opolska region. The data concerning the submitted applications for permits for the construction of a single-family residential building, within the mentioned years, have been analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kowalik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Drozd
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Division of Management in Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

All over the world, highway traffic is increasing rapidly, as is the population and the road network. The country’s maximum and minimum temperatures also vary greatly. Moreover, the pavements are subjected to various types of damage. Pavement binders and mixtures are a constant area of research and development for scientists and engineers. Adding fibers to bituminous mixes may improve the properties of fatigue and strength of the material. Natural fibers may be used to improve asphalt mixtures performance due to their inherent compatibility with asphalt cement and excellent mechanical properties. Also, the high stone content and relatively high asphalt content in SMA mixture led to the occurrence of drain-down of the asphalt mastic from the mixture, and this problem requires the use of stabilizing additives such as cellulose fibers, mineral fibers, or polymers to mitigate this problem and ensure long-term performance. The most public sort of stabilizing additives is cellulose fiber. Overall, natural fibers in stone mastic asphalt mixes are discussed in this paper. An additional focus is on how asphalt concrete will be affected by natural fibers, mixing techniques, and managerial decisions. According to the review, the stabilizing and strengthening impact of natural fibers on the performance of asphalt mixes have been extensively researched. Natural fibers can significantly increase the rut and flow resistance of asphalt mixtures. Adding natural fibers to pavement can increase structural resistance to pavement distress.
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Authors and Affiliations

Israa AlSaadi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sady A. Tayh
2
ORCID: ORCID
Abbas F. Jasim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rana Yousif
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Baghdad, Department of Construction and Projects, Baghdad
  2. University, College of Engineering, Highways, and Transportation Engineering Department, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of laboratory testing and Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling of high-strength double-twisted steel hexagonal wire mesh used for constructing gabion cages, slope protection systems, rockfall protection barriers. Gabion cages, filled with soil (usually rock particles) are commonly used in civil engineering (for example, in order to form a retaining wall). Static tensile tests of single wire and double-twisted wire were performed. The stiffness and ultimate tensile strength were examined. Special attention was paid to the double-twist behaviour. The unloading tests were also performed and the range of elastic deformation of both single wire and double-twisted wire were determined. The obtained laboratory results (stress–strain relationships for single wire and double-twisted wire) were included in a numerical model of the repeatable cell of mesh (truss model). The simulation in both directions, parallel and perpendicular to the double twist, was performed. On the basis of the obtained load-strain relationship, an anisotropic membrane model for mesh was proposed and calibrated. The obtained value of tensile strength of the mesh (266 kN/m) is much higher than for other meshes known form literature (30–60 kN/m).
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Grodecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, 24 Warszawska Str., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents selected types of phase change materials (PCM) and their properties in terms of applications in construction and concrete technology. The purpose of using PCM is to allow the technological barrier to be exceeded in hot and dry climate conditions, enabling the construction of non-cracking concrete structures. Methodology of the multi-criteria decision-making process with the use of a relatively newdecision-making tool in construction – the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) is presented. Theoretical aspects of the method and an example of its practical use for the selection of the best material variant and concrete care method in the dry Syrian climate are presented. The conclusions resulting from the presented article concern two areas, i.e. the advisability of using phase change materials for temperature regulation in the maturing fresh concrete in dry climate conditions and the attractiveness of the AHP method justifying the advisability of choosing the maintenance methods in such conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mahmoud Hsino
1
ORCID: ORCID
Józef Jasiczak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. State University of Stanislaw Staszica in Pila, Department of Civil Engineering, 64-920 Pila, Podchorazych 10, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Building Engineering, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan
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Abstract

A contemporary European city faces various challenges, and it remains in a permanent state of crisis. The components that create such a situation are subject to change over time. In addition to the existing problems, the inhabitants, authorities, and people involved in designing and transforming the city, including architects, face newchallenges. In recent years, the old problem of a shortage of affordable housing has been coupled with new challenges, including a sudden influx of refugees, climate change and its consequences, and the pandemic. Solutions to these issues are complex and multi-dimensional, and the actions to be taken are of interdisciplinary nature. Prefabricated architecture can be part of these solutions. Prefabricated building technologies, including prefabricated large-panel buildings, modular buildings and mobile structures, can, under appropriate conditions, modernize the process of building new housing. These solutions fit into the idea of sustainable development and can respond to unexpected and dynamically changing circumstances over time (emergency buildings). This paper examines the contemporary urban crisis and possible steps to be taken through the prism of the possibilities offered by the design of prefabricated buildings. The question is what criteria and design strategies should be adopted for prefabricated architecture to meet the demands of a city in crisis? The conducted analyses are universal. Nevertheless, they consider the application of prefabricated solutions in architecture in Poland and the potential for its further development. Therefore, the discussed implementations from the author’s country are given an important role in the text and are shown first against the background of European design practice. Omission of solutions from other continents is a deliberate delimitation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Tofiluk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The study presents the finite element (FE) model update of the existing simple-spans steelconcrete composite bridge structure using a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) approaches. The Wireless Structural Testing System (STS-WiFi) of Bridge Diagnostic, Inc. from the USA, implemented various types of sensors including: LVDT displacement sensors, intelligent strain transducers, and accelerometers that the static and dynamic historical behaviors of the bridge structure have been recorded in the field testing. One part of all field data sets has been used to calibrate the cross-sectional stiffness properties of steel girders and material of steel beams and concrete deck in the structural members including 16 master and slave variables, and that the PSO and GA optimisation methods in the MATLAB software have been developed with the new innovative tools to interface with the analytical results of the FE model in the ANSYS APDL software automatically. The vibration analysis from the dynamic responses of the structure have been conducted to extract four natural frequencies from experimental data that have been compared with the numerical natural frequencies in the FE model of the bridge through the minimum objective function of percent error to be less than 10%. In order to identify the experimental mode shapes of the structure more accurately and reliably, the discrete-time state-space model using the subspace method (N4SID) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) in MATLAB software have been applied to determine the experimental natural frequencies in which were compared with the computed natural frequencies. The main goal of the innovative approach is to determine the representative FE model of the actual bridge in which it is applied to various truck load
configurations according to bridge design codes and standards. The improved methods in this document have been successfully applied to the Vietnamese steel-concrete composite bridge in which the load rating factors (RF) of the AASHTO design standards have been calculated to predict load limits, so the final updated FE model of the existing bridge is well rated with all RF values greater than 1.0. The presented approaches show great performance and the potential to implement them in industrial conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Duc Cong Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marek Salamak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Katunin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michael Gerges
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed Abdel-Maguid
3

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Mechanics and Bridges, ul. Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. University of Wolverhampton, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Alan Turing Building, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, the United Kingdom
  3. Canterbury Christ Church University, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences, the United Kingdom
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Abstract

The size and distribution of water demand within a given structural unit is the basis for the proper operation and planning of the expansion and modernization of the water supply system’s elements. In rural areas, particularly in municipalities adjacent to urban-industrial agglomerations, a change in the use of tap water has been increasingly observed. The water consumption for animal breeding or agricultural use, typical of these areas, has been decreasing and even disappearing. Water has been increasingly used for domestic purposes in single- and multi-family housing as well as for other purposes such as watering lawns and filling residential swimming pools. Taking this into account, this paper presents observations regarding daily water consumption in a municipality adjacent to Wrocław together with an analysis of the possibility of using the exponential smoothing method for the short-term forecasting of daily water consumption. The analyses presented in this paper were carried out using STATISTICA 13 software.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Cieżak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Kutyłowska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The paper is devoted to the description of the methodology and research by design carried out to identify solutions enhancing the functional flexibility of a high-rise building located in Warsaw at. Grzybowska Street. The work presents the theoretical background as well as the conducted research and methodology. The scope of solutions related to functional flexibility concerned the interchangeability of service functions in the podium part of the building, changes in the use of the parking lot, and the provision of the means of changes in the arrangement of types and variants of types of apartments on the apartments levels. The investigation was carried out in the pre-design and design phases. Objectives and criteria of solutions were defined, and research works were carried out through iterations and checking in terms of the cost-effectiveness . The adopted solutions consist in designing the optimal hard portion of the building – the core, the structural system, the arrangement of zones and installation rooms, and the use of structural and spatial over-designed systems. An optimal facade module has been developed. The research aims to introduce the design practice to the issue of flexibility, which is nowadays important for economic and environmental reasons.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Goncikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, ul. Koszykowa 55, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify the constraints that affect the effective usage of the site waste management plan (SWMP). A substantial review of the literature was carried out to identify the constraining factors that affect the site waste management plan tool. Questionnaires were administered based on a five-point Likert scale and the data were assessed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 28. The outcome showed that the knowledge of the SWMP is still very low in the Polish construction sector. Only 6% have a written SWMP while 16% have used this tool in their previous project. Hence, the need for the increased awareness of the SWMP as one of the waste management strategies. The lack of adequate monitoring and control of the SWMP, lack of awareness, time required for the preparation of the tool were identified as the top constraints. The solutions identified include; increased level of awareness and education, the inclusion of the SWMPas part of the contract documentation requirement, adequate training of the site personnel, and presence of waste manager.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oluwasegun Emmanuel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vsevolod Nikolaiev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Gajzler
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, ul. Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

Ceramic waste generated by demolition and manufacturing processes is a kind of widely discharged solid waste; its sustainable use can reduce resource extraction, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, thereby reducing the environmental impact. In this study, ceramic powder and ceramic sand were prepared using waste ceramic wall tiles. By using three water-to-binder ratios of 0.30, 0.32, and 0.34, five ceramic powder replacement rates of 10% to 50%, and completely using ceramic sand as the fine aggregate, specimens with large differences in mechanical properties were prepared. Firstly, the compressive strength was investigated. On this basis, hybrid fibers were employed to strengthen the new matrix material, and its bending resistance was experimentally studied. It was found that the incorporation of ceramic powder reduced the compressive strength of the matrix. The water-binder ratio significantly affects compressive strength at an early age. The effect of PVA fiber on improving the ductility of the new composite is distinct. Increasing the amount of steel fiber can effectively enhance the bending bearing capacity.With a ceramic powder dosage of 50%, the new composite has shown ductile failure characteristics, even with low total fiber content. The bending properties of this new composite material, which makes extensive use of ceramic waste, are well adjustable. The bearing capacity and ductility balance can be achieved with the steel fiber content of 1% and the PVA fiber content of 1.2% to 1.50%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Lipeng Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xuanhao Li
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hai Deng
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, School of Civil Engineering, 17 Northeast Second Inner Ring, Changan District, Shijiazhuang City, China
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Abstract

The Muskingham method uses two formulas to describe the translation of flow surges in a river bed. The continuity formula is the first formula, while the relationship between the reach’s storage, inflow, and outflow is the second formula (the discharge storage formula); these formulas are applied to a portion of the river between two river cross sections. Several methods can be utilized to estimate the model’s parameters. This section contrasts the conventional graphic approach with three numerical methods: Genetic algorithm, Exponential regression, and Classical fourth-order Runge–Kutta. This application’s most noticeable plus point was the need to employ a few hydrological variables, such as intake, output, and duration. The location of the Euphrates entrance to the Iraqi territory in Husaybah city was chosen with its hydrological data during the period (1993–2017) to conduct this study. The goal function is established by accuracy criterion approaches (Sum of squares error and sum of squared deviations). Depending on the simulation findings, the suggested predictive flood routing ideawas highly acceptable with the prospect of adopting the Genetic Expression Programming model as a suitable and more accurate replacement to existing methods such as the Muskingum model and other numerical models, where this method gave results (��2 = 0.9984, SSQ = 1.06, SSSD = 80.75), These results achieved a hydrograph that is largely identical to what was given by the hydrological method called Muskingham.
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Authors and Affiliations

Najah Al-Bedyry
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maher Mergan
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maha Rasheed
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zainab Al-Khafaji
4
ORCID: ORCID
Fatimah Nadeem Al-Husseinawi
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering / University of Babylon, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
  2. Department of Building and Construction Technical, Al-Mussaib Technical College, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon, 51006, Iraq
  3. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering / Dijlah University College, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
  4. Building and Construction Engineering Technology Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq
  5. Al-Turath University College, Baghdad, 10013, Iraq
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Abstract

This paper deals with the problem of determining the particle size distribution of selected organic soils from the vicinity of Rzeszów (Poland), using a laser diffractometer method, the knowledge of which will allow to determine the degree of differentiation or similarity of the tested organic soils in this aspect. The HELOS Laser Diffractometer manufactured by Sympatec GmbH was used for the tests. For proper analysis, the researches results in the form of graphs were grouped according to the content of organic substances in accordance with the standard classification. The conducted research was primarily aimed at presenting the grain differentiation and particle size distribution in terms of the applied method and comparing the test results of samples of selected, different organic soils, prepared using the same dispersion procedure and carried out in exactly the same test conditions, generated using capabilities of a diffractometer. Summing up, the laser diffractometer method presented in the article, although not fully verified in the case of organic soils, seems to be a the perspective method with capabilities allowing it to be nominated as an exceptionally useful method for the investigations of soft soils, including organic soils.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Straż
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Civil Engineering, al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

This paper conducts research based on the hollow slab members in the reconstruction and expansion project of expressways, two types of numerical finite element models with and without considering bond-slip relationship of reinforcement and concrete are established, and verified by tests. The distribution characteristics of crack spacing in reinforced concrete beams are studied. The results show that the bond-slip characteristics of reinforced concrete have little effect on the load-deflection characteristics of 8m hollow slab beam. Due to the influence of the bond-slip relationship of reinforced concrete, the load-deflection curve is partially serrated, while without considering the bond-slip relationship of reinforced concrete, the load-deflection curve is smooth. In the numerical model without considering the bond-slip characteristics, almost all damage occurs in the longitudinal direction, and the distribution characteristics of cracks can’t be accurately determined. Regardless of whether the bond-slip is considered or not, the macroscopic characteristics of the stress distribution is: smaller near the support and larger at the mid-span. As secondary flexural cracks expand, models with and without consideration of bond-slip characteristics can’t calculate crack spacing based on the stress distribution characteristics of the reinforcement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Songtao Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dawei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Shandong High-speed Group Co., Ltd., No.0, Longding Road, Jinan, China
  2. Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center of Shandong University, 17923 Jingshi Road, Jinan, China
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Abstract

The methodology and research results presented in the article indicate the practical possibility of conducting optimization of construction project management course. The goal of the achievement leads to the rationalization of the management of investment tasks, in which there are a series of uncertain parameterized events. The goal was achieved through many years of the author’s own research, which was personally carried out on several hundred construction projects according to original methodology for assessing and forecasting the characteristic parameters of construction investments (cost and time) in conditions of uncertainty: from determinism, through probability and randomness, to fuzziness. The presented and documented achievement stands for accomplishment in project management of construction projects, where decision-making with an increasing degree of uncertainty takes place and requires the course of investment tasks that will be implemented in the future to be forecasted. In the conducted research and conclusions it was proven that construction processes should be considered as phenomena with random events and various degrees of uncertainty, to which methodology with developed modelling parameters should be used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Konior
1

  1. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego st., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

Numerous European countries experience a steady increase in the share of electric (EV) and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles in the traffic stream. These vehicles, often referred to as low- or zero-emission vehicles, significantly reduce air pollution in the road environment. They also have a positive effect on noise levels in city centers and in the surroundings of low-speed roads. Nevertheless, issues related to modeling noise from electric and hybrid vehicles in the outdoor environment are still not fully explored, especially in the rural road settings. The article attempts to assess the degree of noise reduction around these roads based on different percentages of EVs in the traffic stream. Input data for noise modeling was obtained from 133 sections of homogeneous rural roads in Poland. Based on their analysis, it was first determined on how many of these road sections electric-vehicle-induced noise reduction would be possible, taking into account the traffic speeds occurring on them. Next, a computational algorithm that can be used to calculate noise reduction in the CNOSSOS-EU model is presented, and noise modeling is performed based on it for different percentages of electric vehicles in the traffic stream.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Hałucha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Bohatkiewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Mioduszewski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. EKKOM Sp. z o.o., ul. dr Józefa Babinskiego 71B, 30-394 Cracow, Poland
  2. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
  3. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

In order to study the mechanical behavior of concrete-filled steel tube(CFST) short column with different void ratios under a certain eccentricity. A fiber model of concrete-filled steel tube section with different void heights was established. Compared with existing model test data, the axial force and flexural moment strength models of concrete-filled steel tube columns with different void ratios were established. The results show that, in the case of different void ratios, the cross-section strength envelope shows an overall contraction tendency with the increase of void ratio, and each line is basically parallel. A model for calculating the coefficient of axial load degradation was established. The Han’s flexural moment strength model of the flexural component was revised, and the strength model of concrete-filled steel tube column under eccentric compression considering void ratio was established, which provides a theoretical basis and method for the safety assessment during the operation of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridges.
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Authors and Affiliations

Junxi Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zhuowei Han
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dawei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiaorui Lu
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. CCCC Fourth Highway Engineering Co.Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
  2. Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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Abstract

In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of the tensegrity domes is explored. The consideration includes all cable structures called Geiger domes, i.e., two cases of configurations (with a closed and open upper section) and two variants of the nature of a dome (regular and modified) are taken into account. Particularly, the impact of the number of girders on the natural frequencies is analysed. A geometrically quasi-linear model is used, implemented in an original program written in the Mathematica environment. The results confirmthat the number of girders affects the number of infinitesimal mechanisms. However, the dynamic behaviour does not depend on the number of mechanisms. The most important is the nature of a dome and the type of load-bearing girder. Especially, the behaviour of Geiger domes with a closed upper section is specific. In this case, not only the frequencies corresponding to the infinitesimal mechanisms depend on the prestress. There are additional frequencies that depend on prestress. The number of them, and the sensitivity on the initial prestress changes, depends on the number of girders. Generally, for the same number of girders, the natural frequencies of regular domes are higher than for the modified ones.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Obara
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maryna Solovei
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

Metal columns of hollow and smoothly variable cross-sections, simply supported at their ends are considered in the paper. Columns of such shapes are recently frequently designed by architects in public utility buildings of various types. In thiswork authors present the comparatively simple method of buckling resistance assessment which can be used by designers of metal columns of such shapes. The formula on critical force required in the procedure was derived for columns of variable cross section by means of Mathematica™system. The closed formulae were obtained for a rod with a certain, predefined geometry being the surface of revolution. Critical forces obtained by means of derived formulae were compared with results of numerical solutions. To assess the compression resistance of considered rods the general Ayrton–Perry approach was applied and bow imperfection with assumed amplitude was used in the analysis. Results of numerical simulations and experimental tests inserted in the paper confirm the correctness and the effectiveness of the proposed procedure of buckling resistance assessment of considered struts.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Błażejewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Klekiel
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Kołodziej
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Marcinowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Volodymyr Sakharov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Zielona Góra, Poland, Institute of Civil Engineering, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland
  2. University of Zielona Góra, Poland, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Prof. Z. Szafrana 4, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to prove that the dynamic behavior of tensegrity grids can be controlled. This possibility is very important, especially for deployable structures. The impact the support conditions of the structure on the existence of the immanent characteristics, such as self-stress states and infinitesimal mechanisms, and consequently on the dynamic control, is analyzed. Grids built with the modified Quartex modules are considered. A geometrically non-linear model is used, implemented in an original program written in the Mathematica environment. The results confirm the feasibility of controlling tensegrity structures characterized by the presence of the infinitesimal mechanisms. In the case that the mechanisms do not exist, structures are insensitive to the change of the initial prestress level. The occurrence of mechanisms can be controlled by changing the support conditions of the structure. The obtained results make tensegrity a very promising structural concept, applicable in many areas when conventional solutions are insufficient.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Obara
1
ORCID: ORCID
Justyna Tomasik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiaclecia Panstwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
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Abstract

The self-centering buckling-restrained brace (SC-BRB) may achieve self-restoration for structures and, to a certain degree, diminish the substantial seismic residual deformation following rare earthquakes when compared to the usage of the conventional buckling-restrained brace (BRB). It may be possible to reduce the abrupt change in stiffness at the location of the strengthened stories and make the outrigger better at dissipating energy by improving the design of the energy-dissipation outrigger. This study compares the seismic performances of two types of energy-dissipation outriggers with BRB and SC-BRB web member designs during rare earthquakes so that the changes can be measured. The results show that using the SC-BRB web member design reduces the maximum inter-story drift ratio by an average of 7.68% and increases the average plastic-energy dissipation of the outrigger truss by 8.75%. The evaluation results showthat the SC-BRB outrigger truss structure has better structural regularity and energy-dissipation performance. It has the ability to efficiently regulate the structural seismic response and lessen primary-structure damage.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yongxu Jin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Man Xu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jie Jia
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. College of Civil Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

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Editor Responsibilities
1. Qualifying individual manuscripts for publication only on the basis of: (a) compliance with the guidelines provided to the authors, (b) substantive value, (c) originality, (d) transparency of presentation
2. Deciding whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published. In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
3. Evaluating manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
4. Ensuring scientific accuracy and complying with the principle of authorship; making sure that individual authors who contribute to the publication accept its form after the scientific editing
5. Providing a fair and appropriate peer review process.
6. Withdrawing manuscripts from publication, if any information about its unreliability appeared, also as a result of unintentional errors, features of plagiarism or violation of the rules of publishing ethics were identified.
7. Requiring all contributors to disclose relevant competing interests and publish corrections if competing interests are revealed after publication. If needed, other appropriate action should be taken, such as the publication of a retraction or expression of concern.
8. Maintaining the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
9. Not disclosing any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewer Responsibilities
1. Cooperating with the scientific editor and / or editorial office and the authors in the field of improving the reviewed material;
2. Being objective and expressing the views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
3. Assessing of the entrusted works in a careful and objective manner, if possible with an assessment of their scientific reliability and with appropriate justification of the comments submitted;
4. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
5. calling to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge
6. Maintaining the principle of fair play, excluding personal criticism of the author (s)
7. Maintaining confidentiality, which is not showing or discussing with others except those authorized by the editor. Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents.
8. Performing a review within the set time limit or accepting another solution jointly with ACE in the event of failure to meet this deadline.
9. Notifying the editor if the invited reviewer feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible.
10. identifying relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors
11. Not considering evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission.

Author Responsibilities
1. Results of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the manuscript. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable.
2. The authors should follow the principle of originality, which is submitting only their own original works, and in the case of using the works of other authors, marking them in accordance with the rules of quotation, or obtaining consent for the publication of previously published materials from their owners or administrators;
3. An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Parallel submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
4. Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study and phenomena such as ghostwriting or guest authorship in the event of their detection must be actively counteracted.
5. All authors should report in a Reliable manner the sources they used to create their own study and their inclusion in the attachment bibliography;
6. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be named in an Acknowledgement section.
7. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors (according to the above definition) and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the author list of the manuscript, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
8. All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or their interpretation in the manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
9. When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal’s editor or publisher and cooperate with them to either retract the paper or to publish an appropriate erratum.

Publisher’s Confirmation
In cases of alleged or proven scientific misconduct, fraudulent publication or plagiarism the publisher, in close collaboration with the editors, will take all appropriate measures to clarify the situation and to amend the article in question. This includes the prompt publication of an erratum or, in the most severe cases, the complete retraction of the affected work.

Peer-review Procedure

Manuscript Peer-Review Procedure

”Archives of Civil Engineering” makes sure to provide transparent policies for peer-review, and reviewers have an obligation to conduct reviews in an ethical and accountable manner. There is clear communication between the journal and the reviewers which facilitates consistent, fair, and timely review.

-The model of peer-review is double-blind: the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know who reviewed their manuscript (but if the research is published reviewers can eventually know the names of the authors). A complete list of reviewers is published in a traditional version of the journal: in-print.
-It is the editor who appoints two reviewers; however, if there are discrepancies in the assessment the third reviewer can be appointed.
-After having accepted to review the manuscript (one-week deadline), the reviewers have approximately 6 weeks to finish the process.
-The paper is published in ACE provided that the reviews are positive. All manuscripts receive grades from 1-5, 5 being positive, 1 negative, the authors receive reviews to read and consider the comments.
-Manuscript evaluations are assigned one of five outcomes: accept without changes, accept after changes suggested by the reviewer, rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review, reject, withdraw.
-Manuscripts requiring minor revision (accept after changes suggested by the reviewer) does not require a second review. All manuscripts receiving a "Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review " evaluation must be subjected to a second review. Rejected manuscripts are given no further consideration. There are cases when the article can be withdrawn, often upon the request of an author, technical reason (e.g. names of authors are placed in the text, lack of references, or inappropriate structure of the text), or plagiarism.
-The revised version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the Editorial System within six weeks. If the author(s) failed to make satisfactory changes, the manuscript is rejected.
-On acceptance, manuscripts are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style.
-Paper publication requires the author's final approval.
- As soon as the publication appears in print and in electronic forms on the Internet there is no possibility to change the content of the article.

Editor’s responsibilities
-The editor decides whether the paper fulfills all requirements i.e. formal and scientific and which articles submitted to the journal should be published.
-In making these decisions, the editor may be guided by the policies of the journal’s editorial board as well as by legal requirements regarding libel, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
-The editor maintains the integrity of the academic record, precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards, and is always willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions, and apologies when needed.
-The editor evaluates manuscripts for intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the author(s).
-The editor does not disclose any information about a manuscript under consideration to anyone other than the author(s), reviewers and potential reviewers, and in some instances the editorial board members, as appropriate.

Reviewers' responsibilities
Any manuscripts received for review are treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except if authorized by the editor. Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review is kept confidential and not used for personal advantage Any invited reviewer who feels unqualified to review the manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should immediately notify the editor so that alternative reviewers can be contacted. Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published data of which they have personal knowledge. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the submission. Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is unacceptable. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments. All reviews must be carried out on a special form available in the Editorial System.

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