Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2025 | vol. 25 | No 4

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Abstract

The article uses the results obtained during the tests of a wide group of metal alloys using a device operating by the Coffin method. The measure of resistance to thermal-mechanical fatigue is the number of cycles that the sample withstands before a macrocrack occurs, at a fixed current and temperature range. The device offers the possibility of working in two modes of sample mounting. The first mode allows the sample to freely elongate parallel to its axis, while the second mounting mode limits this elongation by using a transducer. The aim of the publication is to present possible solutions for anomaly detection. Anomaly detection concerns traps that may occur during the measurement process. Advanced machine learning methods were used to analyze and detect anomalies in data regarding thermal fatigue resistance. Isolation Forest and One-Class SVM algorithms were used for anomaly detection, which allow for effective identification of unusual patterns in the data. The conducted research confirmed the usefulness of one of the selected methods in the process of anomaly identification using the example of elongation.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Jaśkowiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Nosarzewski
2

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the production and application of a sintered iron-based composite reinforced with natural zeolite particles. Mechanical properties were tested and the quality of the connection between the particles and the metal matrix was assessed. Before the composite production process, the chemical composition and morphology of natural zeolite particles were examined. Zeolite particles with a diameter of less than 0.2 mm were used to produce sinters. The zeolite particles were subjected to chemical composition (EDS) and phase (XRD) analyses. Zeolite particles were introduced into the iron matrix in amounts of 5, 10, and 15% by weight. Before the sintering process, the zeolite particles were compacted in a hydraulic press at a pressure of 400 MPa. Sintering of the green compacts was carried out in a tubular furnace at 950°C in an atmosphere of dissociated ammonia for 60 minutes. The obtained composites were subjected to porosity, hardness, and density measurements. Microstructure and chemical composition studies were conducted using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Iron–zeolite composites are characterized by higher hardness and porosity compared to sintered iron. The introduction of zeolite particles also reduces the density of the composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kargul
1
ORCID: ORCID
J.M. Borowiecka-Jamrozek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kielce University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents structural analysis and mechanical property evaluation of two coatings applied using the APS (Air Plasma Spraying) method on a P250GH boiler steel substrate. Two different powders were used for coating deposition: WCCoCr, based on tungsten carbide, and CrCNi, based on chromium carbide. To assess the coating-substrate bond quality, a scratch test was conducted using a Rockwell diamond indenter under a constant load of 10 N, moving from the substrate toward the coating. No delamination at the coating-substrate interface was observed, indicating a high-quality bond. Microhardness measurements were performed using a 200 g load. The average microhardness values were 886 HV0.2 for the WCCoCr coating and 904 HV0.2 for the CrCNi coating. The coatings were also tested for cavitation resistance according to the ASTM G32-16 standard. Surface roughness profiles were measured before and after 120 minutes of cavitation exposure. Cavitation wear was evaluated based on the difference in roughness values, determined by the Sz parameter, which, according to ISO 25178, is defined as the difference between the highest peak and the lowest valley on the surface. The obtained results indicate that APS thermal spray coatings based on tungsten carbide powders can be used for machine components to enhance cavitation erosion resistance.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Radoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
B. Kupiec
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Verification of design conclusions using experimental methods is often employed and usually more justified than other techniques for producing machine or device components. Castings are characterized by complex shapes, varying sizes and, as a result, diverse physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, relatively small batches of alloys prepared for casting introduce unintended variation that affects final characteristics and acceptance criteria. It is therefore important to consider the slightly different mechanical properties of finished castings, which may vary even within the same part due to different solidification and cooling conditions. Despite these limitations, the foundry industry occupies an important position in national economies, with indicators showing steady development driven by low manufacturing costs, improved technologies, and new designs with stricter acceptance criteria. The aim of this work is to briefly present one experimental method of stress and strain analysis — the photoelastic method.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.L. Maj
1
ORCID: ORCID
W. Stachurski
1

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents 419 test data from 6 months continuous production. The results show that, through strict control of raw materials, melting, and spheroidization processes, high-quality, as-cast ductile iron casting with stable composition and stable as-cast structure are obtained, and with using advanced professional heat treatment equipment for austempering treatment, the ADI properties are excellent, all higher than the minimum requirements of ASTM and Chinese national standards. The results also show that the dispersion of high strength grade ADI properties is relatively small, while that of high ductility grade ADI is relatively high. By analyzing the statistical data, in order to further reduce the dispersion of mechanical properties in high-volume production and improve the stability and consistency of ADI products, it is necessary to strictly control the production process, ensuring that ADI products for one grade have as similar chemical compositions and as-cast microstructures as possible. Additionally, precise control of the austempering treatment process should be implemented in a categorized manner based on factors such as casting section thickness, chemical and alloying composition, and as-cast microstructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wenbang Gong
1
Zhongding Zhou
1
Mintang Zhang
2
Wenqing Yang
2
Li Sun
1

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, China
  2. Henan ADI Casting Co., Ltd, China
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Abstract

This study addresses an existing gap by examining the foundry properties of Ravi River sands, a subject that has not been explored in earlier studies. Several mechanical and physical tests were used to assess the foundry qualities of sands from different areas. These local sands were used to make molds for Al alloy castings, and the parts' surface roughness (Ra) was assessed. The findings showed that the grain size of the sand varied by location, with the highest grain fineness number (GFN) being 106 and the lowest being 71. All samples exhibited a pH > 7, confirming their suitability for strong binder adhesion. The sand from Syed Wala Bridge had the highest grain fineness number (~106), whereas the sand from Sheraza Pattan Bridge had the lowest (~71). All sand samples showed a constant increase in mold strength when the binder (bentonite clay) percentage was raised from 5% to 25%. The study demonstrates the potential of Ravi River sands to eliminate reliance on imported materials and reduce costs.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Hussain
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Kamran
1
A. Inam
1
M. Ishtiaq
1
M.H. Hassan
1
ORCID: ORCID
F. Riaz
1
T. Khan
1
M. Ammar
1
M. Salman
1

  1. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Abstract

Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) casting technology is a combination of the smelting process, its post-furnace treatment and the heat treatment of castings. Maintaining the process parameter stability of this innovative high quality cast iron with high Tensile Strength UTS and ductility properties is the aim of a number of studies on the control of graphitization inoculation and inoculation of the metal matrix. The ability to graphitise the liquid alloy decreases with its holding in the furnace, time of pouring into moulds from pouring machines. The tendency to dendritic grains crystallization and the segregation of elements such as Si, Ni and Cu decrease the ductile properties. The austenitizing process can introduce austenite grains growth negatively affecting of the ausferrite morphology. The modifying effect of small amounts of additives on the metal matrix in steel and low alloy cast steel, well known in materials engineering, has been applied to ADI. The addition of cast iron chips, Fe-V and Fe-Nb to the liquid alloy in the first inoculation is an example of a hybrid interaction. The introduction of graphitization nucleus particles and austenite crystallisation nucleus particles resulted in a stabilisation of the ductility of ADI and an increase in mechanical properties. Grains refinement of the primary austenite and precipitation hardening of ausferrite stabilise the mechanical properties of ADI. As a result of graphitization and additive structure inoculation, graphite and ausferrite morphology is improved. The obtained results point the way to further research in the field of hybrid inoculation of Ductile Cast Iron.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Zaczyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Królikowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Sokolnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Jaroszek
1
A. Burbelko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Odlewnie Polskie S.A., 27-200 Starachowice, inż. Władysława Rogowskiego Street 22, Poland
  2. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The article focuses on the mechanical properties of mould parts created using 3D printing technology, for use in the production of castings by High-Pressure Die Casting (HPDC). The mould shapes produced by 3D printing technology bring innovative approaches to optimising production processes. H13 tool steel is widely used for its excellent mechanical properties and resistance to thermal stress. The study focuses on the comparison of the mechanical properties of mould parts produced by traditional methods and 3D printing, with emphasis on their strength, hardness and wear resistance under repeated working cycles. The experimental part includes roughness measurements and tests of mechanical properties, which provide important data on the ability of these components to withstand high mechanical loads and temperature fluctuations during the HPDC process. The results of the study show the advantages and limitations of 3D printing compared to traditional manufacturing processes and give insight into the use of additive technologies in industrial manufacturing. Specifically, the study identified clear quantitative differences in mechanical properties: the 3D printed mould parts had comparable ultimate tensile strength and yield strength to conventionally manufactured parts, but significantly lower ductility (below 1% compared to about 20% in traditional parts) due to higher porosity (0.25–0.30% compared to 0.03–0.04%). Additive mould parts exhibited higher hardness (approximately 510 HV) compared to conventional parts (approximately 450 HV). Surface roughness of the 3D printed parts was more variable, highlighting the need for optimising printing parameters. Thus, additive technology offers benefits in stable hardness and comparable strength, albeit at the expense of reduced ductility and increased variability in surface quality. The research also includes an analysis of the effect of repetitive loading on the mechanical properties of the mould parts made of H13, which provides valuable information for improving their durability and reliability in practice. This research contributes to the development of 3D printing technologies in the field of HPDC and offers new opportunities for improving the efficiency and quality of manufacturing processes in industrial applications.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Pinta
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Socha
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Sviželová
1
ORCID: ORCID
L. Kucerova
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Dvořák
3
J. Häusler
4

  1. Department of Applied Technologies and Materials Research, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
  2. Department of Materials and Engineering Metallurgy, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 2732/8, 301 00 Plzeň, Czech Republic
  3. Tool Shop Division, MOTOR JIKOV Fostron a.s., Kněžskodvorská 2277, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
  4. MOTOR JIKOV Strojírenská a.s., Zátkova 495, 392 01 Soběslav II, Czech Republic
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of research concerning manganese cast steel, also called Hadfield cast steel. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of Ni addition on the usable properties, i.e., hardness and impact resistance of manganese cast steel for cast components of railway crossovers. The scope of the research included making test castings with a unit weight of 1.5 kg in molds from molding sand prepared using Alphaset technology on a chromite sand matrix. The technological process of the test castings included heat treatment, i.e., oversaturation in water from a temperature of 1050°C. The effect of Ni addition from approx. 0,1 to approx. 1,5 wt.% on the usable properties of manganese cast steel were assessed through impact resistance tests performed in a railway impact bending test, Brinell hardness measurements, and microstructure analysis using light optical and scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of the obtained experimental results allowed for the optimization of the chemical composition of manganese cast steel for cast elements of railway infrastructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wróbel
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sobula
3
ORCID: ORCID
G. Tęcza
3
ORCID: ORCID
D. Bartocha
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Jezierski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Kostrzewa
2

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o., Kolejowa 1, 46-040 Ozimek, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Alloys and Cast Composites Engineering, Reymonta 23, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This study investigates the formation and influence of the Fe₂Al₅ intermetallic phase in Al–Fe sintered composites produced via solid-state powder metallurgy. Aluminium–iron powder mixtures containing 25, 29, and 34 at.% Fe were compacted under a pressure of 400 MPa and vacuum-sintered at 580 °C. Microstructural characterisation was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Image analysis confirmed the presence of three distinct regions: an aluminium matrix, Fe-rich zones, and a newly formed η-phase (Fe₂Al₅). The formation of the Fe₂Al₅ phase was observed locally at the interfaces between the aluminium matrix and iron particles, as a result of solid-state diffusion during sintering. The growth direction of this phase suggests that aluminium diffused into iron, resulting in the formation of reaction layers characteristic of aluminium-rich compositions. XRD analysis revealed no detectable peaks corresponding to FeAl₃ or FeAl₂ phases, confirming that intermetallic phase evolution proceeded entirely in the solid state. Microhardness measurements showed significantly elevated values in Fe₂Al₅-rich regions, highlighting its strengthening potential. The results confirm that Fe₂Al₅ can be effectively synthesised via solid-state diffusion, without liquid phase formation. This approach enables the controlled development of intermetallic phases in Al–Fe systems and offers promising prospects for low-temperature manufacturing of materials with improved mechanical properties.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Majchrowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Nowak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Due to the high technological potential, 3D printing technologies in the foundry industry are developing very dynamically. Binder jetting technology is most commonly used for the production of sand molds and cores with 3D printing. The binding materials used in foundry practice are organic resins modified with furfuryl alcohol. These materials are characterized by excellent technological properties, but at the same time, they are harmful to the environment. Environmentally friendly inorganic binders are an alternative to the organic binders used for the production of molds and cores, and this is the subject of research carried out at various research centers. This work determines the influence of molding sands’ with different inorganic binders composition on their chosen properties. The molding sands with 3 commercial inorganic binders used in traditional mold and core production technologies were tested as well as the molding sands dedicated to 3D printing with binders based on them. Four types of hardeners were used for chemical curing. The technological (strength, permeability, abrasion) and thermophysical (thermal deformation) tests carried out on molding sands and the physicochemical tests on binders (viscosity, wettability of the quartz substrate) have shown that inorganic binders elaborated on the basis of commercial binders can be used in 3D printing technology. The selected sands’ compositions were chosen for further research.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

K.A. Major-Gabryś
1
ORCID: ORCID
D.M. Halejcio
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Non-ferrous Metals, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract

This paper presents a dimensional analysis of die castings made from AlSi12Cu1(Fe) alloy. The machining process was optimized to minimize downtime and equipment usage while maintaining product quality and production efficiency. The castings, shaped as hydraulic valves, were produced using a four-cavity die-casting mold. Due to difficulties in achieving the required geometric dimensions, each casting from a specific cavity was machined on separate Computerized Numerical Control (CNC) machines. This work focuses on the dimensional analysis of castings from each mold cavity and the optimization of the production process. Based on the analysis, it was observed that the castings could be divided into two distinct groups: the first group contained castings that, after machining, exhibited similar measurement values and remained within the specified dimensional tolerances, while the second group failed to meet the required tolerances. As a result of the conducted analysis, a new machining strategy can be proposed—assigning castings from each group to different CNC machines. This would eliminate the need for frequent machine retooling and significantly reduce production downtime. The findings point to a potential solution for optimizing the machining process and improving overall manufacturing efficiency.
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Bibliography

  • Soiński, M.S. & Jakubus A. (2021). The leading role of aluminium in the growing production of castings made of the non-ferrous alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(3), 33-42. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136110.

  • Modern Casting. Industry Outlook: Sales Expected to Keep Growing. January 2023. 33-35.

  • Battaglia, E., Bonollo, F., Ferro, P. & Fabrizi, A. (2018). Effect of heat treatment on commercial AlSi12Cu1(Fe) and AlSi12(b) aluminum alloy die castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 49(5), 1631-1640. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-018-4544-0.

  • Ji, S., Watson, D., Fan, Z. (2017). X-Ray computed tomographic investigation of high pressure die castings. Light Metals 2017. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_104.

  • Casting Source Magazine. (2015). Improving Surface Finishing of Die Castings. Retrieved March 3, 2025, from https://www.castingsource.com/articles/2015/11/01/improving-surface-finishing-die-castings?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

  • Khandelwal, H. & Ravi, B. (2024). Effect of varying part geometry and mold constraints on dimensional deviations of sand cast parts. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing. 19, 4973-4986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-024-02118-0.

  • Tabor A., Rączka J.S. (1998). Casting design and mold technologies. Kraków: Ed. Fotobit. (in Polish).

  • Santos Jr, M. C., Machado, A. R., Sales, W. F., Barrozo, M. A. & Ezugwu, E. O. (2016).  Machining of aluminum alloys: a review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 86(9), 3067-3080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8431-9.

  • König, W. & Erinski, D. (1983). Machining and machinability of aluminium cast alloys. CIRP Annals. 32(2), 535-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60180-2.

  • Jakubus, A. & Soiński, M.S. (2019). The influence of the shape of graphite precipitates on the cast iron abrasion resistance. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 87-90. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.129635.

  • Stradomski, G., Krupop, M., Jakubus, A., Nadolski, M. (2018). The resistance of thermal shock of the 21CrMoV5-7 steel. In METAL 2018 - 27th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings, 23-25 May 2018 (pp. 873 – 878). Brno, Czech Republic.

  • Stradomski, G., Gzik, S., Jakubus, A. & Nadolski. M. (2018). The assessment of resistance to thermal fatigue and thermal shock of cast iron used for glass moulds. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 173-178. DOI: 10.24425/123621.

  • Jakubus, A., Soiński, M.S., Stradomski, G., Nadolski, M. & Mróz, M. (2025). The effect of austempering temperature on the matrix morphology and thermal shock resistance of compacted graphite cast iron. Materials. 18(10), 2200, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102200.

  • Jaworski, J., Kluz, R. & Trzepieciński, T. (2016). Research on accuracy of automatic system for casting measuring. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 49-54. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0048.

  • DIN EN 1706:2021-10 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Castings - Chemical composition and mechanical properties

  • PN-EN ISO 1:2016-12. Normalna temperatura odniesienia dla specyfikacji właściwości geometrycznych i wymiarowych.

  • Reinshaw (2024). Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.renishaw.com/pl/.

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Authors and Affiliations

J.E. Kostrzewa
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Jasiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Olejnik
1

  1. Jacob of Paradies University, 52 F. Chopina Str., 66-400 Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland.
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Abstract

In collaboration with SAND TEAM, KERAMOST and the Italian foundry F.A. Spa through F.A. Engineering Srl partner of the Green Casting LIFE project, the effect of the proportion of sand from inorganic cores on the properties of green sand mixtures was investigated. The loss of tensile strength in the condensation zone was chosen as a criterion. It is usually stated that a decrease of 20% compared to the values without the addition of the studied mixture component is critical. The compressive strength and abrasion of the green sand mixtures was also attempted to be evaluated. Core mixtures with the following binders were chosen as the likely source of sand from the cores for the green sand mixtures: GEOPOL® CO2 for carbon dioxide hardening and GEOPOL® W for hardening with the heat of the core box and blowing with hot air. It was found that GEOPOL® W had significantly less harmful effects on the properties of green sand mixture. A critical loss of strength in the condensation zone occurs only at a content of 70% of the sand from these cores and 45% in the case of the F.A. Spa green sand mixture. The abrasion tests showed, only a minimal negative effect of the sand from the cores was detected.
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Bibliography

  • Soiński, M.S. & Jakubus A. (2021). The leading role of aluminium in the growing production of castings made of the non-ferrous alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(3), 33-42. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136110.

  • Modern Casting. Industry Outlook: Sales Expected to Keep Growing. January 2023. 33-35.

  • Battaglia, E., Bonollo, F., Ferro, P. & Fabrizi, A. (2018). Effect of heat treatment on commercial AlSi12Cu1(Fe) and AlSi12(b) aluminum alloy die castings. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 49(5), 1631-1640. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-018-4544-0.

  • Ji, S., Watson, D., Fan, Z. (2017). X-Ray computed tomographic investigation of high pressure die castings. Light Metals 2017. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series. Springer, Cham. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_104.

  • Casting Source Magazine. (2015). Improving Surface Finishing of Die Castings. Retrieved March 3, 2025, from https://www.castingsource.com/articles/2015/11/01/improving-surface-finishing-die-castings?utm_source=chatgpt.com.

  • Khandelwal, H. & Ravi, B. (2024). Effect of varying part geometry and mold constraints on dimensional deviations of sand cast parts. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing. 19, 4973-4986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-024-02118-0.

  • Tabor A., Rączka J.S. (1998). Casting design and mold technologies. Kraków: Ed. Fotobit. (in Polish).

  • Santos Jr, M. C., Machado, A. R., Sales, W. F., Barrozo, M. A. & Ezugwu, E. O. (2016).  Machining of aluminum alloys: a review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 86(9), 3067-3080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-016-8431-9.

  • König, W. & Erinski, D. (1983). Machining and machinability of aluminium cast alloys. CIRP Annals. 32(2), 535-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60180-2.

  • Jakubus, A. & Soiński, M.S. (2019). The influence of the shape of graphite precipitates on the cast iron abrasion resistance. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 19(4), 87-90. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.129635.

  • Stradomski, G., Krupop, M., Jakubus, A., Nadolski, M. (2018). The resistance of thermal shock of the 21CrMoV5-7 steel. In METAL 2018 - 27th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials, Conference Proceedings, 23-25 May 2018 (pp. 873 – 878). Brno, Czech Republic.

  • Stradomski, G., Gzik, S., Jakubus, A. & Nadolski. M. (2018). The assessment of resistance to thermal fatigue and thermal shock of cast iron used for glass moulds. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 18(3), 173-178. DOI: 10.24425/123621.

  • Jakubus, A., Soiński, M.S., Stradomski, G., Nadolski, M. & Mróz, M. (2025). The effect of austempering temperature on the matrix morphology and thermal shock resistance of compacted graphite cast iron. Materials. 18(10), 2200, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102200.

  • Jaworski, J., Kluz, R. & Trzepieciński, T. (2016). Research on accuracy of automatic system for casting measuring. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(3), 49-54. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0048.

  • DIN EN 1706:2021-10 Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Castings - Chemical composition and mechanical properties

  • PN-EN ISO 1:2016-12. Normalna temperatura odniesienia dla specyfikacji właściwości geometrycznych i wymiarowych.

  • Reinshaw (2024). Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.renishaw.com/pl/.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Vykoukal
1
A. Neudert
2
I. Stefani
3
M. Přerovská
1
A. Burian
1

  1. SAND TEAM, spol. s r.o., Czech Republic.
  2. KERAMOST, a.s., Czech Republic.
  3. F.A. Spa, Italy.
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Abstract

A numerical simulation of the casting of a metal matrix composite consisting of aluminium and TiC reinforcement was carried out using ProCAST software. To verify the results of the virtual experiment, a disc-shaped centrifugal composite casting was produced. The charge material consisted of Al/TiC metal matrix cast-composite scrap previously fabricated via the in situ self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in bath (SHS-B) method. This charge was remelted in an electric induction furnace and then poured into a vertically rotating mould made of furan sand. Microstructural examinations were carried out along the radius of the cast disc (150 mm in diameter) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). The results demonstrated a gradual increase in both the material hardness and the volume fraction of the reinforced particles with increasing distance from the axis of rotation. In the outer region of the casting, the volume fraction of the reinforcing particles was approximately 50% higher compared to the region near the rotational axis. The results of the numerical simulation were in partial agreement with those obtained in a real experiment.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wiktor
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract

This research examines the combined influence of fly ash and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on sand mold properties and aluminum casting quality. Experimental investigations were carried out by systematically varying fly ash content (0, 10, 14, 18, and 20 wt%) in molding sand formulations, both with and without the addition of 10 wt% NaOH. The analysis showed that as fly ash content increased, sand mold samples with NaOH gained compressive strength and hardness but lost permeability, whereas samples without NaOH experienced a decline in strength and hardness along with an increase in permeability. Microstructural characterization confirmed that fly ash particles fill interstitial voids between sand grains, with NaOH creating binding bridges that enhance structural cohesion. The appropriate composition of 18 wt% fly ash and 10 wt% NaOH yielded aluminum castings exhibiting excellent mechanical performance and minimal surface imperfections. This composition balances critical mold properties, including adequate permeability, sufficient compressive strength, and appropriate hardness while representing an environmentally beneficial approach through industrial byproduct utilization. The findings provide foundries with a scientifically validated sand casting methodology using fly ash and NaOH activation that simultaneously improves aluminum casting quality and reduces costs through enhanced mold properties and sustainable waste material utilization.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Phrachai
1
P. Prasongsuthon
1
S. Khruakunakorn
1
C. Saikaew
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Industrial Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
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Abstract

This research investigates the effect of reinforcing 6061 aluminum alloy with fine aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) particles and nanoporous aluminum on its mechanical and thermal performance. The study focused on properties such as hardness, ductility, thermal conductivity, and heat resistance. Samples were prepared using gravity casting with varying proportions of Al₂O₃ (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%) and nanoporous aluminum (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%). The hardness showed a gradual increase, rising from 63 HV to 94 HV, indicating the role of reinforcement in strengthening the alloy and reducing structural defects. The tensile strength improved from 278 MPa to 344 MPa, while the thermal conductivity decreased from 168 to 138 W/m·K due to the insulating properties of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), enhancing its potential for use in applications requiring high strength, stiffness, and acceptable thermal insulation, such as aircraft structures, car engine pistons and rods, and braking and friction systems. The best balance between strength and thermal resistance was observed for the sample (S4) containing 3% nano-aluminum and 6% Al₂O₃, with minimal impact on ductility. These results support the suitability of the developed composite for high-temperature structural applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

A.O. Shaker
1
ORCID: ORCID
Z.K. Rodhan
1
ORCID: ORCID
K.A. Hadi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AL-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
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Abstract

The paper presents research on the influence of degassing process parameters on the crystallization and gasification of EN AC-46000 alloy (designation according to chemical composition – AlSi9Cu3(Fe)). After melting, the alloy was degassed using Ecosal Al113.S solid refiner and by blowing with an inert gas: nitrogen or argon. Various solid degasser contents and various nitrogen and argon blowing times were used. Thermal and derivative analysis (TDA) were used to study the crystallization process of Al-Si alloy. The density index as well as hydrogen content in the liquid alloy were determined. Using Alu Speed Tester, it was demonstrated that the lowest density index and hydrogen content were obtained in the alloy degassed with the use of Ecosal at a concentration of 1% and then blown with argon for 15 minutes. It has been shown that increasing the efficiency of the degassing process results in prolonging the crystallization time of the tested alloy, and in particular, the crystallization time of αAl + β(Si) binary eutectic. The justification given was the probable removal of small solid particles from the liquid metal, which could form the basis for heterogeneous nucleation of the Al-Si alloy component phases during degassing.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Szymczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
B.P. Pisarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Just
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Kaczorowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Gumienny
1
ORCID: ORCID
R. Władysiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Rapiejko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

WE43 alloy belongs to a group of magnesium alloys with great potential for use in the automotive and aerospace industries. The industrial applicability of a material is determined, among other things, by its joinability. It was found that the treatment had a significant effect on the structure. The tensile strength of the FSW joints was at 75% of the base material’s strength. All joints cracked in the weld. Both the base material and the weld exhibited high corrosion resistance in an atmosphere simulating automobile engine exhaust gases. The tests demonstrated that FSW technology can be used for joining and repairing WE43 gravity castings used in the automotive industry.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Adamiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Łyczkowska
1
K. Baluch
1
K. Gładyś
1
A. Mrowiec
1
G. Kopeć
1

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical properties of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg aluminium alloy (AlSi12) and its SiC-reinforced composite (AlSi12/10SiCp) under low-temperature conditions. Tensile tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from room temperature to -80°C using a testing machine equipped with a cooling chamber. The results reveal a significant temperature-dependent behaviour in both materials. As the temperature decreased, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the AlSi12 alloy increased linearly from 140 MPa at room temperature to 194 MPa at -80°C, representing a 38.6% improvement. Similarly, the AlSi12/10SiCp composite exhibited a 15.3% increase in UTS, from around 170 MPa at room temperature to 196 MPa at -80°C. Both materials exhibited brittle fracture behaviour, with elongation values below 5% and no evidence of necking. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) identified coarse grains, micro-pores, and intermetallic compounds as key factors degrading mechanical properties. Fractographic analysis revealed cleavage-like fracture surfaces with sharp morphologies and micro-cracks, consistent with brittle fracture modes. These findings highlight the limited ductility and enhanced strength of EN AC-AlSi12CuNiMg aluminium alloy and its composite at low temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Wacławiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
A.S. Mekonnin
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Digitalization of Industry, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8, 40-019 Katowice, Poland.
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Abstract

This study investigates the impact of titanium (Ti) additions, up to 0.13 wt%, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of iron castings. To account for varying cooling rates, the research examined thin-walled castings with thicknesses of 3 mm and 5 mm, alongside a 13 mm thick reference casting. Microstructural changes were quantitatively assessed using image analysis and qualitatively examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The addition of 0.13% Ti was found to significantly influence graphite formation in thin-walled castings, reducing the graphite nodule fraction in 3 mm castings from 73% to 34%. In 5 mm castings, the nodule fraction was reduced to below 20%, meeting ASTM standards. The study also measured key mechanical and functional properties, including hardness, wear resistance, and machinability. While hardness showed no significant increase with Ti additions, the ultimate tensile strength of 5 mm castings with 0.10% Ti increased slightly before decreasing with higher Ti content. Metallographic analysis revealed that the addition of titanium significantly influences graphite formation in thin-walled castings, to a much greater extent than in thicker sections. This is particularly crucial given the differing solidification kinetics in components of varying thicknesses. Furthermore, thin-walled castings with a high degree of inoculation that solidified under high cooling rates exhibited a homogeneous structure, free from chilling. This desirable microstructure, combined with favorable mechanical and functional properties, positions these castings for potential use as substitutes for aluminum alloy castings in diverse applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kawalec
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Górny
1
ORCID: ORCID
J. Kozana
2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Marosz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Faculty of Foundry, Department of Alloy and Composite Engineering, Poland.
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Faculty of Foundry, Department of Molding Materials, Mold Technology, and Non-Ferrous Metal Foundry, Poland.
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Abstract

Bi2Te3-based alloys are widely employed in the fabrication of thermoelectric modules for low- and medium-temperature applications. This paper investigates a novel approach to the production of structure-oriented thermoelectric materials, comparing the results with those obtained from polycrystalline materials synthesized via powder metallurgy. The strength properties of thermoelectric materials produced from metal powders are much lower than those produced by directional crystallization methods. As anticipated, samples exhibiting an oriented structure, approaching monocrystalline properties, demonstrated superior performance. Furthermore, directional crystallization technology in a Bridgman furnace was investigated, using the LMC (liquid metal cooling) method, which facilitates the achievement of the desired alloy microstructure. The most favorable results were achieved in a sample produced through directional crystallization in a Bridgman apparatus specifically designed for this research. While all fabricated samples exhibited comparable performance, a sample possessing an oriented crystal structure exhibited the highest ZT parameter of 0.5 at a temperature of 520K. This research highlights the potential of structure-oriented thermoelectric materials for enhanced performance in thermoelectric devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Bracka-Kęsek
1
B. Rafałowski
1
D. Kopyciński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Poland.
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Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the corrosion resistance of selected magnesium alloys in 3.5 % NaCl solution at room temperature and to determine the influence of microstructure on this property. For this purpose, SEM microscope with the EDS/EDX system and electrochemical measurements (LSV, EIS) have been employed. The following materials have been selected – binary Mg-Zn alloy with 3% content of zinc, AZ91 manufactured by gravity and squeeze casting. It has been concluded that corrosion resistance follows the order AZ91(SQ) > AZ91 (AC) > MgZn3. Based on obtained measurements data the equivalent electrical circuit for tested materials has been presented and values of its parameters have been determined using computer fitting and simulation. Furthermore, it has been stated that after squeeze casting, the microstructure of AZ91 is more refined and Mg17Al12 phase is in a form of continuous network compared to samples produced by gravity casting. For these reasons, in this comparison the best corrosion resistance is demonstrated by AZ91 after squeeze casting because Mg17Al12 phase acts as an inhibitor and decreases the corrosion rate in this case. MgZn3 demonstrates the lower corrosion resistance due to the lack of Al in the chemical composition.
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Authors and Affiliations

W. Wyrwa
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Naplocha
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland.
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Abstract

The paper discusses issues in the field of casting using the Replicast CS technology and explores the possibilities of applying patterns made on injection moulders with gas injection moulding technology. The scope of the study included designing a Celtic stone pattern and selecting suitable gating system elements based on the analysis of simulation results obtained with MAGMASOFT® v.5.3 software. Determining the dimensions of individual elements, as well as positioning the patterns relative to the pouring gate, was empirical. Changes were made to ensure the production of casts free from defects. Verification focused on parameters such as: solidification temperature, porosity, and metal flow in the mould. After conducting a simulation in MAGMASOFT® v5.3 and achieving satisfactory results, patterns were produced on an injection moulding process, pattern systems were prepared, and ceramic moulds were made. The moulds were then fired, and simultaneously, the patterns were removed from the mould cavities, which were subsequently filled with aluminum alloy AlSi11. An analysis of the quality of the prepared moulds and test casts was also performed.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Łoś
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Kiczkowiak
2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Owczynnikow
2
ORCID: ORCID
D. Wojtaszczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
J. Statucki
3
ORCID: ORCID
B.P. Pisarek
3
ORCID: ORCID
C. Rapiejko
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Machine Parts and Mechanism, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 46117 Liberec, Czech Republic.
  2. Polytechnic Faculty, University of Kalisz, Plac Wojciecha Bogusławskiego 2, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland.
  3. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Material Engineering's and Production Systems, Poland.
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Abstract

High requirements placed on a castings of combustion engine's cylinder heads are forcing their manufacturers to search after a new solutions of the process aimed at improving quality of the castings, minimization of structural defects (such as porosity or inclusions), and perfection of material's microstructure, which in result would lead to obtaining improved mechanical properties. Meeting these requirements, without necessity of introduction of a new materials requires, among others, optimizing chemical composition of the alloy, developing methods of the casting process, and improving heat treatment processes. In this paper it has been presented results of the research concerning T6 type heat treatment of a combustion engine's cylinder head made of the AlSi7Cu3Mg alloy. It has been confirmed that optimal heat treatment procedure comprises solutioning heat treatment at 500°C for 1 hour, followed by artificial aging at 175°C for 2 hours. In result of implemented process, it have been obtained the tensile strength of Rm = 320 MPa and the hardness of HB having value in range of 105–130, what represents a significant increase compared to the raw casting. Improvement in the mechanical properties was accompanied by a slight decrease in ductility only– the A5 elongation decreased from 1,5 to 1,2%.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Pezda
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Bielsko-Biala, Poland.
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Abstract

The subject of the work is to prove that correct inoculation improves the properties of high chromium cast iron. The analysis was performed in terms of the effect of Fe-Nb-based and Fe-Ti-based inoculators on the starting alloy. Defects in castings such as porosity cracks and shrinkage cavities are a huge problem for companies producing chromium iron range. Reducing the occurrence of the aforementioned defects will result in more profitable and repeatable production. A stabilized and controlled production process provides guarantees of competitiveness in terms of price as well as timing in the market. It seems that the procedure of inoculation of HCCI cast iron, which has not yet been implemented on an industrial scale, turns out to be helpful in these problems. The inoculation used should have a significant effect on the fragmentation of the primary austenite structure as well as affect the alloy in the area of carbide eutectic crystallization. The thesis that can be formulated is that the inoculation will allow to improve the functional properties of castings free from defects such as hot cracking. Industrial tests were carried out at the “Swidnica” Foundry Ltd. which made it possible to show that it is possible to perform correct inoculation of high chromium cast iron under the conditions of the foundry's production line. In addition, it was shown that the inoculation of Fe-Nb better than Fe-Ti affects the functional properties of the inoculated alloy. It turned out that a small addition of Fe-Ti inoculant leads to the formation of TiC carbides. In contrast, the formation of NbC carbide was not demonstrated in the study with the use of Fe-Nb inoculant. In this case, the formation of an intermetallic phase was observed.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Mędoń
1
ORCID: ORCID
K.Z. Bracka-Kęsek
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Wiktor
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Świątkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Czarny
2
D. Kopyciński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, al. Adama Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
  2. Odlewnia „Świdnica” Sp. z o.o., Świdnica ul. Kliczkowska 53, 58-105 Świdnica, Poland.
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Abstract

This paper presents, a calculation method to model the material morphology during heating and deformation of samples to temperatures close to the solidus line. Two approaches were used, for heating and heating with deformation. In the first case, only the temperature information of the FEM mesh nodes is transferred to MC model. In the case of heating and deformation, a FE/CA model was proposed where the computational domain is mapped based on the displacement vectors from the FEM mesh. The developed model is a hybrid of the finite element method (FEM) with Monte Carlo (MC) and Random Cellular Automata (RCA) methods. It is used to simulate thermomechanical processes such as resistance heating, local remelting and sample deformation. At the macroscopic level, a modified rigid-plastic model with, a controlled compressibility condition was used. A Gleeble 3800 thermomechanical simulator was used in the study for heating, melting, cooling and deformation experiments off steel samples. Validation of the micro model was perform on metallographic scans and quantitative and qualitative grains analysis. Comparison of the experimental and numerical data made it possible to evaluate the accuracy of the model.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Dębiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Hojny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Poland.

Instructions for authors

Submission


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Papers submitted in any other way will not be accepted.



The Journal does not have submission charges.


The APC Article Processing Charge is 110 euros (500zł for Polish authors). In some cases, the APC is paid as a part of the scientific conference fee, for which the AFE journal is a supportive one. If not, it is payable after the acceptance of the final article by direct money transfer.


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Account holder: Stowarzyszenie Wychowankow Politechniki Slaskiej Kolo Odlewnikow
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Instructions for the preparation of an Archives of Foundry Engineering Paper

Publication Ethics Policy


Publication Ethics Policy

The standards of expected ethical behavior for all parties involved in publishing in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal: the author, the journal editor and editorial board, the peer reviewers and the publisher are listed below.

All the articles submitted for publication in Archives of Foundry Engineering are peer reviewed for authenticity, ethical issues and usefulness as per Review Procedure document.

Duties of Editors
1. Monitoring the ethical standards: Editorial Board monitors the ethical standards of the submitted manuscripts and takes all possible measures against any publication malpractices.
2. Fair play: Submitted manuscripts are evaluated for their scientific content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, citizenship, political ideology or any other issues that is a personal or human right.
3. Publication decisions: The Editor in Chief is responsible for deciding which of the submitted articles should or should not be published. The decision to accept or reject the article is based on its importance, originality, clarity, and its relevance to the scope of the journal and is made after the review process.
4. Confidentiality: The Editor in Chief and the members of the Editorial Board t ensure that all materials submitted to the journal remain confidential during the review process. They must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the parties involved in the publishing process i.e., authors, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
5. Disclosure and conflict of interest: Unpublished materials disclosed in the submitted manuscript must not be used by the Editor and the Editorial Board in their own research without written consent of authors. Editors always precludes business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards.
6. Maintain the integrity of the academic record: The editors will guard the integrity of the published academic record by issuing corrections and retractions when needed and pursuing suspected or alleged research and publication misconduct. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable. Editorial Board always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed.

Retractions of the articles: the Editor in Chief will consider retracting a publication if:
- there are clear evidences that the findings are unreliable, either as a result of misconduct (e.g. data fabrication) or honest error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error)
- the findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission or justification (cases of redundant publication)
- it constitutes plagiarism or reports unethical research.
Notice of the retraction will be linked to the retracted article (by including the title and authors in the retraction heading), clearly identifies the retracted article and state who is retracting the article. Retraction notices should always mention the reason(s) for retraction to distinguish honest error from misconduct.
Retracted articles will not be removed from printed copies of the journal nor from electronic archives but their retracted status will be indicated as clearly as possible.

Duties of Authors
1. Reporting standards: Authors of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. The paper should contain sufficient details and references to permit others to replicate the work. The fabrication of results and making of fraudulent or inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and will cause rejection or retraction of a manuscript or a published article.
2. Originality and plagiarism: Authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others they need to be cited or quoted. Plagiarism and fraudulent data is not acceptable.
3. Data access retention: Authors may be asked to provide the raw data for editorial review, should be prepared to provide public access to such data, and should be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication of their paper.
4. Multiple or concurrent publication: Authors should not in general publish a manuscript describing essentially the same research in more than one journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable.
5. Authorship of the manuscript: Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the report study. All those who have made contributions should be listed as co-authors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
6. Acknowledgement of sources: The proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. The authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the scope of the reported work.
7. Fundamental errors in published works: When the author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.

Duties of Reviewers
1. Contribution to editorial decisions: Peer reviews assist the editor in making editorial decisions and may also help authors to improve their manuscript.
2. Promptness: Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its timely review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself/herself from the review process.
3. Confidentiality: All manuscript received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except those authorized by the editor.
4. Standards of objectivity: Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Reviewers should express their views clearly with appropriate supporting arguments.
5. Acknowledgement of sources: Reviewers should identify the relevant published work that has not been cited by authors. Any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper should be reported to the editor.
6. Disclosure and conflict of Interest: Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider evaluating manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relations with any of the authors, companies, or institutions involved in writing a paper.

Peer-review Procedure


Review Procedure


The Review Procedure for articles submitted to the Archives of Foundry Engineering agrees with the recommendations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education published in a booklet: ‘Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce’ (MNiSW, Dobre praktyki w procedurach recenzyjnych w nauce, Warszawa 2011).

Papers submitted to the Editorial System are primarily screened by editors with respect to scope, formal issues and used template. Texts with obvious errors (formatting other than requested, missing references, evidently low scientific quality) will be rejected at this stage or will be sent for the adjustments.

Once verified each article is checked by the anti-plagiarism system Cross Check powered by iThenticate®. After the positive response, the article is moved into: Initially verified manuscripts. When the similarity level is too high, the article will be rejected. There is no strict rule (i.e., percentage of the similarity), and it is always subject to the Editor’s decision.
Initially verified manuscripts are then sent to at least four independent referees outside the author’s institution and at least two of them outside of Poland, who:

have no conflict of interests with the author,
are not in professional relationships with the author,
are competent in a given discipline and have at least a doctorate degree and respective
scientific achievements,
have a good reputation as reviewers.


The review form is available online at the Journal’s Editorial System and contains the following sections:

1. Article number and title in the Editorial System

2. The statement of the Reviewer (to choose the right options):

I declare that I have not guessed the identity of the Author. I declare that I have guessed the identity of the Author, but there is no conflict of interest

3. Detailed evaluation of the manuscript against other researches published to this point:

Do you think that the paper title corresponds with its contents?
Yes No
Do you think that the abstract expresses the paper contents well?
Yes No
Are the results or methods presented in the paper novel?
Yes No
Do the author(s) state clearly what they have achieved?
Yes No
Do you find the terminology employed proper?
Yes No
Do you find the bibliography representative and up-to-date?
Yes No
Do you find all necessary illustrations and tables?
Yes No
Do you think that the paper will be of interest to the journal readers?
Yes No

4. Reviewer conclusion

Accept without changes
Accept after changes suggested by reviewer.
Rate manuscript once again after major changes and another review
Reject


5. Information for Editors (not visible for authors).

6. Information for Authors


Reviewing is carried out in the double blind process (authors and reviewers do not know each other’s names).

The appointed reviewers obtain summary of the text and it is his/her decision upon accepting/rejecting the paper for review within a given time period 21 days.

The reviewers are obliged to keep opinions about the paper confidential and to not use knowledge about it before publication.

The reviewers send their review to the Archives of Foundry Engineering by Editorial System. The review is archived in the system.

Editors do not accept reviews, which do not conform to merit and formal rules of scientific reviewing like short positive or negative remarks not supported by a close scrutiny or definitely critical reviews with positive final conclusion. The reviewer’s remarks are sent to the author. He/she has to consider all remarks and revise the text accordingly.

The author of the text has the right to comment on the conclusions in case he/she does not agree with them. He/she can request the article withdrawal at any step of the article processing.

The Editor-in-Chief (supported by members of the Editorial Board) decides on publication based on remarks and conclusions presented by the reviewers, author’s comments and the final version of the manuscript.

The final Editor’s decision can be as follows:
Accept without changes
Reject


The rules for acceptance or rejection of the paper and the review form are available on the Web page of the AFE publisher.

Once a year Editorial Office publishes present list of cooperating reviewers.
Reviewing is free of charge.
All articles, including those rejected and withdrawn, are archived in the Editorial System.

Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland



List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland


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