Humanities and Social Sciences

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

Description

HISTORYKA. STUDIES IN HISTORICAL METHODS is a journal dedicated to the theory of history, historical methods and history of historiography. The journal is published once a year since 1967.

ISSN

ISSN 0073-277X; e-ISSN 3071-6608

Publishers

Polska Akademia Nauk Oddział PAN w Krakowie, Instytut Historii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

HISTORYKA. STUDIES IN HISTORICAL METHODS is a journal dedicated to the theory of history, historical methods and history of historiography. The journal is published once a year since 1967

Jakub Basista (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
Dipesh Chakrabarty (University of Chicago),
Andrzej Chwalba (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
Ewa Domańska (Stanford University; Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza),
Maciej Dymkowski (SWPS, Wrocław),
François Hartog (L'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, L'EHESS),
Marta Kurkowska-Budzan (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
Allan Megill (University of Virginia), Tomasz Pawelec (Uniwersytet Śląski),
Jan Pomorski (Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej),
Maciej Salamon (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
Rafał Stobiecki (Uniwersytet Łódzki),
Jan Skoczyński (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
Piotr Sztompka (Uniwersytet Jagielloński),
Veronica Tozzi (Universidad de Buenos Aires),
Wojciech Wrzosek (Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza),
Anna Ziębińska-Witek (Maria Curie Skłodowska University)

EDITORS IN CHIEF

Krzysztof Zamorski (Jagiellonian University) is the editor of "Historyka. Studia Metodologiczne" since 2019. He was its co-editor in 1997-2019.

Zamorski works at the Institute of History at the Jagiellonian University and is head of the Chair of Historical Anthropology and Theory of History. He studied history and sociology at Jagiellonian University. He has held research fellowships at the University of Geneva and the EESH Laboratory of Historical Demography in Paris and the University of Liege. He was a visiting scholar at Columbia University and twice at Rochester University (1999, 2005).

ffAuthor of five books, co-editor of three, author of 170 articles. From 1993 to 2003 he was director of the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow, Poland. Member of the board of directors of the Polish Historical Society, he served as president of the Cracow Branch of the Polish Historical Society in 2013- 2022. He created the series "History of Life" published by the renowned Polish publishing house "Universitas".

His fields of research are: theory of history and history of historiography (recent publ. in English: “The Warsaw Congress: A Historiographic Reflection”, in With a Zest and in a Refined Form..., Krzysztof Makowski, Maciej Michalski, Tomasz Schramm, Karolina Filipowska eds., XXIII International Congress on Historical Sciences, Poznan 2022, 2020-2022); historical demography and social and economic history of modern and recent times (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. History, Memory, Legacy. Andrzej Chwalba and Krzysztof Zamorski. Eds., Routledge. New York and London, 2020.)

ASSISTANT EDITORS

Jakub Muchowski (Jagiellonian University), Rafał Swakoń (Jagiellonian University)

LANGUAGE CONSULTANTS

Barbara Ratecka, Caroline Stupnicka, Robin Gill

e-mail: historyka@uj.edu.pl

Department of History

Jagiellonian University

Golebia 13

31-007 Krakow

Poland

Historyka is an open access journal with all content available with no charge in full text version. The journal content is available under the licencse CC BY-NC-SA 4.

Historyka is indexed in databases:
Arianta
BazHum
CEJSH
ERIH Plus

Historyka is archived in the repository of the Polish Academy of Sciences and made available on the academy's Journal PAS platform.

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Content

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54

1 Od redakcji

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 11-12

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2 Introduction

Maciej Bugajewski , Ewa Domańska , Tomasz Falkowski , Maria Solarska , Wiktor Werner

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 13-16

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Bugajewski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ewa Domańska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Falkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Maria Solarska

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wiktor Werner

e-mail:

ORCID:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

3 A few remarks on the meta-methodology of history

Jan Pomorski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 17–24

Keywords: methodology of history as an empirical science methodological awareness of the scientific community of historians the object of cognition versus the object of research(study) of the methodology of history

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Abstract

The author addresses the problem of the status of the methodology of history as an empirical science. The methodologist of history, like the historian, works with sources, but these are historiographical. These sources are various forms of representation of the past, from classic historiographical texts to, for example, contemporary multimedia museum narratives. They become the direct object of observation and research conducted by methodologists of history. On the other hand, the subject of the cognition of the methodology of history are that which cannot be seen directly: the methodological awareness of historians and the rules governing their research practice. This approach to practising methodology serves to build bridges between historians ‑ practitioners and theoreticians of historiography. The academic textbook Introduction to the Methodology of History also grows out of this conviction.

As its co‑editor and co‑author, I am convinced that the future of the humanities and historical sciences is closely correlated with the growth of methodological culture and the application of theory to research. Without this, history's status as a science will continue to be questioned.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Pomorski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej w Lublinie

4 Methodology of history as historical, empirical, critical reflection

Maciej Bugajewski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 25–36

Keywords: methodology of history social change historical narrative historical time empirical stance

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Abstract

In this article, I aim to comprehend the contemporary developments in the methodology of history. My motivation to do so stems from my reading of the recently published textbook on the methodology of history edited by Ewa Domańska and Jan Pomorski. In this text, I endeavour to comprehend the contemporary research engagements of the methodology of history and to demonstrate their connection with Jerzy Topolski's original project of the methodology of history. This analysis examines the relationship between the earlier and the current research agendas of the methodology of history, with a particular focus on the category of historical change. The analysis also considers the postulates for the methodology of history, which have been formulated with the assumption that historical (social) change can be accounted for in different ways. The first postulate concerns the valorization of change, the second concerns the representation of change.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Bugajewski

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ORCID:

Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

5 Defining the subject of research through the methodology of history versus non-academic history – an exercise in cultural reflexivity

Wojciech Piasek

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 37–47

Keywords: methodology of history subject of cognition academic history non‑academichistory

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Abstract

In this article, I propose an exercise in cultural reflexivity concerning the definition by methodologies of history of their object of cognition and the place of non‑academic history within it. The subject of cultural reflexivity is the assumption of cultural obviousness – common sense. In defining its object of cognition, the methodology of history does not include non‑academic history. However, it remains in the sphere of its practical interests. The positioning of non- ‑academic history outside the definition of the object of research of the methodology of history is determined by the positioning of academic historiography in relation to non‑academic historiography within the framework of thinking about them as products of culture. The methodology of history, indicating the cultural character of scientific historiography, at the same time does not treat it as a case among cases – one of the "rational local systems". The universalization of the indigenous cosmology of the West means that outside its definition there are forms of history based on different criteria of certainty and indisputability and of a fundamentally different nature than textual and event‑based. Following the critical expansion of the subject matter of historical methodology research, the task of historical methodology would be the cultural description of various forms of history, including the criteria of accuracy or fidelity to which members of the culture being studied resort in establishing the relationship of the past to the present.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Piasek

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Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

6 Is history a science? A look at the dispute over the status of clio from the mid-19th century to the turn of the century

Jolanta Kolbuszewska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 49–59

Keywords: professionalization of historical research research paradigm rankism positivist historiography turn of the 19th and 20th centuries

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Abstract

The article outlines the discussions that took place in the 19th century around the status of historical reflection. On the one hand, the professionalization and institutionalization of historical research progressed, and the first research paradigm was formulated. On the other hand, it very quickly became apparent that critical historiography (based on the assumptions of individualistic historicism), did not quite fit into the then dominant (formulated on the basis of the natural disciplines), canon of scientism. Wanting to "reform historical science", a new research model (positivist historiography) was proposed and the discussion of the sources of cognition was deepened. As a result, there were proposals to divide the sciences into humanities and natural sciences. Unfortunately, this did not protect Clio from further criticism. Some defended its scientific status, others denied its scientific status by inscribing it in the field of art. On the occasion of the discussions held in the 19th century, it is worth considering how many of the views propounded at that time, have retained their durability.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Kolbuszewska

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Uniwersytet Łódzki, Instytut Historii

7 History – the scientific discipline in crisis discourse

Ewa Solska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 61–81

Keywords: crisis discourse modernisation discourse disciplinary history research and learning history multilateral presence consiliatory perspective

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Abstract

The paper is an attempt at metasearch reflection on the current discursive positioning of disciplinary history in relation to methodological issues focused on its scientific status in confrontation with historical Pyrrhonism. This attempt is developed in the following threads: tropes of the crisis discourse and tropes of the modernisation discourse – towards (the concept of) research and learning history from the perspective of consilience and the methodological expansionism of the contemporary humanities. The question arises as to whether disciplinary history has a distinguished scientific status, and therefore an important cognitive and axiological function among other areas of historical research, or whether it is rather an instrument of power that manages symbolic violence. Current revisionist discourses in the areas of anthropology, sociology, cultural studies and memory studies follow this path, and methodologists are concerned with the question of their consequences for the discipline of history. One of them is that contemporary Pyrrhonism focuses on questioning the cognitive and axiological value of European (Western) history in the face of the "history‑resistant pasts" discourses within the framework of the postcolonial criticism and the indigenous turn. Hence the contextual reference to the narrative of historical Pyrrhonism from the 1970s, including the retreat from national‑centric historiography (in the model of neo‑historicism), the entry of other disciplines into the field of historical research, and the displacement of disciplinary history from its centre. Currently, this should be considered in relation to the postulate of the sovereignty of the discipline of history, and, on the other hand, the phenomenon of post‑disciplinary transgression in humanities towards a multi‑, inter‑ and transdisciplinary model in new orientations and research programs. In connection with this, the ultimate goal of the considerations here is to defend the conciliatory perspective in multidisciplinary historical research and the concept of its multilateral presence.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Solska

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ORCID:

Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej

8 Does history have to be a science? The role of historical knowledge in the public space

Marek Woźniak

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 83–95

Keywords: history historiography science historical knowledge

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Abstract

Discussions about the status of history actualize the need to justify the belonging of historical narratives to the broader practice of science. The pressure to recognize the activities of historians as activities of a scientific nature tends to sideline reflection arising from the dangers of treating the results of scientific/historical descriptions of the world uncritically. I argue that history, like other scientific disciplines, is not free from ideological and political influences. I point out that science, including history, is not independent of social context and pressures (even institutional ones), which affects the shaping of dominant visions of the world and humanity, as well as images of the past, in a given culture. I highlight, among other things, that the search for truth in historiography often leads to simplifications and manipulations, and that science itself can serve as a tool for justifying and reinforcing the current (but also past or proposed) social order. In this article, I argue that when considering the scientificity of historiography, we should ask questions similar to those posed by Paul Feyerabend. For example, about whether the solicitation of such status of history, basing it on the authority of science, does not limit the cognitive possibilities of the discipline, and whether it is necessary to defend society from (historical) truth as it is defended from other ideologies?

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Marek Woźniak

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Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej w Lublinie

9 Writing as research. Creating historical narrative as part of research process

Joanna Wojdon

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 97–110

Keywords: historical writing historical narratives AI in historiography public history and historiography history education and historiography

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Abstract

The article argues that writing is not a result but an integral part of historical research. Based on findings from the field of history education and good practices of public history, it aims to deconstruct the process of forging a historiographical narrative, from formulating the claim and arguments to the final, publishable version of the manuscript. It discusses the issues of adequate contextualization of the source analysis that should take into consideration both state of the art academic standards and readers’ prior knowledge as well as their cognitive potential and expectations. A meticulous editing process is also regarded as part of research (not just post‑processing), involving teamwork or outsourcing, where critical feedback helps identify loopholes in the process of research design, of building arguments and drawing conclusions. If skillfully implemented, it should strengthen the communicative power of the manuscript and enhance its outreach. The opportunities offered by artificial intelligence (AI) in this process are also discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Wojdon

Uniwersytet Wrocławski

10 Research principles of historical writing and the question of reading response

Jakub Muchowski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 111–129

Keywords: historical writing reader response consumption of history research commitments of history reading practices

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Abstract

In the paper I attempt to partially answer the question of the relationship between the articulation of historical knowledge and its consumption. I question the statements often made in the discussions of historical theorists, namely that immersion distorts or reduces knowledge‑oriented reading and violates the integrity of the historical knowledge produced. I discuss the relationship between immersive and knowledge‑oriented reading by setting them within the broader spectrum of reading practices. In doing so, I draw on Rita Felski's work on reading fictional literature. In considering the comparison of different modes of reading historical writing, I look at the reading practices of historical writing in general and the relationships between these practices. I describe the different reading practices of historiography: enchantment and shock, identification, empathy, recognition and knowledge. With the help of these categories, I describe the reading practices of historical writing that I have observed in historians' more or less formal, frequently autobiographical contributions about reading history books, the literature on reading and fan practices, the instructions that, typically in the introductions to their books, historians give to their audiences, reviews of historical literature, articles covering historical debates, and readers’ contributions posted on goodreads.com. I argue that, first, reading practices like enchantment and shock, identification, empathy, and recognition are not opposed to knowledge- ‑oriented reading or critical thinking, and second, mutual cooperation of different reading modes can serve to produce historical knowledge.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Muchowski

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Uniwersytet Jagielloński

11 Jerzy Topolski’s model transmission of historical knowledge in education and the contemporary challenges of critical didactics of history

Violetta Julkowska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 131–144

Keywords: meta‑interpretation transmission of historical knowledge in education school historical narrative critical reader open image of the past

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Abstract

The starting point of article is a little‑known text by Jerzy Topolski, devoted to the transmission of historical knowledge in school education, inspired by reading Umberto Eco's book Lector in fabula. Topolski’s text presents the problem of the persuasive narrative pressure occurring in the teaching of history at school. The author presents Topolski's position, which postulates conscious consideration of the effects of the triple interpretation that takes place during the transfer of historical knowledge in school textbooks, and shows how Topolski's idea of educating students as critical readers takes place in contemporary teaching practice. The article puts forward a thesis about the anticipatory nature of Topolski's text, which in the mid‑1990s proposed a model of historical education that was ahead of its time, but possible to implement in Poland today, thanks to the change in the approach to historical education and the creation of a series of history textbooks, preferring education based on competence of historical thinking and creating a textbook narrative open to interpretation.

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Violetta Julkowska

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

12 ”People’s history” – what went wrong?

Maria Solarska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 145–147

Keywords: people’s history science truth history

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Abstract

In this text, I look at “people’s history” in the perspective of the distinction between scientific research and other stories about the past. I treat scientific research as current conventions of scientism, culturally defined as true. On the other hand, stories about the past may simply be expressions of values motivated by the inconveniences of the present. I place “people’s history” in the latter stream.

My reflection centres around four issues: 1. From what point of view can you think that there is something wrong with “people’s history”?; 2. Why some histories need additional clarification as histories of some specific groups and why some other histories do not need it; 3. Who is the “people’s history” about? 4. What is “people’s history” about?

In the first two cases, I construct a perspective, which I use to seek answers to the next two questions. This leads me to the conclusion that the trouble with “people’s history” arises when it does not meet the criteria for historical research but is nevertheless treated as belonging to history as a scientific discipline. This is because I argue in favour of maintaining the different status of truth spoken within history as scientific discourse and the other stories about the past.

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Maria Solarska

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

13 Time series as a data structure describing variation over time. Challenges, perspectives and computer-assisted research methods

Wiktor Werner

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 153–174

Keywords: time series digital history quantitative history historical awareness Google Trends

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Abstract

The article presents the issue of the use of time series in historical research. It presents the specifics of this type of data, its use in economic history research and the impact of historical policy actions on historical knowledge acquisition practices (internet searches). Part of the article is a presentation of the results of research, which uses data on the history of Internet searches shown in the form of a time series. Two methods of time series analysis are shown to work on the example of this research. The first method presented is the study of the causal moment – this method consists in isolating in a time series the moment of a potential change of a trend (as a critical moment) and generating an alternative time series, which is a hypothetical extension of the trend before the causal moment) of the critical moment. The study involves comparing the real time series with the hypothetical one. Their divergence indicates a significant change taking place at the causal moment. The second method consists in extracting from the real time series its components: a linear trend, a seasonal or cyclical trend and random elements (residuals). The purpose of this study is to find out the specifics of the process – to what extent is it predictable, repeatable or chaotic?

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiktor Werner

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza

14 Exploratory analysis and data visualization using the ggplot2 package in R - the basics of a digital cultural and historical researcher's workshop

Andrzej Radomski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 175–194

Keywords: digital culture digital humanities digital history big data research workshop exploratory analysis visualization

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Abstract

The article presents the basics of the research toolkit of the digital humanist. Digital humanities is a new research trend that has emerged in the 21st century. The main object of research of digital humanists is digital culture and digitized artifacts of the past. Digital humanists are increasingly studying large data sets – known as big data. This can include textual, media and audio data. In order for them to become the subject of cognition, they should then be converted to numerical form. ICT tools are used to study digital creations. With their help it is possible to: a) retrieve data from databases and digital archives, b) prepare them for study, c) analyse them, d) use visualization methods and prepare research reports. The paper shows examples of such research conducted using digital tools. For this purpose, the R programming language, a special development environment, were used: R Studio and the programming package: ggplot2 were used.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Radomski

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Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej

15 Quantitative history as a component of digital history: a direction for future research or alternative historical studies?

Lucyna Błażejczyk‑Majka

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 195–208

Keywords: quantitative methods historical quantitative sources cliometrics historical research process

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Abstract

Quantitative history, defined as the use of mathematical and statistical methods in historical research and reliance on quantitative sources, is currently considered a focal area of interest within digital history/humanities. Despite its long tradition, and regardless of the types of tools used, quantitative history continues to provoke controversy among humanists. The aim of this article is to present the evolving significance of employing digitally assisted quantitative sources and methods in historical research and to attempt to define their place in the toolkit of the contemporary historian. A brief history of the use of quantitative methods in historical research and its specific characteristics is provided in the text. In particular, attention is paid to aspects such as the necessity of acquiring additional tools and language, the auxiliary nature of quantitative methods, the place of quantitative methods in the historian's research process, the significance of quantitative history in the context of open science ideals, and interdisciplinary research.

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Lucyna Błażejczyk‑Majka

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

16 The technology of digital video as an instrument of research and cognition of visual history

Piotr Witek

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 209–230

Keywords: technology of digital video digital research film digital historical film digital history visual history cultural landscape

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Abstract

The article considers the potential of digital video as a research and cognitive instrument in visual history. The text offers examples of how digital video technology can be used as a research tool. It suggests potential applications of visual history in the use of digital technologies, including digital video, in research and cognitive function. The article also presents an experimental digital research film project entitled “Reading the Cultural Landscape. (Szczebrzeszyn, Biłgoraj, Sochy, Bełżec)”. The film was created in 2018 at the Institute of History of the Maria Curie‑Sklodowska University in Lublin in collaboration with the Center for Historical Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Berlin, under the direction of Piotr Witek and Ewa Solska, with the support of students Paulina Gajek, Gabriela Winiarczyk, Andrzej Włoch and Jarosław Michota. The article addresses a number of important issues, including the conceptualization of the cultural landscape, the operationalization of the category of “reading” the cultural landscape, the epistemological and methodological assumptions of the project, the conditions and criteria for the use of video in the research function, the choice of film format, the methodology of work during the project, and the presentation of the result in the form of a digital film.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Witek

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Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej

17 Challenges of digital history: between tools and threats of networked science

Jacek Kowalewski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 231–237

Keywords: digitalization networking artificial intelligence digital history surveillance capitalism

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Abstract

Digital history is developing in the context of research networking, which means the transfer of research activity to the Internet, fundamentally changing the conditions of scientific activity. The author treats digital history as an element of the digital subculture developed by IT corporations. The phenomenon of surveillance capitalism, described by Shoshana Zuboff, exposes the dangers of digitization to science, where the collection of data by Big Tech carries the risk of information manipulation, transmission control, and violation of researchers' autonomy. Digital history and related technologies are becoming a challenge for historiography, and concerns include networking, corporate data control, and artificial intelligence abuses. The introduction of these technologies also has cultural and social implications, impacting not only freedom of research, but also the work of humanists in an evolving digital culture.

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Jacek Kowalewski

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Uniwersytet Warmińsko‑Mazurski w Olsztynie

18 Discussion on Introduction to the methodology of history

Ewa Domańska , Maciej Janowski , Barbara Klich‑Kluczewska , Danuta Konieczka‑Śliwińska , Piotr Kowalewski Jahromi , Aleksandra Kuligowska , Hubert Łaszkiewicz , Jan Pomorski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 239–282

Keywords: academic textbook history didactics empiricism methodology of history empirical methodology of history pluralism

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Abstract

The article contains viewpoints presented during a panel discussion promoting the academic textbook Wprowadzenie do metodologii historii [Introduction to the Methodology of History] (eds. Ewa Domańska and Jan Pomorski, PWN 2022), which took place on December 8, 2022, in Poznań during the national conference “Methodology of History: Current Opportunities and Challenges.” The panel featured the book's editors, invited textbook authors, and experts covering topics such as various understandings of the empirical methodology of history, the pluralism of historical knowledge, and the methodology of history as a separate discipline and its role in academic teaching within historical studies. The discussion also addressed the challenges of creating a modern academic textbook reflecting new approaches and fields within the discipline of history while meeting the demands of both students and the Polish Qualifications Framework.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Domańska

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ORCID:

Maciej Janowski

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Barbara Klich‑Kluczewska

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Danuta Konieczka‑Śliwińska

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Piotr Kowalewski Jahromi

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Aleksandra Kuligowska

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Hubert Łaszkiewicz

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Jan Pomorski

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ORCID:

Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza
Instytut Historii Im. T. Manteuffla PAN
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Uniwersytet Śląski
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej

19 The role of the methodology of history in the education and work of emerging scholars. Introduction

Celina Barszczewska , Michał Kępski , Adrian Trzoss , Julia Wesołowska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 283–287

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Authors and Affiliations

Celina Barszczewska

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Michał Kępski

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Adrian Trzoss

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Julia Wesołowska

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

20 Why methodology in historiography?

Anna Brzezińska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 289–300

Keywords: methodology of history methodology academic history historiography theory of history new technologies interdisciplinarity historical research

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Abstract

The paper was developed on the basis of a discussion on the role of methodology in the experience of young historians, which took place in Poznań in December 2022. The aim of the discussion was to compare the experiences of the different Polish academic centres from which the speakers came. Therefore, the present article focuses on the perspective of the University of Łódź, which imposes certain limitations.

The author discusses the importance of methodological training in the history curriculum for academic studies. With regard to teaching practice, she attempts to clarify the broad concept of the 'methodology of history' and emphasizes the need for conscious methodological approaches to research. The text underlines the importance of methodological training in shaping research directions and fostering dialogue with other disciplines. It highlights the challenges posed by the digital turn and the need to adapt research tools to contemporary technological advances, and argues for a methodologically grounded approach to historical research.

By discussing the methodological proposals of, among others, Ethan Kleinberg, Joan Wallach Scott, Gary Wilder and Ewa Domańska in the context of academic historiography, the author also attempts to show the real impact of historical turns on public discourse and political rhetoric.

The deliberately simple and short title of the text is aimed at students, to make them feel invited to the above‑mentioned discussion.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Brzezińska

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Uniwersytet Łódzki

21 Methodology and theory of history and their visibility in Poland

Tomasz Wiśniewski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 301–313

Keywords: methodology of history theory of history Russian thought support networks

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Abstract

The paper is a contribution to the discussion on the role of the methodology of history in the teaching and research of young scholars. I reflect on the misunderstanding of the methodology of history by historians and scholars from other disciplines and/or fields within the humanities and social sciences. Exploring ways to enhance the current state of affairs, I argue for a redefinition of this area of study as the “theory of history.” I show various ways in which this “theory” is connected to other disciplines and/or fields within the humanities and social sciences. I list readings that I believe should be included in the curriculum of young scholars. I highlight hitherto overlooked intellectual territories, in particular the study of Russian thought, especially the philosophy of history. In addition, I propose the establishment of support networks to foster a more collaborative and inclusive academic environment, aimed at increasing the visibility of our field within the humanities and social sciences. This approach seeks to broaden the disciplinary scope and facilitate a more nuanced understanding of history’s methodological (theoretical) engagements.

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Tomasz Wiśniewski

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

22 The development of beginner historians (and not only them) and the methodology of history

Mateusz Chudziak

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 315–328

Keywords: methodology methodological seminar classical historiography meta‑reflection

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Abstract

The text is part of a discussion on the role of methodology of history in educating young historians. The comments presented are formulated from the perspective of a researcher educated on the outskirts of the discipline of history. Nonetheless, the methodology of history can play an important role in developing deeper research self‑awareness. However, this requires systemic solutions enabling seminar formation. The importance of this type of formation can be seen by following the experience of other young historians whose voices are mentioned in the text. Even if a number of different attitudes emerge from this (from a more or less conscious positioning in the mainstream of classical historiography to a conscious choice of the path of a non‑classical historian), it is clear that there is a need to develop not only skills, but also broad competences (from knowledge of the achievements of other disciplines, through various schools in historiography up to deep methodological self‑awareness) exists and is a starting point for discussions and activities that may in the future reduce the gap between methodologists and practicing historians indicated in the methodological community.

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Mateusz Chudziak

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Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie

23 Methodology of history in the era of technological breakthroughs of the 21st century

Karol Kasprowicz

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 329–348

Keywords: theory of history digital history artificial intelligence complexity metaverse virtual reality augmented reality

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This article contributes to the discussion on the transforming role of history and reflection upon it in the context of the dynamic technological changes of the second decade of the 21st century. The text focuses on the challenges and opportunities presented by new technologies, such as virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) and artificial intelligence (AI), for research and teaching practices in the field of history. It also reflects on the future of history as an academic discipline in the face of accelerating technological transformations and their impact on society and academia. The author emphasizes the need for the traditional methodology of history to adapt to the digital age, highlighting the necessity of integrating digital tools and adopting a critical approach to their use in historical research. The impact of these technologies on historical education is also discussed, underlining the potential of VR/AR in creating immersive educational experiences, as well as the ethical and methodological challenges facing historians in the era of artificial intelligence.

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Karol Kasprowicz

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Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej w Lublinie

24 How do we remember the pandemic? Practices of constructing the memory of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland

Marta Karkowska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 349–368

Keywords: pandemic COVID‑19 social memory qualitative research Poland

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Abstract

The article concerns the issue of constructing a narrative about the pandemic until early autumn 2022, i.e. the moment when the state of epidemic threat in Poland was officially lifted. This allowed for the analysis of issues related to the formation of memory about a historically close event, considered from the perspective of individuals. The author considers issues such as the way of narrating the COVID‑19 pandemic, ideas about the pandemic, the symbolism indicated by the interlocutors, as well as selected processes and mechanisms that affect the way of perceiving, telling and remembering about a new and previously unexperienced threat.

The analyses are mainly based on selected 45 in‑depth qualitative interviews conducted in 2022. The author also refers to interviews conducted with the same people in 2020 and 2021, treating the previous statements as a context and sometimes an explanation or supplement to the content that was formulated in 2022. Interviews constituting the basis for the analyses were conducted with people of different ages and in different life situations (independent adults up to 35 years of age, parents living with children, seniors aged 65 and over), living in various parts of Poland, both in rural areas in small towns and voivodeship capitals. The analyses refer to theoretical concepts presented, among others, by researchers of memory considered in the social dimension, referring to Maurice Halbwachs, such as Aleida Assmann, Jan Assmann, and Astrid Erll.

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Marta Karkowska

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Polska Akademia Nauk

25 Between a “bleeding” frontier and a “Greening” border. Recurring nature around the Polish-German interwar border in Upper Silesia (1921–1939)

Niklas Kniebühler , Dominika Marciniak

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 369-394

Keywords: Environmental history Upper Silesia Interwar period Border Green border

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Abstract

The following paper poses the question of whether the interwar period border between Germany and Poland in Upper Silesia that was established during the 1920s and lasted until 1939 had a notable effect on the highly industrialised and economically exploited environment surrounding it. This idea was inspired by previous works by Peter Coates and Astrid Eckert, that showed contested border regions with reduced human activity to be beneficial for other species. On examination, however, the border situation in Upper Silesia differed greatly from those examples by promoting cross‑border mobility rather than limiting it. The paper looks at a wide array of contemporary Polish and German speaking publications concerned with the border region for clues about changes in the environment.

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Niklas Kniebühler

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Dominika Marciniak

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Albert‑Ludwigs‑Universität Freiburg
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

26 An implicated museum, a museum of implication? Upper Silesian Jews’ House Of Remembrance in Gliwice in the context of the Polish Museum boom

Maria Kobielska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 395-419

Keywords: historical museums Polish memory culture implication Upper Silesia museumof implication

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Abstract

This article is a presentation of the results of research on the history and mechanisms of the Polish museum boom in which I focus on seeking the critical and opening potential of new Polish historical museums in the context of minority memories. In this vein, I conduct a case study of the Upper Silesian Jews’ House of Remembrance, a branch of the Gliwice Museum that opened to the public in 2018 and elaborates on themes that are doubly excluded within Polish memory culture: German‑Jewish history. I take into account the museum’s spatial context (the Jewish cemetery), building (a restored pre‑burial house from the early 20th century), the permanent exhibition itself, and, additionally, my autoethnography as a researcher of Polish historical museums, and a Gliwice native, placing the analysis in the context of the theory of the implicated subject (Rothberg) and the community of implication (Lehrer) – directly and, most importantly, indirectly implicated in a history in injustice, oppression, and violence. Finally, I propose a term of “a museum of implication”, the infrastructure of difficult memory that would open up new possibilities for problematizing present relations with the past.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Kobielska

Ośrodek Badań Nad Kulturami Pamięci, Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

27 Who are these pines and birches rustling to? Local memory and history of execution sites in Kosówka

Stefan Michał Marcinkiewicz

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 421-439

Keywords: World War II Kosówka operacja Barbarossa Oflag 56 mass shootings

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Abstract

Near the village of Kosówka (Rajgród commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship) there are two execution sites from 1941‑1945. In the largest place (Kosówka I), a monument was erected in 1959 to commemorate Red Army soldiers, partisans, and prisoners of the concentration camp in Bogusze, Poles, Italians, French and Lithuanians. According to the act of establishing the monument, Soviet soldiers and Polish civilians are buried in this place. However, 292 Polish inhabitants of Grajewo and the surrounding area were shot by the Germans in another place (Kosówka II). Source research conducted by the author shows that Soviet prisoners of war – victims of Heydrich's order No. 8 regarding selection in camps – are buried at the first site. According to the post‑war investigation, approximately 5,000 Red Army soldiers of various nations and religions are buried in Kosówka. The monument inscription that is still present today results from the memory politics of the Polish People's Republic, which manipulated numbers and expanded the categories of victims. The inscription constitutes falsified, but also condensed knowledge about the past. It is a manifestation of the amalgamation of collective memory ‑ combining various events, threads, groups and people into one story about the past.

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Stefan Michał Marcinkiewicz

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Uniwersytet Warmińsko‑Mazurski w Olsztynie

28 The lifespan of a monument: forest as a memorial

Maria Piekarska‑Baronet

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 441-460

Keywords: environmental memory environmental memorial forest Israel materiality of monument

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Abstract

The article examines the material and symbolic developments of environmental memorials, understood as intentional commemorations that involve organic matter as both the building and the symbolically signifying substance, years after their creation. Upon outlining a theoretical framework, the article presents a case study of the established Israeli practice of planting forests as memorials. In light of the growing contemporary interest in green commemorations as an alternative to traditional monuments, more than 100 years of Israeli forest memorials provide examples of possible "afterlife" scenarios for such commemorative spaces. Drawing on archival and field research, the article examines Israeli forests through the lens of their vital materiality and counter‑memorial potential, the tensions between organic agency and human commemorative intentions, and the social practices that forests generate as ambiguous memorial landscapes. The article points to the role of socio‑cultural context in the realisation of environmental memorials, moving beyond connotations derived from ecological reflection and highlighting local meanings of travelling memory practices.

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Maria Piekarska‑Baronet

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Uniwersytet Warszawski

29 Warsaw and the rebellion. A study of the perception of the Second Polish Republic in the book Coup D'état: the technique of revolution by Curzio Malaparte

Bartosz Smoczyk

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 461-479

Keywords: Curzio Malaparte Battle of Warsaw East and West center and periphery

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Abstract

The subject of the following work is to look at the way of perceiving the Second Polish Republic present in the work of the Italian author, publicist and diplomat: Curzio Malaparte. On the pages of his book Coup d'état, he described, among others: ‑ the Battle of Warsaw. With reference to this event and the narrative led by the Italian, in the article I focused on discussing the theoretical framework that is strongly related to the process of presenting the Second Polish Republic, in a way that marginalizes it and presents it as a peripheral country, on a bipolar west‑east axis, as well as with perspectives of the fascist understanding of the state. The text further presents the source and author, followed by an analysis of selected fragments of the book Coup d'etat, relating to how Curzio Malaparte wrote about the Second Polish Republic, including it among the countries of the cultural East, distinguished from the West, which is a model and point of reference.

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Bartosz Smoczyk

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza

30 Environmental memory in the recollections of witnesses to the construction of the Belchatow coal district

Marta Tomczok

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 481-499

Keywords: environmental memory brown coal coal humanities Bełchatów

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Abstract

The article develops the concept of the environmental memory of coal based on available sources from the times of displacement in the villages of the Bełchatów Industrial District. Verifying the findings of coal humanities, the author analyses the difference between the memory of the hard coal and brown coal environments, and then, trying to present the results of field research conducted in selected BOP villages or with the inhabitants of already displaced villages, draws attention to the difference in formulating conclusions about how they remember the nature of the inhabitants of the Bełchatów Basin and how this memory is arranged depending on the type of source.

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Marta Tomczok

Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach

31 Memory and oblivion of industry and the environment of industrial districts in the period of the Polish People's Republic and the Third Polish Republic

Paweł Tomczok

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 501-519

Keywords: memory argumentation rhetoric industrial history environmental history non‑places

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Abstract

The article analyses the forms of memory and forgetting about the heavy industry from the post‑war period to the transformation period. In the post‑war years, the rhetoric of great acceleration dominated, in which the emphasis on the intensification of work and production overrode all obstacles – both the exploitation of workers and the excessive exploitation of the environment. At the turn of the 1960s, forms of ecological awareness began to appear related to knowledge on the destruction of the environment in the vicinity of large factories. The modernization narrative about subsequent industrialization plans began to be accompanied by increasingly more vital voices recalling the destruction of forest, agricultural, and urban environments. Only during the transformation period, when industrialization projects collapsed, could the ecological disasters caused by the Polish People's Republic’s industry be remembered and commemorated. New forms of memory about the rapidly degrading heavy industry, especially photographs, demonstrate the ongoing deindustrialization's social and spatial effects.

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Paweł Tomczok

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Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach

32 „Everyman his own historian” – on the concept of „history” in selected dictionaries and encyclopaedias of the long eighteenth century

Joanna Orzeł

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 521-540

Keywords: encyclopedia transfer of ideas concept of ‘history’ historical semantics eighteenth century

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Abstract

In the Polish historiography of the early modern era, still little attention is devoted to the semantics of particular concepts. Even more so, there is a lack of studies showing the transfer of ideas in the Republic of Letters. For these reasons, an analysis of the concept of ‘history’ in the dictionary and encyclopaedic works of the eighteenth century was carried out. The aim of the research was, on the one hand, to analyse the content of articles devoted to ‘history’ and, on the other, to show the influence (or lack thereof) of some works on others. Works by Louis Moréri, Pierre Bayle, Ephraim Chambers, Johann Heinrich Zedler, Gianfrancesco Pivati, the authors of the Encyclopédie, Ignacy Krasicki, and Franciszek Salezy Jezierski were explored. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the Enlightenment spirit was hugely influenced by Bayle’s ideas, which were later developed by the French encyclopaedists: the need to separate a legendary/ mythical past from real history, the need for criticism and a critical approach to historiographical works (including ancient ones), the attention to the difficulty of being a good historian, and the functions of history, especially moral‑educational.

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Joanna Orzeł

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Uniwersytet Łódzki

33 ‘No need to worry. One’s a man after all’: the images of manhood in polish forced laborers' memoirs

Marta Pawlińska , Marta : Uniwersytet Warszawski Pawlińska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 541-562

Keywords: manhood forced labour men’s studies World War II

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Abstract

The following article presents the themes explored previously in the award‑winning Master’s thesis titled “No need to worry. One’s a man after all’: The Images of Manhood in Polish Forced Laborers’ Memoirs.” The topic of masculinity among Polish forced labourers remains an underexplored aspect in the field of history. This study delves into memoirs submitted to memoir competitions in 1946 and between 1964–1965 by former Polish male forced labourers, closely investigating the masculine figure known as the “Protector,” drawing inspiration from Maddy Carey’s study “Jewish Masculinities in the Holocaust: Between Destruction and Construction” (2019). The figure of “Protector” is analyzed on the basis of the fathers and father figures mentioned in the memoirs, as well on as the passages where the memoirists assume the role of the “Protectors” themselves, standing up for their family members or women. The author introduces the concept of “deposits of masculinity,” which encapsulates the dynamics of oncepossessed, lost, and regained masculine figures of self.

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Marta Pawlińska

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Marta : Uniwersytet Warszawski Pawlińska

34 The technique of contexts and meanings as a proposed research method for working with memorial materials and the reflection of subject – example of analysis

Małgorzata Gumper

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 563-589

Keywords: technique of contexts and meanings dominant of retrospection truths of memory dismemberment of individual references cassation of identity

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The article presents in an accessible way a new method of working with diaries and memories in historical research. The technique of contexts and meanings was constructed by the author in order to examine the memoirs of Prince Michał Kleofas Ogiński (1765–1833) from the period of his entire life from the moment he began his political activity. The sources discussed in this article are obtained from the State Archives of Historical Records in Moscow „Observations on events occurring in Poland since the end of November 1830” (in the original French). The technique of contexts and meanings is based on a thorough analysis of the source text, especially the meaning of specific words and phrases, as well as their interpretation, taking into account the context of the statement. It is based on the assumption that the experiences that a person has when reminiscing are highly similar to authentic experiences from the past. However, this applies only to a specific group of memories that concern events that the researcher calls the cassation of the identity of certain communities. In the article, an example of the use of this technique is preceded by a concise theoretical introduction, which discussed the innovative concepts and assumptions related to it.

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Małgorzata Gumper

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

35 Becoming subaltern? The application of postcolonial theories to the relationship between the Galician nobility and the Habsburg monarchy (1772–1815)

Oleksandra Krushynska

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 591-616

Keywords: Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria Habsburg Monarchy postcolonial studies civilizing mission subalternization

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The article deals with the applicability of postcolonial theoretical framework to the relationship between the Habsburg Monarchy agents and the noble elites of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria following the First Partition of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. It is argued that the imperial government attempted to implement “subalternization” strategies concerning the local elites by depriving them of the opportunities to influence provincial politics, in order to transform the Galician szlachta into loyal “enlightened” subordinates of the absolutist monarchy. The reactions of the Kingdom nobility to these politics, their attempts to retain dominant positions through creating a symbiotic government model, and the eventual outcome of the Habsburg homogenization politics in Galicia by the end of Napoleonic Wars are also examined in the article.

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Oleksandra Krushynska

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University of Vienna

36 The polish generation La Belle Époque in Galicia and Lodomeria as an attempt to apply the method of researching generations in historical sciences

Tomasz Jacek Lis

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 617-637

Keywords: Austro‑Hungary Karl Mannheim Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria methodsof history latent class

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The method of studying generations, and consequently age groups, including youth, is a seldom- ‑explored topic in Polish historiography. This is due to the requirement of using methods that bridge the fields of sociology and history, which can sometimes be challenging. An attempt to reconcile sociology and history was made years ago by scholars such as Karl Mannheim. Following in their footsteps, this article analyses Poles aged 15‑25, born in Galicia during the La belle époque period, i.e., between 1870 and 1900, who were pursuing education in secondary schools and universities. The article aims to demonstrate how one can study youth in historical terms and what type of sources can be particularly useful for this purpose.

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Tomasz Jacek Lis

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Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy

37 Making history transnational

Tomasz Wiśniewski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 639-657

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Tomasz Wiśniewski

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

38 On Upiór

Rafał Rutkowski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 659-667

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Rafał Rutkowski

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Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN

39 Essays upon explosive atractors. (On the quality of humanistic methodology in Wycinanki by Wojciech Wrzosek). Review: An effort of pedagogical reading

Lech Witkowski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 669-682

Keywords: Cutouts feuilleton explosive effects integrality of humanities

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The author of the present review is discussing a two volumes work by Professor Wojciech Wrzosek, entitled Cutouts. The Collection of Feuilletons. The method of interpretation of these books is linked with the idea of “explosive effect”. searched in Wrzosek’s essays across new meanings of old concepts, novel terms, paradoxical theorems, in a number of major figures read transversally through various disciplines of academic discourse, as well as in literature beyond it. The reviewer is perceiving the method applied by the Cutouts as much more serious academically than reflected by the term “feuilleton”. The work by Wrzosek is appreciated as erudite and excellent for didactic, self‑education and cultural initiation purposes, usually wrongly treated as superficial. The scale of intellectual references contains almost fifty names of outstanding humanists referred to through delicately chosen quotations from various spheres of humanities treated integrally.

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Lech Witkowski

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Uniwersytet Pomorski w Słupsku

40 Three issues for professor Lech Witkowski In connection with his essay on Cutouts

Wojciech Wrzosek

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2024 | tom 54 | 683-701

Keywords: Cutouts Poznan school of philosophy of science Florian Znaniecki’s humanistic coefficient Jerzy Kmita’s theory of culture

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The author thanks Professor Witkowski for his unceremonious praise of his Cutouts. However, he also has three things to say to him: firstly, he explains that proposing Cutouts to students as a form of didactic etude is not feasible. Secondly, using the term Poznań school in relation to Poznań philosophy of science does not prevent us from remembering Florian Znaniecki’s Poznań school. Finally, thirdly: Jerzy Kmita, from his earliest works, has constantly benefited from the work of the world‑famous sociologist. The central concept of Kmita’s theory of culture, i.e., subjective phenomenon/subjective concept, is an explication of Florian Znaniecki’s humanistic coefficient.

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Wojciech Wrzosek

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Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

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Publication decisions: The editor is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject a paper for publication is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal.

Confidentiality: The editor and the members of the editorial board must ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential while under review. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.

Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the editor and the editorial board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.

Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.

Editorial board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: Journals editors will consider retracting a publication if:
- they have a clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.

Notice of the retraction should be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identify the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.

Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

DUTIES OF AUTHORS

Reporting standards: Authors of reports of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and may cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.

Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.

Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.

Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.

Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.

Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.

Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

DUTIES OF REVIEWERS

Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.

Promptness: Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.

Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.

Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.

Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.

Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure

PEER-REVIEW PROCESS

1) All submissions to Historyka are subjected to peer-review.
2) Authors are obliged to participate in peer review process.
3) Peer-review is defined as obtaining advice on individual manuscripts from at least two academic experts in the field.
4) Publishers and editors make sure that the appointed reviewers have no conflict of interest.
5) Reviewers are required to offer objective judgments, to point out relevant published work which is not yet cited.
6) The review has a written form and concludes with unequivocal decision concerning submitted article.
7) The reviewers judge whether or not the submission qualifies for publication, taking into account the following criteria (among others): whether the subject is treated in an innovative manner; whether the article takes into account recent subject literature; whether the methodology is adequate; the article’s impact on the current state of research in the field.
8) Reviewed articles are treated confidentially (double-blind review process).
9) The reviews remain confidential.
10) All authors are obliged to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.
11) Once a year in the printed issue of the journal as well as on the website of Historyka the editorial board will publish a list of reviewers collaborating with the journal.
12) Reviewers use the following form when evaluating an article

Reviewers

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2012

dr hab. Maciej Bugajewski (UAM), prof. Keely Stauter-Halsted (University of Illinois), dr hab. Violetta Julkowska (UAM), prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Libera (UJ) , prof. dr hab. Andrzej Nowak (UJ), prof. dr hab. Ryszard Nycz (UJ), dr hab. Łukasz Tomasz Sroka (UP), prof. dr hab. Rafał Stobiecki (UŁ), Dr hab. Wiktor Werner, prof. UAM (UAM), dr hab. Mariusz Wołos, prof. UP (UP), prof. Nathan Wood (University of Kansas), dr hab. Anna Ziębińska-Witek (UMCS)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2013

Krzysztof Brzechczyn (Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza), Adam Izbebski (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), Barbara Klich-Kluczewska (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), Marcin Kula (Uniwersytet Warszawski), Wojciech Piasek (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika), Radosław Poniat (Uniwersytet w Białymstoku), Isabel Röskau-Rydel (Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie), Roma Sendyka (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), Jarosław Stolicki (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), Jan Swianiewicz (Uniwersytet Warszawski), Marek Wilczyński (Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie), Piotr Witek (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej), Marek Woźniak (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej), Anna Ziębińska-Witek (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2014

Jan Surman (Herder-Institut, Marburg), Zbigniew Romek (IH PAN), Andrzej Chwalba (UJ), dr hab. prof. UW Michał Kopczyński (UW), dr hab. Maciej Bugajewski (UAM), Marek Woźniak (UMCS), Piotr Witek (UMCS) , Barbara Klich Kluczewska (UJ), Marcin Jarząbek (UJ), Maria Kobielska (UJ) MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2015 Sebastian Bernat (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej), Tomasz Falkowski (Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza), Dorota Głowacka (University of King's College), Maciej Jabłoński (Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza), Bartłomiej Krupa (Instytut Badań Literackich PAN), Marcin Kula (Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza w Warszawie, Uniwersytet Warszawski [emeritus]), Mirosława Kupryjanowicz (Uniwersytet w Białymstoku), Jacek Leociak (Instytut Badań Literackich PAN), Maria Lityńska-Zając (Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN), Anna Muller (University of Michigan), Tomasz Pawelec (Uniwersytet Śląski), Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska (Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu), Wojciech Piasek (Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika), Bożena Popiołek (Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie), Roma Sendyka (Uniwersytet Jagielloński), Ewelina Szpak (Instytut Historii PAN), Wojciech Tylmann (Uniwersytet Gdański), Justyna Tymieniecka-Suchanek (Uniwersytet Śląski)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2016

Tomasz Błaszczak (Vytautas Magnus University), Krzysztof Buchowski (UwB), Andrzej Buko (UW), Paweł Bukowiec (UJ), Ewa Domańska (UAM/Stanford University), Bartosz Drzewiecki (UP), Mateusz Jerzy Falkowski (New York University), Maciej Fic (UŚ), Piotr Guzowski (UwB), Joanna Janik (UJ), Maciej Janowski (CEU/IH PAN), Dariusz Jarosz (IH PAN), Elisabeth Johann (Austrian Forest Association), Klemens Kaps (Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla), Michał Kara (IAiE PAN), Andrzej Karpiński (UW), Edmund Kizik (UG), Barbara Klassa (UG), Jolanta Kolbuszewska (UŁ), Andrea Komlosy (Universität Wien), Jacek Kowalewski (UWM), Elżbieta Kościk (UWr), Adam Kożuchowski (IH PAN), Eryk Krasucki (USz), Barbara Krysztopa-Czuprynska (UWM), Cezary Kuklo (UwB), Jacek Małczyński (UWr), Konrad Meus (UP), Grzegorz Miernik (UJK), Michael Morys-Twarowski (UJ), Jadwiga Muszyńska (UJK), Jakub Niedźwiedź (UJ), Marcin Pawlak (UMK), Radosław Poniat (UwB), Bożena Popiołek (UP), Tomasz Przerwa (UWr), Rajmund Przybylak (UMK), Andrzej Rachuba (IH PAN), Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak (UJ), Isabel Röskau-Rydel (UP), Stanisław Roszak (UMK), Tomasz Samojlika (IBS PAN), Paweł Sierżęga (URz), Volodymyr Sklokin (Ukrainian Catholic University), Maria Solarska (UAM), Jan Surman (), Aurimas Švedas (Vilnius University), Michał Targowski (UMK), Robert Twardosz (UJ), Justyna Tymieniecka-Suchanek (UŚ), Jacek Wijaczka (UMK), Hubert Wilk (IH PAN), Tomasz Wiślicz (IH PAN), Elena Xoplaki (Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen), Anna Zalewska (UMCS), Marcin Zaremba (UW), Anna Ziębińska-Witek (UMCS), Paweł Żmudzki (UW)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2017

Michał Bilewicz (UW), Anna Brzezińska (UŁ), Michał Choptiany (UMK), Jacek Chrobaczyńcki (UP), Rafał Dobek (UAM), Iwona Janicka (UG), Anna D. Jaroszynska-Kirchmann (Eastern Connecticut State University), Jolanta Kluba (Centrum Historii Zajezdnia), Piotr Koprowski (UG), Jacek Kowalewski (UWM), Wiktoria Kudela (NCN), Aleksandra Leinwand (IH PAN), Gabriela Majewska (UG), Łukasz Mikołajewski (UW), Stephan Moebius (Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz), Tim B. Müller (Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung), Tomasz Pawelec (UŚ), Wioletta Pawlikowska-Butterwick (IH PAN), Wojciech Piasek (UMK), Radosław Poniat (UwB), Zbigniew Romek (IH PAN), Izabela Skórzyńska (UAM), Ewa Solska (UMCS), Rafał Stobiecki (UŁ), Michał Trębacz (UŁ), Jan Swianiewicz (UW), Anna Waśko (UJ), Tomasz Wiślicz (IH PAN), Piotr Witek (UMCS), Joanna Wojdon (UWr), Agata Zysiak (UW)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2018

Magdalena Barbaruk (University of Wrocław), Radosław Bomba (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Joana Brites (Universidade de Coimbra), Anna Brzezińska (University of Lodz), Marta Chmiel-Chrzanowska (University of Szczecin), Bernadetta Darska (University of Warmia and Mazury), Paweł Dobrosielski (University of Warsaw), Dariusz Dolański (University of Zielona Gora), Maciej Dymkowski (University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Wrocław), Tomasz Falkowski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Agnieszka Gajewska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Neil Galway (Queen's University Belfast), Ryszard Gryglewski (Jagiellonian University), Maud Guichard-Marneur (Göteborgs Universitet), Mariola Hoszowska (University of Rzeszów), Marcin Jarząbek (Jagiellonian University), Karina Jarzyńska (Jagiellonian University), Violetta Julkowska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Olga Kaczmarek (University of Warsaw), Barbara Klassa (University of Gdansk), Maria Kobielska (Jagiellonian University), Jolanta Kolbuszewska (University of Lodz), Paweł Komorowski (Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences), Jacek Kowalewski (University of Warmia and Mazury), Adam Kożuchowski (Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences), Lenka Krátká (Akademie Věd České Republiky), Cezary Kuklo (UwB), Iwona Kurz (University of Warsaw), Halina Lichocka (Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences), Anita Magowska (Poznan University of Medical Sciences), Paulina Małochleb (Jagiellonian University), Andrea Mariani (Adam Mickiewicz University), Adam Mazurkiewicz (University of Lodz), Lidia Michalska-Bracha (Jan Kochanowski University), Anna Muller (University of Michigan-Dearborn), Monika Napora (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Jakub Niedźwiedź (Jagiellonian University), Anna Odrzywolska-Kidawa (Jan Dlugosz University), Magdalena Paciorek (Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences), Tomasz Pawelec (University of Silesia), Joanna Pisulińska (University of Rzeszów), Sławomir Poleszak (Institute for National Remembrance in Lublin), Aleksandra Porada (University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Wrocław), Stanisław Roszak (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Paweł Sierżęga (University of Rzeszów), Kinga Siewior (Jagiellonian University), Izabela Skórzyńska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Dorota Skotarczak (Adam Mickiewicz University), Bogusław Skowronek (Pedagogical University of Cracow), Tomasz Ślepowroński (University of Szczecin), Rafał Stobiecki (University of Lodz), Ksenia Surikova (St-Petersburg State University), Adam Szarszewski (Medical University of Gdańsk), Justyna Tabaszewska (Institute of Literary Research of Polish Academy of Sciences), Paweł Tomczok (University of Silesia), Anna Trojanowska (Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences), Izabela Trzcińska (Jagiellonian University), Marek Tuszewicki (Jagiellonian University), Bożena Urbanek (Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences), Jan Krzysztof Witczak (Adam Mickiewicz University), Tomasz Wiślicz-Iwańczyk (Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences), Joanna Wojdon (University of Wrocław), Marta Zimniak-Hałajko (University of Warsaw)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2019

Maciej Bugajewski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Agnieszka Czarnecka (Jagiellonian University), Tadeusz Czekalski (Jagiellonian University), Isabelle Davion (University of Paris), Alexander Dmitriev (Higher School of Economics. National Research University), Tomasz Falkowski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Dariusz Grzybek (Jagiellonian University), Marc Hertogh (Universitet of Groningen), Maciej Janowski (The Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History, Polish Academy of Science), Violetta Julkowska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Krzysztof Korzeniowski (Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science), Karol Kościelniak (Adam Mickiewicz University), Przemysław Krzywoszyński (Adam Mickiewicz University), Stefan Machura (Bangor University), Marianna Michałowska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Łukasz Mikołajewski (University of Warsaw), Magdalena Najbar-Agičić (University of Zagreb), Bartosz Ogórek (Pedagogical University of Kraków), Tomasz Pawelec (University of Silesia), Zdzisław Pietrzyk (Jagiellonian University), Jure Ramšak (The Science and Research Centre Koper), Myroslav Shkandrij (University of Manitoba), Paweł Sierżęga (University of Rzeszów), Volodymyr Sklokin (Ukrainian Catholic University), Dorota Skotarczak (Adam Mickiewicz University), Janusz Smołucha (Ignatianum University in Kraków), Ewa Solska (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University), Anna Sosnowska (University of Warsaw), Krzysztof Stopka (Jagiellonian University), Aurimas Švedas (Vilnius University), Mikołaj Szołtysek (University of Warsaw), Urszula Świderska-Włodarczyk (University of Zielona Gora), Wiktor Werner (Adam Mickiewicz University), Jacek Wijaczka (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Marcin Wolniewicz (The Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History, Polish Academy of Science), Jakub Wysmułek (Institute of Political Studies, Polish Academy of Science), Mateusz Wyżga (Pedagogical University of Kraków)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2020

Urszula Augustyniak (University of Warsaw), Radosław Bomba (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Krzysztof Brzechczyn (Adam Mickiewicz University), Maciej Bugajewski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Karolina Ćwiek-Rogalska (Polish Academy of Sciences), Marek Drwięga (Jagiellonian University), Wojciech Gajewski (University of Gdansk), Antoni Grabowski (Polish Academy of Sciences), Piotr Guzowski (University of Bialystok), Adam Izdebski (Jagiellonian University), Maciej Janowski (Polish Academy of Sciences), Marcin Jarząbek (Jagiellonian University), Małgorzata Kołacz-Chmiel (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Bartosz Kołoczek (Jagiellonian University), Piotr Koryś (University of Warsaw), Danuta Kowalewska (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Piotr Kowalewski Jahromi (University of Silesia), Adam Kożuchowski (Polish Academy of Sciences), Sławomir Łotysz (Polish Academy of Sciences), Rafał Matera (University of Lodz), Włodzimierz Mędrzecki (Polish Academy of Sciences), Tomasz Mojsik (University of Bialystok), Bartosz Ogórek (Pedagogical University of Cracow), Wojciech Piasek (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Stanisław Roszak (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Jan Skoczyński (Jagiellonian University), Ewa Solska (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Marcin Stasiak (Jagiellonian University), Rafał Stobiecki (University of Lodz), Jan Swaniewicz (Stołeczne Centrum Edukacji Kulturalnej im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej), Piotr Weiser (Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University), Wiktor Werner (Adam Mickiewicz University), Marek Więcek (Małopolskie Centrum Nauki Cogiteon/ Jagiellonian University), Jacek Wijaczka (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Magdalena Zdrodowska (Jagiellonian University)

MANUSCRIPTS REVIEWERS 2021

Ada Arendt (University of Warsaw), Gabriel Borowski (Jagiellonian University), Lidia Bracha (Jan Kochanowski University), Krzysztof Brzechczyn (Adam Mickiewicz University), Maciej Bugajewski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Anita Całek (Jagiellonian University), Stanisław Czekalski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Bartosz Działoszyński (University of Warsaw), Jerzy Franczak (Jagiellonian University), Brygide Gasztold (Koszalin University of Technology), Małgorzata Głowacka-Grajper (University of Warsaw), Agnieszka Gondor-Wiercioch (Jagiellonian University), Violetta Julkowska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Andrzej Karpiński (Polish Academy of Sciences), Edmund Kizik (University of Gdańsk), Małgorzata Kołacz-Chmiel (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Danuta Kowalewska (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Marcin Kula (University of Warsaw), Piotr Kuligowski (Polish Academy of Sciences), Marta Kurkowska-Budzan (Jagiellonian University), Jacek Leociak (Polish Academy of Sciences), Arkadiusz Marciniak (Adam Mickiewicz University), Magdalena Matczak (University of Liverpool), Konrad Matyjaszek (Polish Academy of Sciences), Jerzy Mazurek (University of Warsaw), Maciej Michalski (Adam Mickiewicz University), Wojciech Opioła (University of Opole), Joanna Orzeł (University of Łódź), Michał Pawleta (Adam Mickiewicz University), Ivan Peshkov (Adam Mickiewicz University), Jarosław Pietrzak (Pedagogical University of Cracow), Jan Pomorski (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Radosław Poniat (Uniwersytet w Białymstoku), Maciej Ptaszyński (University of Warsaw), Anna Ratke-Majewska (University of Zielona Gora), Andrzej Radomski (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Paweł Rodak (University of Warsaw), Tadeusz Rutkowski (University of Warsaw), Roma Sendyka (Jagiellonian University), Izabela Skórzyńska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Maria Solarska (Adam Mickiewicz University), Ewa Solska (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Monika Stobiecka (University of Warsaw), Jan Swianiewicz (Stołeczne Centrum Edukacji Kulturalnej w Warszawie), Rafał Szmytka (Jagiellonian University), Wiktor Werner (Adam Mickiewicz University), Hubert Wierciński (University of Warsaw), Wiesław Caban (Jan Kochanowski University), Jacek Wijaczka (Nicolaus Copernicus University), Tomasz Wiślicz (University of Warsaw), Władysław Witalisz (Jagiellonian University), Stanisław Witecki (Jagiellonian University), Piotr Witek (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Marek Woźniak (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Anna Zalewska (Maria Curie-Sklodowska University), Jakub Zamorski (Jagiellonian University), Edyta Zierkiewicz (University of Wrocław).

REVIEWERS 2022

Michał Jacek Baranowski, University of Warsaw; Katarzyna Błachowska, University of Warsaw; Zofia Brzozowska, University of Łódź; Kathryn Ciancia, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Amir Duranovic, University of Sarajevo; Agnieszka Dziuba, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski; Gabor Egry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Tomasz Falkowski. Adam Mickiewicz University; Andrzej Gałganek, Adam Mickiewicz University; Theresa Garstenauer, University of Vienna; Wacław Gojniczek, Uniwersytet Śląski; Elisabeth Haid, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Marcin Jarząbek, Jagiellonian University; Eriks Jekabson, University of Latvia; Violetta Julkowska, Adam Mickiewicz University; Katarzyna Kącka, Nicolaus Copernicus University; Andrzej Karpiński, University of Warsaw; Naoum Kaytchev, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski'; Barbara Klich-Kluczewska, Jagiellonian University; Iwona Krzyżanowska-Skowronek, Jagiellonian University; Cezary Kuklo, University of Bialystok; Dorota Malczewska-Pawelec, University of Silesia; Sean Martin, John Carroll University; Mariusz Mazur, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Roberto Mazza, University of Limerick; Janusz Mierzwa, Jagiellonian University; Andrzej Misiuk, University of Warsaw; Giuseppe Motta, Sapienza Università di Roma; Robert Miklos Nagy, Babeș-Bolyai University; Joanna Orzeł, University of Łódź; Martin Pelc, Silesia University in Opava; Radosław Poniat, University of Bialystok; James Pula, Purdue University North Central, PAHA; Konstantinos Raptis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Tamás Révész, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Klaus Richter, University of Birmingham; Dariusz Sikorski, Adam Mickiewicz University; Dariusz Śnieżko, University of Szczecin; Maria Solarska, Adam Mickiewicz University; Ewa Solska, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Jan Surman, Czech Academy of Sciences; Alessandro Vagnini, Sapienza Università di Roma; Philipp Wirtz, SOAS University of London; Andrew Wise, Daemen College; Stanisław Żerko, Institute of Western Affairs; Aleksandar Zlatanov, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski