Applied sciences

Archives of Foundry Engineering

Description

Archives of Foundry Engineering continues the publishing activity started by Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Katowice in 1978. The initiator of it was the first Chairman Professor Dr Eng. Wacław Sakwa – Corresponding Member of PAN, Honorary Doctor of Czestochowa University of Technology and Silesian University of Technology. This periodical first name was „Solidification of Metals and Alloys” , and made possible to publish the results of works achieved in the field of the Basic Problems Research Cooperation. The subject of publications was related to the title of the periodical and concerned widely understand problems of metals and alloys crystallization in a casting mold. In 1978-2000 the 44 issues have been published. Since 2001 the Foundry Commission has had patronage of the annually published “Archives of Foundry” and since 2007 quarterly published “Archives of Foundry Engineering”. Thematic scope includes scientific issues of foundry industry:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes,

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials,

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding,

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry,

Transport Systems in Foundry,

Castings Quality Management,

Environmental Protection.

Scoring assigned by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education: 100 points

IMPACT FACTOR 2022: 0.6

CiteScore metrics from Scopus 2022: 1.2
SCImago Journal Rank ( SJR) 2022: 0.197
Source Normalized Impact per Paper ( SNIP) 2022: 0.423

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The journal content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

ISSN

eISSN 2299-2944

Publishers

The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Editor in Chief:
J. Jezierski

0000-0003-2078-196X
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
jan.jezierski@polsl.pl

Deputy Editor:
D. Bartocha

0000-0002-3011-4434
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
dariusz.bartocha@polsl.pl

Subject Editors:

Theoretical Aspects of Casting Processes
E. Guzik –

0000-0002-4449-532X, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
S. Gnyloskurenko –

0000-0003-0201-7191, PTIMA National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
J. Sobczak –

0000-0002-8878-1037, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Innovative Foundry Technologies and Materials
O. P. Pandey –

0000-0002-6826-995X , Thapar University, Punjab, India
N. S. Tiedje –

0000-0001-5198-3551, DTU in Lyngby, Denmark
P. Lichy –

0000-0002-6170-4728, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

Foundry Processes Computer Aiding
B. Mochnacki –

0000-0001-8504-3744, University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
E. Majchrzak –

0000-0003-3555-2318, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Szucki –

0000-0002-2675-1836, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
M. Perzyk –

0000-0003-4901-7746, Warsaw University of Technology, Warszawa, Poland

Mechanization, Automation and Robotics in Foundry
J. Bast –

0000-0002-9795-2352, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
R. Dańko –

0000-0003-2434-6025, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
M. Mróz –

0000-0002-7433-4092, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland

Castings Quality Management
D. Bolibruchova –

0000-0002-7374-9763, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. D. B. de Mello –

0000-0001-8912-2132, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Brazil
M. Górny –

0000-0001-6682-2611, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland

Environmental Protection
M. Holtzer –

0000-0002-6988-3329, AGH University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
J. Roučka –

0000-0003-0917-1810, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
S. Acharya –

0000-0001-6428-8961, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad, Gujarat, India

Editorial Advisory Board:
M. Cholewa –

0000-0001-8598-6953, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
B. K. Dhindaw –

0000-0001-6991-9793, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
W. A. Hufenbach –

0000-0002-5131-3483, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A. Zadera –

0000-0002-0555-370X , Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
A. Passerone –

0000-0002-0005-5314, CNR, Genova, Italy
I. Riposan –

0000-0002-4040-2798, Politehnica University of Bucharest Bucharest, Romania
A. Sládek –

0000-0002-7628-3524, University of Zilina, Zilina, Slovak Republic
J. Szajnar –

0000-0003-3622-843X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
R. B. Tuttle –

00000002-7689-259X, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
M. Okayasu –

0000-0003-3897-070X, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
I. Nova –

0000-0003-2287-9346, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
C. Caceres –

0000-0001-6521-2037, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
A. Dioszegi –

0000-0002-3024-9005, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden

Associate Editors:
A. Dulska –

0000-0001-6903-328X, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Suchoń –

0000-0002-7019-3966, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
M. Kondracki –

0000-0001-7840-5575, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
N. Przyszlak –

0000-0003-1683-0001, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
J. Szymszal –

0000-0002-3229-6470, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

ul. Towarowa 7,
44-100 Gliwice, Poland
e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl

https://www.journal-afe.pl

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Copyright on any open access article in the Archives of Foundry Engineering journal published by Polish Academy of Sciences is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Polish Academy of Sciences a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any user the right to use the article freely if its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified. The Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 formalizes these and other terms and conditions of publishing articles.

The editorial team of Archives of Foundry Engineering implements an open access policy by publishing materials in the form of the so-called Gold Open Access and encourages authors to place articles published in the journal in open repositories (after the review or the final version of the publisher), provided that a link to the journal’s website is provided.

Exceptions to copyright policy

For the articles which were previously published, before year 2022, policies that are different from the above. In all such, access to these articles is free from fees or any other access restrictions. Permissions for the use of the texts published in that journal may be sought directly from the Commission of Foundry Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland, by e-mail: kikm@polsl.pl.

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Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles

1 Effect of Heat Treatment T6 on Selected Properties and Structure of AlSi5Cu2Mg Alloy with Addition of Mo, Zr, and Sr

M. Sýkorová , D. Bolibruchová , M. Brůna , K. Hradečný

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151304

Keywords: Heat treatment Molybdenum Zirconium Strontium

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Abstract

The hypoeutectic aluminum alloy AlSi5Cu2Mg is used for the production of high-strength automotive components such as cylinder head castings. AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy is characterized by a specific chemical composition (low permitted Si and Ti content) determined by the supplier. Due to the low permitted Ti content it is impossible to refine the grain structure of this aluminum alloy using standard grain refiners based on Al-Ti-B. Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys are thermal stable up to the temperature 200°C, due to the presence of strengthening precipitates. Due to the downsizing, the operating temperature exceeds the temperature of 200°C, which leads to a decrease in the mechanical and physical properties of Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys. The aim of this study is to analyse influence the alloying elements and heat treatment on the selected properties of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloys that are crucial for cylinder head castings. The paper focuces on the evaluation of the influence of selected alloying elements Sr, Zr and Mo on mechanical and physical properties. The present work also analysis the effect of heat treatment T6 on selected properties and structure of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy modified by Sr, Zr or Mo. Sr, Zr and Mo were added into the AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy in the form of master alloys AlMo10, AlSr10 or AlZr20. According to the findings, the incorporation of the chosen alloying elements did not result in a substantial improvement in the mechanical and physical characteristics of AlSi5Cu2Mg alloy, which would be critical for its practical application. Physical and mechanical properties noted positive increase due to the effect of thermal processing T6.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Sýkorová

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bolibruchová

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Brůna

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Hradečný

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Zilina, Slovak Republik
VSB - Technical University of Ostrava: Ostrava, Czech Republik

2 The Boron Solubility in Al-Mg-B Alloys

J. Zeman , A. Herman , J. Šerák

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151305

Keywords: Casting Aluminium Magnesium Boron Boron powder

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Abstract

This study deals with the effect of magnesium content in Al-Mg-B alloy (with a boron content of about 5 wt. %) on the formation of intermetallic phases and elimination of inclusions in the form of boron powder particles in the final structure. At first look, the high melting temperature difference between pure aluminium (660°C) and boron (2076°C) appears to be a potential problem. Moreover, boron has a minimal solubility in aluminium (0.055 wt.%) and the liquidus temperature increases very rapidly with increasing boron content (liquidus temperature approx. 1 160°C at 5 wt.% for Al-B binary alloy). Alloying with magnesium results in the transformation of the intermetallic phases AlB12 and AlB2 to the (Al, Mg)B2 phase and has a significant beneficial effect on the formation of intermetallic boron phases in the aluminium alloy without residual boron powder particles.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Zeman

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Herman

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Šerák

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Republic
University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Metal and Corrosion Engineering, Czech Republic

3 Design of Conformal Cooling of an Additively Printed Aluminium Die-Casting Mold Component

J. Sviželová , L. Socha , A. Mohamed , M. Pinta , K. Koza , T. Sellner , K. Gryc , M. Dvořák , M. Roh

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151306

Keywords: HPDC Conformal cooling Temperature field Numerical simulation Mold design

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Abstract

The paper describes the design of conformal cooling of an aluminium die-casting mold component using numerical simulations along with validation under industrial conditions. The subject of modifications was the insert. The insert comes into direct contact with the metal during the filling of the mold and solidification of the casting and determines the internal shape of the casting. The aim was to optimize the operating temperatures of the insert, reduce thermal stress in the most exposed area, achieve a more even distribution of temperatures in its volume, and maintain the casting quality. Shape modifications were made by topology optimization to reduce the volume of the insert and achieve material savings. 3D printing was chosen as the production technology due to the wider possibilities regarding the variability of the shape of the internal cooling channels. Three geometric designs of the insert were created, and numerical simulations of the temperature field of the mold were carried out in ProCAST software for each variant. Numerical simulations were validated through the temperature field of the mold detected by a thermal camera during the casting cycle. Based on the results, the final design D was selected, for which a complete numerical simulation was performed, including the filling and solidification of the castings. The results were compared with the original variant A. By adjusting the cooling, temperatures were reduced in the most temperature-exposed area of the insert. The new insert variant D showed higher temperatures in the rest of the volume, resulting from material volume reduction. However, the temperatures became even, and the temperature gradients that existed in the original insert variant A were reduced. The simulation also showed that changes in the temperature field of variant D will not negatively affect the quality of the castings. The component will be manufactured and tested in operational conditions in the next research phase.

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ČSN EN 1706+A1. (2022). Aluminium and aluminium alloys – Castings – Chemical composition and mechanical properties. Prague: Czech Standardization Agency

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Sviželová

L. Socha

A. Mohamed

M. Pinta

K. Koza

T. Sellner

K. Gryc

M. Dvořák

M. Roh

Environmental Research Department, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 517/10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
MOTOR JIKOV Fostron a.s., Tool Shop Division, Kněžskodvorská 2277/26, 370 04 České Budějovice, Czech Republic

4 Quality Assessment Method for Chromite Sand to Reduce the Number of Cast Steel Surface Defects

T. Wróbel , J. Jezierski , D. Bartocha , E. Feliks , A. Paleń

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151307

Keywords: Moulding sand Chroimite sand Casting defects Cast steel SEM EDS

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Abstract

This paper discusses the ability to apply the test method using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) together with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analysis to assess the quality of fresh chromite sand delivered by various suppliers to Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o. The research was initiated due to the non-cyclical occurrence of surface casting defects, i.e. pitted skin and burn-on of chromite moulding sand for cast steel casting. The scope of studies comprised the quality assessment of sixteen chromite sand batches delivered for six months by two suppliers. The analysis of the results obtained was used to describe components of the tested chromite sand batches and develop criteria for their quality assessment, considering the chemical composition of chromite grains and the amount of impurities in the form of silica sand and the binder particles. Moreover, clear suggestions were developed concerning the ability to use the given chromite sand batch as the base of moulding sand made in Alphaset technology in Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o.

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Bibliography

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Stachowicz M., Kamiński, M., Granat, K. & Pałyga, Ł. (2017). Effect of temperature on chromite-based moulding sands bonded with sodium silicate. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/1515/afe-2017-0058.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wróbel

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Jezierski

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

D. Bartocha

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Feliks

A. Paleń

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Huta Małapanew Sp. z o.o., Kolejowa 1, 46-040 Ozimek, Poland

5 The Role of Molybdenum in the Formation of the Microstructure and Properties of Al-Cu Alloys

S. Stąpór , M. Górny , Ł. Gondek , B. Gracz , M. Kawalec

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151308

Keywords: Metallography Al-Cu alloys Tensile properties Thermal analysis

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Abstract

The subject of the presented research is the influence of molybdenum on selected properties of alloys that are based on the Al-Cu system. It could be observed that the introduction of molybdenum to the multi-component alloy at levels of up to 0.5 wt.% showed increases in the degrees of undercooling ΔT along with the increasing contents of the introduced element. The addition of molybdenum contributed to the reduction of the size of the primary grains of the α(Al) phase. Molybdenum improved the strength of the alloy while achieving elongation at a significant level. This is an element that occurs in the alloy – both in the iron-manganese phases and in the segregates inside the grains. Most of the iron-manganese phases occurred in a more spheroidal form. Additionally, tests were carried out on higher molybdenum content in the alloy. The addition of the tested chemical element at a level of 1 wt.% caused the precipitation of the phases that contained molybdenum, which did not dissolve after heat treatment.

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Bibliography

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Stefanescu, D.M. (2015). Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification 3rd ed. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Stąpór

M. Górny

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ł. Gondek

e-mail:

ORCID:

B. Gracz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kawalec

e-mail:

ORCID:

Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta St. 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Solid State Physics, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza Av. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

6 The Comparison of Chosen - Bonded with the Use of Classical and Dedicated for 3D Printing Furfuryl Binder - Molding Sands’ Properties as a Basis for Development a New Inorganic System

D.M. Halejcio , K.A. Major-Gabryś

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151309

Keywords: Molding sands Furfuryl resin for 3D printing Viscosity Binder jetting Sand grains

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Abstract

Binder jetting technology (3D printing) in the production of foundry molds and cores is becoming more and more industrially used due to ensuring very good quality of the casting surface. In 3D printing technology as the matrix, quartz sand is mainly used, with a grain size of 0.14-0.25 mm. The binder is an organic binder - most often furfuryl resins. As part of this work, self-hardening molding sands with furfuryl resins dedicated to the classic production of molds and cores, as well as molding sands with resin dedicated to 3D printing, were tested. The aim of the research was to compare the viscosity of binders and the properties of molding sands prepared based on binding systems both dedicated to the classic production of molds and cores and for 3D printing. Tests were carried out on the binding kinetics, bench life, strength properties, permeability, abrasion and hot distortion of molding sands prepared on the basis of a standard medium grain matrix and sieved fine-grain matrix. The carried-out tests have shown that the binding system based on furfuryl resin elaborated for 3D printing of molding sands provides strength properties of the sands similar to the classic system of binding self-hardening molding sands with furfuryl resins. However, it ensures faster binding speed and greater thermal stability measured by the hot distortion parameter. The use of a fine-grained matrix results in a decrease in the strength properties of all the molding sands. On the basis of the results achieved for molding sands with organic binding system, a new inorganic binding system was elaborated.

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Bibliography

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8 – 9 May 2024, (pp. 20). Kraków (in Polish)

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Authors and Affiliations

D.M. Halejcio

e-mail:

ORCID:

K.A. Major-Gabryś

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Non-ferrous Metals, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

7 Metallurgical Processing of CoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy

P. Müller , A. Zadera , L. Čamek , M. Myška , V. Pernica

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151310

Keywords: High-entropy alloys CoCrFeNi Decarburisation Deoxidation Desulphurisation

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Abstract

conventional alloys are based on a majority of a primary element with some number of added elements, HEAs are based on multiple (usually more than 5) elements that reach equimolar/equiatomic content. With the right combination of elements, properties can be achieved that could predispose HEAs for practical applications.
In the fabrication of HEAs in previous research, pure metals have been predominantly used as the charging material. However, the use of common industrial charge with limited purity is crucial for the more economically viable use of HEAs in industry. Such a charge material may contain accompanying elements which may have an undesirable effect on the properties of the alloy. In order to achieve optimum alloy properties, it is necessary to minimise their content using various metallurgical processes
The aim of the work was the metallurgical processing of CoCrFeNi alloy melted from scrap metal in an induction furnace. The desired reduction of carbon (to 100 ppm) and nitrogen content (from 660 to ~60 ppm) was reached by using carbon reaction under vacuum. Significant reduction in oxygen content (to ~120 ppm) was reached after a deoxidation with aluminium and slight reduction in sulphur content (~25%, to 120 ppm) was reached after a desulphurisation with rare earth metals.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Müller

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Zadera

e-mail:

ORCID:

L. Čamek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Myška

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Pernica

e-mail:

ORCID:

Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

8 Optimization of 3D Printed Patterns for the Hybrid Investment Casting Technology

R. Štěpán , V. Krutiš , R. Jelínek , M. Petřík

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151311

Keywords: Ceramic shell cracking Hybrid investment casting technology 3D printed model FFF technology

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Abstract

Currently, great emphasis is placed on the production of castings with complex shapes. The hybrid investment casting technology using 3D printed models offers new possibilities in the production of such complex and thin-walled castings. The motivation for this paper was to find a solution to the problem with ceramic shells cracking during the 3D model firing stage. The main factors affecting the shell cracking are the thermal expansion of the model and the shell material, and the newly considered pressure of the gas closed in the ceramic shell cavity.
First, thermal analyses were performed of a commercial material used for 3D printing - Polymaker PolyCast™. The characteristics yielded by the measurements helped establish the glass transition temperature, the autoignition temperature and the behaviour of the gas produced by the model burning. Suitable experimental models in the shape of tetrahedrons were designed and used for a number of experiments. The tests confirmed that cracks only occur during shock firing in models printed by the FFF technology with 0% of infill. A solution suggested for further experiments is purposeful venting of the models. Practical testing of the optimization has also been performed. The last step was measurement of the heat transfer through the ceramic shell after being placed in the annealing furnace. There were temperature evolution profiles in the system model-ceramic shell obtained.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Štěpán

e-mail:

ORCID:

V. Krutiš

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Jelínek

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Petřík

e-mail:

ORCID:

Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic

9 Influence of Selected Factors on Penetration and Drying Kinetics of Protective Coatings into Sand Mould Surface Layer

Ł. Jamrozowicz

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151312

Keywords: Core Sand form Porous medium Moisture migration Protective coatings Resistance measurement

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of measuring moisture migration in the surface layer of a sand mould during the soaking and drying processes of protective coatings. In the introduction, the process of moisture exchange between the surroundings and the moulding sand is briefly introduced, and the flow of moisture in porous materials is presented. Since the aim of the research is to understand the mechanism of the penetration and drying processes of a protective coating that is applied to a core or mould, the purpose of protective coatings and the consequences of poor drying are presented. During the research, a novel test rig was used to measure the resistance of a porous medium due to moisture migration. An alcohol-based zirconia coating with a conventional viscosity of 20 s was used for the tests. The viscosity of the coating was determined by using a Ford cup with a mesh clearance of 4 mm. The cores for the tests were made from a phenol-formaldehyde resin moulding compound. The average grain size of the sand matrix was dL = 0.25 mm. During the core preparation, pairs of electrodes were placed in the mass at depths of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 16, and 20 mm. The resistance was measured continuously. During the tests, the moisture-migration process in the top layer of the core was determined after the protective coating was applied to it. The tests were conducted in a climatic chamber with air temperatures of T = 25° and 35°C and humidity levels of H = 39 and 80%.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Jamrozowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Department of Moulding Materials, Mould Technology and Cast Non-Ferrous Metals, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

10 Ultrasonic Crystallization of Monotectic Zn-2%Bi Alloy

A. Szot , G. Boczkal , P. Pałka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151313

Keywords: Monotectic alloys Ultrasonic casting Non-equilibrium crystallization

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Abstract

In current studies, the authors examined the influence of ultrasonic vibrations on the solidification of Zn – Bi 2% alloy. The research reveals that ultrasonic vibrations have a sufficient influence on the crystallization process. In the case of both groups of ingots (Zn and Zn-2%Bi), the differences in microstructure and mechanical properties could be observed. The methodology was based on the casting of two samples from the same ingot form with identical configurations. One of the samples was used as the reference (cast without ultrasonic) and the other to examine ultrasonic vibrations' influence. Casting with ultrasonic vibration was carried out with a frequency of 35 kHz. Sonotrode was located on the underside of the designed crucible. The samples were circular shape with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. A tensile compression test, Vickers microhardness test and microscopy analysis were performed. The results showed enhanced organization of microstructure and the fragmentation of grains in the case of the ingots with the ultrasonic vibration presence.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Szot

e-mail:

ORCID:

G. Boczkal

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Pałka

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

11 Modelling the Movement of Concentrate Particles in a Flash Furnace

E. Kolczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151314

Keywords: Flash furnace Movement of particles Modelling

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Abstract

Using the numerical modelling, the movement of the solid phase in the form of concentrate particles was analysed in the space of the reaction shaft and in the settler of the flash furnace. The calculations were carried out using a two-phase flow module. It was found that for all analysed concentrate particle sizes their share in the reaction shaft decreased over time. The particles moved in the form of one stream extending along the reaction shaft, accumulating on the side walls of the shaft and settler. Vortices were formed in the region of the settler tub containing particles to the upper spaces of the reaction shaft. The proportion of concentrate particles along the center of the reaction shaft after 60 s is 70 μm 1% - 3% for particles, 80 μm 0.1% - 0.7%, and for 100 μm 0,2m 0.2% - 0.7%. Along the side walls of the shaft, the shares of 70 μm particles varied between 40% and 9% over a shaft length of 5.5 m, and over 1.5 m from 12% to 10%. For 80 μm particles, the shares were 5% to 1%. The shares of 100 μm particles over a length of 1.5 m varied between 7% and 3%, and over a length of 5.5 m from 7% to 2%. Along the 70 μm reaction shaft, the concentrate particles moved the fastest at a speed of 8 m/s to 0.23 m/s. The 80 μm particles moved fastest in the range of 13 m/s to 3 m/s, and the 100 μm particles from 0.4 m/s to 2 m/s.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Kolczyk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Poland

12 Introduction of Powder Fluxes in Rotary Degassing System Towards Intensifying Refining Process of Aluminium Alloys

M. Piękoś , Z. Smorawiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151315

Keywords: Casting Aluminium alloys Degassing process Rotary degassing Introduction of powder fluxes into metal

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Abstract

This paper presents and describes the research capabilities of a prototype experimental bench for realising the composite processing of liquid aluminium alloys by involving gas refining by rotary degassing technology and refining with salts (fluxes) in powder form.
The constructed unit was installed in the Experimental Foundry of the Faculty of Foundry Engineering at AGH in the Department of Moulding Processes, Mould Technology, and Non-Ferrous Metals Foundry; it is an integral part of a thyristor-based medium-frequency induction furnace with a melting capacity of up to 60 kg for aluminium alloys. The new experimental bench performs barbotage refining using a rotating head with the possibility of alternating the introduction of refiners/modifiers in powder form. This method can be used in casting lines: continuous in reactors, or batch in ladles.
The innovation of the design of the stand and the treatment of the liquid metal with powdered additives consists of dosing the refiner fluid deep into the metal bath through a channel that was made in the rotor axis and the head; this differs from conventional methods in the small amounts of introduced salts and, at the same time, in the very good metal-inert gas-salt homogeneity of the treated metal bath. This method of dosing the refining salts increases the efficiency of their use, reduces any losses, and limits the formation of post-refining slag (thus, minimising the negative environmental effect). The feedstock that was used for the test smelts consisted of recycled materials: aluminium 99.7 (in the form of wires of various cross-sections that were used in electrical engineering – so-called ‘SECTOR’), and the sub-eutectic AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy (in ingot form). The scope of the tests included verifying the technical solutions that were adopted for the dosing of the bulk materials in the form of a fluid, selecting the melting temperature, and dispersing (distributing) the materials in the bath via the rotor head. The results of the trials were reviewed in terms of the changes in the hydrogen content of the performed process and information on such powder-flux-introduction parameters as the type of the rotor head and the melting temperature of the powder flux. Preliminary trials showed that the performed complex refining (rotary degassing + refining with salts being blown as a fluid into the lower parts of the liquid metal) allowed us to reduce the hydrogen content to a level that could not be achieved by gas refining alone.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Piękoś

e-mail:

ORCID:

Z. Smorawiński

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Reymonta 23, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Technologia & Technika Aluminium, Konin, Poland

13 Structure of ADI Cast Iron as a Cast “in situ” Composite Reinforced with TiC Ceramic Particles

J. Marosz , M. Kawalec , M. Górny

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151316

Keywords: ADI cast iron „in situ” composites SHSB reaction MMCs composites titanium carbide TiC microstructures heat treatment

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Abstract

This paper presents a novel technology for the production of a casting material, which is an “in situ” composite on an ADI iron matrix reinforced with titanium carbide particles. As a result of the initiated Self-propagating High-temperature Synethesis reaction in Bath (liquid metal) of the type “solid Ti” – “solid C” type, led to the formation of ceramic phases in the form of titanium carbides. This method, allowed the synthesis of a cast composite based on ductile cast iron and, after subsequent heat treatment, the transformation of this material into ADI cast iron. The greatest advantage of “in situ” composites is that they are produced in a one-step metallurgical process, which is characterised, among other things, by: high thermodynamic stability, synthesis of a reinforcing phase in a metal bath, small size of ceramic particles with the possibility of controlling their dimensions by reaction kinetics parameters during the synthesis process. In this study, metallographic analysis of the composite obtained, both in the initial state and after heat treatment, was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy. An analysis of the chemical composition in the micro-area was carried out using the EDS method, the chemical composition was studied using the XRF spark X-ray fluorescence method, and the proportion of graphite and the carbide phase, i.e. titanium carbide TiC, was determined. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of obtaining the composite material via the SHSB reaction route. The heat treatment results showed that the carbides are thermodynamically stable and do not dissolve at temperatures designed for the production of ADI cast iron. The SHSB reaction guarantees a uniform distribution of titanium carbides on the ADI cast iron matrix.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Marosz

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Kawalec

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Górny

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

14 Morphology of Welding Fume Derived from Stainless Steels Arc Welding

J. Wyciślik-Sośnierz , J. Matusiak , J. Adamiec , M. Lemanowicz , R. Kusiorowski , A. Gerle

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151317

Keywords: welding fume morphology stainless steel arc welding laser diffraction scanning electron microscopy

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Abstract

The article presents the research results of fume morphology derived from arc welding of stainless steels of 1.4301 and 1.4828 grade. The analysis was performed using laser diffraction and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Welding fume has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a group of agents with proven carcinogenic effects to human. The assessment of the risk related to exposure to welding fume emission depends on the amount of fume generated, its chemical composition and morphology. The combined analysis of these factors determines the toxicity of fume and its impact on the human body. The results of the fume particle size distribution and the analysis of the shape and chemical composition using SEM with EDS in connection with the determination of the fume emission rate enable to obtain an overall assessment of the health risk as-sociated with welding fume. Such assessment is particularly important during welding processes of corrosion-resistant steels, due to the presence of chromium and nickel compounds in the fume, which are classified as substances with proven carcinogenic effects to human (Group 1 according to IARC guidelines). It was found that 15-17% of particles deriving from arc welding belong to the respirable and tracheal fractions, which are the most harmful due to the penetration beyond the larynx.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Wyciślik-Sośnierz

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Matusiak

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Adamiec

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Lemanowicz

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Kusiorowski

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Gerle

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasiewicz Research Network - Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Department of Metallurgy and Recycling, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Katowice, Poland
Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Cracow, Poland

15 Research of Fluidity for new LPIC Technology

A. Herman , M. Jarkovský , O. Vrátný , P. Chytka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151318

Keywords: Low-pressure investment casting (LPIC) Investment casting Fluidity Numerical simulation

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Abstract

Today, the emphasis is on rapid development and research of new technologies in all technical fields. In most cases, research and development involves practical experiments, which can be very costly to carry out. Some experiments may not even work and can waste time and money, which are crucial for fast and high-quality research. In order to avoid these problems before conducting a practical experiment, we can use numerical simulation software, which is very reliable when the correct input parameters are given. Numerical simulation of the process can reveal how the practical experiment may turn out even before its implementation. The paper deals with the use of numerical simulations in investigating the problem of fluidity in a new low pressure investment casting (LPIC) technology, where the output is the agreement between the simulation and the practical experiment. The practical experiment consisted in the design of a fluidity test for stainless steels cast using the low pressure investment casting technology and the simulation carried out in simulation software. The new LPIC technology makes it possible to achieve a wall thickness of between 1 and 0.5 mm for steel castings, which significantly increases the potential of steel castings made by LPIC technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Herman

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Jarkovský

e-mail:

ORCID:

O. Vrátný

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Chytka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Republic

16 Numerical and Physical Modeling of Steel Flow Behavior in the Two Strand Tundish During Nonconventional Pouring Conditions

A. Cwudziński , B. Bul'ko , P. Demeter

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151319

Keywords: Tundish Subflux flow controller Ladle shroud Physical trials Numerical modelling

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Abstract

permeable barrier or advanced ladle shroud equipped, its shape of the internal working volume and the number of outlets visible in the formation of individual hydrodynamic structures. During numerical and physical simulations, the process of continuous steel casting of two slabs with dimensions of 1.15 m × 0.225 m at a speed of 1 m/min was simulated. Two-strand tundish with and without subflux flow controller (SFC) was tested. Off-centered location of subflux flow controller and ladle shroud misalignment in the tundish pouring zone were investigated. Basis on the obtained results the non-standard interaction of the feed stream with the SFC working space revealed the occurrence of a favorable hydrodynamic structure in the tundish working space in the context of limiting the stagnation flow. This is show by the formed hydrodynamic structure consists of vertically circulating streams of liquid steel, effectively eliminating and limiting the impact of reverse streams.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Cwudziński

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B. Bul'ko

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P. Demeter

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Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Metallurgy and Metals Technology, Poland
Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Institute of Metallurgy, Slovak Republic

17 Review of Data-driven Decision Support Systems and Methodologies for the Diagnosis of Casting Defects

A. Burzyńska

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151320

Keywords: Casting defects Quality 4.0. Digital transformation Zero defects manufacturing Smart manufacturing systems

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Abstract

The concept of 'Industry 4.0' has introduced great dynamism into production environments, making them more integrated, connected and capable of generating large volumes of data. The digital transformation of traditional companies into innovative smart factories is made possible by the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which is able to perform predictive analytics inspired by the development of Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) technologies or to support highly complex decision-making, in the era of zero-defect manufacturing. The need for innovative techniques and automated decision-making in diagnosing the causes of casting defects is increasing due to the growing complexity and higher level of automation of industrial systems. Particularly important are fully data-driven predictive approaches that enable the discovery of hidden factors influencing defects in castings and the prediction of the specific time of occurrence by analyzing historical or real-time measurement data. In this context, the main objective of this article is to provide a systematic overview of data-driven decision support systems that have been developed to diagnose the causes of casting defects. In addition, different methods for predicting casting defects are presented. Finally, current research trends and expectations for future challenges in the field are highlighted. It is hoped that this review will serve as a reference source for researchers working in the field of innovative casting defect prediction and cause diagnosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Burzyńska

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ORCID:

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

18 Improving the Attractiveness of Waste Steel Cans for Steel Mills by Removing Tin

B.J. Gajda , J. Reterski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151321

Keywords: tin steel waste recovery leaching process

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Abstract

The ever-increasing amount of municipal waste due to the rising demand for consumer goods presents a significant challenge in finding new, effective methods for material recovery and recycling. A considerable proportion of these materials are steel cans made of tin-coated steel sheets. Tin, being a metal with broad applications and limited natural resources, should be recovered from waste materials. Recovering/removing tin from waste steel cans would make them a more attractive raw material for steel mills. Processes for recovering tin from the surface of steel sheets in used cans mainly rely on hydrometallurgical methods. This paper presents the results of tin recovery from steel sheets using leaching with a 1M NaOH solution at 90°C. Tests were conducted on the removal of paint and varnish layers that inhibit the tin removal process. The results show that it is possible to improve the efficiency of tin recovery from cans through chemical treatment, which will significantly increase steel mills' interest in this type of waste as a valuable input for metallurgical processes and a source of iron. Closing the loop in a closed circuit involved the electrolysis of tin from the leaching solution.

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Authors and Affiliations

B.J. Gajda

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Reterski

Częstochowa University of Technology, Poland
Provincial Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Katowice, Poland

19 Model Studies of Metallurgical Processes Based on the Example of Blowing Steel with Argon

T. Merder , J. Pieprzyca , R. Wende , J. Witek , M. Saternus

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151322

Keywords: Ladle furnace Cleanliness of steel Porous plug - slot-type Water models Physical modelling

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Abstract

The task facing steel producers, which is to limit the negative impact of their production on the environment, necessitates changing the technologies used so far. These changes often require knowledge of the mechanisms of physical phenomena, mainly hydromechanical ones, occurring in steel reactors. Identification of these mechanisms in industrial conditions is difficult and often impossible for fundamental reasons. A frequently used research tool in such cases are water physical models of metallurgical reactors used in steel production. Such models are built in accordance with the principles of similarity and fluid mechanics. The article presents an overview of achievements in the field of physical modelling of steelmaking processes (including blowing liquid steel with inert gases), mathematical principles constituting the basis for the construction of steelmaking reactor models and the latest trends in their application. As an example, the results of model tests on the possibility of using a new solution in the construction of a slot-type gas-permeable module (KS diffuser) in the process of blowing liquid steel with inert gases in a steel ladle are presented. The tested process is aimed at preparing liquid steel for casting and largely determines the quality of the semi-finished product, which is a steel ingot.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Merder

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Pieprzyca

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Wende

J. Witek

M. Saternus

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Cognor SA, Ferrostal Łabędy Gliwice, Anny Jagiellonki 47, 44-109 Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Toszecka 99, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

20 Industrial Recycling of Scrap Copper Cables and Wires: Combining Cold and Hot Treatments for Maximum Recovery and Minimal Emissions

O. Choukri , E. Mohsine , S. Taibi

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.151323

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Authors and Affiliations

O. Choukri

E. Mohsine

S. Taibi

21 Kinetics of Solidification and Crystallization of Liquid Axial Zone of Fe-C Alloys in Cylindrical Molds

V. Khrychikov , O. Semenov , Y. Aftandiliants , S. Gnyloskurenko , T. Semenova , H. Meniailo

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | Accepted articles | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.153373

Keywords: Fe-C alloys Solidification Kinetics Pour point Modification Axial zone Liquid-solid

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Abstract

According to the results of digitization of the experimental studies carried out in the past concerning Fe-C alloys solidification in cylindrical molds of castings with a carbon content of 0.04%, 0.1%, 0.4%, 0.93%, 1.42%; 2.44%, 3.28%, 4.45%, 4.83% and their subsequent interpolation in the range of 0.04 ÷4.83% С there were obtained the curves of the advancement of the pour point, liquidus and solidus in the coordinates of the relative thickness of the solidified metal layer x/R and the parametric criterion τ/R2. Their usage is proposed for the development of modes of physical and chemical influence on the liquid metal in the axial zone of the casting after solidification of its calculated layer. Calculation of the mass of modifiers or deoxidizers for introduction into the axial zone was performed in relation to the total mass of metal in the liquid and liquid-solid zones of the casting. The technique for calculating the mass and time of introduction a graphitizing modifier into the axial zone of rolling rolls made of hypereutectoid steel with 1.7% C is proposed to reduce the negative impact of cementite, chromium and molybdenum carbides on the structure of the axial zone of the rolls. The obtained curves can also be used to assess the accuracy of computer modeling of the processes of Fe-C alloys solidification and further adaptation of mathematical models by the correction of thermophysical coefficients, the values of which are not always known in the liquidus-solidus temperature range.

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Authors and Affiliations

V. Khrychikov

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ORCID:

O. Semenov

e-mail:

ORCID:

Y. Aftandiliants

3 4

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Gnyloskurenko

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Semenova

H. Meniailo

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ukrainian State University of Science and Technologies, Ukraine
Progress-tech, Ukraine
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Physical and Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

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Reviewers

List of Reviewers 2022

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Vivek Ayar - Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Vallabh Vidyanagar, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Azwinur Azwinur - Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Iwona Bednarczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Łukasz Bohdal - Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Joanna Borowiecka-Jamrozek- The Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Debashish Bose - Metso Outotec India Private Limited, Vadodara, India
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków
Poland Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
Murat Çolak - Bayburt University, Turkey
Adam Cwudziński - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Derya Dispinar- Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Gdynia, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Flora Faleschini - University of Padova, Italy
Imre Felde - Obuda University, Hungary
Róbert Findorák - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Marek Góral - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Barbara Grzegorczyk - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Ozen Gursoy - University of Padova, Italy
Gábor Gyarmati - University of Miskolc, Hungary
Jakub Hajkowski - Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Marek Hawryluk - Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Dario Iljkić - University of Rijeka, Croatia
Magdalena Jabłońska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Nalepa Jakub - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aneta Jakubus - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Łukasz Jamrozowicz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Vitaliy Korendiy - Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Malgorzata Lagiewka - Politechnika Czestochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jingkun Li - University of Science and Technology Beijing, China
Petr Lichy - Technical University Ostrava, Czech Republic
Y.C. Lin - Central South University, China
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ewa Majchrzak - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Barnali Maji - NIT-Durgapur: National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
Pawel Malinowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Matejka - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Bohdan Mochnacki - Technical University of Occupational Safety Management, Katowice, Poland
Grzegorz Moskal - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Krzysztof Naplocha - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Tomáš Obzina - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Peiman Omranian Mohammadi - Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
Zenon Opiekun - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Onur Özbek - Duzce University, Turkey
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Miroslawa Pawlyta - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacek Pezda - ATH Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Jacek Pieprzyca - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Marcela Pokusová - Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich, West Midlands, United Kingdom
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University Thailand Amit Sata - MEFGI, Faculty of Engineering, India
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Vasudev Shinde - DKTE' s Textile and Engineering India Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Bozo Smoljan - University North Croatia, Croatia
Leszek Sowa - Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa, Poland
Sławomir Spadło - Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Stradomski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Roland Suba - Schaeffler Skalica, spol. s r.o., Slovak Republic
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jan Szajnar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Michal Szucki - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Damian Słota - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Tęcza - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Mirosław Tupaj - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University United States Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Iveta Vaskova - Technical University of Kosice, Slovak Republic
Dorota Wilk-Kołodziejczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Çağlar Yüksel - Atatürk University, Turkey
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Zych - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2021

Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Imam Basori - State University of Jakarta, Indonesia
Leszek Blacha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice
Poland Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Danka Bolibruchova - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Zilina, Slovak Republic
Marcin Brzeziński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andriy Burbelko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Alexandros Charitos - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Ganesh Chate - KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Zhipei Chen - University of Technology, Netherlands
Józef Dańko - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Przemysław Fima - Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science PAN, Kraków, Poland
Aldona Garbacz-Klempka - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers P Ltd., India
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Gábor Gyarmati - Foundry Institute, University of Miskolc, Hungary
Krzysztof Herbuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Aleš Herman - Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Małgorzata Hosadyna-Kondracka - Łukasiewicz Research Network - Krakow Institute of Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Janerka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Agata Jażdżewska - Gdansk University of Technology, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karolina Kaczmarska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Centre of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Adrian Kampa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Wojciech Kapturkiewicz- AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tatiana Karkoszka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Gholamreza Khalaj - Islamic Azad University, Saveh Branch, Iran
Himanshu Khandelwal - National Institute of Foundry & Forging Technology, Hatia, Ranchi, India
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Kokot - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík - CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Kopyciński - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Janusz Kozana - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Kozieł - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Wacław Kuś - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jacques Lacaze - University of Toulouse, France
Avinash Lakshmikanthan - Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, India
Jaime Lazaro-Nebreda - Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, United Kingdom
Janusz Lelito - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Maria Maj - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Jerzy Mendakiewicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Hanna Myalska-Głowacka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - Physics-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Daniel Nowak - Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland
Mitsuhiro Okayasu - Okayama University, Japan
Agung Pambudi - Sebelas Maret University in Indonesia, Indonesia
Richard Pastirčák - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
Bogdan Piekarski - Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny, Szczecin, Poland
Bogusław Pisarek - Politechnika Łódzka, Poland
Seyda Polat - Kocaeli University, Turkey
Hartmut Polzin - TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
Alena Pribulova - Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
Cezary Rapiejko - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Arron Rimmer - ADI Treatments, Doranda Way, West Bromwich West Midlands, United Kingdom
Iulian Riposan - Politehnica University of Bucharest, Romania
Ferdynand Romankiewicz - Uniwersytet Zielonogórski, Zielona Góra, Poland
Mario Rosso - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Jaromír Roučka - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Charnnarong Saikaew - Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Mariola Saternus - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Karthik Shankar - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham , Amritapuri, India
Vasudev Shinde - Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Rajwada, Ichalkaranji, India
Robert Sika - Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań, Poland
Jerzy Sobczak - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sebastian Sobula - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marek Soiński - Akademia im. Jakuba z Paradyża w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, Poland
Mateusz Stachowicz - Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
Marcin Stawarz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Studnicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mayur Sutaria - Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT, Gujarat, India
Maciej Sułowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sutiyoko Sutiyoko - Manufacturing Polytechnic of Ceper, Klaten, Indonesia
Tomasz Szymczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Marek Tkocz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Andrzej Trytek - Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland
Jacek Trzaska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert B Tuttle - Western Michigan University, United States
Muhammet Uludag - Selcuk University, Turkey
Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat - Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
Tomasz Wrobel - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Ryszard Władysiak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Antonin Zadera - Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic
Renata Zapała - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bo Zhang - Hunan University of Technology, China
Xiang Zhang - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Eugeniusz Ziółkowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Andrzej Zyska - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland

List of Reviewers 2020

Shailee Acharya - S. V. I. T Vasad, India
Mohammad Azadi - Semnan University, Iran
Rafał Babilas - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Czesław Baron - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Dariusz Bartocha - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Emin Bayraktar - Supmeca/LISMMA-Paris, France
Jaroslav Beňo - VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Artur Bobrowski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Grzegorz Boczkal - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Wojciech Borek - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Pedro Brito - Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Marek Bruna - University of Žilina, Slovak Republic
John Campbell - University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Ganesh Chate - Gogte Institute of Technology, India
L.Q. Chen - Northeastern University, China
Mirosław Cholewa - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Khanh Dang - Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Vladislav Deev - Wuhan Textile University, China
Brij Dhindaw - Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
Derya Dispinar - Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Malwina Dojka - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Rafał Dojka - ODLEWNIA RAFAMET Sp. z o. o., Kuźnia Raciborska, Poland
Anna Dolata - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Agnieszka Dulska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Tomasz Dyl - Gdynia Maritime University, Poland
Maciej Dyzia - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Eray Erzi - Istanbul University, Turkey
Katarzyna Gawdzińska - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Sergii Gerasin - Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Ukraine
Dipak Ghosh - Forace Polymers Ltd, India
Marcin Górny - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Marcin Gołąbczak - Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Beata Grabowska - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Adam Grajcar - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Grzegorz Gumienny - Technical University of Lodz, Poland
Libor Hlavac - VSB Ostrava, Czech Republic
Mariusz Holtzer - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Philippe Jacquet - ECAM, Lyon, France
Jarosław Jakubski - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Damian Janicki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Witold Janik - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Robert Jasionowski - Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland
Jan Jezierski - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Jadwiga Kamińska - Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
Justyna Kasinska - Kielce University Technology, Poland
Magdalena Kawalec - Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków, Poland
Angelika Kmita - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ladislav Kolařík -Institute of Engineering Technology CTU in Prague, Czech Republic
Marcin Kondracki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Sergey Konovalov - Samara National Research University, Russia
Aleksandra Kozłowska - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Janusz Krawczyk - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Halina Krawiec - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Ivana Kroupová - VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Agnieszka Kupiec-Sobczak - Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Tomasz Lipiński - University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Aleksander Lisiecki - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Krzysztof Lukaszkowicz - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Mariusz Łucarz - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Katarzyna Major-Gabryś - AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Pavlo Maruschak - Ternopil Ivan Pului National Technical University, Ukraine
Sanjay Mohan - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India
Marek Mróz - Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów, Poland
Sebastian Mróz - Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland
Kostiantyn Mykhalenkov - National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Ukraine
Dawid Myszka - Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa, Poland
Maciej Nadolski - Czestochowa University of Technology, Częstochowa, Poland
Konstantin Nikitin - Samara State Technical University, Russia
Daniel Pakuła - Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland