Applied sciences

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

Content

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 2

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Abstract

Additive manufacturing is an innovative manufacturing process that enables complex topological structures and low-volume, high-variety production. One of the major adaptations of this method is in the tire industry. Thin-walled sipes slit the tires to improve drainage and traction. The material properties of thin-walled structures manufactured by additive manufacturing are different and more sensitive than those of conventional cube-shaped specimens. Thin-walled maraging steel specimens are considered to be able to model the relationship between the process parameters and the properties of the sipes adequately. Tire sipes are made of maraging steel. Maraging steels are a class of low-carbon high-alloy martensitic steel generally providing high strength, ductility, and good fracture toughness. In particular, these alloys exhibit a good combination of strength and toughness at elevated temperatures, which has been desirable for applications in aerospace and tooling. In order to consider productivity, multi-objective process parameter optimization with a build-time-constrained model is proposed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yeo-Ul Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byeong Uk Song
2
ORCID: ORCID
Joon Phil Choi
3
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Kyo Jung
3
ORCID: ORCID
Taeho Ha
3
ORCID: ORCID
Pil-Ho Lee
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Department of Industrial Machinery DX, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
  2. Kaist, Republic of Korea
  3. Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Department of 3D Printing, 156 Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Efforts to miniaturize and customize electronic devices have attracted considerable amounts of attention in many industrial fields. Recently, due to its innovative printing technology with the capability of printing fine features onto non-planar substrates without masks, aerosol jet printing (AJP) is emerging as a promising printed-electronics technology capable of meeting the requirements of various advanced electronic applications. In this research, a novel manufacturing process based on AJP is proposed in order to fabricate highly flexible and conductive customized temperature sensors. To improve the flexibility and conductivity of the printed tracks, a silver nanoparticle/carbon nanotubes composite ink is developed. Customized temperature sensors are then designed and fabricated based on the optimized process parameters of AJP. It was found that the CNTs served as bridges to connect silver nanoparticles and defects, which could be expected to reduce the contact resistivity and enhance the flexibility of the printed sensor.
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Authors and Affiliations

Haining Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seung Ki Moon
2
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Kyo Jung
3
ORCID: ORCID
Pil-Ho Lee
3
ORCID: ORCID
Taeho Ha
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School Of Mechanical And Electronic Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
  2. School Of Mechanical And Aerospace, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
  3. Department Of 3d Printing, Korea Institute Of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon 34103, Republic Of Korea
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Abstract

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) involves the measurement of the changes in mass that occur when a constant heat is applied to an unknown specimen as a function of time or temperature. It is used to evaluate thermal stability, oxidative stability, composition, and estimated lifetime, among other parameters. Given that accurate TGA data is important information for lifetime and stability evaluation of parts and products, an uncertainty evaluation procedure is required to ensure the reliability of the data. In this study, the uncertainty evaluation procedure was established according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). The mathematically expression of the relationship between the measurand and the input quantities, evaluation of the standard uncertainty of each input estimate, determination of the combined standard uncertainty, and calculation of the expanded uncertainty were performed. The biggest factor affecting the uncertainty of TGA data is the uncertainty of correction factor caused by system calibration
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Authors and Affiliations

Kweonho Kang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seokmin Hong
1
ORCID: ORCID
Changhwa Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

This study describes how microstructural constituents affected the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of high-strength pipeline steels. The American Petroleum Institute (API) X60, X70, and X80 pipeline steels demonstrated complicated microstructure comprising polygonal ferrite (PF), acicular ferrite, granular bainite (GB), bainitic ferrite (BF), and secondary phases, e.g., the martensite-austenite (MA) constituent, and the volume fraction of the microstructures was dependent on alloying elements and processing conditions. To evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement resistance, a slow strain rate test (SSRT) was performed after electrochemical hydrogen charging. The SSRT results indicated that the X80 steel with the highest volume fraction of the MA constituent demonstrated relatively high yield strength but exhibited the lowest hydrogen embrittlement resistance because the MA constituent acted as a reversible hydrogen trap site.
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Authors and Affiliations

Seung-Hyeok Shin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Kyu Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sang-Gyu Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Byoungchul Hwang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, (SEOULTECH) 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Ni-16Mo and ODS alloys were fabricated by the powder metallurgical processes, and their microstructures and tensile properties were investigated. Ni-16Mo-7Cr and Ni-16Mo-7Cr-0.3Ti-0.35Y2O3 (in wt.%) alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying, uniaxial hot pressing, and heat treatment processes. Microstructural observations of these alloys revealed that the Ti and Y2O3 additions to a Ni-16Mo alloy were significantly effective to refine the grain size and form nano-sized Y-Ti-O oxide particles. Consequently, the tensile strengths at room temperature and 700°C were considerably enhanced. This improvement of tensile properties can be mainly attributed to the formation of nano-sized oxide particles, as well as the refined grain size. It is thus concluded that Ni-16Mo alloy with Ti and Y2O3 additions would be very effective in improving the mechanical properties especially at elevated temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jaeyoon Bae
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sumin Lee
1
Kunok Chang
2
Djamel Kaoumi
3
Sanghoon Noh
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Korea, Republic of Korea
  2. Kyung Hee University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Yongin, Republic of Korea
  3. Nort h Carolina State University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Raleigh, USA
  4. Pukyong National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, , 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Korea, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, the effect of 3 mass%Cu additions on microstructure formation and Cu segregation in 800 MPa grade ductile cast iron during solidification was investigated. The calculated phase diagram showed that after the addition of 3 mass%Cu, the Cu phase with a negligible amount appeared below 1000°C, and most Cu was included in the matrix. Based on optical microstructure, after the addition of 3 mass%Cu, the size of graphite nodules became finer, and the microstructure rarely had an area with α-ferrite. Image analysis showed that the fraction of pearlite increased significantly, indicating that Cu greatly promoted the formation of pearlite. Compositional analysis by scanning electron microscopy indicated that the pearlitic area also contained approximately 3 mass%Cu, which corresponds to those of primary and secondary austenite calculated. A small and bright phase particle containing a large amount of Cu was observed at the interface of graphite and matrix.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sang-Yun Shin
1
Seong-Ho Ha
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dong-Hyuk Kim
2
Jaegu Choi
2

  1. SBB TECH Co., Ltd, Gimpo 10020, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Metal fuel is a promising candidate for the pyro-processed nuclear fuel, but the problem of loss of nuclear material due to the high reactivity of metal fuel and melting crucible in the metal fuel casting process must be solved for loss control and waste reduction. In this study, fabrication test was conducted to develop a new material NdYO3 as a new crucible material to improve the degree of anti-reactivity. The NdYO3 compact was manufactured by the CIP (Cold isostatic pressing) method with changing fraction of Nd2O3 and Y2O3 powders. Sintering process was performed at 1550°C for 10 hours. The systematic trends of XRD patterns shows that phase transformations form cubic structure to monoclinic structures occurred with the addition of Y2O3. The rate of pore were discussed with change of fraction of Nd2O3 and Y2O3.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sang-Gyu Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ki-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Next-Generation Fuel Technology Development Division, 989-111, Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

LaYO3 which has phase stability at high temperature is introduced as a promising candidate for reaction-preventing crucible materials with Uranium-Zirconium (U-Zr) melt containing rare-earth elements (RE). RE is composed of rare-earth elements such as Nd, Ce, Pr and La. The LaYO3 material was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method at elevated temperature according to a pseudo-phase diagram of LaYO3 and Y2O3. Green compacts blended with La2O3 and Y2O3 powder were made by the Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) method, with La2O3 and Y2O3 powders varying with molar ratios from 1.0 to 1:2. LaYO3 synthetics were fabricated at sintering temperatures ranging from 1450°C to 1600°C. LaYO3 pellets sintered at below 1550°C showed a highly dense orthorhombic phase with a perovskite structure, resulting in an enhancing reaction-resistant effect with RE.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ki-Hwan Ki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yong-Wook Choe
2
Hoon Song
1
Sang-Gyu Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Next-Generation Fuel Technology Development Division, 989-111, Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea At omic Energy Research Institute, Next-Generation Fuel Technology Development Division, 989-111, Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34057, Republic of Korea; Yonsei University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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Abstract

This study was intended to investigate the effects of basicity and oxygen partial pressure on the distribution behavior of Ni in the nickel smelting process using nickel oxide ore, the raw material of nickel, among natural ores. Experiments were conducted in a vertical tube furnace using Fe-Ni metal and FeO-MgO-SiO2 ternary slag, which simulated the composition of natural ore. An equilibrium experiment was conducted to observe the distribution ratio of Ni, and thermodynamic data required for this experiment was calculated through Factsage. As a result, it was found that as the oxygen partial pressure increased, the Ni content in the slag increased linearly. The Ni content in the slag increased as the basicity moved away from 0.60.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jong-Deok Lim
1
Hyun-Jong Kim
1
Jei-Pil Wang
2

  1. Pukyong National University, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea
  2. Pukyong National University, Department of Marine Convergence Design Engineering (Advanced Materials Engineering), Division of ConvergenceMaterials Engineering, Major of Metallurgical Engineering, Busan 48547, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The characteristics and hydrogen reduction behavior of W-0.8 wt% Ni-0.4 wt% Cu powder synthesized from WO3-NiOCuO composite powder have been investigated. The metal oxide powder mixtures were prepared using a ball milling process. XRD analysis and HR-TEM revealed that the oxide powders are changed to W and CuNi alloy powders with an average particle size of about 100 nm by hydrogen reduction. To understand the reduction behavior of oxide powders, TG analysis was performed, and the reduction kinetics was evaluated by the amount of peak shift with heating rates. The activation energies for the reduction of WO3-NiO-CuO, estimated by the slope of the Kissinger plot, were measured as 60.6-114.4 kJ/mol depending on reduction steps.
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Authors and Affiliations

Youn Ji Heo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Eui Seon Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ji Young Kim
1
Sung-Tag Oh
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jongmin Byun
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy (HEA) which had nano oxide particles formed during additive manufacturing process was fabricated using a selective laser melting (SLM) process (hereinafter SLM Cantor HEA). The microstructure of the fabricated SLM Cantor HEA and the wear properties according to the applied load (5 N, 15 N) were investigated. SLM Cantor HEA was consist of nano-size oxides and high dislocation density, resulting in superior hardness compared to conventional processed CrMnFeCoNi HEA. As a result of the wear test, it showed abrasive and oxidative wear behavior regardless of applied load. But in case of 15 N load condition, it showed more finer worn microstructure with increased wear load, and had a contradictory effect on each friction coefficient and wear rate. Based on the above results, the wear mechanism of in-situ oxide reinforced SLM Cantor HEA was discussed in relation with the microstructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

So-Yeon Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joon Pyo Park
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kee-Ahn Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Inha University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Incheon, Korea
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Abstract

In this study, Taylor-vortex reactor was adopted to synthesize silica nanoparticles from sodium silicate solution and carbon dioxide. The outstanding advantages of the reactor have been demonstrated by comparing the synthesis results of silica nanoparticles by Erlenmeyer reactor. The results showed that silica particles synthesized from Taylor-vortex reactor are smaller in size than silica particles synthesized from the Erlenmeyer reactor. SEM images and histogram of particle size distribution obtained from experiments clearly exhibited that the concentration of SiO2 in the solution, reaction temperature, and rotation speed of the cylinder significantly affected morphology as well as size of the silica particles.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hoai-Han Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Thi Thu Hien Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jong-Kil Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Young-Sang Cho
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Tech University of Korea, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, 237, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Republic of Korea
  2. Bio Nano Korea Co. Ltd ., 237, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 15073, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Semiconducting GaN can realize high performance electronic and power devices owing to its high electron mobility and thermal conductivity where good metal-semiconductor contact is prerequisite. In this work, using thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD), ZnO interlayer was grown at 80°C on GaN and the Pt/ZnO/GaN heterojunctions were electrically characterized. The analyses on the current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance (C–V) data showed that the forward I–V conduction was involved with the inhomogeneous Schottky barrier. The higher density of interface states from I–V data than that from C–V data was attributed to nonuniform distribution of interface states. In addition, high density of interface states caused localized high electric field, caused higher Poole Frenkel emission coefficients than the theoretical one.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hogyoung Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ye Bin Won
2
ORCID: ORCID
Byung Joon Choi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Visual Optics, Seoul 01811, Korea
  2. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Korea
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Abstract

Self-rectifying resistive memory can reduce the complexity of crossbar array architecture for high density memory. It can replace integrated memory and selector with one self-rectifying cell. Such a simple structure can be applied for the vertical resistive memory. Both top and bottom interface between insulating layer and electrodes are crucial to achieve highly self-rectifying memory cell. In this study, bilayer devices composed of HfO2 and TiO2 were fabricated using atomic layer deposition (ALD) for the implementation of self-rectifying memory cells. The physical, chemical, and electrical properties of HfO2/TiO2 and TiO2/HfO2 sandwiched between Pt and TiN electrodes were investigated. By analyzing the conduction mechanism of bilayer devices, the higher rectification ratio of TiO2/HfO2 stack was due to the difference in height and the number of energy barriers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min Gyoo Cho
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jae Hee Go
1
Byung Joon Choi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul 01811, Korea
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Abstract

Oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) superalloys are usually manufactured by a hot isostatic pressing after mechanical alloying (MA-HIP). However, this process cannot produce complex-shaped parts. Here, we used an additive manufacturing product (powders produced by laser powder bed fusion, L-PBF) to address this issue. Modified ODS Ni-based superalloy powders with a similar composition to the mechanical alloy 6000 (MA6000) were manufactured using a gas atomization process. The obtained powders and L-PBF synthesized samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), LPSA, and EBSD analyses.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dong Wan Lee
1
Jin Woo Kim
1
Su Gwan Lee
1
Dhin Van Cong
1
Jin Chun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hwi Jun Kim
2
Joong Gyeong Lim
3
Tae Sik Yoon
3

  1. University of Ulsan, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
  2. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Incheon, Republic of Korea
  3. DaiShinKangup Co., Ltd, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Powder materials strengthened by oxide dispersion are generally made by in-situ method; direct oxide dispersing in matrix powders during atomization. There is also ex-situ method; oxides dispersing by mixing with matrix powders. In this study powder mixtures (Inconel 738 matrix powder + SiO2 powder + Al2O3 powder) were mechanically manufactured by ex-situ process, a lowenergy ball milling method. Then, specimens of the as-mill powders were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) method and spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The microstructures of each prepared specimen were compared according to process variables. SEM, EDS, XRD, and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analyses were applied in this study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jin Woo Kim
1
Dong Wan Lee
1
Su Gwan Lee
1
Dinh Van Cong
1
Jin Chun Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Ulsan, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

In this study, pure Ti, Al, Dy powders were ball-milled with zirconia balls in argon atmosphere for 3 h at 800 rpm, producing a Ti- 6 wt.% Al- 4 wt.% Dy alloy powder. The alloy powder was consolidated by SPS technique at 1373 K for 15 min under 50 MPa pressure in vacuum. The sintered body had approximately 99% in density and 6 μm in grain size. XRD and TEM revealed the presence of the second phases such as Ti3Al, Al3Dy and Ti4Al20Dy phases, and their sizes were approximately 50 nm. Microhardness was approximately 960 Hv at room temperature, which decreased as temperature increased. However, there remained the micro-hardness significantly higher compared to the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy. After hardness test at 1173 K, XRD analysis did not show any difference in peaks, while the grain size and second phases size increased by ~4 μm and ~2 nm, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hyunseung Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Si Young Chang
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Aerospace University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Goyang, Korea
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Abstract

This study investigates single and multilayer TiAlN/CrN nanocomposite thin films developed using an RF magnetron sputtering system. The TiAlN and CrN layers showed a high degree of orientation, with the (200) peak being the strongest peak in both layers, and a multilayer structure was clearly observed. The surface roughness analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the TiAlN/CrN coatings had a smoother surface than the single-layer coatings and minimal intermixing between the two layers. Depth-sensing indentation measurements were used to measure the hardness and Young’s modulus of the coatings, demonstrating that TiAlN/CrN coating had the highest hardness (~16.38 GPa) and elastic modulus (~3.82 GPa) among all the coatings studied. This indicates that the TiAlN/CrN multilayer coating possesses superior mechanical properties due to its interface strength. Our findings suggest that these multilayer coatings have potential applications in tribological and decorative coatings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Viswanath G. Akkili
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hansung Lee
2
ORCID: ORCID
Suhyeon Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun-Hui Choi
3
Choong-Heui Chung
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joon Sik Park
1
Jae-Hyun Lee
3
ORCID: ORCID
Byungmin Ahn
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yoon-Kee Kim
4
Sangyeob Lee
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Hanbat National University,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Daejeon, 34158, Korea
  2. Ajou University, Department of Energy Systems Research, Suwon, 16499, Korea
  3. Ajou University, Department of Energy Systems Research, Suwon, 16499, Korea; Ajou University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suwon, 16499, Korea
  4. Hanbat National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Daejeon, 34158, Korea
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Abstract

In this study, microstructures of age-hardened 2014 Al alloy forged by cold biaxial alternate forging was investigated by transmission electron microscope. And also, the forming limits of age-hardened 2014 Al alloy were examined using both conventional compression test and biaxial alternate forging. As a result of compression test, it showed a perfect plastic behavior with no visible change in stress after 27% in strain and eventually, the curve fluctuated as a shear crack occurs after 51% strain. However, it was possible to impose very large strains on the 2014-T6 Al alloy workpieces through the biaxial alternate forging of up to 4 passes. The effective strain was possibly accumulated to 356% and 204% as the maximum and average values, respectively. The results of transmission electron microscope indicated that the high density dislocations were distributed after 3 passes. After 4 passes, the distribution of more increased dislocations was observed and band-shaped dislocation clustering appeared.
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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Chul Shin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Effects of Si and Mg as main elements on interface reaction between tool steel and molten Al alloy at 700°C were investigated. Pure aluminum and Al-10mass%Mg alloy showed relatively simple interfacial layers, whereas thicker, multi-layered reaction bonds were found in the diffusion couple of A380 alloy. The diffusion of a large amount of Fe into Al matrix throughout the interfacial layer led to the formation of Al-Fe based intermetallic particles in the Al base metals. The diffusion couple of Al-10mass%Mg alloy showed a similar intermetallic layer as that of pure Al, indicating that 10mass%Mg in the Al melt rarely affected the formation of Al-Fe intermetallic layers. However, A380 alloy showed much expanded soldering area and increased thickness of intermetallic layers. Based on the phase diagram calculated, the solubility of Fe in liquid Al increased significantly with increasing Si content up to apploximately 5mass%, while, in the case of 10mass%Mg addition, the Fe solubility gradually decreased with increasing Mg content. Al-10mass%Mg alloy also showed the same tendency as that of pure Al in the formation and distribution of intermetallic compounds. However, in the Al-12mass%Si alloy, two types of Al-Fe-Si ternary compounds are present on the Al-rich side.
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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Ok Yoon
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nam-Seok Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bong-Hwan Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyun-Kyu Lim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shae K. Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

A MoO3 nanofiber prepared by electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment is attracting significant attention due to its structural advantages. Vibrant studies are being conducted to control its morphology and diameter to improve its properties. In this study, we demonstrated the synthesis of α-MoO3 nanofibers with multiple surface facets by controlling the heating rate and temperature in the heat treatment step for removing polymer and crystallizing MoO3 from the electrospun polymer/precursor nanofibers. The analysis results show that the faster heating rate and higher heat treatment temperature in the thermal treatment process are more favorable for forming a shape in which particles with facet planes are connected. Finally, we observed the morphological change according to the heat treatment time to confirm the effect of the heat treatment conditions on the shape of MoO3 and interpreted the results in terms of nucleation and crystal growth.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cheol-Hui Ryu
1
Young-In Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Seoul National University Of Science And Technology, Department Of Materials Science And Engineering, Seoul 01811, Republic Of Korea
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Abstract

Generally, when fabricating porous filters using metal powder, about 1 to 2 wt% of a binder is added to increase the formability of the metal powder. If the binder is not completely removed through a debinding and sintering process, however it can cause defects such as discoloration and the generation of fine particles. In this study, a study was conducted to fabricate a plate-type porous stainless steel powder filter with a different pore structure without the use of a biner. First, the metal powder is charged into a ceramic mold to form a plate-shaped powder filter, and then covered with a ceramic top plate. In order to observe the pore properties according to the pressure, the unpressurized specimen and the specimen pressurized with a pressure of 30 MPa were then sintered at 1050℃ for one hour in a high vacuum atmosphere furnace. The microstructure of the sintered plate-shaped powder filter was observed through an optical microscope and in order to analyze its pore properties as a filter, gas permeability and porosity were measured using a capillary flow porometer and Archimedes’ law.
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Authors and Affiliations

Su-Jin Yun
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Ju Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Eun-Chae Seo
2
ORCID: ORCID
Min-Ji Kim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Manho Park
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jungwoo Lee
4
ORCID: ORCID
Jung-Yeul Yun
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Metal Powder Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea; Pusan National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
  2. Metal Powder Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
  3. R&D Center, ASFLOW Co. Lt d, Hwasung, 16648, Republic of Korea
  4. Pusan National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

When fabricating a metal powder filter with a double-layered pore structure, which includes a microporous layer, by coating flake-shaped powder using the Wet Powder Spray (WPS) process, it is crucial to ensure that the coating is applied parallel to the surface of the metal powder filter. Failure to do so can result in a non-uniform pore structure, leading to a rapid decline in particle filtration efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the alignment of the coated flake-shaped powder on the filter surface. In this study, a metal powder filter with a double-layered pore structure was fabricated by applying a flake-shaped metal powder coating to a tube-shaped SUS316L powder filter using the WPS process. In order to improve the flake-shaped powder orientation of coating layer, the impact of the rolling process was investigated. The characteristics of the pores were analyzed based on the powder size and the rolling time. The microstructure of the fabricated metal powder filter was observed using an optical microscope, surface roughness, variations in thickness, and air permeability were analysed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Min-Jeong Lee
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hyeon-Ju Kim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Manho Park
3
ORCID: ORCID
Jungwoo Lee
ORCID: ORCID
Jung-Yeul Yun
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Metal Powder Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea; Pusan National University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Republic of Korea
  2. Metal Powder Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
  3. R&D Center, ASFLOW Co. Ltd, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

The corrosion features of 20# carbon steel, the base material of sour water stripper, in NH4Cl solution were examined in this research. The anatomical samples of the corroded parts were characterized by an X-ray diffractometer and other analytical tools. It was found to be a localized perforation caused by pitting, and the corrosion product was FeCl2. 20# steel was subjected to electrochemical testing using Tafel polarization and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The studies showed that the 20# steel’s cathodic depolarization reaction rate speeds as density rises, and that the concentration polarization gets more marked as temperature rises. The corrosion rate of 20# steel is the fastest when temperature hits its highest point of 80°C, measuring 4.7142 mm/a. When density rose from 5 to 20%, corrosion rate grew from 1.6378 to 7.2430 mm/a.
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Authors and Affiliations

Shi Jin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Guanyu Chen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xin Huang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Guofu Ou
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Changzhou University, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou, 213164, China
  2. Changzhou University, School of Mechanical Engineering and Rail Transit, Changzhou, 213164, China
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Abstract

Rapid Tooling able to produce complex prototypes directly from three-dimensional CAD software using materials such as polymer, wax, and paper, but it is typically used for low-volume production. The current technology uses epoxy filled with metal fillers such as aluminum or copper to enhance the mechanical properties of rapid tooling molds. This study aims to investigate the effect of using recycled brass filler mixed with epoxy resin as mold inserts for Rapid Tooling in injection molding applications. An optimal ratio of brass filler particles will be evaluated to determine the best physical and thermal properties for the mold inserts. Significantly, this study will encourage the use of recycled materials such as metal waste from machining to offer great help in environmental sustainability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Norhafisha Binti Syed Mohd
1
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Hazwan Mohd Hanid
2
Allan Rennie
3
Abdellah El-hadj Abdellah
4
Nor Atikah Binti Zakaria
1

  1. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. University Malaysia Perlis, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; University Malaysia Perlis, Green Design and Manufacture Research Group, Center of Excellence Geopolymer An d Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Lancaster University, Lancaster Product Development Unit, Engineering Department, Lancaster, UK
  4. University of Medea, Laboratory of Mechanics, Physics and Mathematical Modelling (LMP2M), Medea 26000, Algeria
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Abstract

The intend of current study was focused on the prediction of material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) for the AA7050-SiO2 composite during wire electric erosion or discharge machining (WEDM) process using a brass (Br) wire electrode. Here, stir casting process was employed to develop the AA7050 matrix composite with inclusion of 10wt.% SiO2 particle reinforcement. The multi-objective optimization method of Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach has been applied to find out the optimal setting of input machining parameters such as peak current (Ip), pulse-on time (Ton) and pulse-off time (Toff). Furthermore, the significant effects of parameters were identified by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Taguchi L9 (33) orthogonal design has been formulated to perform the experimental work. TOP SIS results stated that the optimal setting of Ip at 30 amps, Ton of 130 μs and Toff of 55 μs provide the better MRR with lesser SR. The ANOVA results noticed that Ip has the prime noteworthy parameter over the adopted responses having a contribution of 45.67%, followed by Ton (32.34%) and Toff (12.26%), respectively. The confirmation test was carried out by the optimal parameters setting to verify the predicted results. Finally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test was carried out for the machined surface of the composite specimen and it was reveals that the formation of craters and recast layer thickness in the machined surfaces.
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Authors and Affiliations

S.V. Alagarsamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Vinoth
2
ORCID: ORCID
D. Deepak
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mahath Amma Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pudukkottai-622 101, Ta mil Nadu, India
  2. Mangayarkarasi College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madurai-625 402, Ta mil Nadu, India
  3. Paavai Engineering College, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Namakkal-637 018, Ta mil Nadu, India

Authors and Affiliations

V.M. Calinescu
1
M. Oproescu
2
V.G. Iana
2
C.M. Ducu
3
A.-G. Schiopu
3

  1. Doctoral School Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei, no. 313, Sector 6, Bucharest, Romania
  2. Pitești University Centre, Facu lty of E lectronics, Communication and Computers, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest , Targu din Vale, no.1, Pitesti, Romania
  3. Pitești University Centre, Facu lty of Mechanics and Technology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Targu din Vale, no.1, Pitesti, Romania
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Abstract

Zinc oxide-supported magnesium aluminate (ZnO/MgAl2O4) was synthesized by the one-pot fusion method, consuming magnesium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, and citric acid as starting precursors. The samples prepared were annealed at temperatures ranging from 700 to 900°C to study the influence of annealing temperature on thermal behaviour and crystalline properties. The thermal behaviour of ZnO/MgAl2O4 was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), while the structural properties and crystalline phase of ZnO/MgAl2O4 were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The TGA results show that there were three stages of decomposition in the sample. The first stage indicates the removal of water content from the sample; the second stage indicates the decomposition of citric acid; and the third stage represents the crystallization phase formation at a temperature range of 800- 950°C. The percentage of citric acid decomposition increases with increasing annealing temperatures up to 800°C. However, the decomposition rate gradually reduces at annealing temperatures between 850 and 900°C. XRD analysis results suggest that microstructured ZnO/MgAl2O4 with high crystallinity can be obtained at the highest annealing temperature. It can be concluded that the result of thermal behaviour represented by the decomposition stage is corroborated with structural and crystalline properties at increasing annealing temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

N.S. Sukiman
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.F. Zavawi
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Rahmat
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al-Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Teknologi MARA, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Centre of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

Day-to-day life advanced composite materials usage is increasing continuously and replacing the existing monolithic materials. These composite materials are designed and fabricated for human needs with specific applications and also meet the standard requirements. In present study, the agro and industrial wastes derived ceramic reinforcements based Aluminium metal matrix composites, i.e. AA7075/welding slag and AA7075/Rice husk ash are fabricated through liquid metal stir casting route with varying the reinforcement contents from 2 to 12 (wt.%) in the matrix. Mechanical and microstructural characterization of the AA 7075 metal matrix composite were measured and compared to the base material. The results show an improved mechanical strength and high hardness in composites. Impact energy has also significantly improved at higher concentrations of reinforcement particles. Impact energy of the composites increases to 3 J for 9% and 12%, the maximum tensile strength obtained is 173 MPa for 12% Weld Slag MMC. The highest hardness achieved is 98 BHN for 12% Weld Slag MMC. Furthermore, the microstructural results reflect significant grain refinement with stir casting process with good interface characteristics in the matrix and uniform dispersion of agro reinforcement’s particles.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kolli
1
S. Naresh Dasari
2
S. Kosaraju
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
  2. R&D Mechatronics, Design and Engineering, VEM Technologies PVT Ltd , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  3. Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Hyderabad – 500090, Telangana State, India
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to optimize the composition of geopolymer foam that leads to the highest water absorption. This study utilized Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to analyze the relationship between factors Seawater/Potassium Silicate (SW/KSil), Potassium Hydroxide/Potassium Chloride (KOH/KCl), Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate/Benzalkonium Chloride (SLES/BAC) and Hydrogen Peroxide/Nanocellulose (H2O2/NC) and its response, water absorption. The concentration of the alkaline solution is maintained at a low level of Molar Ratio (MR) 2.01-2.53 and 0.320 M to 1.620 M. It was found that all factors are significant with ρ-value < 0.05 except for KOH/KCl. The highest water absorption by geopolymer measured is 35%, in the middle range of all factors. Simple water immersion of 30 days shows no significant physical changes on the geopolymer, proving its rigidity under water.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Chai Hua
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Norkhairunnisa
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Wayayok
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.S.M. Basri
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

Recent advances in artificial intelligence have opened up new avenues for microstructure characterization, notably in metallic materials. Physical and mechanical properties generally depend on the microstructure of the metallic material. On the other hand, microstructural characterization takes time and calls for specific techniques that don’t always lead to conclusive results quickly. To address this issue, this research focuses on the application of artificial intelligence approaches to microstructural categorization. We demonstrate the advantages of the AI approach using an example of Al-Si alloy, a material that is widely employed in a variety of industries. To specify a suitable convolutional neural network (CNN) approach for the microstructural classification of the Al-Si alloy, CNN models were trained and compared using DenseNet201, Inception v3, InceptionResNetV2, ResNet152V2, VGG16, and Xception architectures. Resulting from the comparison, it was determined that the developed supervised transfer learning model can execute the microstructural classification of Al-Si alloy microstructural images. This paper is an attempt to advance methods of microstructure recognition/classification/characterization by using Deep Learning approaches. The significance of the established model is demonstrated and its accordance with the literature data. Also, necessity is shown of developing material models and optimization through systematic microstructural investigation, production conditions, and material attributes.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.F. Kalkan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Aladag
2
ORCID: ORCID
K.J. Kurzydlowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
N.F. Yilmaz
3
ORCID: ORCID
A. Yavuz
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gaziantep University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 27310, Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkiye
  2. Bialystok University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
  3. Gaziantep University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 27310, Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkiye; Hasan Kalyoncu University, Board of Trustees, 27410 Gaziantep, Turkey
  4. Gaziantep University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgical And Materials Engineering, 27310, Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkiye
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Abstract

The corrosion behaviour of a thermo-mechanically treated Beta C titanium alloy in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated in this study. Thermomechanical processing prejudges titanium alloys to improve corrosion properties. Scanning electron microscopy and electron-backscattered diffractions were used to investigate the microstructural evolution and grain orientation after thermo-mechanical processing. The electrochemical characteristics of Beta C titanium alloy were examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), corrosion potential, and corrosion current density measurements. The 45 percent deformed specimen experiences significant plastic deformation with increased dislocation density, resulting in strong ND //<111> orientation. However, the annealing after deformation exhibits a strong g-fiber texture with the lowest in-grain misorientation, which contributes to improving the corrosion resistance of the titanium alloy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Unissa Nichul
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pankaj Tambe
2
ORCID: ORCID
Vijay Hiwarkar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India
  2. VIT-AP University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract

This study demonstrates the development of a unique hybrid thermoplastic composite using reduced Graphene oxide (rGO) content and Zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles into the Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) biomaterials for continuous loading conditions. Specimens with different loadings of rGO (0 to 1.5 wt.%) and ZrO2 (5 to 10 wt.%) were fabricated using liquid phase ultrasonication followed by the hot press moulding method. The samples were analyzed using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Impact (Izod) testing, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The developed material feasibility was assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The findings revealed that the 1 wt.% rGO/5 wt.% ZrO2/UHMWPE sample improved the storage modulus by 66.15%, and the Impact absorbed energy by 11.33% compared to the pristine UHMWPE. The proposed nanocomposite could be endorsed for artificial joints, prostheses, and other Artificial Bio-Bearing (ABB) applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Devendra Kumar Singh
1
Rajesh Kumar Verma
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sanjay Mishra
1

  1. Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gorakhpur, 273010, India
  2. School of Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanpur, 208002, India
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Abstract

Nowadays, fiber stacks are extensively used in the aircraft and structural component manufacturing industries. It is mainly due to their excellent mechanical and physiochemical performances. The different stacking sequences of fiber materials expand the structural properties due to high-strength carbon fiber and low-cost glass fiber. The fragile and anisotropic conduct of Carbon (Cf) and Glass (Gf) laminates generates different types of complex machining issues. This article focuses on the Drilling test of Carbon/glass fiber hybrid composites using different stacking sequences. The effect of varying stacking orders is explored in this study to identify a feasible composite. The control of varying constraints, namely, spindle speed (N), feed rate (f ), and stacking sequence (SS) of carbon (Cf) and glass fiber (Gf) reinforcement, is performed to achieve the optimal parametric condition. The finding reveals that sample A (C4G4) stacking sequence provides an acceptable value for thrust force 59.05 N and delamination 1.0001 for high drilling efficiency. The stacking technique of carbon/glass layers can be endorsed to the manufacturing sector for cost-effective composite development and a defect-free machining environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.D. Dubey
1
J. Kumar
2
P. Kyratsis
3
R.K. Verma
4

  1. Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gorakhpur, 273010, India
  2. NIMS University Rajasthan, Nims Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical and Aerospac e Engineering, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
  3. University of Western Macedonia, Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering, 50100, Greece
  4. School of Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanpur, 208002, India
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Abstract

3D printing is a technology used on an ever-increasing scale, which makes it easier to obtain parts with complex geometry. The printing process is very complex because, in addition to the variables introduced by the various materials that are used, there is a multitude of process parameters: printing direction, layer thickness, infill level, filament feed rate, printing temperature, printing bed temperature, etc. Each process parameter influences the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed structure, which is why it is necessary to define the range of possible values where the effect is maximum. In this paper it was studied the effect of process parameters variation on the roughness and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed samples. Using a commercially PLA filament (produced by Prussia), we made six sets of 3D-printed samples, using six different overflow (OF) values: 90%, 95%, 100%, 105%, 110%, 115%. The test samples (realized according to ISO 572-2) were subjected to tensile tests on an Instron 3382 machine, and the results were interpreted comparatively. It has been observed that there are variations of the mechanical properties, dependent on the chosen values of the overflow and, in addition, this process parameter has an important role for the achieving the desired structure.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Axinte
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.L. Chicet
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Chelariu
1
ORCID: ORCID
R.I. Comăneci
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

The probability of defects detection (POD) is developed as an efficient tool to evaluate the detection capacity of non-destructive testing methods. An experimental study has been carried out applying the magnetic particle test method with an electromagnetic yoke on welded steel joints, which contained surface defects previously characterized in shape, size and location. The test conditions were varied, such as the type of magnetization current, and the type of magnetic particle. The probability of detecting defects in welded joints evaluated by the Hit/miss method increased with the size of the defect, independent of its shape factor. Smaller defects were likely to be detected with dry magnetic particles compared to wet fluorescent ones, a50 (2,118 mm ˂ 2,469 mm), a90 (6,395 mm ˂ 6,77 mm) and a90/95 (12,12 mm ˂ 12,19 mm).
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Authors and Affiliations

Jorge Wilfredo Vera Alvarado
1
ORCID: ORCID
Luis Fernando Caballero García
1
ORCID: ORCID
Martin Taboada Neira
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jhonny Wilfredo Valverde Flores
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo, Perú
  2. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
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Abstract

The corrosion resistance Cr3C2-25%NiCr and Ni-20%Cr coatings were deposited on the alloy A-286 by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) coating, and the high-temperature corrosion features were evaluated at 700 and 850°C in Na2SO4-5%NaCl-7.5%NaVO3 atmosphere. Deposited coatings are dense and well-adherent to the substrate. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to analyze the structure of the corroded samples. Results showed that Cr3C2 -25%NiCr coating provides better resistance to corrosion at 700°C, which is attributed to the protective Cr2O3 development. The coated metal was exposed at 850°C, and a higher corrosion rate was observed compared to 700°C, indicating that the temperature influenced the oxidation rate. The coating failure (crack) was noticed on the Cr3C2-25%NiCr coated surface when exposed at 850°C, and no damages are in the Ni-20%Cr coating.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ananthi A.
M. Arivarasu
1
K. Jithesh
2
M. Vignesh
3
V. Dhinakaran
4
P. Suresh Kumar
5

  1. Vellore Institute of Technology, Centre for Innovative Manufacturing Research, Vellore-632 014, India
  2. Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering and Technology Kalady, Department of Mechanical Engineering, India
  3. Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore-632014, India
  4. Chennai Institute of Technology, Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Chennai-600 069, India
  5. Ramco Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajapalayam, India
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Abstract

Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) were used in various application, including in mortar production. The ability of SAP to absorb a high amount of water made this material become a promising water reservoir in the mortar that can later mitigate micro-cracks in concrete. Besides SAP, a nutrient must be embedded into self-healing mortar to support metabolism in bacteria-based self-healing mortar. However, adding SAP and nutrient was reported to decrease the mechanical properties of the resulting self-healing mortar. Thus, in this research, the modification in the mix design of mortar containing SAP and nutrient were observed. The water to cement ratio was decreased up to 0.3. The amount of SAP and entrained water added is based on its swelling capacity. The swelling capacity of SAP, the workability of fresh mortar, and the compressive strength of mortar were examined. The results show that the swelling capacity of SAP was affected by the pH and the presence of calcium ions in the solution. The higher the pH and the calcium ion in the solution, the lower SAP’s swelling capacity. Applying the modified mortar mix design containing SAP and nutrient proofed to mitigate the reduction in workability and compressive strength of the resulting self-healing mortar.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Risdanareni
1
B.S. Umniati
1
R. Karolina
2
K. Zai
3
A.A.M.B. Hastuti
4
I. Mustafa
5
M.M.A.B. Abdullah
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Negeri Malang. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Jalan Semarang no 5 Malang, East Java 65145, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Sumatera Faculty of Engineering Utara, Department of Civil Engineering, Medan, North Sumatra 20222, Indonesia
  3. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
  4. Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Universitas Gadjah Mada, Center of Excellence Institute for Halal Industry and Systems (PUI-PT IHIS), Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
  5. Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Malang 65145, Indonesia
  6. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
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Abstract

The paper presents some aspects concerning mechanical contact fatigue and corrosion wear and the links of these two kinds of wear in the common deterioration of the contact layer. The surface state, for both presented areas, is analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in order to confirm the double action of corrosion and wear during the experimental test. 2 and 3D insights were taken from the worn area, corrosion compounds were identified and analyzed. Linear and cyclic potentiometry were performed on the base materials after the OCP was established in salt solution. When the level of the thermal and the mechanical stress are located at the same depth under the contact surface the resulting stress is greater and has the opportunity to develop the first crack to the surface. The metallic material surface presents a double type of corrosion: one based on oxidation and the other one based on oxidation plus wear (tribo-corrosion), the difference is being given by the material quantity and type involved.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Mistreanu
1
ORCID: ORCID
F. Tudose-Sandu-Ville
2
ORCID: ORCID
C. Munteanu
3
ORCID: ORCID
R. Cimpoesu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Lutcanu
4
ORCID: ORCID
I. Știrbu
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Manole
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Stamate
2
ORCID: ORCID
O. Rusu
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Cimpoeșu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi
  2. Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering , Mechatronics an d Robotic s, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi
  3. Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Faculty of Mechanic s, Mechanical Engineering , Mechatronic s an d Robotic s, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi
  4. Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, 43 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi; Gheorghe Asachi University of Iasi, Department of Physics, 67 Dimitrie Mangeron str., 700050, Iasi
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Abstract

The use of advanced high-strength steel in the automotive industry is increasing in last decade. This is due to the restrictions to reduce fuel consumption and thereby decrease harmful carbon dioxide emissions. This paper aims to investigate welding properties of dissimilar resistance spot welded hot dip galvanized DP800–TBF1180 automotive steels using MFDC (Mid Frequency Direct Current) technology. LME crack occurrence due to the zinc coating was determined by magnetic particle test. The mechanical properties of welded joints were determined by tensile-shear, cross-tension and hardness measurements. The micro structural characterization was also performed in the weld zones of the joints. The appropriate welding parameter range were selected for welding processes by MFDC technology. Therefore, LME crack formation were not observed according to magnetic particle test. The highest strength was obtained as 17.60 kN and 5.51 kN by tensile-shear and cross tension tests, respectively with a welding current of 8 kA. In addition, a soft zone was found in the HAZ for both base metals. The hardness decrease in HAZ is more pronounced on the TBF1180 side. The soft zone hardness values of the sample S4 were approximately 330 HV, and the hardness values of the base material were measured in the range of 376-386 HV.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Hıdıroğlu
1
ORCID: ORCID
T.A. Başer
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Kahraman
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Coşkunöz Mold Machine, R&D Center, Bursa, Turkey
  2. Karabük University, Department of Manufacturing Engineering , Karabük, Turkey
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Abstract

Lead Zirconium Titanate (PZT) is a potential piezoelectric material for sensor and transducer applications due to its outstanding piezoelectric coupling near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). This is because PZT can switch between tetragonal and rhombohedral phases. PZT is still considered to be one of the piezoelectric materials that has received the greatest amount of attention from researchers and is used the most frequently. Modification with Lithium will improve the piezoelectric properties. In this study, the structural properties and morphological studies of Lead zirconium titanate and Lead zirconium titanate with Lithium modification have been evaluated. Various Scherrer’s models and other models, such as the Williamson-Hall model and Size-strain plots model, were used to display the observed fluctuations in crystallite size. Morphological analysis was used to determine the particle size. Graphs showing the distribution of particle sizes were drawn.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Navakoti
1
D.S. Chakram
1
M. Dasari
1

  1. Gitam (Deemed To Be University), Department Of Physics, Gss, Visakhapa tnam-45, India
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Abstract

This paper demonstrates a non-destructive technique to evaluate the internal microstructure in the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder joint through synchrotron X-ray radiation tomography. Synchrotron X-ray tomography is increasingly utilized for characterizing the internal microstructure of materials in 3D images. A 3D model is reconstructed from a set of 2D projection images taken from different angles and angular position during the sample rotation, thus it could provide a more comprehensive description of the microstructure of an alloy compared to 2D images. In this paper, it is successfully observed and evaluated the internal microstructure of a 900 μm solder joint sample. The key principles and methods of synchrotron X-ray tomography are briefly described. Examples of quantitative and qualitative assessments on the grain refinement effect of Mg addition to SAC35 solder joint are also presented in this paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

C.Y. Tan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.A.A. Mohd Salleh
1
N. Saud
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabialek
2
ORCID: ORCID
A. Rylski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Centre of Excellent on Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Czestochowa University of Technology, Department of Physics, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology,42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
  3. Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2209 duplex stainless steel fabricated by wire arc additive was analyzed. It was found that solution treatment at 1100°C for 2 hours and tempering at 300°C for 2 hours can effectively improve the grain inhomogeneity of 2209 duplex stainless steel, eliminate γ2 and harmful brittle phases, and take into account the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Compared with the original deposition state, the hardness and yield strength increased by 10% and 31.8% to 245.6 HV and 499.7 MPa, which meet the requirements of engineering propellers. Electron back-scattered diffraction studies showed that the grains became refined and austenite maintained <101>//Z orientation after solution heat treatment. Many small-angle grain boundaries were present in both the original sample and the solid solution, but further tempering transformed the small-angle grain boundaries into large-angle grain boundaries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Long Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Liang Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Feihong Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jian Sun
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dongsheng Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Anhui University of Technology, School of Metallurgical Engineering, Ma’anshan 243002, China
  2. Tongling University, Key Laboratory of Construction Hydraulic Robots of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Tongling 244061, China
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Abstract

Combining a preheating source with conventional arc welding is a promising method to study the weld quality and improvement of strength for high-strength super-alloy materials. The present research used an induction preheating source with plasma arc welding (PAW) to weld Inconel 625 thick plates. The investigation was performed at a constant induction current of 600 A, welding speed of 100 mm/min and a plasma welding current of 135 A. The induction-assisted plasma arc welding (IAPAW) demonstrated that a weld joint was possible with static induction preheating and a high plasma welding current at low welding speed. The microstructural observation showed various dendritic structures in the fusion zone (FZ). The FESEM and EDX analysis confirmed the formation of Laves phase in the interdendritic structure of the FZ. The ultimate tensile strength of the IAPAW joint reached to 658 MPa. The tensile fracture surface of the welded sample revealed a lower number of dimples, indicating the reduction of ductility. The XRD analysis was carried out at various zones and it confirmed the peak shifting towards the higher 2-theta value of the FZ.
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Authors and Affiliations

D. Saha
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Pal
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. IIT Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
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Abstract

The welding has been utilized to stabilize the phase fractions in the microstructure of lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) to build massive mechanical structures. The influence of heat input on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of LDSS 2101 during the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) processes is investigated in the present work. Specifically, we compared the outcomes between low heat input (LHI) at 0.85 kJ/mm and high heat input (HHI) at 1.3 kJ/mm for both welding techniques. Throughout the welding process, ER2209 filler wire was utilized. To assess the microstructural changes in the weldments, we employed an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that the volume phase fraction of ferrite was significantly higher in the LHI sample of GTAW compared to HHI GTAW and all SMAW welds. LHI GTAW welds have 18.2% greater Charpy impact toughness than LHI SMAW, whereas HHI GTAW has 35.7% higher than HHI SMAW specimens. The microhardness of the LHI GTAW weldments increased (from 230 ± 3.2 to 252 ± 4.8 HV10), whereas the microhardness of the LHI SMAW weldments increased (from 227 ± 2.8 to 246 ± 5.2 HV10). GTAW exhibited a fine grain structure, showcasing favorable tensile properties and higher hardness compared to SMAW. Conversely, the SMAW welds and their heat-affected regions exhibited coarse grain structures. These findings highlight the superior performance of GTAW in terms of microstructural characteristics, and mechanical properties when working with LD SS 2101 in comparison to SMAW.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Sharma
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Gudikandula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VIT-AP University, School of Mechanical Engineering, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India-522237
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Abstract

The paper shows the results of computer modeling of the polymer injection molding process. The influence of the gating system design on the warpage and volumetric shrinkage of the molded part was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the location of the gate. It has been proven that the selection of the place where the material is brought to the molding cavity has a significant impact on the final shape and quality of the molded part. The degree of compliance of its shape with the assumptions and dimensional accuracy was adopted as the criteria for assessing the quality of the molded part. The specialized software package Autodesk Moldflow Insight was used for numerical calculations. The obtained modeling results were related to the design recommendations of gating systems known from the literature.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Nabiałek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Scienc e, Al. Armii Krajowej 21, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

P92 steel is a modern martensitic heat-resistant steel currently used for seamless products for pressure equipment operating in supercritical operating parameters. The paper presents the results of a study on the strength properties and structure of a P92 steel welded joint used for pressure components of power units. The paper presents an assessment of the suitability for further operation of both the parent material and a circumferential similar welded joint of finished products in the form of P92 steel pipes after annealing for 3000 hours at 600 and 650°C. Annealing at 650°C results in faster increase in the size of the precipitates and their coagulation along grain boundaries of former austenite and martensite laths. The changes in mechanical properties were compared in relation to the state of the structure of the parent material and the material of the welded joint. Quantitative analysis of M23C6 precipitates was also carried out.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Sówka
1
ORCID: ORCID
H. Purzyńska
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sroka
3
ORCID: ORCID
T. Puszczało
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Zieliński
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, 18A, S. Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; ZRE, 13 Gen. Jankego Str., 40-615 Katowice, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – In stitute for Ferrous Metallurgy, 12-14K. Miarki St r., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, 18A, S. Konarskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents a computer simulation carried out in the Solidworks environment, the bumper beam of a passenger car was tested. The simulation took into account the influence of various aluminum alloys and the type of reinforcement in the crosssection of the beam on the strength of the entire element at the time of collision at different forces. The analysis provided answers in which places the accumulation of stresses occurs, and thus the places most exposed to destruction
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Śliwa
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Mikołejko
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Bonek
1
A. Dziwis
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institu e of Materials Engineering and Biomedical Sciences, 18A S. Konarskiego St r., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The subject of the paper is the modelling of multi-bolted connections that are at the pretensioning stage. Taking a systematic approach to the modelling issue, the connection was treated as a composite of four subsystems: a bolt set, a pair of joined elements and a contact layer between them. The first part of the paper describes experimental studies to determine the contact stiffness of a pair of elements separated from an exemplary asymmetric multi-bolted connection. The normal loading and unloading direction of the contact joint was considered. The tests were performed with the use of an INSTRON 8850 servo-hydraulic testing machine equipped with an extensometer. A normal stiffness characteristic in the form of an exponential function was proposed for the tested contact joint. It will be applied in the second part of the paper, in which finite element modelling of the multi-bolted connection will be presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Grzejda
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kwiatkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, 19 Piastów Av., 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

This study assessed the morphology and chemical composition of coir coconut husk carbon fiber, as well as the impact of fiber diameters on the physical and mechanical properties of polylactic acid composites. Researchers are studying polylactide acid, a biodegradable material. This eco-friendly material’s excellent features, generated from sustainable and renewable sources, have drawn many people. Malaysia’s high coconut fiber output made coir husk a popular commodity. Coconut fibers are lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Alkaline treatment eliminates hemicellulose, oil, wax, and other contaminants from coir fibers and removes lignin. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy were used to examine the treated coconut fibers’ chemical modification analysis and morphology. Coconut coir husk was carbonized to produce carbon fiber using a furnace operated at 300°C for 2 hours. Fiber and polylactic acid were mixed in different fiber sizes (0, 53 μm, 75 μm, and 212 μm) via extrusion and injection processing techniques. The results showed that the alkali treatment reduced the hydroxyl (-OH) group and separated the area from the carbonyl (C=O) group of coconut coir husk, which changed the filler’s hydrophilicity. The fiber size of 212 μm was discovered to have the highest tensile and flexural strength values. According to testing, the modified material structure had a better surface fill-matrix bond. Thus, generalized fiber sizing and characterization methods were developed. Regardless of the matrix, this method can characterize natural fiber strength and interfacial shear strength of varied diameters and solid contents.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.F.A. Hashim
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y.M. Daud
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.A. Faris
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.S.M. Rasidi
2
ORCID: ORCID
C.M.R. Ghazali
3
ORCID: ORCID
F.F. Zainal
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Hasyim
4
ORCID: ORCID
N.N.M. Nazri
5
ORCID: ORCID
S. Garus
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000, Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000, Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, 02600 Jalan Kangar-Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000, Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatic, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
  4. Sriwijaya University, Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department, Indonesia
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis, (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the use of numerical modeling results for multivariate simulation of the manufacturing process of a wheel hub forging made of 20 HG alloy. The QForm 3D program was used to analyze the issue, which allowed to analyze the forging process without the need for expensive tools and technological tests. Based on insights from several variants of numerical calculations, new technology solutions were proposed, reducing the number of deficiencies found in industrial practice. In order to obtain full information about the phenomena occurring in the deformation process, numerical calculations were carried out in the areas of material flow, the degree of filling of blanks, the distribution of deformations and stresses in the various stages of the forging process in the die, and the elimination of defects in products. The information obtained formed the basis for proposing the optimal technology for forging wheel hubs.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sobociński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabrdalik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 21 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) management should focus on reducing CDW or properly recycling the materials since this waste is now a global problem. Sand brick waste, a component of a building’s structure, is one type of CDW. To be used as recycled aggregate, these wastes are invariably categorised as low grade. Due of the improved qualities provided, geopolymer research has recently become more popular. The objective of this study is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of recycled sand brick aggregate (RSB) treated with silica fume based geopolymer coating. Additionally, the effectiveness of the treated RSB will be applied in concrete as coarse aggregate. The sample was made using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8. At 2.5 and 10 M, alkaline activator is a constant variable. Testing of specific gravity, water absorption, and aggregate impact value were analysed. The treated RSB concrete will then be evaluated against normal concrete. In terms of density, water absorption, and compressive strength, natural concrete performs better than treated RSB concrete. In comparison to natural concrete, treated RSB concrete absorbs 5.8% more water. Treated RSB concrete has a density of 1815 kg/m3, compared to natural concrete’s 2080 kg/m3. The compressive strength of concrete made using treated RSB aggregate is 18.1 MPa after 7 days, and 27.1 MPa at 28 days. The testing revealed that the treated RSB aggregate concrete met the specifications. As a result, treated RSB aggregate concrete offers an advantage over natural OPC concrete while saving the environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Abd Razak
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.N.D. Kiong
2
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
3
ORCID: ORCID
Md A.O. Mydin
4
ORCID: ORCID
A.V. Sandu
5
ORCID: ORCID
Z. Yahya
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Abdullah
6
ORCID: ORCID
P. Risdanareni
7
E. Arifi
8
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis Sungai Chuchuh 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis Sungai Chuchuh 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, School of Housing, Building and Planning ,11800, Penang, Malaysia
  5. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
  6. Universiti Malaysia, Center of Excellence Geopolymer & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Malaysia
  7. Engineering Faculty, Universitas Negeri Malang, Semarang St. No. 5, Malang, East Java 65154, Indonesia
  8. Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indonesia
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Abstract

This project studies the influence of different grain sizes of Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy obtained from heat treatment procedure on high temperature isothermal oxidation. Heat treatment procedure was carried out at two different temperatures, namely 1000℃ and 1200℃ for 3 hours of soaking time, followed by quenching in the water. These samples are denoted as T1000 and T1200. The heat-treated Ni-based Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy was subjected to an isothermal oxidation test at 950℃ for 150 hours exposure. Oxidized heat-treated alloys were tested in terms of oxidation kinetics, phase analysis and surface morphology of oxidized samples. Oxidation kinetics were determine based on weight change per surface area as a function of exposure time. Phase analysis was determined using the x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and surface morphology of oxidized samples was characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the heat treatment procedure shows varying grain sizes. The higher the heat treatment temperature, shows an increase in grain size with a decrease in hardness value. The oxidation kinetics for both heat-treated samples showed an increment pattern of weight change and followed a parabolic rate law. The oxidized T1000 sample recorded the lowest parabolic rate constant of 3.12×10–8 mg2cm–4s–1, indicating a low oxidation rate, thus having good oxidation resistance. Phase analysis from the XRD technique recorded several oxide phases consisting of Cr2O3, MnCr2O4, and (Ti0.97Cr0.03)O2 oxide phases. In addition, a uniform oxide layer is formed on the oxidized T1000 sample, indicating good oxide scale adhesion, thereby improving the protective oxide behavior.
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Authors and Affiliations

N.A.Z. Zaiton
1
ORCID: ORCID
N. Parimin
2
ORCID: ORCID
N.F Hayazi
ORCID: ORCID
F.F. Zainal
2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Garus
3
ORCID: ORCID
P. Vizureanu
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Surface Technology Special Interest Group, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Częstochowa University of Techno logy, Faculty of Mechanica l Engineering and Computer Scienc e, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
  4. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

The utilization of readily accessible natural fibres in lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC), which is already a widely used building material, can have a substantial positive impact on the environment. Therefore, the mechanical characteristics might be increased by using a correct mix proportion of fibre-reinforced LWFC. Innovative LWFC-agave fibre (AF) composites were created in this experiment. In order to get the best mechanical qualities, this investigation set out to establish the correct weight fraction of AF to be added to LWFC. Two LWFC densities of 750 and 1500 kg/m3 were produced with the addition of several weight fractions of AF, precisely 0.0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0%, and 7.5%, were used. To establish the mechanical characteristics of LWFCAF composites, flexural tests, tensile strength tests, axial compression tests, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were carried out. Test results revealed that the combination of LWFC together with a weight fraction of 4.5% of AF exhibited superior mechanical properties. Beyond 4.5% of AF’s weight fraction, the mechanical properties started to deteriorate. This study gives insight and crucial data on the mechanical characteristics of LWFC-AF composites therefore it will enable future researchers to explore other properties of LWFC reinforced with AF.
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Authors and Affiliations

Md Azree Othuman Mydin
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
R. Omar
3
ORCID: ORCID
A. Dulaimi
4
ORCID: ORCID
W.M. Wan Ibrahim
5
ORCID: ORCID
B. Jeż
6
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nabiałek
7
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Housing, Building and Planning, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Faculty of Technology Management and Business, Department of Construction Management, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor 86400, Malaysia
  4. University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, College of Engineering, Karbala, 56001, Iraq; Liverpool John Moores University, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment,Liverpool L3 2ET, UK
  5. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  6. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Technology and Automation, 19c Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Czestochowa , Poland
  7. Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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Abstract

Vacuum furnace brazing is one of the most commonly used joining processes in the aerospace industry, utilized in the manufacturing of the complex components of turbine jet engines, working in both their cold and hot sections. The modern aerospace industry demands continuous improvement of production processes to enhance the engine performance, while ensuring its reliability. Therefore, a better understanding of the processes that shape the properties of engine assemblies joints is crucial. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of key brazing process parameters – brazing time and gap width – on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 superalloy joints obtained with the Palnicro 36M filler alloy. The analysis was conducted basing on results from SEM/EDS analysis and peel, shear and spreadability tests.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Krystek
1
ORCID: ORCID
I. Dul
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Wierzbińska
3
ORCID: ORCID
M. Motyka
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, 12. Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland; Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów S.A., 120 Hetmańska Str., 35-078 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów S.A., 120 Hetmańska Str., 35-078 Rzeszów, Poland
  3. Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, 12. Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

Dissimilar-weld-fabrications are created to capture privilege of certain attributes of each component to enhance the potential of overall structure. Induced residual stress owing to non-uniform thermal cycle, strain developed by virtue of metallurgicaltransformation, and dramatic difference in thermo-physical and thermo-mechanical property, proved to be a major drawback and limits application certainly. Present study includes amalgamation of material-characterization and numerical-modelling to overcome aforementioned issue. The 17-4 precipitation-hardened steel was joined with SS316 steel by CO2 laser-welding technique using different-heat-input. It is noticed that the distribution and amount of δ-ferrite controls the on-site behavior relating to thermal stability, microstructural characteristics and residual stress generation. This work is attempted to understand thermal behavior as well as its correlation with δ-ferrite formation and residual stress distribution. Sequential-coupled-thermo-mechanical model proposed to developed for dissimilar weld joints at different process conditions. Finally, the interrelation between microstructure and the typical pattern of residual stress believed to be investigated systematically.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Kumar
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.K. Sahu
2
ORCID: ORCID
D. Das
ORCID: ORCID
S. Bag
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Punjab-144011, (India)
  2. National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Department of Industrial Design Odisha-769008, (India)
  3. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assam – 781039, (India)
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Abstract

Microstructure and texture analysis were conducted employing electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique on laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated pure Ni. The texture analysis of the hot isostatic pressed (HIP) and as-printed (AP) samples were done utilizing orientation distribution function (ODF) maps. The AP sample comprises mostly of <110>||BD fiber texture with insignificant presence of twins. In contrast, the HIP sample has <111>||BD grains. It was found that the development of the texture <111>||BD was due to the deformation linked to the HIP process. In addition, HIP generated a substantial fraction of Σ3 coincident site lattice boundaries (CSL) because of pure Ni which is a medium stacking fault energy (SFE) element.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Chadha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Y. Tian
2
ORCID: ORCID
J.G. Spray
3
ORCID: ORCID
C. Aranas Jr.
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada; University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Planetary and Space Science Centre, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
  2. Voestalpine Additive Manufacturing Centre Ltd. Mississauga, Ontario L5N 7Y3 Canada
  3. University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Planetary and Space Science Centre, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
  4. University of New Brunswick Fredericton, Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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Abstract

Abstract: In the present study, the tensile and flexural properties of lightweight fiber metal laminates composed of Al8011-T6 and carbon fiber/epoxy resin filled with varying weight percentages of graphene (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 wt%) were examined under quasi-static loadings for automobile applications. Fibre-metal laminates having different stacking sequences of the same layer thickness are manufactured using the hand layup process. Surface treatment was performed on Al8011-T6 sheet in order to get good adhesion between aluminium and epoxy. With the optimum content of 0.6 and 0.9 wt% of graphene, the tensile and flexural strengths were improved by 15% and 25%, respectively, compared to aluminium fiber metal laminates without graphene for 0/0 fiber layup orientation.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Zakaulla
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. H.K.B.K College of Engineering, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Bangalore 560045, India
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Abstract

Fulfilling the basic role of hard thermal sprayied coatings is closely related to the value of its microhardness. The quality of such a layer depends on several variables, the main categories being: spray method (flame spray, electric arc, plasma spray, cold spray, etc.), spray parameters (spray distance, voltage and intensity, working atmosphere, direction of the spray jet, etc.) and the materials used (chemical composition of the coating materials, quality and texture of the substrate). In this study, the microhardness, elastic properties and cohesion of a coating made of hard cored wire (Praxair – Tafa) by electric arc spraying process on a low alloy steel substrate, were analyzed. The cored wire has as main hard elements WC (about 26%) and TiC (about 6%), the rest of the chemical elements present being: Cr (14%), Ni (4.5%), B (1.87%), Si (1.25%) and the Fe balance. The micro-hardness was evaluated onto the surface of the coating, previously prepared by grinding to reduce the as-coated roughness. The method based on recording the forcess generated during the indentation with simultaneous measurement of the load – depth curve (with UMT 2MCETR microtribometer) were used for the microhardness evaluation. In order to analyse the cohesion of the coated layer, scratch tests with progressive loading (10N, 15N and 20N) were performed on the same microtribometer. Tests have shown that the metal matrix uniformly includes the hard particles arised from the core of the wire, and at the microstructural level, the microhardness varies significantly, depending on the hardness of the particles on which the indentor tip applies the loading forces. However, the overall behavior of the coatings thus realized is a satisfactory one, being, as a general behavior, in the average required by the applications of such a layer.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Haraga
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Chicet
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Toma
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Carlescu
2
ORCID: ORCID
C. Bejinariu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 41, 700050, Iasi, Romania
  2. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Blvd. Mangeron, No. 61, 700050, Iasi, Romania

Instructions for authors

Instructions for Authors


Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is a quarterly journal of Polish Academy of Sciences and Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAS which publishes original scientific papers and reviews in the fields of metallurgy and materials science, foundry, mechanical working of metals, thermal engineering in metallurgy, thermodynamic and physical properties of materials, phase equilibria in the broad context and diffusion. In addition to the regular, original scientific papers and conference proceedings, invited reviews presenting the up-to-date knowledge and monothematic issues devoted to preferred areas of research will be published. Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form.


When preparing the manuscript, please pay attention to the following rules:


1. Manuscript submission

1.1. Manuscripts to be considered for publication should be submitted to the Editorial Office via www.editorialsystem.com/amm/. Authors should designate corresponding author, whose responsibility is to represent the Authors in contacts with the Editorial Office. The corresponding author receives an e-mail notification confirming the submission of the manuscript to the Editorial Office and is informed about the progress of the review process.


1.2. Manuscript should not exceed 15 pages of full-size paper (A4), must be double spaced (please use 12 point font), with generous margins, and the pages must be numbered. Authors should submit an electronic file of their manuscript in Microsoft Word (minimum : version 2000).


1.3. All manuscripts must be written in good English. Both British and U.S. English are acceptable but Authors should be consistent in their usage. It is sole responsibility of the Authors to make sure that the manuscript is grammatically correct and spell checked. Authors are strongly encouraged to have the manuscript proofread by a native speaker of English or a language professional, before it is submitted to the editorial office. Papers written in poor English will be automatically rejected without being subjected to review.


1.4. Authors should submit an electronic copy of final version of their paper in Microsoft Word Format, shemes (sketches) and figures saved as .eps, .jpeg, or .tiff.


1.5. Articles submitted for publication should include abstract and maximum 5 keywords.


1.6. Please adhere to the following order of presentation:


Author(s) with first names in full and ORCID.

Affiliation(s): in a short form (Institution, City, Country). Use the superscripts (*, **, . . .) after the Authors’ names in case of different affiliations.

Title: All words in lower case (first letter of first word capitalized).


Abstract: maximum 10 lines, including primary objective, research design, methods and procedures, main outcomes and results. Do not use abbreviations in the abstract.

Keywords: 5 maximum.

Main text: Begin on the second page with Introduction, followed by Experimental (Materials and Methods) and/or Theory section, Results, Discussion, and end with Conclusion section and Acknowledgement. When appropriate the Authors may choose to combine Results section and Discussion section into one Results and Discussion section. Make sure the text in sections is divided logically into paragraphs.
Use the decimal system for sections, subsections and (at the most) sub-subsections, as exemplified in the headings of these instructions.
All abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are introduced in text or references. Thereafter the abbreviation can be used.


Appendices

References

Correspondence address: title, name, postal address, telephone and e-mail address of the corresponding Author, number ORCID.

Figure captions

Tables

2. Manuscript preparation


The editorial system includes:


1. Manuscript, which should contain the full text with figures, tables and signatures to them where they are placed.


2. Figures, tables and signatures to them as separate files.


2.1. Formulae, equations and units
The formulas should be written in Microsoft Equation and MathType with the possibility of editing (not as graphics).
Formulae and equations should be typed on separate lines and numbered consecutively in parentheses on the right side (1) . . . (n). Vectors must be indicated as such. Size of symbols should be kept uniform for all equations in the manuscript. Formulae and equations should be referred to in the text as follows: Eq. (1).
Numbers and units must be separated by a space, e.g. 5.5 wt.%, 273.15 K, 1013 MPa, etc. The only exception are angle degrees, e.g. 90°.

2.2. Figures

Figures should be complete without corrections and additions in the word. Figures are usually printed in reduced size (fitting column width of 85 mm) and this should be taken into account when preparing them. For the best results, make sure that lettering on figures and micrographs is at least 2 mm high after reduction, and the style of labeling must be uniform for all figures. Each figure should have its own caption explaining the content without reference to the text. Figure captions should be typed on a separate page at the end of manuscript. The appropriate place of in the text should be indicated by <Fig. 3 > written in separate line. Figures should be referred to in text as follows: Fig. 1. The magnification must be indicated by a labeled scale marker on the micrograph itself, not drawn below it. For optimum printing quality micrographs should be saved as .eps or .tiff at a resolution of at least 300 dpi while line drawings at a resolution of at least 600 dpi.

2.3. Move file
The authors can make movie files up to 100 MB in MP4 format.
The author at the first reference (Movie 1. Click here) should with the Click here command connect the web address with the place of uploading the movie (hyperlink) and at the end of the article provide a list of hyperlinks (samples: Movie 1, hyperlink, movie no 2, hyperlink ......).

The files will be removed from the edytorial system when rejected or published article (moved to Rejected or Published manuscripts).


2.4. Tables

Tables together with captions should be typed on separate page at the end of manuscript. Tables are to be numbered consecutively using Arabic numbers in the text (TABLE 1 . . . n). A caption must be placed above respective table and should explain the symbols used in the heading and in the left hand column. Tables should be referred to in the text as follows: TABLE 1.


2.5. References

References should be typed on separate pages and numbered consecutively applying the system accepted by the Quarterly (initials and names all authors, journal title [abbreviated according to the Journal Title Abbreviations of Web of Science: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/, everyone abbreviation should be end with a dot - example. Arch.Metall.Mater.] or book title; journal volume or book publisher; page spread; publication year in bracket).

The use of DOI numbers (full notation and linked) is mandatory for each paper and should be formatted as shown in the examples below:

Journals:

[1] L.B. Magalas, Development of High-Resolution Mechanical Spectroscopy, HRMS: Status and Perspectives. HRMS Coupled with a Laser Dilatometer. Arch. Metall. Mater. 60 (3), 2069-2076 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/AMM-2015-0350

[2] E. Pagounis, M.J. Szczerba, R. Chulist, M. Laufenberg, Large Magnetic Field-Induced Work output in a NiMgGa Seven-Lavered Modulated Martensite. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 152407 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4933303

[3] H. Etschmaier, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, Suppression of Interdiffusion in Copper/Tin thin Films. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012).DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

Books:

[2] M. H. Kamdar, A.M.C. Westwood, Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behaviour, New York 1981.

Proceedings:

[3] F. Erdogan, in: H. Liebowitz (Ed.), Fracture 2, Academic Press 684, New York (1968).

Internet resource:

[4] http://www.twi.co.uk/content/fswqual.html

PhD Thesis:

[6] F.M. LIang. World Hyphenation by Computer. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, June.

Chapter in books:

[7] R. Major, P. Lacki, R. Kustosz, J. M. Lackner, Modelling of nanoindentation to simulate thin layer behavior, in: K. J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major,

P. Zięba (Ed.), Foundation of Materials Design 2006, Research Signpost (2006).

Articles in press:

[8] H. EtschmaIer, H. Torwesten, H. Eder, P. Hadley, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. (2012), DOI: 10.1007/s11665-011-0090-2 (in press).

3. Fees

No honorarium will be paid. The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges.

4. Review and proofread process

4.1. Peer review process All submitted manuscripts undergo review by renowned specialists appointed by the Editor-in-Chief and members of the Editorial Board. Reviewers receive guidance to help them perform the review, and submit written opinion on the manuscript together with recommendation to accept as is, or reject, or accept after revision. In the latter case i.e. when revision is requested, the authors are obliged to respond to Editor and Reviewers’ comments in detail and make revisions to the manuscript. A rebuttal to Reviewers’ comments can also be sent via the Editorial System in writing. Decision to reject the article is taken by the Editorial Board with the final decision belonging to the Editor, who may appoint another reviewer if necessary. Reviewers remain anonymous to Authors and their identity cannot be revealed by the Editorial Office.

In a separate file, the authors are requested to suggest names and contact details (affiliations and valid e-mail addresses) of at least three experts who could serve as reviewers.

Brief explanation (2-3 sentence-long) why each person is suitable as a reviewer should also be provided. The suggested reviewers cannot be from the same country as affiliation of the corresponding author. The decision to appoint a reviewer belongs solely to the editor.

4.2. Revised manuscript submission

When revision of a manuscript is requested, Authors should return the revised version of their manuscript as soon as possible. Prompt action may ensure fast publication if a paper is finally accepted for publication in Arch. Metall. Mater. If it is the first revision of an article Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 7 days.

If it is the second revision Authors are requested to return their revised manuscript within 1 day.

4.3. Final proofreading

Authors will receive a pdf file with the edited version of their manuscript for final proofreading. This is the last opportunity to view an article before its publication on the journal web site. No changes or modifications can be introduced once it is published. Thus authors are requested to check their proof pages carefully against manuscript within 3 working days and prepare a separate document containing all changes that should be introduced. Authors are sometimes asked to provide additional comments and explanations in response to remarks and queries from the language or technical editors.

5. Original version

Starting from issue 1/ 2018, Volume 63, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is published in electronic via www.journals.pan.pl. The printed version is printed only for designated libraries (legal basis: Regulation of the Minister of Culture and Art of March 6, 1997).

6. Prevent cases of plagiarism

Readers should be sure that the authors present the results of their work transparently, fair and honest, regardless of whether they are the direct authors, or used the help of a specialized entity (natural or legal person). To prevent cases of plagiarism, "ghostwriting" and "guest Authorship", the Editorial Office will require that the Authors disclosed the contribution of individual Authors in the creation of manuscript (with their affiliations and contributions, i.e. the information who is responsible for: research concept and design, collection and/or assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript). Funding sources (together with grant number) must also be revealed. The corresponding Author will bear the main responsibility for the manuscript. Detected cases will be exposed, including notifying the appropriate entities (institutions employing the Authors, scientific societies, associations of editors of scientific journals, etc.).

7. License type

Articles are printed in an open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). This license allows authors to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, remix, transform, and build upon the material. Authors may not use the material for commercial purposes. However, this condition does not include dependent works (they may be covered by another license).

Submission of an article to the journal is unequivocal to expressing consent to the publication in both paper and electronic form.

Additional info

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials is covered by the following services:


Arianta, Baidu Scholar, BazTech, Celdes, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) - CAplus, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Current Contents/Engineering, Computing, and Technology, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Materials Science Citation Index, Clarivate Analytics (formerly Thomson Reuters) - Science Citation Index Expanded, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), EBSCO (relevant databases), EBSCO Discovery Service, Elsevier - SCOPUS, Genamics JournalSeek, Google Scholar, Index Copernicus, J-Gate, JournalTOCs, KESLI-NDSL (Korean National Discovery for Science Leaders), Microsoft Academic, Naviga (Softweco), Primo Central (ExLibris), ProQuest (relevant databases), ReadCube, ResearchGate, SCImago (SJR), Sherpa/RoMEO, Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest), TDNet, TEMA Technik und Management, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory/ulrichsweb, WanFang Data, WorldCat (OCLC)

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