Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Description

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Publishers

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

Copyright

Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Content

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4

1 The Influence of Final Inoculation on the Metallurgical Quality of Nodular Cast Iron

R. Dwulat , K. Janerka , K. Grzesiak

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 5-14 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138673

Keywords: Nodular cast iron Inoculation of cast iron Thermal derivative analysis Properties of cast iron

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Abstract

The article presents the results of research on the physicochemical and mechanical properties, microstructure, and the tendency to form shrinkage of nodular cast iron depending on the type of inoculant used for secondary inoculation. Six different inoculants containing different active elements in their chemical composition were used for the research. Step castings and Y2 wedges were made on the vertical forming line using an automatic pouring machine. The inoculation in the amount of 0.2% was made using a pneumatic dispenser equipped with a vision system controlling the effectiveness of the inoculation. The results of the thermal analysis were determined and compared, and the potential of each of the inoculants was assessed.

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Bibliography

[1] Fraś, E., Podrzucki, C. (1978). Modified cast iron. Kraków: Skrypt AGH, nr. 675. (in Polish).
[2] ITACAX™ – Final iron control. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from http://www.proservicetech.it/itacax-thermal-analysis-final-iron-quality-control/.
[3] Karsey S.I. (2000). Ductile iron I. Manufacturing. Warszawa: QIT, Fer et Titane Inc. (in Polish).
[4] Janerka, K., Kondracki, M., Jezierski, J., Szajnar, J. & Stawarz, M. (2014). Carburizer effect on cast iron solidification. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 23, 2174-2181.
[5] Seidu, S.O. Thermal analysis of preconditioned ductile cast iron. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology. 3(3), 813-818
[6] Lampic, M. (2013). Inoculation of cast irons: practice and developments. International Foundry, Research. 65(2).

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Dwulat

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Janerka

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Grzesiak

Foundry Lisie Kąty, Lisie Kąty 7, 86-302 Grudziądz, Poland
Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

2 Prototype Stand for Determining Quantities of Gasification Products of Polystyrene Model

M. Jureczko , Dariusz Bartocha

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 15-20 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138674

Keywords: Lost Foam Full mold Polystyrene model Prototype research stand

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Abstract

Disposable foundry models constitute an increasingly important role in a unitary large-size foundry. These models have many benefits, but technologies using such materials require an understanding of degradation kinetics at the time of filling. The studies presented in the article determine the size of the polystyrene combustion products used for disposable foundry models. The results were obtained by carrying out the combustion process of the polystyrene model in a special combustion chamber, in different configurations. The pressures generated during thermal degradation vary depending on process parameters such as model density or the use of an additional adhesive binder. The results of laboratory tests may suggest what values of pressure are generated when filling in full-mold and lost foam technologies. The studies provide a prelude to further analysis of materials used for disposable foundry models and quantitative evaluation of their thermal degradation products for computer simulation.

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Bibliography

[1] Pacyniak, T. (2013). Full mold casting. Selected aspects. Lodz: A Series of Monographs, Lodz University of Technology. (in Polish)
[2] Pysz, S., Żółkiewicz, Z., Żuczek, R., Maniowski, Z., Sierant, Z., Młyński, M. (2010). Simulation studies of mould filling conditions with molten metal in evaporative pattern technology. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 10(3), 27-37.
[3] Shroyer, H.F. (1958). Cavityless Casting Mold and Method of Making Same. U.S. Patent No. 2,830, 343.
[4] Kaczorowski, R., Just, P. & Pacyniak, T. (2013), Test bench for analyzing the lost foam process. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(1), 57-62.
[5] Buczkowska, K., Just, P., Świniarska, J. & Pacyniak, T. (2015). The effect of the type, the ceramic coating thickness and the pattern set density on the degree of gas porosity in casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(2), 7-12.
[6] Żmudzińska, M., Faber, J., Perszewska, K., Żółkiewicz, Z., Maniowski, Z. (2011). Studying the emission of products formed during evaporation of polystyrene patterns in the lost foam process in terms of the work environment. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 50(1), 23-33.
[7] Żółkiewicz, Z., Baliński, A., Żółkiewicz M. (2017). Characteristics of the thermal process of polystyrene model gasification. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 17(3), 201 - 210.
[8] Mocek, J. & Chojecki, A. (2014). Gas atmosphere formed in casting by full mold process. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(3), 1045-1049.
[9] Żółkiewicz, Z. & Żółkiewicz, M. (2010). Characteristic properties of materials for evaporative patterns. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(spec. 3), 289-292.
[10] Pielichowski, J., Sobczak, J.J., Żółkiewicz, Z., Hebda, E., Karwiński, A. (2011). The thermal analysis of polystyrene foundry model. The Transactions of the Foundry Research Institute. 11(1), 15-21.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Jureczko

1 2

Dariusz Bartocha

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Foundry Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, 2A Akademicka Str. 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

3 Prediction of Fracture Stress with Regard to Porosity in Cast A356 Alloy

H. Sahin , M. Atik , F. Tezer , S. Temel , O. Aydin , O. Kesen , O. Gursoy , D. Dispinar

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 21-28 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138675

Keywords: Casting defects Mechanical properties A356 Bifilm porosity Fracture stress

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Abstract

Production of the defect-free casting of aluminium alloys is the biggest challenge. Porosity is known to be the most important defect. Therefore, many cast parts are subjected to several non-destructive tests in order to check their acceptability. There are several standards, yet, the acceptance limit of porosity size and distribution may change according to the customer design and requirements. In this work, the aim was targeted to evaluate the effect of size, location, and distribution of pores on the tensile properties of cast A356 alloy. ANSYS software was used to perform stress analysis where the pore sizes were changed between 0.05 mm to 3 mm by 0.05 mm increments. Additionally, pore number was changed from 1 to 5 where they were placed at different locations in the test bar. Finally, bifilms were placed inside the pore at different sizes and orientations. The stress generated along the pores was recorded and compared with the fracture stress of the A356 alloy. It was found that as the bifilm size was getting smaller, their effect on tensile properties was lowered. On the other hand, as bifilms were larger, their orientation became the dominant factor in determining the fracture.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Sahin

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Atik

F. Tezer

S. Temel

O. Aydin

O. Kesen

O. Gursoy

D. Dispinar

e-mail: derya.dispinar@gmail.com

ORCID:

Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
University of Padova, Italy
Foseco, Netherlands

4 The Problem of Assessing the Graphitizing Abilities of Near-eutectic Cast Iron - Basic Cast Iron for Modification

J. Zych , M. Myszka , T. Snopkiewicz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 29-34 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138676

Keywords: Near-eutectic cast iron Graphitizing abilities ultrasonic method

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Abstract

Cast iron destined for spheroidization is usually characterized by a near-eutectic chemical composition, which is a result of the necessity of maintaining its high graphitizing ability. This graphitizing ability depends mainly on the chemical composition but also on the so-called physical-chemical state. This, in turn, depends on the melting process history and the charge structure. It happens quite often, that at very similar chemical compositions cast irons are characterized by different graphitizing abilities. The hereby work concerns searching for the best method of assessing the graphitizing abilities of near-eutectic cast iron. The assessment of the graphitizing ability was performed for cast iron obtained from the metal charge consisting of 100% of special pig iron and for synthetic cast iron obtained from the charge containing 50% of pig iron + 50% of steel. This assessment was carried out by a few methods: wedge tests, thermal analysis, microstructure tests as well as by the new ultrasonic method. The last method is the most sensitive and accurate. On the basis of the distribution of the wave velocity, determined in the rod which one end was cast on the metal plate, it is possible to determine the graphitizing ability of cast iron. The more uniform structure in the rod, in which directional solidification was forced and which had graphite precipitates on the whole length, the higher graphitizing ability of cast iron. The homogeneity of the structure is determined by the indirect ultrasonic method, by measurements of the wave velocity. This new ultrasonic method of assessing the graphitizing ability of cast iron of a high Sc (degree of eutectiveness) and CE (carbon equivalent) content, can be counted among fast technological methods, allowing to assess the cast iron quality during the melting process.

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Bibliography

[1] Janerka, K. (2010). Carburizing of iron alloys. Gliwice: Wydawnictwa Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Zych

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Myszka

T. Snopkiewicz

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Cast Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

5 Aluminum Alloy Development for Wheel Production by Low Pressure Die Casting with New Generation Computational Materials Engineering Approaches

T. Yağcı , Ü. Cöcen , O. Çulha

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 35-46 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138677

Keywords: Aluminum Alloys Application of information technology to the foundry industry Low pressure die casting Computational materials engineering Microstructural and mechanical properties

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Abstract

Computational Materials Engineering (CME) is a high technological approach used to design and develop new materials including the physical, thermal and mechanical properties by combining materials models at multiple techniques. With the recent advances in technology, the importance of microstructural design in CME environments and the contribution that such an approach can make in the estimation of material properties in simulations are frequently discussed in scientific, academic, and industrial platforms. Determination of the raw material characteristics that can be modeled in a virtual environment at an atomic scale by means of simulation programs plays a big role in combining experimental and virtual worlds and creating digital twins of the production chain and the products. In this study, a new generation, alternative and effective approach that could be used to the development of Al-Si based wheel casting alloys is proposed. This approach is based on the procedure of optimizing the physical and thermodynamic alloy properties developed in a computer environment with the CME technique before the casting phase. This article demonstrates the applicability of this approach in alloy development studies to produce Al-Si alloy wheels using the low pressure die casting (LPDC) method. With this study, an alternative and economical way is presented to the alloy development studies by trial and error in the aluminum casting industry. In other respects, since the study is directly related to the automotive industry, the reduction in fuel consumption in vehicles is an expected effect, as the new alloy aims to reduce the weight of the wheels. In addition to conserving energy, reducing carbon emissions also highlights the environmental aspects of this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Yağcı

Ü. Cöcen

O. Çulha

Dokuz Eylul University, Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, İzmir, Turkey
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Manisa, Turkey

6 Selection of materials and development of technology for the production of elements used in conditions of extreme tribological wear

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk , Z. Pirowski , M. Grudzień-Rakoczy , A. Bitka , K. Chrzan

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 47-54 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138678

Keywords: wear longwall shearers casting shell mold

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Abstract

Work was done as a part of the project " New generation haulage system of highly productive longwall systems" aiming to develop and implement a new longwall shearer system called KOMTRACK. The widely used EICOTRACK feed system developed forty years ago is not adapted to modern longwall shearers' power. Within the project, an innovative, flexible feed system with a modular structure was created with the possibility of continuous adjustment to the carbon wall's unevenness. Newly-developed three cast steels variants have been initially selected to fabricate this system's elements. The material's final selection was realized based on the tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, Brinell hardness surveys, and wear resistance measurements. Results analysis allowed to select cast steel marked as "2", which fulfilled all requirements and was used in further casting trials.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Z. Pirowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Grudzień-Rakoczy

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Bitka

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Chrzan

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, 73 Zakopiańska Str., 30-418 Kraków, Poland

7 Effect of Cooling Rate on the Precipitation Characteristics of Cast Al–Si–Cu Alloy

M. Okayasu , N. Sahara , M. Touda

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 55-60 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138679

Keywords: aluminum alloy casting precipitation solid solution aging solidification rate

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Abstract

The influence of the cooling rate on the extent of precipitation hardening of cast aluminum alloy (ADC12) was investigated experimentally. This study explored the cooling rate of the solidification of Cu in the α-Al phase to improve the mechanical properties of ADC12 after an aging process (Cu based precipitation hardening). The solid solution of Cu occurred in the α-Al phases during the casting process at cooling rates exceeding 0.03 °C/s. This process was replaced with a solid solution process of T6 treatments. The extent of the solid solution varied depending on the cooling rate; with a higher cooling rate, a more extensive solid solution was formed. For the cast ADC12 alloy made at a high cooling rate, high precipitation hardening occurred after low-temperature heating (at 175 °C for 20 h), which improved the mechanical properties of the cast Al alloys. However, the low-temperature heating at the higher temperature for a longer time decreased the hardness due to over aging. Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Casting, Precipitation, Solid solution, Aging, Solidification rate

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Okayasu

N. Sahara

M. Touda

Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama city, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
Kyowa Casting Co., Ltd.5418-3 Nishi Ebara-cho, Ibara city, Okayama, 715-0006, Japan

8 Analysis of Proportional Scopes on Probability Density Functions of Random Chords of Spherical Particles

D. Gurgul

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 61-66 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138680

Keywords: Probability density function of random chords distribution linear analysis particle size distribution

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Abstract

The paper presents an experimental confirmation of the fact that if a three-dimensional volume does not contain spherical particles with particular size, the Probability Density Function (PDF1) of half-chord lengths has proportional ranges. This fact has been deduced in work [1] during the derivation process of the Probability Density Function (PDF3) that maps the particle radii on the basis of data (PDF1) collected from flat cross-sections. The experiment has been executed virtually by using a simple computer program written in the C++11 language. The computer generation of particles allowed imposing various kinds of known PDF3 and the ranges in which the particles could not be created. Next, the virtual nodules have been used to produce sets of chords that served as input data to create histograms that approximated the continuous PDF1. Having such histograms, it was possible to reveal proportional scopes of the PDF1. The proportional dependencies occurred in the same ranges where the nodules had not been generated.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Gurgul

AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

9 Evaluation of Microstructure and Tribological Properties of GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2 Cast Steels

Barbara Kalandyk , R. Zapała , Justyna Kasińska , M. Madej

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 67-76 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138681

Keywords: high manganese cast steel microstructure hardness wear resistance

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Abstract

The results of microstructure examinations and hardness measurements carried out on two selected grades of high-manganese cast steel with an austenitic matrix, i.e. GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2, are presented. The examinations of the cast steel microstructure have revealed that the matrix of the GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel contains the precipitates of complex carbides enriched in Cr and Mn with two different morphologies. The presence of these precipitates leads to an increase in hardness by approx. 30 HB compared to the GX120Mn13 cast steel. Samples cut out from the tested materials were loaded (10 strokes) with an energy of 53 J, and then a ball-on-disc tribological test was performed. The test was carried out in reciprocating motion under technically dry friction conditions. While analyzing the obtained results of the microstructure, hardness, and abrasion tests, it was found that the presence of the hard carbide precipitates in the plastic matrix of the tested GX120MnCr18-2 cast steel promoted an increase in hardness, but also led to chipping of these particles from the alloy matrix, thus contributing to micro-cutting during friction.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Zapała

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Kasińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Madej

AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

10 Use of the Precipitation Hardening to Improve the Properties of Combustion Engine Pistons Made of Eutectic Silumins

M. Trepczyńska-Łent , K. Műller

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 77-81 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138682

Keywords: Precipitation hardening Silumins Heat treatment Hardness

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Abstract

The study presents methods to be used for improving the performance parameters of car engine pistons made of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg alloy according to the PN-EN 1706: 2011. Pistons of slow sucking and turbocharged engines were researched. A solution heat and ageing treatments were applied according to four variants. Temperatures of the solution heat treatment were: 550 ±5°C; 510°C ±5°C; and alternate: 276 ±5°C/510 ±5°C. The solution time ranged from 6 min to 4 h. Temperatures of the ageing heat treatment were 20°C and 250°C, while the ageing time ranged from 1,5 to 3h. Natural ageing was performed in 5 days. Measurements of hardness HRB and the piston diameters were performed. An improvement in the performance parameters of combustion engines was observed. Three solution heat treatment and ageing variants, allowed to obtain the pistons with hardness equal/higher than pistons of the turbocharged engines. The test results confirmed the possibility of providing a piston with properties exceeding the high load parameters specified by the manufacturer. Further studies will make it possible to improve the effects of the proposed solutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Trepczyńska-Łent

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Műller

Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Bergerat Monnoyeur Sp. z o.o. – Caterpillar, Poland

11 Effect of SiZr Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of High Manganese Cast Steel

S. Sobula , S. Kraiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 82-86 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138683

Keywords: Hadfield cast steel grain refinement microstructure wear resistance

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on GX120Mn13 modification performed with the SiZr38 inoculant. The microstructure of Hadfield cast steel in as-cast condition was studied through optical microscopy before and after inoculant introduction into the liquid steel. After heat treatment, mechanical properties and wear resistance tests were conducted to analyse the influence of the inoculant. The wear rate was determined according to the Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (ASTM G-75). The results show that average grain diameter, area of eqiuaxed grains crystallization and secondary dendrite arm spacing were lower after inoculation. After inoculation, the ultimate tensile strength and proof strength were higher by 8% and 4% respectively, in comparison to the initial state. The results of abrasion wear tests show that the introduction of 0.02 wt. % of zirconium significantly improved wear resistance, which was 34% better in comparison to steel without zirconium.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Sobula

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Kraiński

AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
PGO S.A. Pioma Odlewnia, Oddział w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim, ul. Romana Dmowskiego 38, 97-300 Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland

12 Effect of Post Cast Heat Treatment on Cu20wt.%Sn on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

S. Slamet , S. Suyitno , I. K. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 87-92 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138684

Keywords: Tin bronze Sand casting heat treatment microstructure mechanical properties

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Abstract

Casting is one method of making metal components that are widely used in industry and up to date. The sand casting method is used due to its simplicity, ease of operation, and low cost. In addition, the casting method can produce cast products in various sizes and is well-suited for mass production. However, the disadvantage of casting, especially gravity casting, is that it has poor physical and mechanical properties.
Tin bronze Cu20%wt.Sn is melted in a furnace, then poured at a temperature of 1100°C into a sand mold. The cast product is a rod with 400 mm in length, 10 mm in thickness, and 10 mm in width. The heat treatment mechanism is carried out by reheating the cast specimen at a temperature of 650°C, holding it for 4 hours, and then rapid cooling. The specimens were observed microstructure, density, and mechanical properties include tensile strength and bending strength. The results showed that there was a phase change from α + δ to α + β phase, an increase in density as a result of a decrease in porosity and a coarse grain to a fine grain. In addition, the tensile strength and bending strength of the Cu20wt.%Sn alloy were increased and resulted in a more ductile alloy through post-cast heat treatment.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Slamet

S. Suyitno

I. K. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas

Universitas Muria Kudus, Indonesia
Universitas Tidar Magelang, Indonesia
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

13 Influence of Microstructure and Heat Transfer Surface on the Thermal Power of Cast Iron Heat Exchangers

Marek Mróz , A.W. Orłowicz , M. Tupaj , M. Lenik , M. Kawiński , M.. Kawiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 93-96 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138685

Keywords: Vermicular cast iron heat exchanger Thermal power Calorimetric test

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of calorimetric tests of segment elements of fireplace inserts. The aim of the work was to optimize their thermal power by replacing the previously used gray cast iron with flake graphite with gray iron with vermicular graphite and replacing the existing geometry of the heat transfer surface with a more developed one. It turned out that the thermal power of the test segments made of cast iron with vermicular graphite was higher compared to the segments of the same shape made of gray cast iron with flake graphite. It was found that the use of segments made of vermicular cast iron with a ferritic matrix allowed for an increase in the thermal power value by dozen percent, compared to segments of the same shape made of vermicular cast iron with a pearlitic matrix. The test results showed that the thermal power of the test segments depends on the variant of the development of both the heat receiving surface and the heat giving off surface. The highest value of the thermal power was obtained when ribbing in the form of a lattice was used on both of these surfaces, and the lowest when using flat surfaces.

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[9] Dobrzański, L.A. (2000). A lexicon of materials science. Verlag Dashofer, version 1.03.2000 .
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[11] Orłowicz, A.W. (2000). Ultrasonic method in foundry industry. Solidification of Metals and Alloys. 2(45). (in Polish).
[12] Mróz, M., Orłowicz, A.W., Tupaj, M., Jacek-Burek, M., Radoń, M., Kawiński, M. (2019). Improvement of operating performance of a cast-iron heat exchanger by application of a copper alloy coating. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(3), 84-87.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mróz

e-mail:

ORCID:

A.W. Orłowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Tupaj

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lenik

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kawiński

M.. Kawiński

Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
Cast Iron Foundry KAWMET, ul. Krakowska 11, 37-716 Orły, Poland

14 Simulation of Heat Treatment of Carburization and Nitrocementation of 16MnCr5 Steel

E. Kantoríková , P. Fabian , M. Sýkorová

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 97-102 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138686

Keywords: cementation Nitrocementation heat treatment simulation

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Abstract

Simulation is used today in many contexts, such as simulating technology to tune or optimize performance, safety engineering, testing, training, education, and entertainment. In some industries, simulations are commonly used, but in heat treatment this is rather an exception. The paper compares the simulation of carburization and nitrocementation of 16MnCr5 steel with a practical application. The aim was to determine the applicability of chemical heat treatment simulation. We were looking for an answer to the question: to what extent can we rely on the technological design of heat treatment? The software designed the heat treatment technology. He drew the technological process of chemical-thermal treatment of 16MnCr5 steel. The thickness of the cementite layer was 1 mm and the nitrocementation 1.2 mm. Changes in mechanical properties were observed. Cementing, nitrocementing, hardness, microhardness, metallography, and spectral analysis were practically performed. This article describes the benefits of simulation, speed and accuracy of the process. The only difference was in determining the carbon potential. The simulation confirmed the practical use and its contribution in the technological process.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Kantoríková

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Fabian

M. Sýkorová

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Technological Engineering, University of Žilina in Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

15 Methodology for Diagnosing the Causes of Die-Casting Defects, Based on Advanced Big Data Modelling

A. Okuniewska , M.A. Perzyk , J. Kozłowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 103-109 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138687

Keywords: fault diagnosis die casting process control Data analytics Application of information technology to the foundry industry

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Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to develop a methodology for diagnosing the causes of die-casting defects based on advanced modelling, to correctly diagnose and identify process parameters that have a significant impact on product defect generation, optimize the process parameters and rise the products’ quality, thereby improving the manufacturing process efficiency. The industrial data used for modelling came from foundry being a leading manufacturer of the high-pressure die-casting production process of aluminum cylinder blocks for the world's leading automotive brands. The paper presents some aspects related to data analytics in the era of Industry 4.0. and Smart Factory concepts. The methodology includes computation tools for advanced data analysis and modelling, such as ANOVA (analysis of variance), ANN (artificial neural networks) both applied on the Statistica platform, then gradient and evolutionary optimization methods applied in MS Excel program’s Solver add-in. The main features of the presented methodology are explained and presented in tables and illustrated with appropriate graphs. All opportunities and risks of implementing data-driven modelling systems in high-pressure die-casting processes have been considered.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Okuniewska

M.A. Perzyk

J. Kozłowski

Institute of Manufacturing Technologies, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland

16 Changes in Abrasive Wear Resistance During Miller Test of Cr-Ni Cast Steel with Ti Carbides Formed in the Alloy Matrix

Grzegorz Tęcza

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 110-115 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139758

Keywords: Chromium-nickel cast steel Microstructure Titanium carbides Hardness Abrasion

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Abstract

Austenitic chromium-nickel cast steel is used for the production of machine parts and components operating under corrosive conditions combined with abrasive wear. One of the most popular grades is the GX2CrNi18-9 grade, which is used in many industries, and mainly in the chemical, food and mining industries for tanks, feeders, screws and pumps.
To improve the abrasion resistance of chromium-nickel cast steel, primary titanium carbides were produced in the metallurgical process by increasing the carbon content and adding titanium, which after alloy solidification yielded the test castings with the microstructure consisting of an austenitic matrix and primary carbides evenly distributed in this matrix.
The measured hardness of the samples in both as-cast conditions and after solution heat treatment was from 300 to 330HV0.02 and was higher by about 40-70 units compared to the reference GX2CrNi18-9 cast steel, which had the hardness of 258HV0.02.
The abrasive wear resistance of the tested chromium-nickel cast steel, measured in the Miller test, increased by at least 20% (with the content of 1.3 wt% Ti). Increasing the Ti content in the samples to 5.3 and 6.9 wt% reduced the wear 2.5 times compared to the common GX2CrNi18-9 cast steel.

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Bibliography

[1] Głownia, J. (2002). Alloy steel castings –applications. Kraków: Fotobit. (in Polish).
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[10] PN-EN 10088-1/2005(U).
[11] Tęcza, G. & Zapała, R. (2018). Changes in impact strength and abrasive wear resistance of cast high manganese steel due to the formation of primary titanium carbides. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 119-122.
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[14] Kalandyk, B., Starowicz, M., Kawalec, M. & Zapała, R. (2013). Influence of the cooling rate on the corrosion resistance of duplex cast steel. Metalurgija. 52(1), 75-78.
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[16] Dyja, D., Stradomski, Z., Kolan, C. & Stradomski, G. (2012). Eutectoid Decomposition of δ-Ferrite in Ferritic-Austenitic Duplex Cast Steel - Structural and Morphological Study. Materials Science Forum. 706-709, 2314-2319.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Tęcza

e-mail:

ORCID:

17 Application of X-S Control Cards to Parameter Control in the Machining Process of Piston Castings for Internal Combustion Engines

A. Krępa , J. Piątkowski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 116-120 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139759

Keywords: Control cards Casting quality management SPC Pistons for internal combustion engines

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Abstract

This article discusses the possibility of using a two-track X-S control card on a Mesas device to control the production process parameters of piston castings for combustion engines. The research was carried out at the Federal-Mogul Gorzyce company. The basis for estimating the variability of the process results from the mean value (X) is the standard deviation (S). Thanks to specially designed measuring stations that use algorithms to calculate process indicators (Cp and/or Cpk) and their visualization, the cost of manufacturing products and the number of non-compliant products (scraps) are reduced. The process stability was investigated by measuring the key dimensions of the piston casting in a specific population and a given measurement cycle. Taking into account the precision of details, their technical condition, and surface quality, the production machines and cutting tools were optimally selected. It has been found that an important element of the effective use of Statistical Process Control (SPC) are trained/experienced operators who can correctly interpret the resulting control chart forms.

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Bibliography

[1] Czarski, A., Satora, K. (1998). Statistical process control. Teaching materials. Cracow: Stat-Q-Mat s.c.
[2] Dahlgaard, J.J., Kristensen, K., Kanji, G.K. (2002). Podstawy zarządzania jakością. Warsaw: PWN.
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[8] Chrapoński, J. (2010). Fundamentals of statistical processes control. Katowice: Publishing House of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice.
[9] Statistical Process Control SPC Second edition. AIAG, Berlin-London, July 2005, p. 57.
[10] Polska Norma PN-ISO 8258+AC1: Karty kontrolne Shewharta. PKN, 1996.
[11] Quality Assurance for Suppliers. Quality Management in the Automotive Industry. Production process and product approval (PPA). 5th edition, Berlin 2012.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Krępa

J. Piątkowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

Federal-Mogul Gorzyce Sp. z o.o., Odlewników 52, 39-432 Gorzyce, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8 Gliwice, Poland

18 Influence of Tungsten on the Structure and Properties of Ductile Iron Containing 0.8% Cu

D. Myszka , Justyna Kasińska , A. Penkul

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 121-126 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139760

Keywords: Metallography Mechanical properties Tungsten Cast iron

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Abstract

The possibilities of producing ductile cast iron with the addition of 1 ÷ 3% of tungsten are presented. Tungsten from waste chips from mechanical processing was introduced into the liquid cast iron in the form of specially prepared cartridges. Correct dissolution of tungsten in the metal bath was found, and there were no casting defects in the alloy. The form of carbide precipitates in the microstructure of cast iron was determined and the influence of increasing tungsten content on the reduction of the number of graphite precipitates in the structure was determined. Impact tests show that this property degrades with increasing tungsten content as opposed to hardness which increases. It was found that the addition of tungsten from machining waste is a potential source of enrichment of cast iron with this element.

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Bibliography

[1] Volkov, A.N. (1975). Abrasive wear resistance of manganese cast iron with tungsten. Metal Science and Heat Treatment. 17, 412-414.
[2] Duarte, L.I., Lourenço, N., Santos, H., Santos, J. & Sá, C. Tungsten carbide powder inserts in ductile iron. Materials Science Forum. 455-456, 267-270.
[3] Kopyciński, D. (2009). Analysis of the structure of castings made from chromium white cast iron resistant to abrasive wear. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(4), 109-112.
[4] Podrzucki, Cz. (1991). Cast Iron. The Structure, Property, Application. T.1 and T.2, Kraków: Ed. ZG STOP. (in Polish).
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[7] Wołczyński, W., Guzik, E., Kania, B. & Wajda, W. (2010). Structures field in the solidifying cast iron roll. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(spec.1), 41-46.
[8] Studnicki, A. (2008). Effect of boron carbide on primary crystallization of chromium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 8(1), 173-176.
[9] Myszka, D. (2021). Cast Iron–Based Alloys. In: Rana, R. (eds) High-Performance Ferrous Alloys. Springer, Cham., 153-210.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Myszka

Justyna Kasińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Penkul

Department of Metal Forming and Foundry, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, Warsaw, Poland

19 A Study of Microstructure and Porosity Formation in High-Pressure Die-Casting

M. Matejka , D. Bolibruchová , R. Podprocká

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 127-130 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139761

Keywords: Al-Si-Cu alloy Returnable material Numerical simulation Porosity Microstructure

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Abstract

The technology of high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) of aluminum alloys is one of the most used and most economical technology for mass production of castings. High-pressure die-casting technology is characterized by the production of complex, thin-walled and dimensionally accurate castings. An important role is placed on the effective reduction of costs in the production process, wherein the combination with the technology of high-pressure die-casting is the possibility of recycling using returnable material. The experimental part of the paper focuses on the analysis of a gradual increase of the returnable material amount in combination with a commercial purity alloy for the production of high-pressure die-castings. The returnable material consisted of the so-called foundry waste (defective castings, venting and gating systems, etc.). The first step of the experimental castings evaluation consisted of numerical simulations, performed to determine the points of the casting, where porosity occurs. In the next step, the evaluation of areal porosity and microstructural analysis was performed on experimental castings with different amounts of returnable material in the batch. The evaluation of the area porosity showed only a small effect of the increased amount of the returnable material in the batch, where the worst results were obtained by the casting of the alloy with 90% but also with 55% of the returnable material in the batch. The microstructure analysis showed that the increase in returnable material in the batch was visibly manifested only by a change in the morphology of the eutectic Si.

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Bibliography

[1] Ragan, E. (2007). Die casting of metals. Prešov, Slovakia. (in Slovak).
[2] Eperješi, Ľ., Malik, J., Eperješi Š. & Fecko D. (2013) Influence of returning material on porosity of die castings. Manufacturing Technology. 13(1), 36-39. DOI: 10.21062/ujep/x.2013/a/1213-2489/MT/13/1/36.
[3] Gaustad, G., Olivetti, E. A. & Kirchain, R. (2012). Improving aluminum recycling: A survey of sorting and impurity removal technologies. Resources Conservation and Recycling. 58, 79-87.
[4] Matejka, M., Bolibruchová, D. & Kuriš, M. (2021). Crystallization of the structural components of multiple remelted AlSi9Cu3 alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(2), 41-45. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136096.
[5] Bruna, M., Remišová, A. & Sládek, A. (2019). Effect of filter thickness on reoxidation and mechanical properties of aluminium alloy AlSi7Mg0.3. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 3, 1100-1106. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.129500.
[6] Bryksi Stunova, B. & Bryksi, V. (2016). Analysis of defects in castings cast by rheocasting method SEED. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 15-18. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0041.
[7] Podprocká, R. & Bolibruchová, D. (2017). Iron intermetallic phases in the alloy based on Al-Si-Mg by applying manganese. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(3), 217-221. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133321.
[8] Martinec, D., Pastircak, R. & Kantorikova, E. (2020). Using of technology semisolid squeeze casting by different initial states of material. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 117-121. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131292.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Matejka

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Podprocká

University of Zilina, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Technological Engineering, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovak Republic
Rosenberg-Slovakia s.r.o., Kováčska 38, 044 25 Medzev, Slovak Republic

20 Initial Assessment of Graphite Precipitates in Vermicular Cast Iron in the As-Cast State and after Thermal Treatments

M.S. Soiński , A. Jakubus , B. Borowiecki , P. Mierzwa

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 4 | 131-136 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.139762

Keywords: Vermicular cast iron Graphite precipitates Austempering

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Abstract

The purpose of the work was to determine the morphology of graphite that occurs in vermicular cast iron, both in the as-cast state and after heat treatment including austenitization (held at a temperature of 890 °C or 960 °C for 90 or 150 min) and isothermal quenching (i.e. austempering, at a temperature of 290 °C or 390 °C for 90 or 150 min). In this case, the aim here was to investigate whether the heat treatment performed, in addition to the undisputed influence of the cast iron matrix on the formation of austenite and ferrite, also affects the morphology of the vermicular graphite precipitates and to what extent. The investigations were carried out for the specimens cut from test coupons cast in the shape of an inverted U letter (type IIb according to the applicable standard); they were taken from the 25mm thick walls of their test parts. The morphology of graphite precipitates in cast iron was investigated using a Metaplan 2 metallographic microscope and a Quantimet 570 Color image analyzer. The shape factor F was calculated as the quotient of the area of given graphite precipitation and the square of its perimeter. The degree of vermicularization of graphite was determined as the ratio of the sum of the graphite surface and precipitates with F <0.05 to the total area occupied by all the precipitations of the graphite surface. The examinations performed revealed that all the heat-treated samples made of vermicular graphite exhibited the lower degree of vermicularization of the graphite compared to the corresponding samples in the as-cast state (the structure contains a greater fraction of the nodular or nearly nodular precipitates). Heat treatment also caused a reduction in the average size of graphite precipitates, which was about 225μm2 for the as-cast state, and dropped to approximately 170-200 μm2 after the austenitization and austempering processes.

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Bibliography

[1] Sorelmetal, On the nodular cast iron. (2006). Warsaw: Ed. Metals & Minerals Ltd.
[2] Tupaj, M., Orłowicz, A. W., Mróz, M., Kupiec, B., et al. (2020). Ultrasonic Testing of Vermicular Cast Iron Microstructure. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(4), 36-40. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133345.
[3] Guzik, E. & Kleingartner, T. (2009). A study on the structure and mechanical properties of vermicular cast iron with pearlitic-ferritic matrix. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(3), 55-60.
[4] Zhang, M.X., Pang, J.C., Qiu, Y., Li, S.X., et al. (2020). Influence of microstructure on the thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior and life of vermicular graphite cast irons. Materials Science & Engineering A. 771, 138617.DOI: 10.1016/J.MSEA.2019.138617.
[5] Zhang, Y., Guo, E., Wang, L., Zhao, S., et al. (2020). Effect of the matrix structure on vermicular graphite cast iron properties. International Journal of Materials Research. 111(5), 379-384. DOI: 10.3139/146.111891.
[6] Qiaoqin, G., Zhong, Y., Ding, G., Dong, T. et al. (2019). Research on the oxidation mechanism of vermicular graphite cast iron. Materials. 12, 3130; DOI: 10.3390/ma12193130.
[7] Perzyk, M., Waszkiewicz, S., Kaczorowski, M., Jopkiewicz, A. (2000). Foundry. Warsaw: ED. Science and Technology.
[8] Kosowski, A. (2008). Foundations of foundry. Krakow: Ed. Scientific Akapit.
[9] Soiński, M.S. & Warchala, T. (2006). Cast iron moulds for glassmaking industry. Archives of Foundry. 6(19), 289-294.
[10] Warchala, T. (1988). Metallurgy and iron founding. Part 1 The structure and properties of cast iron. Ed. Częstochowa University of Technology.
[11] Andrsova, Z., Volesky, L. (2012). The potential of isothermally hardened iron with vermicular graphite. Comat 2021. Recent trends in structural materials. 21 - 22. 11. 2012, Plzeň, Czech Republic, EU.
[12] Gumienny, G. & Kacprzyk, B. (2018). Copper in Ausferritic Compacted Graphite Iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(1), 162-166. DOI: 10.24425/118831.
[13] Pytel, A., Gazda, A. (2014) Evaluation of selected properties in austempered vermicular cast iron (AVCI). Transactions of Foundry Research Institute. LIV(4), 23-31. DOI: 10.7356/iod.2014.18.
[14] Andršová, Z., Kejzlar, P., Švec, M. & Skrbek, B. (2017). The effect of heat treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of austempered iron with vermicular graphite. Materials Science Forum. 891, 242-248. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.891.242.
[15] Kazazi, A., Montazeri, S.M. & Boutorabi, S.M.A. (2020). The austempering kinetics, microstructural development, and processing window in the austempered, Fe-3.2C-4.8Al compacted graphite cast iron. Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering. 17(4), 46-54. DOI: 10.22068/ijmse.17.4.46.
[16] Jakubus, A., Kostrzewa, J., Ociepa, E. (2021). The influence of parameters of heat treatment on the microstructure and strength properties of the ADI and the AVGI irons. METAL 2021, 30th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials. May 26 - 28, 2021, Brno, Czech Republic, EU (pp.34-39). DOI: 10.37904/metal.2021.4082.
[17] Podrzucki, C. (1991). Cast iron. Structure, properties, applications. vol. 1 and 2, Cracow: Ed. ZG STOP. (in Polish).
[18] Soiński, M.S. & Mierzwa, P. (2011). Effectiveness of cast iron vermicularization including ‘conditioning’ of the alloy. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(2), 133-138.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.S. Soiński

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Jakubus

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Borowiecki

P. Mierzwa

The Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski, ul. Teatralna 25, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

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Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy

Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
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6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure

Review Procedure

The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.

The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject

5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors

Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject

The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland