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Archives of Mining Sciences | 2021 | vol. 66 | No 2

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Abstrakt

Salt caverns are used for the storage of natural gas, LPG, oil, hydrogen, and compressed air due to rock salt advantageous mechanical and physical properties, large storage capacity, flexible operations scenario with high withdrawal and injection rates. The short- and long-term mechanical behaviour and properties of rock salt are influenced by mineral content and composition, structural and textural features (fabrics). Mineral composition and fabrics of rock salt result from the sedimentary environment and post sedimentary processes. The impurities in rock salt occur in form of interlayers, laminae and aggregates. The aggregates can be dispersed within the halite grains or at the boundary of halite grains. Mineral content, mineral composition of impurities and their occurrence form as well as halite grain size contribute to the high variability of rock salt mechanical properties. The rock or mineral impurities like claystone, mudstone, anhydrite, carnallite and sylvite are discussed. Moreover, the influence of micro fabrics (in micro-scale) like fluid inclusions or crystals of other minerals on rock salt mechanical performance is described. In this paper the mechanical properties and behaviour of rock salt and their relation to mineral composition and fabrics are summarised and discussed. The empirical determination of impurities and fabrics impact on deformation mechanism of rock salt, qualitative description and formulation of constative models will improve the evaluation and prediction of cavern stability by numerical modelling methods. Moreover, studying these relations may be useful in risk assessment and prediction of cavern storage capacity.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Katarzyna Cyran
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining and Geoengineering, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of a study of methane adsorption on coal samples with various degrees of metamorphism, coming from the Polish and Czech parts of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). The range of coalification of the samples was from bituminous with vitrinite reflectance Ro equal to about 0.5% to para-anthracite coals with Ro equal to over 2%. The methane adsorption capacity was determined at the temperature 303 K for each of the studied coal seams. Methane adsorption isotherms were approximated using the Langmuir model. The relationship between the Langmuir isotherm parameters (am and PL) and the degree of coalification was presented. It was shown that the degree of coalification of the coal substance affects the adsorption ability of coal with respect to methane and determines the value of the Langmuir isotherm parameters. The study was conducted in order to present the distribution of adsorption capacity of Upper Silesian coals in relation to improving work safety in active mines as well as designing technologies that use coal bed methane (CBM) from balance and off-balance resources.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Barbara Dutka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Godyń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 27 Reymonta Str.,30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstrakt

As a preliminary point, four longwalls, where inertisation of goafs using nitrogen was applied, have been characterised. Next, the issue concerning the unreliable Graham’s ratio values, which occur in certain ranges of its denominator value, were discussed. The reliability criterion of this indicator was also quoted. Afterwards, a basic statistical sample consisting of the results of chromatographic analyses of air samples taken from longwalls areas, where nitrogen inertisation was not applied and were classified by Graham’s ratio as samples safe from endogenous fire hazard was described. Then, the results of comparative analyses of the base sample with the concentrations of gases contained in air samples taken from the areas of the previously described four longwalls, which according to Graham’s ratio, were also safe from the endogenous fire were presented. Comparative analyses were performed before and after applying Graham’s ratio reliability criterion.
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Bibliografia

[1] S. Bajic, S. Muller, M. Gido, Oxygen deficiency in Graham’s Ratio evaluation. Proceedings of Coal Operators’ Conference, University of Wollongong, 314-320 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Lucjan Świerczek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central Mining Institute, Department of Mining Aerology, 1 Gwarków Sq., 40-166 Katowice, Poland
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Abstrakt

Large deformation in roadways is an inevitable problem faced by many coal mines, and bolt installation is widely adopted to keep roadway stability. To provide a theoretical basis for bolt supporting scheme design in order to eliminate hazards associated with roadway failure, the interaction principle between bolts and the bolted strata should be studied thoroughly. This research attempts to investigate the above principle through theoretical analysis through a group of selected statistics from fifteen different coal mines. At the same time, the thick board support method was proposed and applied for controlling the ribs deformation in a particular coal mine. It is concluded that the interaction of the rock-bolt entity is subjected to the fluctuation balance law. When deformation increases, the bolted structure experiences periodic equilibrium variation. Both the supporting force needed to stabilise the surrounding rocks and the supporting capability of bolted strata show a trend of decrease in this process. The interaction principle of surrounding rocks and bolts is in essence the mechanical phenomenon caused by their mutual load transformation, and the load-carrying capacity varies with the bolted structure’s deformation, which is subjected to the following law: elastic roadway>plastic roadway> fractured roadway>broken roadway. The designed bolted thickness of the ribs should be more than 1/5 of roadway height to make full use of the self-stability of surrounding rocks. Finite Difference Method simulation and on-site monitoring data showed that the roof subsidence and ribs convergence of 2201 roadway in Shuguang coal mine was reduced by 83.7% and 88.6% respectively after utilising the proposed support method, indicating that the thick-board method was effective. Results of this research can lay a foundation for support design in large deformation roadways.
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Bibliografia

[1] P.K. Mandal, A.J. Das, N. Kumar, R. Bhattacharjee, S. Tewari, A. Kushwaha, Assessment of roof convergence during driving roadways in underground coal mines by continuous miner. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 108, 169-178 (2018).
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[6] C .C. Li, G. Stjern, A. Myrvang, A review on the performance of conventional and energy-absorbing rockbolts. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 6 (4), 315-327 (2014).
[7] S. Ding, H. Jing, K. Chen, G. Xu, B. Meng, Stress evolution and support mechanism of a bolt anchored in a rock mass with a weak interlayer. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 27 (3), 573-580 (2017).
[8] H. Zhang, X. Miao, G. Zhang, Y. Wu, Y. Chen, Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 27 (6), 989-998 (2017).
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[18] T. Wu, C. Chen, H. Jun, R. Ting, Effect of bolt rib spacing on load transfer mechanism. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 27 (3), 431-434 (2017).
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[20] G. Wu, W. Yu, J. Zuo, S. Du, Experimental and theoretical investigation on mechanisms performance of the rockcoal- bolt (RCB) composite system. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 30 (6), 759-768 (2020).
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Xun Yuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Shuangsuo Yang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Sichuan University – The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute for Disaster Managementand Reconstruction, 610207 Chengdu, China
  2. Taiyuan University of Technology, College of Mining Engineering, 030024 Taiyuan, China
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Abstrakt

Optimum truck numbers of an enterprise can be found by dividing the period of time passed between a departing truck after loading, the arrival at the dumping location, the arrival at the point of loading again and the average loading time parameters of a truck. The average loading time of the truck is directly associated with the bucket fill factor and cycle time of the excavator. While the bucket fill factor depends on the mechanical strength and the discontinuity characteristics of the rock, the cycle time is related to bucket volume, the strength and the discontinuity characteristics of the rock. In this study, two relations predicting the average cycle time of the bucket fill factor for both hydraulic and electric excavators is done by seven excavators with different bucket volumes, and mass characteristics of eight different rocks from a coal open pit mine. According to the above, the optimum truck number was developed.
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Bibliografia

[1] S. Alarie, M. Gamache, Overview of Solution Strategies Used in Truck Dispatching Systems for Open Pit Mines. International Journal of Surface Mining Reclamation and Environment 16, 59-76 (2002).
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[3] A.C.M.M. Campelo, T. Marin, The Impact of Payload Truck Factor Use in Mine Performance Reports for an Open Pit Copper Mine in Brazil. REM – International Engineering Journal 71 (3), (2018). DOI: https://doi. org/10.1590/0370-44672017710189
[4] Y. Chang, Ren and S. Wang, Modelling and Optimizing an Open-Pit Truck Scheduling Problem. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society (745378), 8 (2015). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/745378
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Abdurrahman Tosun
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dokuz Eylul University, Bergama, 35062, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstrakt

The primary objective of the case study is to improve monitoring, controlling, planning and managing the extraction processes in surface lignite mining. Under the North Bohemian Lignite Basin (also Most Basin) conditions and the Sokolov Basin, wheeled excavators are deployed as the main technology for extracting coal and overlying rock. Their real-time spatial position can be tracked based on data from GNSS technology, inclinometers, and incremental rotary encoders. The measured data is sent to a remote server and stored in the database. It also serves to calculate volumes of extracted masses. Volume calculation, space position visualisation, and wheel boom movements are performed in KVASoftware. It is a program designed for modelling and designing quarries. Knowing the position of the wheel against the digital terrain (quarry), the model is essential for the implementation of many risk-elimination applications, namely with respect to the geological conditions, occupational safety, observance of the profile grade line, the area of extraction, qualitative parameters of the raw material, etc. The mathematical model of backfilling extracted materials is also an integral part of the above-mentioned system.
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Bibliografia

[1] J. Benndorf, Mike W.N. Buxton, Sensor-based real-time resource model reconciliation for improved mine production control – a conceptual framework. Mining Technology 125, 1, 54-64 (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14749009.2015.1107342
[2] GeoTel s.r.o., KVA Software, Z jišťování polohy kolesa rýpadla K 800/103/N1 pomocí GP S [GP S – A ided D etermination of the Position of the Bucket Wheel of the K800 Excavator"
[3] Team of authors, Hornická ročenka 2017 [Mining yearbook 2017]: Ostrava, Montanex. ISBN 978-80-7225-454-5, (2018), (in Czech).
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[5] D. Vrublová, R. Kapica, B . Gibesová, J. Mudruňka, A . Struś, Application of GNSS technology in surface mining. Geodesy and Cartography 42, 4, 122-128 (2016). ISSN: 20296991, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2016.1268433
[6] D. Vrublová, R. Kapica, M. Vrubel, E . Jiránková, Přesnost určování prostorové polohy kolesa rýpadel [Accuracy of the spatial position determination of excavator wheels]. Z pravodaj hnědé uhlí. Most: V ýzkumný ústav pro hnědé uhlí a. s. 3, 10-15 (2015), ISSN 1213-1660, (in Czech).
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[12] D. Sladková, R. Kapica, M. Vrubel, Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) technology for automation of surface mining. International Journal of Mining Reclamation and Environment 25 (3), 284-294, ISSN: 17480930, (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2011.608879
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[19] Y. Yuan, Y., Lv, L., Wang, S. et al., Multidisciplinary co-design optimization of structural and control parameters for bucket wheel reclaimer. Front. Mech. Eng. 15, 406-416 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-019-0578-2
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Dana Vrublová
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Kapica
2
ORCID: ORCID
Stanislav Smelik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Markéta Smeliková
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava , Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Combined Studies in Most, Dělnická 21, Most, Czech Republic
  2. VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Geodesy and Mine Surveying, 17. listopadu 15, Ostrava – Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
  3. Geodetic Office, Baška 111, 739 01 Baška, Czech Republic
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Abstrakt

Low-frequency mechanical vibrations can trigger disasters such as coal-gas outbursts. An in-house “vibration-triaxial stress-seepage” experimental apparatus was used to measure the gas flow rate of rock specimens with varying vibrational frequency, gas pressure, and confining pressure. The results of these tests were then used to derive expressions that describe how the permeability of gas-containing coal rocks is related to these aforementioned factors. In addition, sensitivity coefficients were defined to characterise the magnitude of the permeability response to each permeability-affecting factor (i.e., vibrational frequency and gas pressure). The following insights were gained, regarding the effects of vibrational frequency on the permeability of gas-containing coal rocks: (1) If gas pressure and confining pressure are fixed, the permeability of gas-containing coal rocks rapidly increases, before gradually decreasing, with increasing vibrational frequency. Thus, the permeability of the gas-containing coal rock is always larger with vibrations than without. (2) If vibrational pressure and confining pressure are fixed, the relationship between the permeability of gas-containing coal rocks and gas pressure is consistent with the “Klinkenberg effect,” i.e., the permeability initially decreases, and then increases, with increasing gas pressure. (3) The change in permeability induced by each unit change in gas pressure is proportional to the gas pressure sensitivity coefficient. (4) The change in permeability induced by each unit change in vibrational frequency is proportional to the vibrational frequency sensitivity coefficient.
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Bibliografia

[1] L. Zhou, L. Yuan, R. Thomas, A, Iannacchione, Determination of Velocity Correction Factors for Real-Time Air Velocity Monitoring in Underground Mines. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 4 (4), 322-332 (2017). DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/s40789-017-0184-z
[2] M. Ajamzadeh, V. Sarfarazi, H. Dehghani, Evaluation of Plow System Performance in Long-Wall Mining Method Using Particle Flow Code. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 6 (4), 518-535 (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789- 019-00266-3
[3] Y. Lei, Y. Zeng, Z. Ning, Transient Flow Model of Multiply Fractured Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs and Well Test Analysis. Fau-Blo Gas Field 25 (4), 477-483 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.6056/dkyqt201804015
[4] D. Jamróz, T. Niedoba, A. Surowiak, Application of Multi-Parameter Data Visualization by Means of Multidimensional Scaling to Evaluate Possibility of Coal Gasification. Arch. Min. Sci. 62 (3), 445-457 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0034
[5] Y. Cheng, H. Jiang, X. Zhang, J. Cui, C. Song, X. Li, Effects of Coal Rank on Physicochemical Properties of Coal and on Methane Adsorption. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 4 (2), 129-146 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40789-017-0161-6
[6] Y. Tan, Y. Yin, G. Teng, Simulation Research of Gas Seepage Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method. J. China Coal Soc. 39 (8), 1446-1454 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2014.9020
[7] V . Mishra, N. Singh, Microstructural Relation of Macerals with Mineral Matter in Coals From is Valley and Umaria, Son-Mahanadi Basin, India. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 4 (2), 191-197 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40789-017-0169-y
[8] C . Zhang, X. Liu, X. Wang, Combination Response Characteristics of Gas Seepage Velocity-Temperature Under Triaxial Loading. J. China Coal Soc. 43 (3), 743-750 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2017.0735
[9] J. Wei, L. Wei, D. Wang, Experimental Study of Moisture Content Influences on Permeability of Coal Containing Gas. J. China Coal Soc. 39 (1), 97-103 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2013.0209
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Zhu Bairu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Song Yang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wu Beining
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Yongqi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Liaoning Technical University, School of Civil Engineering, Fuxin, Liaoning, 123000, China
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Abstrakt

Gas explosions are major disasters in coal mining, and they typically cause a large number of deaths, injuries and property losses. An appropriate understanding of the effects of combustible gases on the characteristics of methane explosions is essential to prevent and control methane explosions. FLACS software was used to simulate an explosion of a mixture of CH4 and combustible gases (C2H4, C2H6, H2, and CO) at various mixing concentrations and different temperatures (25, 60, 100, 140 and 180℃). After adding combustible gases to methane at a constant volume and atmospheric pressure, the adiabatic flame temperature linearly increases as the initial temperature increases. Under stoichiometric conditions (9.5% CH4-air mixture), the addition of C2H4 and C2H6 has a greater effect on the adiabatic flame temperature of methane than H2 and CO at different initial temperatures. Under the fuel-lean CH4-air mixture (7% CH4-air mixture) and fuel-rich mixture (11% CH4-air mixture), the addition of H2 and CO has a greater effect on the adiabatic flame temperature of methane. In contrast, the addition of combustible gases negatively affected the maximum explosion pressure of the CH4-air mixture, exhibiting a linearly decreasing trend with increasing initial temperature. As the volume fraction of the mixed gas increases, the adiabatic flame temperature and maximum explosion pressure of the stoichiometric conditions increase. In contrast, under the fuel-rich mixture, the combustible gas slightly lowered the adiabatic flame temperature and the maximum explosion pressure. When the initial temperature was 140℃, the fuel consumption time was approximately 8-10 ms earlier than that at the initial temperature of 25℃. When the volume fraction of the combustible gas was 2.0%, the consumption time of fuel reduced by approximately 10 ms compared with that observed when the volume fraction of flammable gas was 0.4%.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Zhenmin Luo
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Litao Liu
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Shuaishuai Gao
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Tao Wang
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Bin Su
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Lei Wang
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yong Yang
4 2
ORCID: ORCID
Xiufang Li
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, School of Safety Science & Engineering, 58, Yanta Mid. Rd., Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, PR China
  2. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, 58, Yanta Mid. Rd, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, PR China
  3. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Postdoctoral Program, 58, Yanta Mid. Rd., Xi’an 710054, Shaanxi, PR China
  4. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, School of Safety Science & Engineering, 58, Yanta Mid. Rd., Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, PR
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Abstrakt

Mine gas explosions present a serious safety threat in the worldwide coal mining industry. It has been considered the No.1 killer for underground coal mining workers. The formation of an explosive atmosphere involves various factors. Due to complicated stratified geology and the coal production process, geological conditions and coal production process reasons and particular working sections underground present a high risk of an explosion that would most likely cause casualties and property loss. In this study, the basic conditions, propagation law and hazards analysis of gas explosions are reviewed, followed by a review of the typical locations where an explosion would occur. Finally, current technologies used in the mining industry for preventing gas explosions and suppressing the associated dangers were studied. Preventive gas explosion technologies mainly include gas drainage, gas accumulation prevention and gas and fire source monitoring technologies. The technologies often used to control or mitigate gas explosion hazards are usually divided into active and passive, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed and compared. This paper aims to summarise the latest technologies for controlling and suppressing gas explosion and guides mining engineers to design risk mitigation strategies.
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Wanting Song
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jianwei Cheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wenhe Wang
2
Yi Qin
2
Zui Wang
1
Marek Borowski
3
ORCID: ORCID
Yue Wang
4
ORCID: ORCID
Purushotham Tukkaraja
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. China University of Mining and Technology, College of Safety Engineering, Xuzhou 221116, China
  2. Chongqing University of Science and Technology, College of Safety Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  4. Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, College of Safety Science and Engineering, Urumqi 830000, China
  5. South Dakata School of Mines and Technology, Department of Mining Engineering and Management, Rapid City, SD, 57701, United States
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Abstrakt

The paper presents the results of a series of Cone Penetration Test CPTu performed near the city of Wroclaw (Poland). The tests were carried out in 13 testing points located in close distance to each other. To verify the results of the penetration tests, fine-grained soil samples from selected depths were taken for laboratory tests. The study focuses on the evaluation of soil type, unit weight, and undrained shear strength cu, and compression index Cc. The grain size distribution of the soil and its mechanical parameters on the basis of a uniaxial compression and an oedometer tests were estimated. A comparison of laboratory and CPTu for selected values is presented. Determination of soil type was carried out on the basis of ISBT and IC values and good agreement with the granulometric composition was found. For undrained shear strength, commonly used correlations based on Nk, Nkt and Nke were adopted. However, the values obtained from the CPT are significantly lower than the results from laboratory tests. Therefore, values of cone factors suitable for investigated soil type and reference test were proposed. In the case of the compression index, the coefficient values βc and αm obtained agreed with those available in the literature. The findings presented in the paper indicate that laboratory tests remain necessary to identify soil properties from CPTu. The presented results are also a contribution to the knowledge of local soil conditions in the Lower Silesia area (Poland).
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Bibliografia

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Matylda Tankiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Irena Bagińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Str., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego st., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland

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